Write word or select

Overview

This chapter summarizes the differences in use between OpenOffice.org Writer 2.0 and Microsoft Word (various versions). The information in this chapter builds upon the information given in General Differences in Use between OpenOffice.org and Microsoft Office.

The Writer interface

The main Writer workspace is shown below. The menus and toolbars are similar to those in Word, with the exceptions described in this chapter.

Views

Word has 4 or 5 views, depending on the version (here with the 5 views of Word 2003) called:

Normal: Recommended view (by Microsoft) for doing most of your typing and editing. Writer has no real equivalent view.

Print Layout: This shows the document (more or less) as it will print. This is the closest equivalent to the Print Layout view in Writer.

Web Layout: In theory, this shows the document as if viewed on-line. Writer’s equivalent is a view option called Web Layout. To access this view, select View > Web Layout.

Reading Layout: Reading Layout view formats your screen to make reading your document more comfortable. Writer has no real equivalent view, but you can go to View > Zoom to choose the view that will fit the best for you on your screen.

Outline: For working with heading hierarchies. Outline view displays the document in outline form. Headings can be displayed without the text. If you move a heading, the accompanying text moves with it. Writer has the Navigator, which is detailed later in this chapter.

Writer also has an HTML source view that only shows when editing an HTML document. To access this view, select View > HTML Source.

When field codes are turned on, Writer displays less information about the field than does Word. To get detailed information, right-click the field > Fields (or select the field > Edit > Fields).

Status bar

The status bar is similar to Word’s except it does not show the current location of the cursor on the page (row number and number of characters across). It does however show the position within a table in spreadsheet style format; for example, Top left cell =A1.

Navigator

Word does not have a similar concept to the Navigator and, in the author’s opinion, it is such a useful tool it is worth taking the time to learn more about it.

To launch the Navigator, press F5 or click the Navigator icon on the Standard toolbar.

To get a detailed description of what each of the buttons does, press Shift+F1 and hover the cursor over the buttons.

The Headings at the top of the list box in the Navigator are the closest equivalent to Word’s Outline View.

With the List Box on there is a drop-down list box at the bottom of the Navigator. With this list box it is possible to select any of the open Writer documents so that their contents are available for dragging and dropping. What happens when the selection is dropped is determined by the drag mode specified by the Drag Mode button. Click the arrow next to the Drag Mode button to see the available options (Insert as: Hyperlink, Link, or Copy).

When viewing a master document, the Navigator is quite different. For more details, see Working with Master Documents in the Writer Guide.

Graphics, indexes, OLE objects, and references cannot be dragged and dropped when in the Insert as link or Insert as Copy modes.

Formatting and Styles

For a more detailed guide on using styles, see “Use templates and styles” and the Chapter Working with Styles in the Getting Started Guide, or Chapter Introduction to Styles and Chapter Working with Styles in the Writer Guide.

Use Shift+F1 to check out the different buttons on the Styles and Formatting window. Use the bottom list box to change the style group that is displayed. For example, Applied Styles only shows those styles that have been used in the document.

Keyboard

When some text has a character attribute at the end of a paragraph (say bold or a hyperlink) but the new text does not require that attribute, press the right arrow key before typing.

Deleting paragraph marks: pressing Delete at the end of a paragraph effectively moves the text of the following paragraph into the current paragraph, and the paragraph formatting of the top paragraph remains. Press Backspace at the start of a paragraph and the format of the lower paragraph remains.

An aid to remember this is: the format of the paragraph that has the cursor will be the format of the combined paragraph, unless the current paragraph is empty; in that case, backspacing will leave the previous paragraph’s formatting.

Control+Home when in tables: In Word, Control+Home always positions the cursor to the top of the document; in Writer Control+Home first positions the cursor at the start of the cell, then at the start of the table and then the start of the document. Control+End has similar behavior.

How to select multiple parts of the text

To copy, cut, format, or delete parts of the text in different areas of the document, use:

• Control + selection with one click, double-click or sliding.

or

1. Click once on the field “STD” (STanDard) in the status bar. The field now shows “EXT” (EXTended selection).
2. Another click and it changes to “ADD” (ADD to selection).

The ADD mode is the equivalent to Control + click and EXT is equivalent to Shift + click.

Multiple selections and tables

The following limitations apply when selections involve tables:

• It is possible to have multiple selections within a cell, or even parts of other cells, but only one selection is possible that involves at least one entire cell.
• A selection that starts in a table cannot extend beyond the table.
• A selection that starts outside a table will include the entire table (that is, a selection cannot start outside a table and also contain a portion of a table).

Comparison of shortcut keys

See AltKeyHandler.sxw (available from http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/hillview/OOo/) for macros that extend Writer’s key shortcut ability – including the indent functionality similar to that provided in Word.

Mouse use

Some differences are:

• No quick selection of paragraphs or lines by clicking to the left of the paragraph.
• Control + click does not select a sentence, but a triple-click does (a quadruple-click selects the paragraph).

Tables

Selections involving tables

Tables are like one special paragraph so when selecting text using the keyboard (Shift+arrow) from, say, above the paragraph, the whole table is selected followed by the line below it.

The location for displaying the table grid when a table has no borders is not particularly intuitive: use Tools > Options > OpenOffice > Appearance and select the Table boundaries checkbox.

Heading rows

By default new tables have a heading row. This default behavior can be changed by Tools > Options > OpenOffice Writer > Table.

When creating a new table using Table > Insert Table, you can choose to turn on or off the heading row, by checking Heading in Options > OpenOffice Writer > Table

Whether the top row(s) repeat at the start of each new page can be altered by selecting the relevant top row(s) > Table > Repeat on each page. This does not change the format of the rows, only whether they repeat at each page break.

Adjusting column widths and row heights using the keyboard

The different methods of adjusting the column width available via Tools > Options > OpenOffice Writer > Table are:

• Fixed: Overall width of the table stays the same, but the adjoining column shrinks or grows correspondingly.
• Fixed Proportional: The current column and the end column change by corresponding amounts, keeping the overall width the same.
• Variable: Only the current column changes so the overall width of the table changes.

Use Alt and the arrow keys as follows to adjust the width of columns (or height of rows):

• Alt and arrow keys adjusts the right side (bottom for rows).
• Alt+Shift and arrow keys adjusts the left side (top for rows).
• Alt+Control+left or right arrow keys adjusts the current cell only.

Copying and pasting cells in a table

Writer never inserts new rows or columns when pasting data, it always overwrites the contents of the cells. This makes it clear as to what will happen. To avoid overwriting cells, first insert the required number of rows or columns.

Inserting and deleting rows or columns

If you use Table > Insert > Row or Table > Insert > Column or right-click > Insert Row or Insert Column, you can choose whether to insert before or after the current row or column.

The icons on the Table toolbar insert below for rows and to the right for columns (opposite of Word).

This is a surprising inconsistency as Calc inserts above and to the left.

In Linux, to insert rows or columns using the keyboard: Alt+Insert > arrow key (this is hold down Alt and Insert keys together, release the keys, then press the arrow key). To delete rows or columns using the keyboard: Alt+Delete > arrow key. The insertion or deletion is in the direction of the arrow key. For example, Alt+Insert > Up inserts a row above the current row.

Equal row heights and column widths

On the Table toolbar there is a long click button called Optimize. The Optimize button becomes active when more than one cell is selected. This presents a tear-off menu for easily adjusting row heights and column widths to being the same.

Splits and merges

Merge cells last, as you would in Word.

To merge cells: Select cells to be merged > Table > Merge cells (or use the Merge cells button on the Table toolbar).

To split cells: Select merged cells > Table > Split cells (or use the Split cells button on the Table toolbar).

To split a table (horizontally): Table > Split Table.

To join two tables, they need to be one below the other, then Table > Merge Table. If there is a table above and below the current table you will be prompted for which one you wish to join.

Sorting

To sort a table:

1. Select the cells to be sorted; do not include the headings. The option to sort only becomes available when something is selected.
2. Tools > Sort.

Unlike Word, the sort dialog uses column number rather than the names of the column.

Entering numbers and formulas

Unlike Word, tables in Writer can work much more like spreadsheets. For example, calculated values change as the data is input (no more selecting and pressing F9 to update calculated results).

With number recognition turned on, when entering a number Writer will automatically format the number according to a specified number format. To change this behavior, right-click when the cursor is in a table and click on Number Recognition to deselect it.

To change the number format, select the cells, Table > Number Format.

To enter a formula like SUM():

1. Select the cell where the result is to go.
2. Press F2 to display the Formula bar.
3. Click and hold the Formula button to display the formula menu.
4. Select the desired function (list separator is for separating constants, for example =mean 5 | 12 | 20).
5. Click and drag on cells to input ranges.
6. Press Enter to finish.

To enter a formula like “this cell plus that cell minus that cell”:

1. Select the cell where the result is to go.
2. Press F2 to display the Formula bar.
3. Click on a cell.
4. Type or select the desired operator.
5. Click on the next cell.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until done.
7. Press Enter to finish.

Creating a table from a data source

To create a table from a data source:

1. Display the Data source viewer (F4).
2. In the Data explorer window, navigate to the desired table or query.
3. Drag the name of the table or query into the document.
4. Select the desired fields and set other properties as required in the dialog.

Charts in Writer

Charts copied from a Calc spreadsheet and pasted into a Writer document are, by default, embedded objects. Unlike doing this in Microsoft Office, only the relevant data for the chart is embedded. In Microsoft Office copying and pasting a chart also embeds it, but if the Excel workbook was 8 MB in size (not unrealistic for a spreadsheet) then each chart pasted into a Word document would increase the Word document by 8 MB.

Linking of charts does not exist.

Customizing the user interface

Most functions are found in similar places in both programs, but a few are slightly different, and the degree of control varies. Table 6 summarizes where to find the setup choices.

Write, edit, and review documents

Most writing, editing, and reviewing techniques in OOoWriter are similar to those in Microsoft Word, but the details often vary.

AutoText in Writer always ends with a paragraph mark. So for a short in-line shortcut, it is better to use AutoCorrect.

Control page layout

This section covers such things as margins, headers, and footers.

Writer and Word have somewhat different notions of page layout.

Word’s notion of page layout

Page layout is a property of the document as a whole. If you change the page layout (for instance, set the document to landscape), it changes for the entire document. You can then arrange for specific sections to have a different layout.

Writer’s notion of page layout

Page layout is a property of the page style (for example, First Page, Index and Default). If you change the page layout for one page style (for instance, set Default to have a header with page numbers), only that style will be affected.

Using page styles gives Writer some very useful features. For instance, you can define the First Page page style so that, after you have typed the first page, the style switches to Index (or any other style you choose). You can then set Index so that it is followed by Default.

Comparison for page layout

Use templates and styles

Font size

When a style is based on another style, it is possible to set the font to being a percentage of the font size of the original style. In the font size field simply type the number followed by a percentage sign, for example 120%. This way, changes to the underlying style will be better reflected in this style. To change it back to being an absolute font size type the number followed by the characters “pt”, such as 12pt. It is also possible to specify how many points larger or smaller, for example +2pt for 2 points larger, or -2pt for two points smaller.

Space between paragraphs and page breaks before

In Writer, some paragraph properties behave differently to the way they behave in Word. Specifically:

• Space before if at the top of a page is ignored.
• Space between paragraphs: the greatest of space above and space below for the two paragraphs is applied.
• Page break before: if at the top of a page, does not create a blank page.

This makes using styles possible without having to apply direct paragraph formating to fix issues afterwards.

Fields

For a comparison of fields between Writer and Word, see Chapter Sharing Files with Microsoft Office Users.

Work with large or complex documents

Major differences exist in the use of master documents. The table does not attempt to summarize all these differences.

Work with graphics

Most graphics work should be done outside Word or Writer, with the graphic files embedded or linked to the Word or Writer file. However, you can do some simple graphics using the drawing tools in Word or Writer. This table covers the basics.

Mail Merge

Mail merging is significantly different in Writer to Word. See Chapter Using Mail Merge in the Writer Guide.

Envelopes

Adding an envelope

Insert > Envelope

Removing an envelope

1. Place the cursor at the beginning of the envelope page.
2. If the Styles and Formatting window is not open, press F11 or use Format > Styles and Formatting to display it.
3. Change to the Page Styles option. It is the fourth icon from the left.
4. Double-click on Default.
5. Remove the remaining elements that make up the envelope.

Page styles

Modify a page style

In Writer all pages have a page style. To modify the page style of the page where the cursor is positioned, use Format > Page.

As the page style is being changed, all pages with this style will be changed as well.

Create a style

To create a new page style:

1. If the Styles and Formatting window is not currently displayed, press F11 to display it.
2. Click Page Styles in the Styles and Formatting window (fourth icon from left).
3. Right-click in a free area of the Styles and Formatting window > New.

The Page Style dialog

Click Format > Page. The Page Style window opens.

Organizer tab

Name: Nothing tricky here, simply a name to help the user remember what the settings are for.

Next style: This setting specifies what page style to use at the next page break (manual or automatic) for any page that has this page style. Set it to a different page style when the page style is only for one page (such as the first page of each chapter), otherwise this should be the same as Name to keep the same page style for the following pages.

Page tab

Paper format : Format is the paper size, the other settings have the same names in Word (on the paper size tab of page setup).

Margin : Same as for Word. Each setting represents the distance from the edge of the page, but see “Header and footer tabs” as the location of headers and footers relative to the margins is different.

Layout settings: Page layout is for specifying whether the page style is mirrored (used for left and right pages). There are more options here than in Word, but there is not a different first page option, that is because it is handled by the Next style setting as mentioned above in Organizer tab. Format refers to the format of page numbers. Register true is to make the text line up better at the top of the page (see help for more details).

Background tab

For specifying a background color or graphic (watermark). (An alternative to this with more flexibility is to create a drawing object, then use Arrange > To Background, Anchor > To Page.)

Header and footer tabs

Headers and footers are printed between the margins of the page rather than in the top or bottom margins as they are in Word. Another way of saying this is that for the top of a page the area between the edge of the page and the top margin is always blank, next is the header, and after the header, the main text area for the page.

Height: AutoFit height allows the header or footer to grow and shrink depending on their contents.

Spacing specifies the distance between the header/footer and the main text area on the page. Dynamic spacing allows the header/footer to expand into the area between the header/footer and the main text area.

The left and right margins are indenting from the margins of the page and cannot have negative values.

The More button is for specifying borders and backgrounds for the header/footer area. In some versions of Word this approach was used to create a watermark. Since it is possible to have graphics in the background of the main document, this is not the required way of having a watermark in Writer.

Borders, columns and footnote tabs

These tabs are for specifying the borders (lines around the outside), number and widths of newspaper style columns and defining the area for footnotes (if any) for the page style.

Page breaks and page numbering

Changing the style used for a page and changing the numbering sequence

To insert a page break and change page style or page numbering, method 1:

1. Press Control+Enter.
2. Cursor will be in the first paragraph of the new page.
3. Format > Paragraph > Text Flow tab.
4. Breaks will be enabled.
5. Select With Page style, specify the page style to use and specify the page number to start from.

To insert a page break and change page style or page numbering, method 2:

1. Insert > Manual Break
2. By default it will specify Page breaks.
3. Choose the page style in the Page style list.
4. Select Change page number.
5. Enter the new starting page number.

To insert page numbering

1. Define a page style with header or footer turned on.
2. Position the cursor in the header or footer (use the mouse or the shortcut keys Control+PageUp for Header or Control+PageDown for footer).
3. Optionally type: Page <space>.
4. Insert > Fields > Page Number.
5. Optionally type <space> of <space>, then click Insert > Fields > Page Count.

To insert a field that calculates a different page count (for example, when you have a title page but want to have the remaining pages say page 1 of 2 (instead of page 1 of 3 ):

1. Press F2 to display the text formula bar.
2. Type =page – 1.
3. Press Enter.

Unfortunately this field does not automatically update, so press F9 to update it before printing.

Page numbers on portrait and landscape pages in the same place and orientation

1. Create a style for landscape pages. Set the margins for the landscape style such that they correspond with the portrait style when rotated (top = left, bottom = right, left = bottom and right = top). For page numbering on left, turn on headers; on right – footers. Select Use dynamic spacing.
2. Create a style for the landscape header or footer based on the style for the portrait header or footer. (In the Styles and Formatting window, select the style that is used for the portrait header or footer > right-click > New.) Change the font position to 270^°. If the page numbering is on the bottom choose left alignment, for the top choose right.
3. Insert the page break and choose the page style just created (see above); do not change the numbering.
4. In the relevant header/footer (as per step 1) insert the page number field.

Conditional text

In Word the only way to have conditional text is with the “if” field^[2]. The equivalent in Writer is the field “Conditional text”.

To insert a conditional field in Writer: Insert > Fields > Other > Functions > Conditional text or Control+F2 > Functions > Conditional text.

There is also a field “Hidden text” that hides the text when the condition is true.

Working with the relevant fields for conditional text, both in Word and in Writer, means that only small amounts of text can be conditional. However, there are times when having whole paragraphs or sections of text be conditionally hidden is very convenient. Some examples:

A test so that the same document can be used for the test itself and for the model answers.

Technical documents where the same document with variations can be used for similar models of equipment.

Writer provides a field for conditionally hiding paragraphs and the ability to conditionally hide sections. Here is an example to show how this could be done:

1. Ensure that hidden text is viewable: Tools > Options > OpenOffice Writer > Formatting Aids, select both “Fields: Hidden text” and “Fields: Hidden paragraphs”.

Conditionally hidden sections are not visible regardless of these settings if the condition for hiding them is true.

1. At the top of the document: Insert > Fields > Other > Variables.
2. Name: DocType. Value: Model Answers.
3. At the start of a one paragraph answer: Insert > Fields > Other > Functions > Hidden Paragraph. For the condition type DocType == “Test” (To make this easier to insert repeatedly, create an autocorrect entry).
4. For longer answers: Enter the model answer, select it, Insert > Section, select Hide, and enter DocType == “Test” for the condition.
5. To print the document for a test, double-click the field at the top of the document created in steps 2 and 3, and change the value to Test. Print as usual.

The field “Input list” has a name, but this is not a variable, so its value cannot be used in the condition.

To keep adding sections, it is easier if the selection does not include the last paragraph. But if the last paragraph is selected, simply move to the end of the document (Control+End ) and then press Alt+Enter.

Master documents

OOo Help covers the basics of using master documents, or see Work with large or complex documents, or for even more information see Chapter Working with Master Documents in the Writer Guide.

It is possible to insert cross-references across subdocuments but the names of the references must be typed in rather than selected from a list.

Use Insert > Fields > Other > References.

A macro to help insert references to headings, including references across documents that will be subdocuments in a master document, is available in a document called OutlineCrossRef3-fr-3.available from https://sourceforge.net/projects/ooomacros/files/Heading%20Cross%20Referencer/Version%203-fr-3/OutlineCrossRef3-fr-3.zip/download.

There is no way to have a landscape page in a subdocument remain as a landscape page when included in the master document. The workarounds are to have the landscape page be part of the master document rather than a subdocument or to have the entire subdocument as landscape.

Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found

Consider using an auxiliary numbers table.

NB: This MS SQL

Create a Sequence table — This could include all the numbers you need or at least up to 999.
I have limited it to the least but it adds extra logic.

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Sequence]
    (
      seq INTEGER NOT NULL UNIQUE,
      word [varchar](25) NOT NULL
    )

INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 0, ''
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 1, 'One'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 2, 'Two'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 3, 'Three'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 4, 'Four'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 5, 'Five'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 6, 'Six'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 7, 'Seven'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 8, 'Eight'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 9, 'Nine'

INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 10, 'Ten'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 11, 'Eleven'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 12, 'Twelve'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 13, 'Thirteen'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 14, 'Fourteen'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 15, 'Fifteen'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 16, 'Sixteen'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 17, 'Seventeen'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 18, 'Eighteen'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 19, 'Nineteen'

INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 20, 'Twenty'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 30, 'Thirty'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 40, 'Forty'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 50, 'Fifty'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 60, 'Sixty'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 70, 'Seventy'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 80, 'Eighty'
INSERT INTO [Sequence] SELECT 90, 'Ninty'

Then Create the user defined function.

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.udf_NumToWords ( 
                @num AS INTEGER 
)       RETURNS VARCHAR(50)
AS
BEGIN

DECLARE @words AS VARCHAR(50)

IF      @num =     0 SELECT @words = 'Zero'
ELSE IF @num <    20 SELECT @words = word FROM sequence WHERE seq = @num
ELSE IF @num <   100 (SELECT @words = TTens.word + ' ' + TUnits.word 
                      FROM Sequence AS TUnits
                     CROSS JOIN Sequence AS TTens
                     WHERE TUnits.seq = (@num % 100) % 10
                       AND TTens.seq = (@num % 100) - (@num % 100) % 10 
                    )
ELSE IF @num =   100 (SELECT @words = THundreds.word + ' Hundred'
                      FROM Sequence AS THundreds
                     WHERE THundreds.seq = (@num / 100)
                    )
ELSE IF @num <  1000 (
                    SELECT @words = THundreds.word + ' Hundred and ' 
                                    + TTens.word + ' ' + TUnits.word 
                      FROM Sequence AS TUnits
                     CROSS JOIN Sequence AS TTens
                     CROSS JOIN Sequence AS THundreds
                     WHERE TUnits.seq = (@num % 100) % 10
                       AND TTens.seq = (@num % 100) - (@num % 100) % 10 
                       AND THundreds.seq = (@num / 100)
                    )
ELSE IF @num =  1000 (SELECT @words = TThousand.word + ' Thousand'
                      FROM Sequence AS TThousand
                     WHERE TThousand.seq = (@num / 1000)
                    )
ELSE IF @num < 10000 (
                    SELECT @words = TThousand.word + ' Thousand ' 
                                    + THundreds.word + ' Hundred and ' 
                                    + TTens.word + ' ' + TUnits.word 
                      FROM Sequence AS TUnits
                     CROSS JOIN Sequence AS TTens
                     CROSS JOIN Sequence AS THundreds
                     CROSS JOIN Sequence AS TThousand
                     WHERE TUnits.seq = (@num % 100) % 10
                       AND TTens.seq = (@num % 100) - (@num % 100) % 10 
                       AND THundreds.seq = (@num / 100) - (@num / 1000) * 10
                       AND TThousand.seq = (@num / 1000)
                    )
ELSE SELECT @words = STR(@num)

RETURN @words

END

Now Test Function:

SELECT NumberAsWords = dbo.udf_NumToWords(888);

SQL input consists of a sequence of commands. A command is composed of a sequence of tokens, terminated by a semicolon (“;”). The end of the input stream also terminates a command. Which tokens are valid depends on the syntax of the particular command.

A token can be a key word, an identifier, a quoted identifier, a literal (or constant), or a special character symbol. Tokens are normally separated by whitespace (space, tab, newline), but need not be if there is no ambiguity (which is generally only the case if a special character is adjacent to some other token type).

For example, the following is (syntactically) valid SQL input:

SELECT * FROM MY_TABLE;
UPDATE MY_TABLE SET A = 5;
INSERT INTO MY_TABLE VALUES (3, 'hi there');

This is a sequence of three commands, one per line (although this is not required; more than one command can be on a line, and commands can usefully be split across lines).

Additionally, comments can occur in SQL input. They are not tokens, they are effectively equivalent to whitespace.

The SQL syntax is not very consistent regarding what tokens identify commands and which are operands or parameters. The first few tokens are generally the command name, so in the above example we would usually speak of a “SELECT”, an “UPDATE”, and an “INSERT” command. But for instance the UPDATE command always requires a SET token to appear in a certain position, and this particular variation of INSERT also requires a VALUES in order to be complete. The precise syntax rules for each command are described in Part VI.

UPDATE MY_TABLE SET A = 5;

uPDaTE my_TabLE SeT a = 5;

UPDATE my_table SET a = 5;

UPDATE "my_table" SET "a" = 5;

U&"d061t+000061"

U&"44143B43E43D"

U&"d!0061t!+000061" UESCAPE '!'

SELECT 'foo'
'bar';

SELECT 'foobar';

SELECT 'foo'      'bar';

U&'d061t+000061'

U&'44143B43E43D'

U&'d!0061t!+000061' UESCAPE '!'

$$Dianne's horse$$
$SomeTag$Dianne's horse$SomeTag$

$function$
BEGIN
    RETURN ($1 ~ $q$[trnv\]$q$);
END;
$function$

digits
digits.[digits][e[+-]digits]
[digits].digits[e[+-]digits]
digitse[+-]digits

REAL '1.23'  -- string style
1.23::REAL   -- PostgreSQL (historical) style

type 'string'
'string'::type
CAST ( 'string' AS type )

typename ( 'string' )

SELECT 3 OPERATOR(pg_catalog.+) 4;