Защита ячейки макросом excel

This macro allows you to have a cell automatically locked after a user enters something into it or into another specific cell, range, column, or row.

This is different than just locking an entire spreadsheet because you still want to be able to edit and work with the other cells in the worksheet without having to select and unlock them individually.

Sections:

Unlock the Cells

Macro to Auto-Lock Cells

Lock a Specific Cell

Lock Cell Other Than the One that was Edited

Lock Last Edited Cell

Lock Cell in a Specific Column or Row

Notes

Unlock the Cells

The first thing you have to do is to unlock all of the cells in the worksheet.

1. Select all of the cells by hitting Ctrl + A or clicking the square next to row 1 and column A.
   
2. Right click in the worksheet and choose Format Cells
   
   
3. Go to the Protection tab and uncheck the Locked option at the top.
   
4. Hit OK and you’re done with this part.

Now, none of the cells in the worksheet are protected, which means that all of the cells in the worksheet will be editable when you go to protect the worksheet.

This needs to be done so that only specific cells that we choose will be locked from editing.

Macro to Auto-Lock Cells

Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)

If Target.Address = "$A$1" And Target.Value <> "" Then

    ActiveSheet.Protect Contents:=False
    Range(Target.Address).Locked = True
    ActiveSheet.Protect Contents:=True

End If

End Sub

The important code is this part:

ActiveSheet.Protect Contents:=False
Range(Target.Address).Locked = True
ActiveSheet.Protect Contents:=True

It unprotects the worksheet, locks the cell, and then re-protects the sheet.

This macro needs to be installed into the worksheet where it will run. To do this, right-click the tab of the desired worksheet and click View Code and paste the macro into the window that opens.

This example is a generic example that is easy to modify. It checks which cell was edited and, if a certain cell was edited, it is then locked.

I will show you how to edit this macro in the examples below.

Lock a Specific Cell

Looking at the macro above, this is the line that limits the macro to run only on specific cells:

If Target.Address = "$A$1" And Target.Value <> "" Then

This says that a cell should be locked only if cell A1 was edited and it is not empty.

To make the macro work on cell B1 or D15 or any cell, just replace $A$1 with the desired cell reference. You must put dollar signs in front of the column and row reference for this to work.

You can also lock the cell only if a certain value was input by changing <> «» in the line above to = «desired value» and that allows you to do something like lock the cell only if OK was entered or something similar.

Lock Cell Other Than the One that was Edited

Change this line:

Range(Target.Address).Locked = True

Target.Address is the cell that will be locked and this says to lock the cell that was just edited.

To lock another cell, just use the Range method of referencing cells.

To lock cell B5, it would be Range(B5).Locked = True

Continue that pattern for whichever cell or range you want to lock.

Lock Last Edited Cell

You can lock the last edited cell regardless of which one it was by removing the IF statement in the macro and leaving it like this:

Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)

ActiveSheet.Protect Contents:=False
Range(Target.Address).Locked = True
ActiveSheet.Protect Contents:=True

End Sub

Lock Cell in a Specific Column or Row

To limit the locking to a certain column or row, change the IF statement.

Limit to a row:

If Target.Row = 1 And Target.Value <> "" Then

Change the 1 to whichever row you want and the code will only run on that row.

Limit to a Column:

If Target.Column = 1 And Target.Value <> "" Then

Change the 1 to whichever column you want the code to run on.

Notes

This is a handy macro that allows you to have a lot of control over a worksheet and protecting the data within it.

I didn’t show you how to password protect the worksheet here because I wanted to focus on the method needed to protect only specific cells. Once you get this form of the macro running well, then, add-in the other pieces that you want, like password protection.

Make sure to download the sample file attached to this tutorial so you can work with these examples in Excel.

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Правильная защита макросом

В большинстве случаев защита макросом, которую я встречаю во множестве проектов, выглядит следующим образом:

Worksheets("Лист1").Unprotect Password:="123"
'тут макрос делает действия
Worksheets("Лист1").Protect Password:="123"

То есть автор файла вынужден ставить защиту от шаловливых ручек пользователей, но чтобы его макрос мог выполнить необходимые действия, ему приходится временно снимать ее и затем включать снова. Такая техника работает, но далека от совершенства. Во-первых, это неудобно и требует введения подобных конструкций в каждый ваш макрос. Во-вторых, если выполнение макроса прервется с ошибкой, то лист останется незащищенным.

Есть гораздо более легкий и красивый способ решить задачу.

Нажмите Alt+F11, чтобы попасть в редактор Visual Basic. Затем найдите в левом верхнем углу в окне Project Explorer (если его не видно, то нажмите Ctrl+R) модуль ЭтаКнига (ThisWorkbook) и откройте двойным щелчком:

Скопируйте туда этот код:

Private Sub Workbook_Open()
    'включаем защиту первого листа для пользователя, но не макроса
    Worksheets("Лист1").Protect Password:="123", UserInterfaceOnly:=True
    
    'второй лист защищаем аналогично, но с возможностью пользоваться группировкой
    Worksheets("Лист2").EnableOutlining = True
    Worksheets("Лист2").Protect Password:="555", UserInterfaceOnly:=True
End Sub

Эта процедура будет автоматически запускаться при открытии файла и ставить защиту на заданные листы книги. Причем параметр UserInterfaceOnly, который мы дополнительно ввели, указывает Excel, что защита не должна распространяться на действия выполняемые макросом, а только на операции пользователя. Для второго листа все еще веселее — строка с параметром EnableOutlining разрешает пользоваться группировкой (символы плюс-минус для сворачивания-разворачивания строк и столбцов) на защищенном листе.

Всего три строчки кода, зато как удобно!

Ссылки по теме

• Что такое макросы и куда копировать их код
• Как поставить защиту листа, книги или всего файла