You had the last word it is finished

A. Circle the correct word or phrase.

1   Elizabeth usually goes / is usually going to bed at around eleven o’clock.

2   Dan talks / is talking on the other phone right now.

3   We don’t eat / aren’t eating any meat at the moment as we’re both on a diet.

4   Does air travel get / Is air travel getting increasingly safe?

5   My mum calls / is calling me every weekend without fail.

6   How much do babysitters generally earn / are babysitters generally earning?

7   You always come / You’re always coming up with excuses for not having done your homework. It’s so annoying!

8   I don’t go / I’m not going out much during the week but I always try / I’m always trying to go out somewhere on Saturday night.

9   No, the train does stop / is stopping at Cirencester on Saturdays.

10   My mum takes / is taking part in ice-skating competitions almost every weekend.

Answer

1 usually goes   2 is talking   3 aren’t eating

4 Is air travel getting   5 calls

6 do babysitters generally earn

7 You’re always coming

8 I don’t go/I always try

9 does stop   10 takes

B. Rewrite correctly. Change the words or phrases in bold.

1   My dad is often getting up late on Saturday mornings.

     ……………………………………..

2   Are you speaking any other languages apart from English?

     ……………………………………..

3   I already buy all my Christmas presents and it’s only October!

     ……………………………………..

4   It’s the first time I’m ever having a party at home.

     ……………………………………..

5   Actually, I think Darren does works quite hard sometimes.

     ……………………………………..

6   Carlo is never eating Chinese food before.

     ……………………………………..

7   Sean already books a table for tonight.

     ……………………………………..

8   Needs Melanie any help painting her new flat?

     ……………………………………..

Answer

1 often gets up   2 Do you speak

3 I’ve already bought   4 I’ve ever had

5 works/does work   6 has never eaten

7 Sean has/Sean’s already booked

8 Does Melanie need

C. Complete using the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1   It’s the first time ……………………… (I / ever / eat) octopus!

2   Sandy ……………………… (not / see) his sister since she went to university.

3   They ……………………… (go) on holiday to Spain and won’t be back until the end of the month.

4   Poor Tracy! She ……………………… (write) that essay for hours now and she still hasn’t finished!

5   ……………………… (you / ever / meet) anyone famous?

6   ……………………… (I / try) to get in touch with Jenny all morning but I can’t find her anywhere.

7   ……………………… (I / not finish) the book yet so I can’t tell you what happens.

8   ……………………… (you / already / decide) where you’re going this summer?

9   ……………………… (We / live) here for the last six years.

10   ……………………… (I / never / hear) such nonsense!

Answer

1 I’ve ever eaten   2 hasn’t seen

3 have gone   4 has been writing

5 Have you ever met   6 I’ve been trying

7 I’ve been trying   8 Have you already decided

9 We’ve lived/been living   10 I’ve never heard

D. Complete using the words in the box.

already • before • ever • for • just • rarely • since • so • still • yet

1   Have you ………………… dreamt of winning the lottery?

2   I haven’t worked out how to set the timer on the video ………………… .

3   My dad’s lived in the same house ………………… he was born.

4   The film’s only been on ………………… a couple of minutes.

5   Bruce has knocked three men out of the competition ………………… far.

6   I ………………… get the chance to get any exercise – I’m just too busy.

7   He’s only ………………… got home.

8   It’s eleven o’clock and Todd ………………… hasn’t come home. Where could he be?

9   I’ve never met Ruth ………………… . What’s she like?

10   Have you finished …………………? That was quick!

Answer

1 ever   2 yet   3 since   4 for   5 so

6 rarely   7 just   8 still   9 before   10 already

E. Choose the correct answer.

1   Ian ………… a shower at the moment, so could you call back in about half an hour?

      A   takes

      B   is taking

      C   has taken

      D   has been taking

2   ………… to Ipswich before?

      A   Do you ever go

      B   Are you ever going

      C   Have you ever been

      D   Have you ever been going

3   I ………… to all the local newspapers and TV stations to complain.

      A   already write

      B   already writing

      C   have already written

      D   have already been writing

4   ………… TV for the last four hours? Turn it off and get some exercise!

      A   Do you watch

      B   Are you watching

      C   Watched you

      D   Have you been watching

5   Eric, ………… hockey competitively or just for fun?

      A   do you usually play

      B   are you usually playing

      C   have you usually played

      D   have you usually been playing

6   That’s the first time ………… an answer right today!

      A   I get

      B   I am getting

      C   I have got

      D   I have been getting

7   Jessica has ………… left, I’m afraid.

      A   already

      B   yet

      C   still

      D   so far

8   Dan ………… in the living room while we redecorate his bedroom.

      A   sleeps

      B   is sleeping

      C   has slept

      D   does sleep

9   Unfortunately, Simone ………… a day off very often.

      A   doesn’t get

      B   isn’t getting

      C   hasn’t got

      D   hasn’t been getting

10   Actually, I ………… a cup of tea first thing every morning but then I switch to coffee.

      A   do drink

      B   am drinking

      C   have drunk

      D   have been drinking

Answer

1 B   2 C   3 C   4 D   5 A   6 C   7 A   8 B   9 A   10 A

F. Complete using the correct form of the words in the box.

be • disagree • do • include • know • look • see • seem • understand

Ancient aviators?

Everyone (1) ………………… that humans have been flying for only a few hundred years. But (2) ………………… it possible that ancient civilizations also had the ability and technology to fly?

In the Nazcan Desert in southern Peru, there are hundreds of lines which an ancient culture drew in the dust. On the ground, they just (3) ………………… like straight lines. But when you (4) ………………… them from the air, you (5) ………………… exactly what they are. They are incredible and enormous pictures. The pictures (6) ………………… animals, birds and symbols.

One bizarre theory, which most mainstream scientists (7) ………………… with, is that the people who made the lines thousands and thousands of years ago flew above the lines in balloons. It (8) ………………… incredible, but a few people (9) ………………… believe it’s possible.

Answer

1 knows   2 is   3 look   4 see

5 understand/know/see

6 include   7 disagree   8 seems   9 do

G. Match to make sentences.

1   I think …………

2   I’m thinking …………

3   Phil’s looking …………

4   Phil looks …………

5   Claire has …………

6   Claire is having …………

7   Andy is …………

8   Andy is being …………

A   darker hair than her sister.

B   I’m going to buy the new Racetrack CD.

C   a haircut at the moment.

D   for his glasses. Have you seen them?

E   not old enough to drive a car.

F   of getting Dad a CD for his birthday.

G   very annoying at the moment!

H   like he needs a holiday!

Answer

1 B   2 F   3 D   4 H   5 A   6 C   7 E   8 G

H. Find the extra word.

International friends

(1) I’ve been to travelling round Europe all summer. It’s the first time I’ve (2) ever been going abroad, and I’ve had a fantastic time! I’ve seen (3) loads of interesting places and I have to also made loads of new friends. (4) I’ve been decided to stay in touch with them now I’m back. One of (5) them, Giselle, is French. She was making on holiday too. We now send (6) text messages are to each other all the time. They’re usually in English (7) because my French isn’t very good! I’m planning to have visit her in (8) France next year sometime. I hope I can. I am love meeting people from (9) other countries! I want to have had lots of friends from all over the world! (10) Travelling certainly broadens the mind but it also is broadens your circle of friends!

Answer

1 to   2 going   3 to   4 been   5 making

6 are   7 have   8 am   9 had    10 is

I. Write one word in each gap.

Holiday Blues

‘You’ve (1) …………………… looking at that timetable for the last ten minutes. It can’t be that confusing!’ said Sheila angrily.

‘I (2) …………………… wish you’d be quiet! I’ve (3) …………………… a splitting headache thanks to you!’ replied Matt.

‘Mum! Dad! Please!’ said Alison. ‘You’re both (4) …………………… very silly. (5) …………………… is no point at all in blaming each other. That’s not going to help us find out what time the next train to Budapest is due to leave.’

‘You (6) …………………… quite right, darling. I (7) …………………… sorry,’ said Sheila.

‘Me too,’ mumbled Matt. ‘Now, let’s have another look at this timetable. Well, it (8) …………………… like we (9) …………………… definitely missed the last train today. That was the 18.20 we just missed, wasn’t it?’

‘I (10) …………………… so,’ said Sheila. ‘I mean, it did leave at 18.20. Whether it’s actually going to Budapest or not is another question.’

‘Well, one thing is (11) …………………… in doubt,’ said Matt.

‘What’s that?’ asked Sheila and Alison together.

‘This is the worst holiday we’ve (12) …………………… been on,’ said Matt. ‘Next year, we’re going to try something far less adventurous.’

‘Agreed!’ said Sheila and Alison.

Answer

1 been   2 do/really   3 got   4 being

5 There   6 are   7 am   8 looks/seems

9 have   10 think   11 not   12 ever

J. Complete each second sentence using the word give, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap.

1   What’s the price of the tickets, Jimmy?   much

     How ……………………………………………, Jimmy?

2   Are these your trainers?   to

     Do …………………………………………… you?

3   Sasha’s not keen on team sports at all.   like

     Sasha …………………………………………… team sports at all.

4   It’s only her second time in a recording studio.   been

     She …………………………………………… in a recording studio once before.

5   We got here three hours ago.   have

      We …………………………………………… three hours.

6   I started writing this hours ago and it’s still not right.   writing

     I …………………………………………… hours and it’s still not right.

7   This is my first experience of flying alone.   time

      It is the first …………………………………………… alone.

8   Sharon’s in the bath at the moment.   a

     Sharon …………………………………………… at the moment.

9   Paul enjoys surprises apart from on his birthday.   does

     Paul …………………………………………… surprises, just not on his birthday!

Answer

1   much do the tickets cost/ much are the tickets

2   these trainers belong to

3   does not/doesn’t like

4   has only been

5   have been here (for)

6   have been writing this for

7   time I have flown

8   is having a bath

9   does enjoy

Related Posts

• English Grammar Exercises for B1 B2 – Linking words 2: reason, purpose and result
• English Grammar Exercises for B1 B2 – Linking words 1
• English Grammar Exercises for B1 B2 – It and there
• English Grammar Exercises for B1 B2 – Word formation 2: nouns (affixes)
• English Grammar Exercises for B1 B2 – Word formation 1: verbs and adjectives (affixes)
• English Grammar Exercises for B1 B2 – Non-defining relative clauses

Содержание темы

1.  Types of Conditionals.
2.  Mixed Conditionals.
3.  Other tenses in conditional sentences.
4.  The Subjunctive.
5.  Present and past reference with ‘I wish’, ‘if only’ and ‘it’s (high) time’.
6.  Expressing wishes and regrets with ‘I wish’ and ‘if only.
7.  ‘Would’ and ‘could’ after ‘I wish’ and ‘if only’.
8.  ‘It’s (high) time’ and ‘It’s (about) time’.
9.  Expressing personal preference with ‘I’d rather/ I’d sooner’.
10.  Expressing preferences about other people’s actions.
11.  ‘I’d rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Type I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Future/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present S., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)
If you finish work early, we’ll go for a walk.
If the weather is nice, we’ll go swimming.
	Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
If you have finished your coffee, we can pay the bill.
If you’re ill, see a doctor! If you burn yourself, it hurts.
Type II Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + Past Simple or Past Continuous	would/could/might + bare infinitive
If I had money, I would travel round the world. (but I don’t have money — untrue in the present)
If I were a bird, I could fly.
	Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
If I were you, I would take an umbrella, (advice)
Type III Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + have + past participle
If we hadn’t left so early, we would have missed the plane.
If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.
If you had told me before about your problems, I would have helped you , but now it’s too late.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
If the weather hadn’t been so nasty yesterday, we would not have stayed at home all day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are usually introduced by IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if, unless.  

2.1 If only: This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.

If only I had enough time!

If only I hadn ‘t drunk too much, this wouldn ‘t have happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless only if not. Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless sentences.

If he wasn ‘t told by Jane, he couldn ‘t have known.

Unless he was told by Jane, he couldn ‘t have known, (can be changed)

If Mr Smith doesn ‘t come back, he ‘II phone you. (cannot be changed)

If one situation depends on another, it can be replaced by as/so long as, provided or only if.

2.3 Only ifcombines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

Only after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp.  (inversion)

I’ll do what you say provided the police are not informed.

2.4 Even ifdescribes how something will happen whatever the condition.

Even if it rains, we’ll still go for a picnic.

2.5 But for him, I wouldn’t have been able to survive. (If he hadn’t helped me…)

2.6 Supposingit rains, will you still go for a picnic?

2.7 What if it rains,  will you go for a walk?

2.8 We  can omit “if”, when should, were and had come before the subject.

Should, come, tell him to wait for me.

Were you, I would speak to her.  known, he would have told us.

4. Other tenses in conditional sentences

4.1 Going to  Going to can replace will.

If you fall, you ‘re going to hurt yourself.

If you ‘re going to make trouble, we ‘II call the police.

4.2 Present perfect This can be used to emphasis completion after if.

If you’ve finished, then we’ll go. It is also possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I’ve told you once, I’ve told you a hundred times!

4.3 Doubt and uncertainty

An additional not can be added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the uncertainty and does not add a negative meaning.

I wouldn ‘t be surprised if it didn ‘t rain. (I think it will rain.)

4.4 Should

if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should see Ann, could you ask her to call me?

This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.

4.5 Were to  This also makes an event seem more hypothetical.

If I were to ask you to marry me, what would you say?

4.6 Happen to

This emphasizes chance possibilities. It is often used with should.

If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?

If you should happen to be passing, drop in for a cup of tea.

4.7 If it were not for/If it hadn ‘t been for

This describes how one event depends on another.

If it weren ‘t for Jim, this company would be in a mess.

If it hadn‘t been for their goalkeeper, United would have lost.

4.8 Will and would: politeness and emphasis These can be used as polite forms.

If you will/would wait here, I’ll see if Mrs Green is free.

Will can also be used for emphasis, meaning ‘insist on doing’.

If you will stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

4.9 If and adjectives

In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested, apply within. If necessary, take a taxi.

4.10 Formally if can mean although, usually as if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a little badly decorated.

5.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT + INF. without to

  John’s mother insisted that he return home early.

5.2.Subjunctive обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres. — be; past — wereforallpersons — для глагола tobe или infinitivewithoutto — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

5.3 The Present Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive is used after
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that one person wants another one to do something
Advise, order, demand, ask, require, recommend, command, propose, insist, suggest	It is  necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she go there. He suggested that they should go there.	It is suggested that she go there

5.4 Note the difference:

British variant:  I insist that you should leave without her.

   It is recommended that you should publish your book.

American variant:   I insist that you leave without her.

   It is recommended that you publish your book

5.5 The Past Subjunctive prefers to use were instead of was.

She behaves as if she were / was a queen.

I wish it were true

6. Present and past reference with ‘I wish’, ‘if only’ and ‘it’s (high) time’

(I) wish, if only. it’s (high) time and it’s (about) time, we ‘go one tense back’:

1 The past tense refers to the present:I wish I had a better watch! (NOW)

2 The past perfect tense refers to the past:If only you had asked me first! (THEN)

7. Expressing wishes and regrets with ‘I wish’ and ‘if only

7.1 We often use I wish for things that might (still) happen:

I wish I knew the answer! (= it’s possible I might find out the answer)

If only is stronger. We use it to express regret for things that can (now) never happen:

If only your mother were alive now! (Of course, / wish is also possible.)

7.2 We may use the simple past of be after wish and if only

I wish I was on holiday now. If only Tessa was here now!

If we want to be more formal, we use were in all persons

I wish I were on holiday now. If only Tessa were here!

7.3 We may use the past perfect of be for things that can never happen:

I wish I had been on holiday last week. If only Tessa had been here yesterday!

7.4 We use the past or past perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew the answer to your question.

I wish I had known then what I know now!

8. ‘Would’ and ‘could’ after ‘I wish’ and ‘if only’

We must use could, not would, after /and we. Compare:

I can’t swim.                           →        I wish I could swim.

We weren’t together!              →        I wish we could have been together

We sometimes use / wish you (he. she. etc.)would(n’t) like an imperative:

(I am making a lot of noise!)  →   I wish you wouldn’t make so much noise!

(He is making a lot of noise!)  →       I  wish he would be quiet!

9. ‘It’s (high) time’ and ‘It’s (about) time’

We use It’s time, It’s high time and it’s about time to express present or future wishes, or to express our impatience about things that haven’t happened yet:

Kim can’t even boil an egg. — I know.

It’s time/high time/about timeshe learnt to cook!

10. Expressing personal preference with ‘I’d rather/ I’d sooner’

We use would ratherand would soonerto express preference.

We can refer to the present or the future:

I‘d rather/I’d soonerbe a builder than an architect.

Or we can refer to the past:

If I could choose again, I’d rather/sooner have been a builder than an architect.

11. Expressing preferences about other people’s actions

11.1 We can refer to other people after I’d rather or I’d sooner.

I’d rather leave on an earlier train. (= I’m referring to myself)

I’d rather Jackleft on an earlier train. ( I want him to leave)

11.2 We use the past tense form after I’d rather to refer to the present or future.

I’d rather be happy. I’d rather not sit next to her. (= for myself)

I’d rather she were/was happy. (= now)

I’d rather she didn’t sit next to me. (= now)

11.3 We use the past perfect form after I’d rather to refer to past time.

I’d rather have been present. (= then — I’m referring to myself)

I’d rather you had been present, (then)

I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it. (then)

12. ‘I’d rather he didn’t’

We generally omit the main part of the verb in short responses:

12.1 negative responses:    

Frank is going to buy a motorbike. — I’d rather he didn’t.

I′ve told everyone about it.   — I’d rather you hadn’t.

12.2 affirmative responses:

Frank won’t give up his present job. — I’d rather he did.

I haven’t told anyone about it. — I’d rather you had.

12.3 We do not have to repeat the main verb in a complete sentence:

You always go without me and I’d rather you didn’t.

Vocabulary

Ecology and environment. Problems of big cities.

Study the important vocabulary:

1. The weather:  

Cold weather: the chilly days of autumn, cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather, the ground thaws, ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: close, stifling, humid, scorching, boiling, mild, heatwave

Wet weather: damp, drizzle, shower, pour down / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential rain, flood; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Wind: gentle breeze, good wind, blustery day, gale warning, hurricane

2. The Natural World:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, trunk, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/blossom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, pick flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.

3. The environment:

Brook, stream, river; hillock, hill, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, forest;   puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains:  foot, ridge, peak, summit, glacier;

4. Environmental problems:

air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, battery farming, waste disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

We should: avoid spray cans, practice organic farming, use unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks

Problems:  overpopulation, unemployment, famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammar

1. I finished digging in half an hour but I felt as if I ____ for hours.

1.  worked
2.  had worked
3.  work
4.  have worked

2. It’s  time we ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long time.

1.  visited, haven’t visited, such     
2.  have visited, didn’t see, so
3.  had visited, hadn’t seen, a very
4.  visited, haven’t seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1.  would have borrowed, some
2.  might give, few
3.  would give, a little  
4.  would have lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.

1.  indicated, is waiting
2.  offered, had waited
3.  suggested, had been waiting
4.  showed, waited

5. He had written his address down the last morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to see her again.

1.  had ever come, will feel
2.  comes, will be
3.  would come, may be
4.  ever came, would be

6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could get ____ teaching in the department if she ____ it upon graduation.

1.  a job, wanted
2.  work, will have wanted
3.  job, wished
4.  a position, wants

7. He stood stiff and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.

1.  doesn’t exist
2.  didn’t exist
3.  hadn’t existed
4.  won’t exist

8. If only we ____ a phone! I’m tired of queueing outside the public phone box.

1.  had had
2.  had
3.  have had
4.  can have

9. He said that if the war ____ he would have to leave the country at once.

1.  breaks out
2.  broken out
3.  broke out
4.  will break out

10. Then he said: «If this man ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don’t want it ____ .”

1.  will be arrested, come out
2.  is arrested, to come out
3.  will arrest, coming out
4.  is being arrested, to come out

11. “There are ____ institutions, of course, but it’s not very easy to get into them unless you ____ influential friends.»

1.  charitable, haven’t got
2.  charity’s, have got
3.  charity, don’t have
4.  charity, have

12. “If nothing ____ , said she, beaming at them, we shall be back in England for ____ Christmas.”

1.  will happen, —
2.  happened, a
3.  happens, —
4.  will have happened, the

13. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, as though she ____ up all night.

1.  — , had been
2.  the, were
3.  a, was
4.  — , has been

14. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.

1.  had been, didn’t see
2.  were, hadn’t seen
3.  were, haven’t seen
4.  have been, hadn’t seen

15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my pale face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1.  had turned, can see
2.  turned, would be able to see
3.  will turn, will see
4.  have turned, would see

16. “I have some work that ____ be finished before I ____ on my holiday.”

1.  would, will go away
2.  ought, am away
3.  should, will get away
4.  must, get away

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that way he ____ have taken offence.

1.  hears, speaking, can
2.  had heard, speak, would
3.  heard, to speak, might
4.  had heard, speak, must

18. They took care of her as though they ____ her parents.

1.  are
2.  were
3.  had been
4.  have been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be any use.  

1.  would suggest, thought  
2.  will propose, could have thought  
3.  might suggest, could think  
4.  would offer, thought

20. It was long ____ I had last seen her and if someone had not mentioned her name I ____ her.

1.  since, mustn’t have recognized
2.  from, shouldn’t recognize
3.  since, wouldn’t have recognized
4.  while, couldn’t have recognized

21. It’s high time you ____ in ____ bed too, my child.

1.  are, —
2.  must be, the
3.  were, —
4.  should be, a

22. If I hadn’t been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1.  could happen
2.  might have happened
3.  was to happen
4.  must have happened

23. If he ____ at once he might have saved us a lot of trouble.

1.  were sent for
2.  is sent for
3.  had been sent for
4.  will be sent for

24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

1.  none, was
2.  someone, was not
3.  people, were not
4.  anyone, was

25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1.  is wondering
2.  has been wondering
3.  were wondering
4.  had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.

1.  has not brought
2.  had not brought
3.  does not bring
4.  was not brought

27. “But we ____ in conference for two hours,” he said. “It’s high time ____ a tea break.”

1.  are, having had
2.  were, we have
3.  have been being, to have
4.  have been, we had

28. If John ____ to see a dentist, let him ____ toothache.

1.  is refusing, to suffer
2.  refuses, suffer
3.  refused, suffering
4.  will refuse, suffering

29. “You had better ____ home. You’re likely to get into trouble if you ____ here.”

1.  go, stay
2.  to go, have stayed
3.  hurry, will stay
4.  to hurry, are staying

30. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to drive in that spring rain.

1.  had had, would have been
2.  have had, would be
3.  shall have, is
4.  are having, will be

31. He wondered a little ruefully just what Dad ____ if he ____ about his relations with Jan.

1.  would say, knew
2.  might say, had known
3.  would have said, learns
4.  should say, has learned

32. And then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt as though someone ____ him in the stomach.

1.  was crying, has kicked
2.  had been cried, kicked
3.  had been crying, had kicked
4.  cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. It was as though it ____ her.

1.  hearing, did not concern
2.  to hear, did not concern
3.  listening, was not concerning
4.  to understand, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ only yesterday the first time she ____ them.

1.  were, was meeting
2.  was, has met
3.  has been, met
4.  had been, had met

1) will be, are … discussing

2) were, were … discussing

3) has been, would … discuss

4) was, will… discuss

36. If you    away with him, go at once, but don’t ask me   him.

1) will go, to meet

2) will be going, to have met

3) are going, to meet

4) have gone, to be meeting

37. I’m not a poet. But if I   poems I   dedicate them to you.

1) would, will

2) can, shall

3) could, would

4) can, would

38. If I   you then, what   you have done?

1) didn’t help, would

2) hadn’t helped, would

3) didn’t, will

4) haven’t helped, will

39. I wish I       poet to describe it to you.

1) were, a

2) am, a

3) had been, the

4) was, the

40. I’m tired. It’s high time you   and me in peace.

1) go, leave

2) have gone, have left

3) would have gone, leave

4) went, left

41. Why  that pie last night? I wish I   that pie last night.

1) did I eat, had eaten

2) did I eat, hadn’t eaten

3) have I eaten, hadn’t eaten

4) did I eat, didn’t eat

42. If she   he was going to be angry about it, she   that.

1) knew, won’t do

2) knows, wouldn’t do

3) had known, wouldn’t have done

4) would know, have done

43. You wouldn’t be so tired today if you   to bed when I told you to. Something should be done to help you.

44. If you     your medicine yesterday, you   today.

1) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be better

3) take, will be good

4) have taken, would have been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these letters.

1) didn’t have, can have read

2) didn’t have, could read

3) hadn’t had, can read

4) didn’t have, could have read

46. Why didn’t I ask her out? If only I   her out! Everything   .

1) ask, will change

2) asked, would change

3) had asked, would have changed

4) would ask, had changed

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

1) would go, earnt, were

2) would have gone, have learnt, been

3) had gone, might have learnt, been

4) went, may learn, be

48. If she   with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness   evaporate. But he was alone.

1) was, will

2) were, would

3) have been, would

4) had been, would have

52. I shall go there provided you   to accompany me. It’s high time you ____  rything.

1) would consent, are knowing

2) will consent, have known

3) would have consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what’s more, I’ve just told you that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

2) heard, would take

3) have heard, would have taken

4) had heard, would have taken

54. He speaks as if he   the subject very well.

1) had known

2) is knowing

3) has known

4) knew

1) were, would have checked

2) were, would check

3) am, will check

4) had been, would check

56. If I a spare ticket tonight I  you to the concert.

1) will have, will take

2) had, would take

3) will have had, can take

4) had had, could take

57. If the snake bite   poisonous, you   very bad now.

1) was, will feel

2) had been, are feeling

3) were, would have felt

4) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

1) can have, might improve

2) could have, might improve

3) could have had, may improve

4) could have, might to improve

1) will turn away, being

2) will be turning from, have been

3) turn down, be

4) have turned against, to be

1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not take place

2) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not have taken place

3) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken place

4) If he had been, would accompany, might not take place

61. If they   here, I   so glad, as they  everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explain

2) were, should be, explained

3) would be, were, explained

4) were, should be, would explain

62. If that you   he  very glad.

1) I had told him, would come, would have been

2) had I told him, would come, had been

3) I told him, would have come, would have been

4) I should tell him, would come, had been

63. If you us then, all the differences might .

64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, you ill now.

1) consult, will be

2) didn’t consult, can be

3) had consulted, wouldn’t be

4) have consulted, won’t be

65. If we the question at that meeting, our demands .

1) had raised, would have been met

2) raised, would meet

3) rise, would be met

4) have raised, won’t be met

66. If it dark, we our way.

1) is, would have lost

2) hadn’ t been, might not have lost

3) wasn’t, can have lost

4) were, will lose

67. I wish you rude remarks about me.

2) are not making

3) wouldn’t make

4) hadn’t made

68. He looked at his sister as if he anything like her.

1) didn’t ever seen

2) has never seen

3) can’t see

4) had never seen

69. The exams . It’s time we down to work.

1) are coming, got

2) come, get

3) will come, are getting

4) have come, are

70. I wish more people in the office your sense of humour, Jack.

1) have

2) can have

3) will have

4) had

Vocabulary

1. Find the right word.

1.  During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2.  The fields were flooded after the river burst its banks/edges/sides.
3.  In the middle of the square there is an old fountain/source/tap.
4.  After the rain the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
5.  A small river/stream/torrent runs across the bottom of our garden.
6.  You must carry a lot of water when you cross the desert/plain/sand.
7.  From the peak/summit/top of the hill you can see the sea.
8.  It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides were so high.
9.  I think it’s going to rain. It’s very clouded/clouding/cloudy.
10.   The church caught fire when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

2. Choose the right variant:

1. Many people are interested in watching…………

1) wildlife    2) wilds    3) wilderness  

2.The dog………its tail furiously when it saw the children.

1) shook    2) wagged    3) moved    

3. A large………of the tree broke off in the storm.

1) trunk    2) bark    3) branch

4. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy…………

1) mountain    2) cliff   3) slope

5. There was field after field of golden……….waving in the wind.

1) corn    2) bushes    3) herbs

6. You have to sleep under a net to avoid being bitten by………..

1) lobsters   2) cockroaches    3) mosquitoes

7. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on……….

1) channels    2) canals    3) river.

8. Some wild animals will become………if they get used to people.

1) tame    2) organised    3) petty

3. Put the right word in each space:

1.  We collect honey from our own bee…………………
2.  There’s a rabbit………………..in the corner of this field.
3.  There’s a drinking………………..on the other side of the park.
4.  The hill………………..was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
5.  What’s the weather………………..for tomorrow?
6.  You can see the mountain………………..among the clouds in the distance.

4. Choose the right answer:

1.  There has been another increase/rising in the amount of crime.
2.  The train was in accident/collision with a bus on a level crossing.
3.  Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed.
4.  No ships are sailing today because of the high/storm winds.
5.  The government has announced plans to help the poor/poverty.
6.  Everyone agrees that the environment/nature must be protected.
7.  There are few jobs here and many people are away from work/unemployed.
8.  The driver of the bus admitted that he had done/made an error.
9.  There was a large demonstration/manifestation against nuclear power.

5. Put the right word in each space:

1.  Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from……………………
2.  Many people live in overcrowded…………………..on the edge of the city.
3.  The cost of…………………..has risen steadily this year.
4.  Thousands of buildings fell down during a severe……………………
5.  The eruption of the volcano was a terrible……………………
6.  Hundreds of people were drowned during the…………………..in China.
7.  Large cities face the problem of what to do with household……………………
8.  Doctors announced that there was now a cure for the……………………

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the First World War (1914-1918), a large British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather from America to England, with two thousand people on board. Suddenly, at about half past two in the afternoon, there were two fearful explosions. The ship shook from end to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her bottom. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and almost immediately the ship began to sink.

She sank in only twenty minutes; and nearly one thousand people lost their lives.

The captain could not see the submarine that attacked his ship, and he had no instrument to show him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is greatly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and distance of objects which the human eye may not be able to see; it also records the direction and speed of moving objects, such as ships and aeroplanes. Radar can pick out objects more than a hundred miles away in the worst weather conditions, when we can see perhaps no farther than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this way. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, called «pulses», at the rate of perhaps one thousand every second. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and eighty-six thousand miles a second till they hit an object, perhaps a ship, an aeroplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot go through the object; and so they immediately shoot back at the same speed, in the opposite direction, and hit the aerial of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the world. Modern ships of all nations carry radar to help them sail in bad weather, when it is possible to see for a distance of perhaps only a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain usually had to anchor his ship at such times and wait for conditions to improve. But today a ship with radar can sail in almost any weather conditions, with no danger of an accident.

Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes across the world. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the sky from land radio stations at a number of points along their course. The pilots can hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A pilot guides his aeroplane towards one beam, and then flies on to the next beam. At the end of his journey, he will land his aeroplane with the help of radar.

Trained men at the airport watch the aeroplane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce height, and give any other orders that may be necessary.

(Word count 539)

Answer the questions to text

1. The Lusitania was wrecked because

1) she was overloaded with two thousand people aboard

2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on board

3) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

4) she carried out military operations during the First World War

2. Which of the following observations reflects the main idea of the text best of all?

1) Radar is one of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

3) To be able to use radar one should know in detail how it works

4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

3. Radar is very helpful in

1) forecasting weather conditions.

2) hitting various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

4. Which of the following statements is not true?

1) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.

2) Before the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer time than now.

3) Ships all over the world began to carry radar not before the invention of the

radio.

4) Radar is used for spotting distant objects.

5. It follows from the text that

1) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.

2) radar is used only in bad weather conditions, when we can see perhaps no

farther than a hundred yards.

3) the radar effect would be impossible if the pulses were not reflected by the

target objects.

4) anyone can guide aeroplanes with the help of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

1. The chairman proposed that the matter  _____  at the next meeting.

1) be decided

2) should decide

3) to be decided

4) will be decided

2. If you  _____  this book you  _____  to replace it.

1) will lose, will have

2) lose, will have

3) had lost, must

4) will lose, will need

3. We insist that a meeting _____ as soon as possible.

1) to be held

2) should be held

3) will be held

4) to hold

4. If Alison ____ another half hour’s work, she ____ it by the time the children get home.

1) has done; finished

2) would do; would have finished

3) does; will have finished

4) did; finishes

5. If you  _____  more than 10 books we  _____  the cost of each book by 10%.

1) buy, will reduce

2) will buy, reduce

3) will buy, will reduce

4) have bought, reduced

6. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers carefully.

1) will check

2) are checking

3) might check

4) should check

7. If I ____ a pay rise, I’m going to buy a new car.

1) will get

2) got

3) get

4) would get

8. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open the door without asking who it was.

1) need to be

2) was to be

3) will be

4) be

9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would think so.

1) never saw

2) has been seen

3) would have never seen

4) had never seen

10. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: «I’d rather you ____ anyone about  our conversation.»

1) tell

2) won’t tell

3) didn’t tell

4) don’t tell

11. I wish you ____ me earlier that you can’t come to dinner tonight.

1) tell

2) told

3) had told

4) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  after the poor meal, as if they  _____  at all.

1) hungry, did not eat

2) hungrily, had not eaten

3) feeling hungry, have not eaten

4) hungry, had not eaten

13. «It’s high time you ____ to look after yourself,» Alison demanded.

1) learned

2) learn

3) had learned

4) have learned

14. It’s time that team ____ a match. They haven’t won a match for ages.

1) has won

2) wins

3) won

4) will win

15. I was as awkward and shy with her as if I  _____  poor Henry.

1) had wounded

2) wounded

3) were wounded

4) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1.  English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1.  Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

(рр 198-207)

1.  Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 55-57)
2.  The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 (рр 111-120)
3.  Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, А. Р. Жаворонкова, И. В. Извольская, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 71-76)

Консультации по учебе, на самой крупной бирже
студенческих работ !

Ответы на Тесты по Английскому языку для всех курсов ПОЛИТЕХ (СПБСТУ) ИММИТ ИЭИТС ИСИ ИКНТ ИФНИТ ИПМЭИТ …

Наилучшим решением для поиска задачи является ввод 2-3 первых слов условия задачи !!!

---

lonely
Выберите один ответ:
a.adjective¥
b. adverb

---

Choose the suitable answer.
The engineers reported that it was too early to determine what might have caused the catastrophic
collapse of more than 100 metres of the multi-span, cable-stayed suspension bridge thaw had been/was completed
just over 50 years before.

---

The assessment of load capacity requires the calculation of stresses and strains developed within a mechanical member.
Выберите один ответ:
Верно
Неверно

---

According to the experts, Chinese might outrun English in many spheres and become a global language.
Выберите один ответ:
a. false
ео р. true
с. not given

---

We dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday, but we have»t booked a table yet. (to
have)
Ответ: are going to have

---

Palaeontologists in New Mexico 1) _ have unearthed (unearth) the remains of at least on dinosaur from the
late Jurassic period. The palacontologists, from Canada, 2) _ have been digging (dig) in a formerly
unexplored part of the Morrison Formation — a vast fossil bed — for the last eight months. Early last week one of the
group 3) found (find) а section of rock which 4) contained (contain) a number of bones from
one, or possibly more, large herbivorous dinosaurs. Since then, the group 5) Ваз been trying (ry) to
release the bones from the rock and piece then together. the palaeontologists believe that the bones may form a whole
dinosaur family. It is possible that the whole family 6) _ perished (perish) while trying to protect the young
from predators.
According to Bryce Larson, the group»s leader, the bones are from a large brachiosaurus. These animals 7)
existed, (exist) approximately 150 million years ago and are counted amongst the largest dinosaurs that ever
walked (walk) the Earth. Other brachiosaurus remains 9) have been found (find) in the
Morrison, but these latest bones are very large and may prove to come from the largest dinosaurs anyone 10)
has discovered (discover) to date.
For a long time, the Morrison Formation 11) Ваз been (be) one of the most productive fossil beds in the
world. Since the first bones 12) were found (find) there in 1877, it 13) has produced (produce)
tonnes of material. The Morrison, more than any other fossil bed, 14) I Ваз allowed (allow) us an insight into
the Jurassic period in North America. It seems that the latest find could reveal even more about the giants of the
Jurassic.

---

---

On Sunday at 8 o»clock I my friend. (to meet)
Ответ: am meeting

---

By 6 o»clock the rain hadn»t stopped.
Выберите один ответ:
а. Дождь не перестал идти после 6 часов.
b. В 6 часов дождь не перестал идти.
с. Кбчасам дождь не перестал идти.

---

I didn»t go to the party.”
She told me that she had not gone v tothe party.

---

Choose the correct option.
You»ll never get better if you don»t eat. You»ve touched your dinner!
Выберите один ответ:
а. hardly
b. hard

---

Listen to the recording and put the topics covered in this extract into the
correct order.
0:00 / 0:00
и Distribution of precipitation over the State of California
2 The description of the water storage and distribution system
В The need to reduce water demand
и Water-related problems т farming regions of California
5 Legal approach to handling the problem of water distribution and storage
6 Future actions that must be taken to improve water management

---

Match the words with their meanings.
Money that is given to someone to thank them for doing something.
A group of criminals who work together;
People who try to find out about a crime or accident as part of their job;
A surprise attack on a bank or shop to steal things;
Money in the form of coins and notes;
People who see a crime or accident and can say what happened;
reward
gang
investigators
raid
cash
witnesses
o
a
$
$
$

---

The main idea of paragraph С is
Выберите один ответ:
a. only our behavior can express our personality
р. our biological and social traits make us behave in specific ways
c. people act differently in similar situations

---

---

The continuous infinitive refers to the same time as that of the preceding verb and expresses an action in progress
or happening over a period of time.
Выберите один ответ:
Верно
Неверно

---

1. Trends can be _ traced back over the centuries.
2. Trends are a bit slower paced but represent something that occurs on a тисВ wider scale
than a fad.
3. The identified megatrends of today are an aging population, globalization,
increasing technological change , urbanization, prosperity, increased network speed,
and just the speed of everyday life.
4. They want an instant solution in the era of instant everything because they»re either not
interested in fashion and style or they don»t have time to think about it.
5. A fad is something that quickly gains т popularity.
6. Everyone working in the fashion industry needs _ to be aware of social and cultural
movements.
7. Fashion designers are _ often influenced by «high culture».
8. Celebrities are role models for many people, so fashion companies try to persuade them to
use their products.

---

Use the words in brackets to complete the abstract.
Scientists use both meteorological (meteorology) methods and historical records for
determination (determine) of the greatest amount of precipitation which is _ theoretically
(theory) possible within a region. The historical data consists of point precipitation amounts measured at rain gages
throughout the region being studied, or a region with very similar topographic characteristics. These rainfall data are
subsequently (subsequent) maximized through «moisture maximization» and other numerical methods.
Moisture maximization is a process in which the maximum possible atmospheric moisture for a region is applied to
rainfall data from a historic storm. This process increases the rainfall depths (deep), bringing them closer
to their potential maximum.

---

They hadn»t been staying at the hotel since May.
Выберите один ответ:
а. Они не жили в отеле весь май.
В. Они не жили в отеле с мая.

---

Match the expressions with their meanings.
work-life balance
workstation
time management
time-consuming
spend time
how much time you spend at work and home
the place in an office where a person works, especially with a computer
organizing your time effectively
taking up a lot of time
use or pass time doing a particular thing
o
%
o

---

Mammoth TBMs
Types of TBMs
The first tunneling phase
Ring building phase
Excavation phase
Various TBMs for London underground infrastructure

---

Building load includes the weight of the structure and everything that is inside the structure, аз well as people
moving into and out of the building.
Выберите один ответ:
Верно
Неверно

---

Ответ:

1. We will go out as soon as we finish this.

2. By the time we get there, the film will have begun.

3. Look at those clouds. It is going to rain.

4. I am meeting / am going to meet her this evening.

5. Don’t call at 6.00. I will be doing my homework then.

6. Perhaps I will see you tomorrow.

7. I forgot the car keys. – Don’t worry, I will get them for you.

8. What time does the next train arrive?

9. He will have spent all his money by the end of the week.

10. I will have paid all my debts in a week’s time.

11. Stop that, or I will tell your parents.

12. Paul is going to learn French.

13. This time next week he will be camping in the mountains.

14. Have you heard? Linda is going to buy a new house.

15. Where will you be working in ten years’ time?

16. I will help you move if I get here on time.

17. Stay in your seat until the bell rings.

18. Will you be using your car at the weekend? -I guess I will.

19. Are you going to watch the action movie? – Yes, I am.

20. He will have arrived in Paris by the end of the day.

1.He used … (think) that life ended at 40, but now when he’s 41, he knows it’s not true.

2…. (make) such a terrible noise!

3.It’s five in the morning. I’m not used … (get) up this early,

4.It’s impossible… (cut) with this knife. It’s blunt.

5.My father enjoys … (listen) to jazz music.

6.I’m sorry… (hear) that your mother isn’t well. 

7.Harry looked so funny that I couldn’t help … (laugh).

8.I couldn’t help them … (find) what they were looking for as I was in too much of a hurry.

9.I’d like… (cook) something special when guests come.

10.What do you feel like… (do) tonight?

11.My dad promised … (buy) me a bike if I passed my exams well.

12.I hate… (wait) in queues. It really annoys me.

13.I looked forward … (see) you again soon.

14.It’s difficult … (concentrate) when there’s loud playing on the radio.

15.We stopped for a while … (admire) the scenery.

16.He can’t afford … (hire) a taxi every day.

17.Is it worth … (run) such an awful risk?

18.Would you mind … (fetch) another chair?

19.I offered … (pay) for the meal, but she refused.

20.I’m sorry… (disturb) you, but could you tell me the time?

21.My younger sister can’t stop… (eat) sweets.

22.He dislikes… (spend) money on car repairs.

23.I remember… (go) to Venice as a child.

24…. (call) Mike

25.I suggested … (call) a taxi so we wouldn’t be late.

26.I can’t stand … (wait) in queues.

27.There used to … (be) a cinema in our village but it closed down three years ago.

28.He is Spanish so he’s used … (drive) on the right.

29.Did you remember … (send) your sister a card? It’s her birthday today.

30.Have you tried … (read) a book to help you to sleep?

31.Nowadays I’m used… (go) to bed early.

32.He’ll never forget … (see) the Grand Canyon for the first time.

33.He offered … (drive) me to the airport.

34.I’ll stop … (lend) you money if you waste it on cigarettes.

35.Maya stopped … (tie) her shoelace.

36.John suggested … (go) together in one car.

37.Will you stop … (make) so much noise, boys?

38.It’s difficult to get used … (sleep) in a tent after having a soft, comfortable bed to lie on.

39.Linda offered … (look after) my cat while I was out of town.

40.Could you please stop… (whistle)! I’m trying … (concentrate) on my work.​

Условное предложение (2)

UNREAL CONDITIONALS

2-й тип условных предложений (hypothetical conditionals).

10.55
Базовая форма такой конструкции – простое прошедшее в if-предложении и + инфинитив в главной части. Форма прошедшего времени выражает здесь не прошлое, а «сослагательность».

If it rained tomorrow we’d stay at home.

1. Этот тип предложений употребляется для возможных событий в настоящем или будущем, которые говорящий считает маловероятными (или даже невозможными).

Разница между, например, if I come и if I came состоит в том, что if I came относится к невозможному, воображаемому или маловероятному событию.

If I become President, I’ll… (слова кандидата)
If I became President, I’d… (слова школьника)

If I win this race, I’ll… (слова фаворита)
If I won this race, I’d… (слова аутсайдера)

Еще примеры:

If I knew her name, I would tell you. (не If I know … )(не If I would know … ) (не … I will tell you)
She would be perfectly happy if she had a car.
What would you do if you lost your job?
If I was taller, I would become a policeman
If he had any money, he’d leave home
If you took a taxi, you’d get there quicker
If I had the money I should pay you.
If he heard of your marriage he would be surprised.
If you could see me now, you’d laugh your head off
The older men would find it difficult to get a job if they left the farm.
I should be surprised if it was less than five pounds.
If I frightened them, they might run away and I would never see them again.
Не wouldn’t do it unless you ordered him to do it.
Supposing I accepted this offer, what would you say?
If I knew her name, I would tell you.
What would you do if you lost your job?
If you parked your car there (now), they would tow it away.

2. Таким образом можно сделать свое предложение более вежливым:

Will it be all right if I bring a friend? (прямой вопрос)
Would it be all right if I brought a friend? (более вежливый вопрос)

It would be nice if you helped me a bit with the housework.
Would it be all right if I came round about seven tomorrow?

3. Предложения 2-го типа могут быть иногда близки по смыслу к предложениями 1-го типа (т.е. выражать то, что вполне возможно):

If you went by train, you would get there earlier
If you didn’t stay up so late every evening, you wouldn’t feel so sleepy in the morning

Эти предложения достаточно близки по смыслу к следующим:

If you go by train, you will get there earlier
If you don’t stay up so late every evening, you won’t feel so sleepy
in the morning

Но часто с помощью 2-го типа условных предложений выражаются совершенно нереальные предположения:

If I had longer legs, I’d be able to run faster

4. С первым лицом в британском английском может употребляться should:

If I knew her name, I should tell you.
If I married you, we should both be unhappy.

5. В качестве сокращения употребляется ‘d:

We’d get up earlier if there was a good reason to.

6. В if–части предложения могут быть следующие вариации:

a) were (специальная форма сослагательного наклонения глагола be ) вместо was

If I were you, I would keep quiet.
If John were here now (but he isn’t), we could play tennis.
Не wouldn’t be in difficulties if he were not so foolish.
If I were asked to define my condition, l’d say bored.
If I was/were better qualified, I’d apply for the job
If I were rich, I would spend all my time travelling.
If your mother were here, I’m sure she wouldn’t let you eat all those chocolates.

Употребление were считается несколько более «правильным», особенно для чисто воображаемых условий:

If I were the Queen of Sheba, you’d be King Solomon.
If I were a guy, I would look like my dad.
If my nose were a little shorter I’d be quite pretty.

Употребление were желательно в обороте If I were you…:

If I were you, I’d take it back to the shop. It’s got a hole in it. (лучше, чем If I was you…)

Оператор может ставится в начало предложения (союз при этом опускается):

Were I in your place, I would be very worried

Но такая конструкция значительно более формальна, чем if I were in your place и т.п.

(при этом предложении не может начинаться с Was, Wasn’t or Weren’t ¬, а только с Were).

□ Were необходимо употреблять в выражениях с ‘If I were you/If I were in your position’ и ‘If it were not for/Were it not for’ (так объясняется почему что-либо не произошло)

If I were you/in your position, I’d accept their offer
If I were Jane/in Jane’s position, I’d walk out on him

If it wasn’t for your help, I would still be homeless
If it weren’t for your help, I would still be homeless
Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless (здесь недопустимо сокращение: Weren’t it)
Were it not for the fact that you helped me, I would be homeless (were it not звучит очень формально).

If it wasn’t /If it weren’t/Were it not for the fact that Greentown is 20 miles away, I would walk there.

If it wasn’t/weren’t for Vivian, the conference wouldn’t be going ahead.
If it wasn’t/weren’t for the fact that Chloe would be offended, I wouldn’t go to the party.

If it wasn’t/weren’t for his wife’s money he’d never be a director.(= Without his wife’s money …)
If it wasn’t/weren’t for the children, we could go skiing next week.
We would not be able to provide after-school sports if it were not for dedicated teachers like Mr Morgan.

b) прошедшее продолженное

It is ranining right now, so I will not go for a walk.
If it were not raining right now, I would go for a walk.

c) If + were to/was to

Такая конструкция выражает предположение о будущем (were можно заменять на was).:

lf you were to touch that wire, you would be killed instantly.
If we were to move north, we would be able to buy a bigger house.
If the boss was/were to come in now, we’d be in real trouble. (= If the boss came … )
What would we do if I was/were to lose my job?
Even if you were to try, you wouldn’t be able to do it.

Оператор можно переносит в начало предложения, но это звучит формально и старомодно (и в такой конструкции уже нельзя заменять were на was ):

Were this enterprise to fail, it would be a disaster for us all.
Were the government to cut Value Added Tax, prices would fall.
Were the election to be held today, the Liberals would win easily (или If the election was/ were held today…).
Were I not in my 70s and rather unfit, I might consider taking up squash (или If I wasn’t/ weren’t in my 70s and rather unfit…).

При отрицании нельзя употреблять ‘lf he were not to’ и возможен только следующий вид:

There’d be a clear case for legal action over this matter were it not likely to make life difficult for all of us (не ‘weren’t if’).

□ В главной части могут употребляться другие модальные глаголы:

If you were to start early tomorrow morning, you would (could, might, ought to, should) be at your destination by evening.

d) Вместо were to в британском английском может употребляться should, но надо учитывать, что для носителей американского диалекта это выглядит достаточно неестественно:

If he should (were to) hear of your marriage, he would be surprised.
If you should be passing my house, you might return the book you borrowed from me.

Конструкция were to обычно не употребляется с такими глаголами как belong, doubt, enjoy, know, like, remember и understand (которые выражают состояние):

If I knew they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money (не If I were to know…)

If I knew her name … (не If I were to know her name … )

e) С помощью этой конструкции можно сделать предложение более вежливым:

Would it be too early for you if we were to meet at 5.30?
— If I asked him, I’m sure he’d help us. — Do you think he would? — Well if I were to ask him nicely.
If I were to (was to) ask, would you help me?
If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down.

f) В главной части возможны не только would и should, но и другие модальные глаголы:

If you were to ask him, he might help you
If Sue were to make an effort, she could do better

g) would

В очень разговорной устной речи в американском английском употребляется would в обоих частях условного предложения:

It would be good if we’d get some rain.
How would we feel if this would happen to our family?

7. В главной части условных предложений этого типа могут употребляться модальные глаголы:

If I had another $500, I could buy a car (физически смог бы).
If you asked me nicely, I might get you a drink (возможно бы так поступил).
If you went to London you might see the Queen.
If he took his doctor’s advice he might soon be well again.
You could do it if you tried.
If he knew the facts, he could tell us what to do
If you parked your car there (now), they would tow it away/we could keep an eye on it.

Еще примеры:

If he were here he could help us (ability).
If he were here he might help us (possibility).
If he failed, he ought to/should try again (duty).

Возможно употребление продолженного инфинитива после модальных глаголов:

If she were here now she could be helping us.
If he was in New York, he could have met my sister.
If they were in the army they would have been fighting in the jungle most of the time.

3-й тип условных предложений (counterfactual conditionals)

10.56

1. Базовая форма таких предложений – предпрошедшее в if–предложении и would + совершенная форма инфинитива (или другими словами – форма совершенного будущего в прошедшем) – в главной его части.

If it had rained, we would have stayed at home
If you had asked me, I would have told you.
(не If you would have asked me… ) (не If you asked me … ) (не …I had told you.)
If I had been taller I would have joined the police force.
If I had had any sense, I would have kept quiet about it.
If we had gone by car, we would have saved time.

2. Этот тип предложений употребляется, когда речь идет о уже совершившихся в прошлом событиях (а значит, и условие и следствие уже физически невыполнимы).

If I had worked harder at school, I d have got a better job
If I hadn’t been wearing a raincoat, I would have got wet (referring to something possible often expressing regret)
If I had won the pools, life would have been much easier (referring to an imaginary hoped for situation in the past)
If I had lived in the Stone Age, I would have been a hunter (referring to a completely impossible situation)
Perhaps if he had realized that, he would have run away while there was still time.
If she had not been ill, she would probably have won that race.
If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.
I’d have been in bad trouble if Jane hadn’t helped me.
If you had parked your car there (but you didn’t), they would have towed it away.
If he had heard of your marriage he would have been surprised.
I should never have got here in time (I should not be here now) if you had not given me a lift in your car.
If you had been at the meeting I should have seen you.

3. В формальном стиле оператор может ставиться в начало предложения:

Had you informed us earlier, we would have taken the necessary steps.
Had the management acted sooner, the strike wouldn t have happened.
Had we not been delayed, the accident would never have happened. (в этом случае Had . . . not нельзя сокращать до Hadn’t).
Had it not been for the unusually bad weather the rescue party would have been able to save the stranded climber (не Hadn’t).

4. ‘If I had been you/in your position’

Такие обороты употребляются, чтобы выразить, что мы бы сделали на месте другого человека:

if I had been you/in your position, I d have accepted their offer (= You should have accepted their offer).
If I had been Jane, I d have walked out on him years ago.

5. ‘If it hadn’t been for’

Таким образом объясняется, почему что-либо не произошло в прошлом:

It hadn’t been for the rain, we would have had a good harvest.

6. Говоря о прошлом, можно использовать оборот if it had not been for:

If it hadn’t been for Dad, I wouldn’t have gone to college (или If it wasn’t/weren’t for…)
If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what I’d have done.

But for так же может употребляться со значением ‘if it were not for’ или ‘if it had not been for’:

But for your help, I don’t know what I’d have done.

10.57
A. Возможные изменения в if–части:

1) Продолженное совершенное время:

If it had been raining this morning we would have stayed at home.
If I had been trying harder, I would have succeeded.

2) could have

If I could have stopped, there wouldn’t have been an accident

(Would have и should have в if-части не употребляются)

3) В американском английском в if-части предложения иногда используется простое прошедшее время вместо прошедшего совершенного:

If I knew you were coming I’d have baked a cake.
If I had the money with me I would have bought you one.
If I didn’t have my walking boots on I think I would have really hurt my foot.

4) Условие может подразумеваться:

I would have gone with you, but I had to study.
I never would have succeeded without your help.
She ran; otherwise, she would have missed her bus.

5) В разговорной речи в if-части условного предложения 3-го типа могут употребляться would или had + перфектный инфинитив (грамматически это неправильно).

I didn’t know. But if I had’ve known …
We would never have met if he hadn’t have crashed into my car.
If I would’ve had a gun, somebody might have got hurt.
If you wouldn’t have phoned her we’d never have found out what was happening.

If I’d have known she was ill I’d have sent her some flowers
If I’d have known, I’d have told you.
It would have been funny if she’d have recognised him.

10.58
B. В главной части возможны следующие варианты:

1) Продолженное совершенное время

If I had not got married, I would still have been living abroad.

2) настоящее время в главной части

If my mother hadn’t knocked my father off his bicycle thirty years ago, I wouldn’t have been here now. (= … I wouldn’t be here now.)
If my mother hadn’t met father thirty years ago, I would’t have been here now (= I would’t be here now).
If she hadn’t crossed the road without looking, she would have been alive today (= …she would be alive today).

3) modals

You could have done it if you had tried.
If he had known the facts he could have told us what to do.
If he’d run a bit faster, he could have won.
If I hadn’t been so tired, I might have realised what was happening.
If you had parked your car there (but you didn’t), we could have kept an eye on it.

If he had been here yesterday he could have told us (ability).
If he had been here yesterday he might have told us (possibility).
If he had received a present he should have thanked her (duty).

Возможны совершенные инфинитивы после модальных глаголов:

If he had been here he could have been helping us in the shop.
If she had been here she could have met my sister.

If you had not told me about it I should (might) never have known (I should still be unaware of) the facts.
If he had taken his doctor’s advice he might not have died (he might still be alive).

Смешанный тип предложений

10.59

Обычно предположения в обоих частях условных предложений относятся к одному и тому же физическому времени:

Будущее:
If I won the prize, I would take you shopping.
I would be happy if Tom asked me to the dance.

Прошлое:
Bob would have known what to get only if he had asked his father.

If I had put air in the tires, I wouldn’t have had a flat tire last night.

Но иногда могут употребляться и другие сочетания из частей второго и третьего типов, относящиеся к разному физическому времени.

Прошлое – Настоящее

If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
(но я не выиграл тогда и сейчас не богат)

If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job opportunities.
If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn’t need a visa to work here.
If I had taken an aspirin, I wouldn’t have a headache now.
If I had studied in school, I would have a diploma now.
If Nick had turned in his application, he would be working here now.
If you had recorded the show last night, we could watch it.

Прошлое – будущее

If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us tomorrow.
(но она тогда не записалась и завтра к нам не присоединится)

If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Shanghai.
If Darren hadn’t wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas, he would go to Mexico with us next month.
If I had known that you are going to come by tomorrow, I would be in then.
If Rose had not called him, they wouldn’t be going to the party together tomorrow.
If Nathan and Lisa had finished their chores, they would receive their allowance tonight.
If the television had not broken, we would watch the game this weekend.

Настоящее – прошлое

If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
(но я в данное время не богат, поэтому вчера Феррари не купил)
If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.
If I didn’t have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night.

If she had enough money, she could have done this trip to Hawaii.
If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test yesterday.

If I were you, I would have bought the red dress.
If the teacher were here, she would have turned on the heater this morning.
If the students had more time, they would have finished their work yesterday.

Настоящее – будущее

If I didn’t have so much vacation time, I wouldn’t go with you on the cruise to Alaska next week.
(но у меня есть время и поэтому я поеду в путешествие)

If Cindy were more creative, the company would send her to New York to work on the new advertising campaign.
If Dan weren’t so nice, he wouldn’t be tutoring you in math tonight.
If I were you, I would be spending my vacation in Seattle.
If I were you, I would call Tom and apologize.
If Bob had more time, he would attend the cooking class next week.
If Fred were here, he would go with us to Colorado on Thursday.

Будущее – прошедшее:

If my parents weren’t coming this weekend, I would have planned a nice trip just for the two of us to Napa Valley.
(но мои родители приезжают и поэтому я не запланировал поездку)
If I weren’t going on my business trip next week, I would have accepted that new assignment at work.
If Donna weren’t making us a big dinner tonight, I would have suggested that we go to that nice Italian restaurant.
If I weren’t flying to Detroit, I would have planned a trip to Vancouver.

If they weren’t traveling to France on Thursday, they would have planned to attend your birthday party.
If I weren’t quitting my job in two weeks, I would have purchased you a gift for Christmas.
If Don’s sisters weren’t going to the theater, they would have agreed to babysit.

Будущее – настоящее

If Sandy were giving a speech tomorrow, she would be very nervous.
(но она завтра не выступает и поэтому сейчас не нервничвает).

If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.
If Seb didn’t come with us to the desert, everyone would be very disappointed.
If I were taking this exam next week, I would be high-strung.
If I were getting married tomorrow, I would be relaxing right now.
If Jenny and Eric were going to be here for the holidays, they would be making plans.
If Dan were traveling with us to Boston in March, he would be saving money.

ДРУГИЕ ПРЕДЛОГИ

10.60

Кроме в условных предложениях употребляются другие союзы, имеющие похожий смысл.

1) even if употребляется, чтобы выразить, что одна ситуация не повлияла бы на другую:

I would have married her even if she had been penniless.
Even if you don’t get the job this time, there will be many exciting opportunities in
the future.
Even if I become a millionaire, I shall always be a socialist.

2) if only употребляется, чтобы сказать о пожелании – близко по смыслу к ‘I wish…’. Придаточное предложение с if only может употребляться и отдельно, без главного предложения

If only I knew more people!
If only I was better-looking!
If only your father were here!

a) would + bare infinitive выражает пожелание о будущем:

If only it would stop raining, we could go out.
If only somebody would smile!

b) past perfect относится к прошлому:

If only she hadn’t told the police, everything would have been all right.

С похожим значением употребляется imagine (that):

Imagine we could all fly. Wouldn’t that be fun!

3) only if

These activities can flourish only if agriculture and rural industry are flourishing.

Only можно переносить в главное предложение:

I will only come if he wants me. (=I will come only if he wants me.)
He told them that disarmament was only possible if Britain changed her foreign policy.

4) Unless со значением ‘if. . . not’, ‘except if’:

Unless it rains, I’ll pick you up at 6.00.
Unless the theatre is able to raise $100,000, it will have to close (= If the theatre isn’t able to…)
Come tomorrow unless I phone. (= … if I don’t phone / except if I phone.)
I’ll take the job unless the pay is too low. (= if the pay isn’t too low / except if the pay is too low. )
I’ll be back tomorrow unless there’s a plane strike.
Let’s have dinner out — unless you’re too tired.
I’m going to dig the garden this afternoon, unless it rains.
You can’t travel on this train unless you have a reservation.
You won’t catch the train if you don’t hurry/unless you hurry.
Your parcel will be dispatched this evening, unless you (would) prefer to take it with you now.
Goods will not be dispatched unless they are paid for in advance.
Не wouldn’t do it unless you were to order him to do it.

● If…not, а не unless употребляется если

a) событие, описываемое в главном предложении, будет неожиданным:

I’ll be amazed if Christie doesn’t win.

b) обычно в вопросах:

If you don’t pass the test, what will you do?

c) когда не подходит по смыслу ‘only if’:

If it wasn’t the best performance of Hamlet I’ve seen, it was certainly the strangest.

d) unless не употребляется, если смысл высказывания близок к ‘because … not’:

OK. So we’ll meet this evening at 7.00 – unless my train’s late. (= … except if my train’s late.)
My wife will be angry if I’m not home by 7.00. (не ‘My wife will be angry unless I get home by 7.00. — She will be angry because I’m not home’.)

I’ll drive over and see you, unless the car breaks down. (= … except if the car breaks down.)
I’ll be surprised if the car doesn’t break down soon (не ‘I’ll be surprised unless the car breaks down soon. — I’ll be surprised because it doesn’t break down’.)

e) If …not обычно употребляется в предложениях с нереальным условием, но если главное предложение в отрицательной форме, то можно употребить unless:

If I weren’t so tired, I’d give you a hand.
She wouldn’t have gone to university unless her parents had insisted.

● unless, а не if…not употребляется когда

a) выражается соображение, которое высказывается уже после первого предположения:

We can leave now — unless you’d rather wait for Jack, of course.

b) после части предложения с условием идет еще и определительное предложение «возвращающее» нас к позитивному предположению в главной части:

We can walk to the cinema unless it’s raining, in which case we’ll get a taxi.

5) Whether

Whether you lock your car or not, the police will tow it away.
(в таком предложении нельзя заменить на if … or not)

6) On condition (that), provided(that)/providing (that) , so long as/as long as

I will let you drive on condition (that)/ = provided (that)/ = providing (that) /= so/as long as you have a valid license.

I’ll give you the day off on condition that you work on Saturday morning.
Не says he’ll accept the post provided (on condition that) the salary is satisfactory.
Ordering is quick and easy provided you have access to the internet.
Provided that it’s not too much money I’d love to come to Spain.
The oven bakes magnificent bread providing it is hot enough.
Provided the weather keeps like this, the farmers have no need to worry about the crops.
You can borrow my bike providing/provided you bring it back.
It doesn’t matter where you put it so long as you make a note of where it is.
They are happy for the world to stay as it is, as long as they are comfortable.
You’re welcome to stay with us as/so long as you share the expenses.
So long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with pleasure.

On condition (that) обычно употребляется с одушевленными существительными, с другими союзами этой группы это неважно:

We’ll be all right so long as it doesn’t pour with rain.

7) Suppose/Supposing (that)

С этими союзами можно сделать предположения о будущем и прошлом.

Suppose/Supposing (that) I had/were to have an accident, who would pay? (future)
Suppose/ Supposing (that) I had had an accident who would have paid? (past)

Supposing you’d missed the train. What would you have done?
Supposing my father saw me with you, what might he think?
Supposing the other team wins» the match, what will happen to us?
Suppose (supposing) your friends knew how you’re behaving here, what would they think?

In case

Make a note of my telephone number, in case you want to ring me up.
You’d better take an umbrella with you in case it rains.
I shall take an umbrella in case it rains.