Translations: the word in the other languages
- Afrikaans: geluk
- Amharic: ደስታ
- Arabic: السعادة
- Azerbaijani: xoşbəxtlik
- Bashkir: бәхет
- Belarusian: шчасце
- Bulgarian: късмет
- Bengali: সুখ
- Bosnian: sreća
- Catalan: la felicitat
- Cebuano: kalipay
- Czech: štěstí
- Welsh: hapusrwydd
- Danish: lykke
- German: Glück
- Greek: ευτυχία
- Esperanto: feliĉo
- Spanish: la felicidad
- Estonian: õnne
- Basque: zoriontasuna
- Persian: شادی
- Finnish: onnea
- French: bonheur
- Irish: sonas
- Scottish Gaelic: happiness
- Galician: a felicidade
- Gujarati: સુખ
- Hebrew: אושר
- Hindi: खुशी
- Croatian: sreća
- Haitian: kontantman
- Hungarian: boldogság
- Armenian: երջանկություն
- Indonesian: kebahagiaan
- Icelandic: hamingju
- Italian: la felicità
- Japanese: 幸福
- Javanese: rasa seneng
- Georgian: ბედნიერება
- Kazakh: бақыт
- Khmer: សុភមង្គល
- Kannada: ಡೇಟಿಂಗ್
- Korean: 행복
- Kyrgyz: бакыт
- Latin: felicitas
- Luxembourgish: Gléck
- Lao: ສຸກ
- Lithuanian: laimė
- Latvian: laime
- Malagasy: fahasambarana
- Mari: пиал
- Maori: te oaoa
- Macedonian: среќа
- Malayalam: സന്തോഷം
- Mongolian: аз жаргал
- Marathi: आनंद
- Hill Mari: пиалым
- Malay: kebahagiaan
- Maltese: l-hena
- Burmese: ပျော်ရွှင်မှု
- Nepali: आनन्द
- Dutch: geluk
- Norwegian: lykke
- Punjabi: ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ੀ
- Papiamento: e felisidat
- Polish: szczęście
- Portuguese: felicidade
- Romanian: fericirea
- Russian: счастье
- Sinhalese: සතුට
- Slovak: šťastie
- Slovenian: sreča
- Albanian: lumturi
- Serbian: срећа
- Sundanese: kabagjaan
- Swedish: lycka
- Swahili: furaha
- Tamil: மகிழ்ச்சி
- Telugu: ఆనందం
- Tajik: хушбахтӣ
- Thai: ความสุข
- Tagalog: kaligayahan
- Turkish: mutluluk
- Tatar: бәхет
- Udmurt: шуд
- Ukrainian: щастя
- Urdu: خوشی
- Uzbek: baxt
- Vietnamese: hạnh phúc
- Xhosa: ulonwabo
- Yiddish: גליק
- Chinese: 幸福
Synonyms, close and similar words for happiness
- luck
- fortune
- good luck
- joy
- gladness
- delight
- pleasure
- contentment
- enjoyment
- felicity
- blessing
- blessedness
- bliss
- beatitude
- blissfulness
- wellbeing
- welfare
- satisfaction
- gratification
Other forms: happinesses
Happiness is that feeling that comes over you when you know life is good and you can’t help but smile. It’s the opposite of sadness.
Happiness is a sense of well-being, joy, or contentment. When people are successful, or safe, or lucky, they feel happiness. The «pursuit of happiness» is something this country is based on, and different people feel happiness for different reasons. Whenever doing something causes happiness, people usually want to do more of it. No one ever complained about feeling too much happiness.
Definitions of happiness
-
noun
state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy
-
synonyms:
felicity
see moresee less-
Antonyms:
-
unhappiness
state characterized by emotions ranging from mild discontentment to deep grief
-
types:
-
beatification, beatitude, blessedness
a state of supreme happiness
-
radiance
an attractive combination of good health and happiness
-
enlightenment, nirvana
(Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation; characterized by the extinction of desire and suffering and individual consciousness
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type of:
-
emotional state, spirit
the state of a person’s emotions (especially with regard to pleasure or dejection)
-
unhappiness
-
noun
emotions experienced when in a state of well-being
see moresee less-
Antonyms:
-
sadness, unhappiness
emotions experienced when not in a state of well-being
-
types:
- show 15 types…
- hide 15 types…
-
bonheur
(French) happiness and good humor
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gladfulness, gladness, gladsomeness
experiencing joy and pleasure
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gaiety, merriment
a joyful feeling
-
rejoicing
a feeling of great happiness
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belonging
happiness felt in a secure relationship
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blitheness, cheerfulness
a feeling of spontaneous good spirits
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contentment
happiness with one’s situation in life
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glee, gleefulness, hilarity, mirth, mirthfulness
great merriment
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jocularity, jocundity
a feeling of facetious merriment
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comfortableness
a feeling of being at ease in a relationship
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closeness, intimacy
a feeling of being intimate and belonging together
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buoyancy, perkiness
cheerfulness that bubbles to the surface
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carefreeness, insouciance, lightheartedness, lightsomeness
the cheerful feeling you have when nothing is troubling you
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satisfaction
the contentment one feels when one has fulfilled a desire, need, or expectation
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jolliness, jollity, joviality
feeling jolly and jovial and full of good humor
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type of:
-
feeling
the experiencing of affective and emotional states
-
sadness, unhappiness
DISCLAIMER: These example sentences appear in various news sources and books to reflect the usage of the word ‘happiness’.
Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Vocabulary.com or its editors.
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существительное ↓
- счастье
heady days of happiness — дни головокружительного счастья
a recipe for happiness — секрет счастья
the search after /for/ happiness — погоня за счастьем
happiness without alloy — ничем не омрачённое счастье
undreamed-of happiness — невиданное / небывалое счастье
- удача, счастливый случай
- своевременность, уместность
the happiness of the comparison caught our attention — удачное сравнение привлекло наше внимание
Мои примеры
Словосочетания
his cup of happiness is full — его счастье велико /безмерно/
to cloud the happiness — омрачить счастье
life of happiness and prosperity — благоденствие
eternal happiness — вечное блаженство
Примеры с переводом
Happiness is more important than money.
Счастье — важнее, чем деньги.
His face shone with happiness.
Его лицо сияло от счастья.
Happiness means everything.
Счастье — это всё!
Happiness is the most precious gift.
Счастье — самый драгоценный дар.
She was suffused with happiness.
Её охватило ощущение счастья.
Happiness is the natural design of all the world.
Счастье — естественная цель всех людей.
Juliet’s eyes shone with happiness.
Глаза Джулии сияли от счастья.
ещё 23 примера свернуть
Примеры, ожидающие перевода
I could see no bar to our happiness.
She gazed up at him, glowing with happiness.
I felt happiness and relief flooding over me.
Для того чтобы добавить вариант перевода, кликните по иконке ☰, напротив примера.
Возможные однокоренные слова
happily — счастливо, к счастью, весело, успешно, удачно
happy — счастливый, довольный, веселый, благополучный, удачный, навеселе, подходящий
unhappy — несчастный, несчастливый, неудачный
unhappiness — несчастье
1
a
: a state of well-being and contentment : joy
b
: a pleasurable or satisfying experience
I wish you every happiness in life.
I had the happiness of seeing you—W. S. Gilbert
3
obsolete
: good fortune : prosperity
all happiness bechance to thee—William Shakespeare
Synonyms
Example Sentences
They made a toast to long life and happiness.
her happiness was complete when she got her very own house
Recent Examples on the Web
Can’t miss it If baseball was easy it would be called golf Money doesn’t buy happiness….
—Briannah Rivera, Seventeen, 30 Mar. 2023
How does the Nordic system lead to overall national happiness?
—Marja Heinonen, CNN, 29 Mar. 2023
His liquidity event wasn’t only a moment of happiness, however.
—Orianna Rosa Royle, Fortune, 28 Mar. 2023
Company culture continues to be an important factor for employee happiness, and in 2022, tech and entertainment companies seemed to have the edge in keeping their employees content.
—Zach Wichter, USA TODAY, 27 Mar. 2023
Money can buy happiness.
—Peter Abraham, BostonGlobe.com, 27 Mar. 2023
Those in search of happiness will venture to Kuru Resort, a private retreat located in the Finnish Lakeland region that boasts breathtaking flora and fauna.
—Kelly Allen, House Beautiful, 24 Mar. 2023
Getting closer to your grandchildren might bring you more joy and happiness in the long run than getting closer to another lawyer and trying to prove something in court.
—Annie Lane, Anchorage Daily News, 21 Mar. 2023
For Russians, the average evaluation of their lives declined every year between 2014 and 2021, a steady erosion of happiness as the country grew more authoritarian.
—Cassie Werber, Quartz, 20 Mar. 2023
See More
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘happiness.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
Word History
First Known Use
15th century, in the meaning defined at sense 3
Time Traveler
The first known use of happiness was
in the 15th century
Dictionary Entries Near happiness
Cite this Entry
“Happiness.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/happiness. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.
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[ hap-ee-nis ]
/ ˈhæp i nɪs /
See the most commonly confused word associated with
happiness
This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.
noun
the quality or state of being happy.
good fortune; pleasure; contentment; joy.
COMPARE MEANINGS
Click for a side-by-side comparison of meanings. Use the word comparison feature to learn the differences between similar and commonly confused words.
VIDEO FOR HAPPINESS
QUIZ
CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES?
There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates?
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Origin of happiness
First recorded in 1520–30; happy + -ness
synonym study for happiness
1, 2. Happiness, bliss, contentment, felicity imply an active or passive state of pleasure or pleasurable satisfaction. Happiness results from the possession or attainment of what one considers good: the happiness of visiting one’s family. Bliss is unalloyed happiness or supreme delight: the bliss of perfect companionship. Contentment is a peaceful kind of happiness in which one rests without desires, even though every wish may not have been gratified: contentment in one’s surroundings. Felicity is a formal word for happiness of an especially fortunate or intense kind: to wish a young couple felicity in life.
OTHER WORDS FROM happiness
o·ver·hap·pi·ness, noun
Words nearby happiness
happen on, happen-so, happenstance, happi coat, happily, happiness, happy, happy as a clam, happy as the day is long, happy camper, happy-clappy
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023
Words related to happiness
bliss, contentment, delight, elation, enjoyment, euphoria, exhilaration, glee, joy, jubilation, laughter, optimism, pleasure, prosperity, well-being, beatitude, blessedness, cheer, cheerfulness, content
How to use happiness in a sentence
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Touch also increases levels of serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin—the hormones related to happiness.
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We hope you’ve been enjoying our wedding gift, the espresso machine, and we wish you many years of happiness together.
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Researchers have argued for decades about whether certain facial expressions have evolved to express specific emotions, such as happiness, anger and disgust, regardless of one’s culture.
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It’s spawned so many other indexes of human well-being — the index of social progress, people talking about gross national happiness.
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This transition makes even more sense when coupled with the idea of deviating from using GDP as a measure of societal growth, and instead adopting a well-being index based on universal human values like health, community, happiness, and peace.
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It is the summit of human happiness: the surrender of man to God, of woman to man, of several women to the same man.
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The health, happiness and well-being of men, children and women improve.
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He should be free, filling the world with happiness, love and his fighting spirit.
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But she cautions against depending on getaways for happiness.
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Their bright eyes and wide, happy smiles have spread a feeling of happiness and hope across the art world and beyond.
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Very trim and strong, and confident he looked, with the glow of youth in his cheeks, and the spark of happiness in his gray eyes.
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Feeling secure regarding their happiness and welfare, she did not miss them except with an occasional intense longing.
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How, then, are we to explain this extraordinary discrepancy between human power and resulting human happiness?
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The vision of the universal happiness seen by the economists has proved a mirage.
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That news has caused a quite universal happiness to this wretched community.
If you ask people, what is happiness and what does it means to them, you will probably receive many different answers to your question.
Some would say that happiness means being wealthy. Others would say that for them, it means to be healthy.
You will also find people saying that for them happiness means having love in their life, having many friends, a good job, or achieving a certain goal.
There are people, who believe that the fulfillment of a certain wish would create joy and contentment in their life, but this is not always true. Often, when we get our wish fulfilled, we just move to the next wish, without even enjoying and celebrating our achievement.
As you see, different people interpret this word in different ways.
The pursuit of happiness is common to all people. Everyone is seeking happiness in one way or another.
To most people this word signifies a good feeling, satisfaction, pleasure or fun.
You may enjoy a good meal, a movie, a show or a vacation, and you may have fun at a party, but this is pleasure and fun, not necessarily happiness.
Pleasure and fun depends on external factors, and often relate to the five senses. However, the feeling and mental frame we are talking about here is something different.
What Is Happiness? – Definitions
People pursue happiness in every situation, even if they are not aware that this is one of their goals, even if it is short term happiness.
What is the definition of happiness? Can happiness be defined? What does the word happiness mean?
Is it just a good feeling, joy, satisfaction or more?
People throughout the ages have asked these questions. They have wondered what is this feeling of happiness, what makes it arise, and how to hold it longer.
Is happiness a physical reaction, the effect of certain hormones in the body? Is it dependent on certain external circumstances, or is it some kind of inner, mental, emotional or state? All these could be triggers that lead to experiencing it.
Happiness often comes and goes. It comes, stays for a little while, and then some negative feeling replaces it and it is gone. Does this mean that we have no control of happiness and we cannot lengthen its duration?
We can define this word as satisfaction. When there is job satisfaction, love, relationship and life satisfaction, there is a greater level of happiness.
It is a good feeling, joy and a sense of wholeness.
Research suggests that happiness is related to kindness, gratitude, and the capacity for love.
What Is happiness According to Various Sources
Happiness definition according Wikipedia, Merriam Webster and other sources.
Wikipedia defines happiness as, “A mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined by, among others, positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.”
Wikipedia also says, “Philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion.”
In an article on forbes.com, George Bradt writes that a survey of Harvard’s class of 1980, concluded that, “Happiness comes from choosing to be happy with whatever you do, strengthening your closest relationships and taking care of yourself physically, financially and emotionally.”
The same article says that 2015 Survey by Grant and Glueck studies shows:
- 67% of those extremely happy said the happiest period of their lives is now.
- 77% of those extremely happy said the state of their relationship was either the “greatest” of “very good”.
- 93% of those extremely happy said they are in excellent or very good health.
Merriam Webster defines happiness as, “A state of well-being and contentment.”
What is happiness according to vocabulary.com? “Happiness is that feeling that comes over you when you know life is good and you can’t help but smile. It’s the opposite of sadness.”
I would like to suggest another definition for happiness, which I found from experience. This is a different definition, which I have written about in several articles and in my books.
“Happiness is a state of inner joy, which comes about when the mind becomes quiet, free from restless thinking and worries.”
People, who have been practicing meditation regularly, and who have learned to calm down their mind, would know exactly what I mean.
This might seem strange to you, but if you pay attention to your state of mind when you are happy, you would find out that this is true.
- How do you feel after a completion of a difficult task or of a goal?
- How do you feel when you solve a problem that has been bothering you for a long time?
- What do you feel when you are in love?
- How would you feel, if you get the job you wanted, a big sum of money, or a promotion at work?
In all these situations, you experience a feeling of relief, freedom and joy.
For a while, your mind is free from planning, thinking, anticipating and worrying. When this happens, for a while, you feel happy. For a while, there are no thoughts in your mind that attract your attention and you enjoy happiness.
What does all this mean? It means that happiness and inner peace are interconnected. When the mind is quiet, there is happiness, and when there is happiness, the mind becomes quiet.
When a problem disappears, or when you achieve a goal, the mind becomes quiet for a while, and relieved of its worrying and constant thinking. At this moment, happiness rises within you, since there is nothing to stop it.
However, after a while, the mind returns to its habitual thinking and worrying, get out of this state inner calmness.
If you experience happiness when there is inner peace, it means that if you train your mind to be peaceful you would have more happiness in your life. I do not want to go deeply into this topic, since I have written about it in my other articles, which can find on this website.
What Is Happiness and How It Improves Your Life
Here are a few additional definitions of happiness and its affect on one’s health and life.
- It is the experience of joy, contentment, and a good feeling about yourself and your life.
- It is a positive emotion that makes you feel good and satisfied.
- It is joy, satisfaction, well-being, and a sense of bliss.
- Happiness comes from within you, rising into your awareness, when the mind is calm and quiet.
- Happiness leads to good relationships, love and harmony.
- It leads to peace, joy, and a feeling of freedom.
- Happiness strengthens the immune system and reduces stress.
- Its presence makes you more positive and you expect good things to happen.
- When you enjoy this feeling, you become more tolerant and patient with people.
- You are in a better position to solve problems.
- Happiness neutralizes negative emotions.
- Happy people are positive, optimistic, tolerant and more patient people. They are helpful and it is easier to get along with them.
Tips and Suggestions to Follow
- To be happy, stop focusing on lack and on the things that you don’t have. It is better to thank the Universe for what you have, and focus optimistically on what you want to achieve. This is positive psychology.
- To become happy, you also need to calm your mind and your thinking. When you are calm you free yourself from stress and worry and are more relaxed. This brings a sense of contentment and inner joy.
- To be happy, start living in the present moment, not in the past and not in the future. With this state of mind, you focus on the now, instead of dwelling on painful memories and worrying about the future.
- Strive to be positive and stay away from negativity. This means you need to avoid negative thoughts about failure, problems and obstacles, and focus on solutions and improvement.
- Strive to take everything more easily, and avoid taking things too personally. This might not be easy, but with persistence you can develop this habit. Learning a little emotional detachment and learning to let go can definitely help.
- I would be a good idea to learn to calm down the restlessness of the mind, and the tendency to think about problems and difficulties. This of course, requires some training, but the rewards are great. How do you do it? Through meditation and developing a certain measure of inner peace.
- You can maintain a state of joy and satisfaction if you express gratitude for the good things of life.
- Some, seek greater happiness. They seek to find and maintain happiness through meditation and mindfulness.
Image source – DepositPhotos
About the Author
My name is Remez Sasson. I am the author and creator of SuccessConsciousness.com, which I have been running since 2001. Join me on a fabulous journey to self improvement, happiness, success, positive lifestyle, conscious living and meditation, through my website, articles and books.
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«Enjoyment» redirects here. For the 2005 video album by Kaiser Chiefs, see Enjoyment (video).
«Cheerful» redirects here. For Royal Navy destroyer, see HMS Cheerful (1897).
A smiling 95-year-old man from Pichilemu, Chile
Happiness, in the context of mental or emotional states, is positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.[1] Other forms include life satisfaction, well-being, subjective well-being, flourishing and eudaimonia.[2]
Since the 1960s, happiness research has been conducted in a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including gerontology, social psychology and positive psychology, clinical and medical research and happiness economics.
Definitions
«Happiness» is subject to debate on usage and meaning,[3][4][5][6][7] and on possible differences in understanding by culture.[8][9]
The word is mostly used in relation to two factors:[10]
- the current experience of the feeling of an emotion (affect) such as pleasure or joy,[1] or of a more general sense of ’emotional condition as a whole’.[11] For instance Daniel Kahneman has defined happiness as «what I experience here and now«.[12] This usage is prevalent in dictionary definitions of happiness.[13][14][15]
- appraisal of life satisfaction, such as of quality of life.[16] For instance Ruut Veenhoven has defined happiness as «overall appreciation of one’s life as-a-whole.»[9]: 2 [17] Kahneman has said that this is more important to people than current experience.[18][19][20]
Some usages can include both of these factors. Subjective well-being (swb)[21] includes measures of current experience (emotions, moods, and feelings) and of life satisfaction.[nb 1] For instance Sonja Lyubomirsky has described happiness as «the experience of joy, contentment, or positive well-being, combined with a sense that one’s life is good, meaningful, and worthwhile.«[22] Eudaimonia,[23] is a Greek term variously translated as happiness, welfare, flourishing, and blessedness. Xavier Landes[24] has proposed that happiness include measures of subjective wellbeing, mood and eudaimonia.[25]
These differing uses can give different results.[26][27] Whereas Nordic countries often score highest on swb surveys, South American countries score higher on affect-based surveys of current positive life experiencing.[28]
The implied meaning of the word may vary depending on context,[29] qualifying happiness as a polyseme and a fuzzy concept.
A further issue is when measurement is made; appraisal of a level of happiness at the time of the experience may be different from appraisal via memory at a later date.[30][31]
Some users accept these issues, but continue to use the word because of its convening power.[32]
Changes of meaning over time
Happiness may have had a different meaning at the time of drafting of the US Declaration of Independence compared to now.[33][34]
Measurement
People have been trying to measure happiness for centuries. In 1780, the English utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham proposed that as happiness was the primary goal of humans it should be measured as a way of determining how well the government was performing.[35]
Today, happiness is typically measured using self-report surveys. Self-reporting is prone to cognitive biases and other sources of errors, such as peak–end rule. Studies show that memories of felt emotions can be inaccurate.[36] Affective forecasting research shows that people are poor predictors of their future emotions, including how happy they will be.[37]
Happiness economists are not overly concerned with philosophical and methodological issues and continue to use questionaries to measure average happiness of populations.
Several scales have been developed to measure happiness:
- The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) is a four-item scale, measuring global subjective happiness from 1999. The scale requires participants to use absolute ratings to characterize themselves as happy or unhappy individuals, as well as it asks to what extent they identify themselves with descriptions of happy and unhappy individuals.[38][39]
- The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from 1988 is a 20-item questionnaire, using a five-point Likert scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to assess the relation between personality traits and positive or negative affects at «this moment, today, the past few days, the past week, the past few weeks, the past year, and in general».[40] A longer version with additional affect scales was published 1994.[41]
- The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a global cognitive assessment of life satisfaction developed by Ed Diener. A seven-point Likert scale is used to agree or disagree with five statements about one’s life.[42][43]
- The Cantril ladder method[44] has been used in the World Happiness Report. Respondents are asked to think of a ladder, with the best possible life for them being a 10, and the worst possible life being a 0. They are then asked to rate their own current lives on that 0 to 10 scale.[45][44]
- Positive Experience; the survey by Gallup asks if, the day before, people experienced enjoyment, laughing or smiling a lot, feeling well-rested, being treated with respect, learning or doing something interesting. 9 of the top 10 countries in 2018 were South American, led by Paraguay and Panama. Country scores range from 85 to 43.[46]
Since 2012, a World Happiness Report has been published. Happiness is evaluated, as in «How happy are you with your life as a whole?», and in emotional reports, as in «How happy are you now?,» and people seem able to use happiness as appropriate in these verbal contexts. Using these measures, the report identifies the countries with the highest levels of happiness. In subjective well-being measures, the primary distinction is between cognitive life evaluations and emotional reports.[47]
The UK began to measure national well-being in 2012,[48] following Bhutan, which had already been measuring gross national happiness.[49][50]
Academic economists and international economic organizations are arguing for and developing multi-dimensional dashboards which combine subjective and objective indicators to provide a more direct and explicit assessment of human wellbeing. There are many different contributors to adult wellbeing, that happiness judgements partly reflect the presence of salient constraints, and fairness, autonomy, community and engagement are key aspects of happiness and wellbeing throughout the life course.[51] Although these factors play a role in happiness, they do not all need to improve simultaneously to help one achieve an increase in happiness.
Happiness has been found to be quite stable over time.[52][53]
Philosophy
A smiling butcher slicing meat
Relation to morality
Philosophy of happiness is often discussed in conjunction with ethics.[54] Traditional European societies, inherited from the Greeks and from Christianity, often linked happiness with morality, which was concerned with the performance in a certain kind of role in a certain kind of social life.[55]
Happiness remains a difficult term for moral philosophy. Throughout the history of moral philosophy, there has been an oscillation between attempts to define morality in terms of consequences leading to happiness and attempts to define morality in terms that have nothing to do with happiness at all.[56]
Connections between happiness and morality have been studied in a variety of ways in psychology. Empirical research suggests that laypeople’s judgments of a person’s happiness in part depend on perceptions of that person’s morality, suggesting that judgments of others’ happiness involve moral evaluation.[57] A large body of research also suggests that engaging in prosocial behavior can increase happiness.[58][59][60]
Ethics
Ethicists have made arguments for how humans should behave, either individually or collectively, based on the resulting happiness of such behavior. Utilitarians, such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham, advocated the greatest happiness principle as a guide for ethical behavior.[61] Critics of this view include Thomas Carlyle, Ferdinand Tönnies and others within the German philosophical tradition.[62]
Aristotle
Aristotle described eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία) as the goal of human thought and action. Eudaimonia is often translated to mean happiness, but some scholars contend that «human flourishing» may be a more accurate translation.[63] Aristotle’s use of the term in Nicomachiean Ethics extends beyond the general sense of happiness.[64]
In the Nicomachean Ethics, written in 350 BCE, Aristotle stated that happiness (also being well and doing well) is the only thing that humans desire for their own sake, unlike riches, honour, health or friendship. He observed that men sought riches, or honour, or health not only for their own sake but also in order to be happy.[65] For Aristotle the term eudaimonia, which is translated as ‘happiness’ or ‘flourishing’ is an activity rather than an emotion or a state.[66] Eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία) is a classical Greek word consists of the word «eu» («good» or «well-being») and «daimōn» («spirit» or «minor deity», used by extension to mean one’s lot or fortune). Thus understood, the happy life is the good life, that is, a life in which a person fulfills human nature in an excellent way.[67]
Specifically, Aristotle argued that the good life is the life of excellent rational activity. He arrived at this claim with the «Function Argument». Basically, if it is right, every living thing has a function, that which it uniquely does. For Aristotle human function is to reason, since it is that alone which humans uniquely do. And performing one’s function well, or excellently, is good. According to Aristotle, the life of excellent rational activity is the happy life. Aristotle argued a second-best life for those incapable of excellent rational activity was the life of moral virtue.[68]
The key question Aristotle seeks to answer is «What is the ultimate purpose of human existence?» A lot of people are seeking pleasure, health, and a good reputation. It is true that those have a value, but none of them can occupy the place of the greatest good for which humanity aims. It may seem like all goods are a means to obtain happiness, but Aristotle said that happiness is always an end in itself.[69]
Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche critiqued the English Utilitarians’ focus on attaining the greatest happiness, stating that «Man does not strive for happiness, only the Englishman does».[70] Nietzsche meant that making happiness one’s ultimate goal and the aim of one’s existence, in his words «makes one contemptible.» Nietzsche instead yearned for a culture that would set higher, more difficult goals than «mere happiness.» He introduced the quasi-dystopic figure of the «last man» as a kind of thought experiment against the utilitarians and happiness-seekers.[71][72]
These small, «last men» who seek after only their own pleasure and health, avoiding all danger, exertion, difficulty, challenge, struggle are meant to seem contemptible to Nietzsche’s reader. Nietzsche instead wants us to consider the value of what is difficult, what can only be earned through struggle, difficulty, pain and thus to come to see the affirmative value suffering and unhappiness truly play in creating everything of great worth in life, including all the highest achievements of human culture, not least of all philosophy.[73][74]
Causes and achievement methods
Theories on how to achieve happiness include «encountering unexpected positive events»,[75] «seeing a significant other»,[76] and «basking in the acceptance and praise of others».[77]
Some others believe that happiness is not solely derived from external, momentary pleasures.[78]
Research on positive psychology, well-being, eudaimonia and happiness, and the theories of Diener, Ryff, Keyes, and Seligmann covers a broad range of levels and topics, including «the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life.»[79] The psychiatrist George Vaillant and the director of longitudinal Study of Adult Development at Harvard University Robert J. Waldinger found that those who were happiest and healthier reported strong interpersonal relationships.[80] Research showed that adequate sleep contributes to well-being.[81] Good mental health and good relationships contribute more than income to happiness.[82] In 2018, Laurie R. Santos course titled «Psychology and the Good Life» became the most popular course in the history of Yale University and was made available for free online to non-Yale students.[83]
Some commentators focus on the difference between the hedonistic tradition of seeking pleasant and avoiding unpleasant experiences, and the eudaimonic tradition of living life in a full and deeply satisfying way.[84] Kahneman has said that «“When you look at what people want for themselves, how they pursue their goals, they seem more driven by the search for satisfaction than the search for happiness.”[85]
Self-fulfilment theories
Woman kissing a baby on the cheek
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a pyramid depicting the levels of human needs, psychological, and physical. When a human being ascends the steps of the pyramid, self-actualization is reached.[86] Beyond the routine of needs fulfillment, Maslow envisioned moments of extraordinary experience, known as peak experiences, profound moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture, during which a person feels more whole, alive, self-sufficient, and yet a part of the world. This is similar to the flow concept of Mihály Csíkszentmihályi.[87] The concept of flow is the idea that after our basic needs are met we can achieve greater happiness by altering our consciousness by becoming so engaged in a task that we lose our sense of time. Our intense focus causes us to forget any other issues, which in return promotes positive emotions.[88]
Erich Fromm said «Happiness is the indication that man has found the answer to the problem of human existence: the productive realization of his potentialities and thus, simultaneously, being one with the world and preserving the integrity of his self. In spending his energy productively he increases his powers, he „burns without being consumed.»»[89]
Smiling woman from Vietnam
Self-determination theory relates intrinsic motivation to three needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.
Ronald Inglehart has traced cross-national differences in the level of happiness based on data from the World Values Survey.[90] He finds that the extent to which a society allows free choice has a major impact on happiness. When basic needs are satisfied, the degree of happiness depends on economic and cultural factors that enable free choice in how people live their lives. Happiness also depends on religion in countries where free choice is constrained.[91]
Sigmund Freud said that all humans strive after happiness, but that the possibilities of achieving it are restricted because we «are so made that we can derive intense enjoyment only from a contrast and very little from the state of things.»[92]
The idea of motivational hedonism is the theory that pleasure is the aim for human life.[93]
Positive psychology
Since 2000 the field of positive psychology has expanded drastically in terms of scientific publications, and has produced many different views on causes of happiness, and on factors that correlate with happiness.[94] Numerous short-term self-help interventions have been developed and demonstrated to improve happiness.[95][96]
Indirect approaches
Various writers, including Camus and Tolle, have written that the act of searching or seeking for happiness is incompatible with being happy.[97][98][99][100]
John Stuart Mill believed that for the great majority of people happiness is best achieved en passant, rather than striving for it directly. This meant no self-consciousness, scrutiny, self-interrogation, dwelling on, thinking about,
imagining or questioning on one’s happiness. Then, if otherwise fortunately circumstanced, one would «inhale happiness with the air you breathe.»[101]
William Inge said that «on the whole, the happiest people seem to be those who have no particular cause for being happy except the fact that they are so.»[102] Orison Swett Marden said that «some people are born happy.»[103]
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a popular therapeutic method used to change habits by merely changing thoughts. It focuses on emotional regulation and uses a lot of positive psychology practices. It is often used for people with depression or anxiety, and works towards how to lead a happier life.[104]
Effects
Positive
There is a wealth of cross-sectional studies on happiness and physical health that shows consistent positive relationships.[105] Follow-up studies appear to show that happiness does not predict longevity in sick populations, but that it does predict longevity among healthy populations.[106]
Low mood is correlated with many negative life outcomes such as suicide, poor health, substance abuse, and low life expectancy. By extension, happiness protects from those negative outcomes.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2022) |
Negative
June Gruber argued that happiness may trigger a person to be more sensitive, more gullible, less successful, and more likely to undertake high risk behaviours.[107] She also conducted studies suggesting that seeking happiness can have negative effects, such as failure to meet over-high expectations.[108][109][110] Iris Mauss has shown that the more people strive for happiness, the more likely they will set up too high of standards and feel disappointed.[111][112] One study shows that women who value happiness more tend to react less positively to happy emotions.[113] A 2012 study found that psychological well-being was higher for people who experienced both positive and negative emotions.[114][115]
Society and culture
Government
Newly commissioned officers celebrate their new positions by throwing their midshipmen covers into the air as part of the U.S. Naval Academy class of 2011 graduation and commissioning ceremony.
Jeremy Bentham believed that public policy should attempt to maximize happiness, and he even attempted to estimate a «hedonic calculus». Thomas Jefferson put the «pursuit of happiness» on the same level as life and liberty in the United States Declaration of Independence. Presently, many countries and organizations regularly measure population happiness through large-scale surveys, e.g., Bhutan.
Richer nations tend to have higher measures of happiness than poorer nations.[116][117] The relationship between wealth and happiness is not linear and the same GDP increase in poor countries will have more effect on happiness than in wealthy countries.[118][119][120][121]
Some political scientists argue that life satisfaction is positively related to the social democratic model of a generous social safety net, pro-worker labor market regulations, and strong labor unions.[122][123][124] Others argue that happiness is strongly correlated with economic freedom,[125] preferably within the context of a western mixed economy, with free press and a democracy.
Cultural values
Personal happiness can be affected by cultural factors.[126][127][128] Hedonism appears to be more strongly related to happiness in more individualistic cultures.[129]
One theory is that higher SWB in richer countries is related to their more individualistic cultures. Individualistic cultures may satisfy intrinsic motivations to a higher degree that collectivistic cultures, and fulfilling intrinsic motivations, as opposed to extrinsic motivations, may relate to greater levels of happiness, leading to more happiness in individualistic cultures.[130]
Cultural views on happiness have changed over time.[131] For instance Western concern about childhood being a time of happiness has occurred only since the 19th century.[132] Not all cultures seek to maximize happiness,[133][nb 2][nb 3] and some cultures are averse to happiness.[134][135] It has been found in Western cultures that individual happiness is the most important. Some other cultures have opposite views and tend to be aversive to the idea of individual happiness. For example, people living in Eastern Asian cultures focus more on the need for happiness within relationships with others and even find personal happiness to be harmful to fulfilling happy social relationships.[134][133][136][nb 2][nb 3]
Religion
People in countries with high cultural religiosity tend to relate their life satisfaction less to their emotional experiences than people in more secular countries.[137]
Buddhism
Happiness forms a central theme of Buddhist teachings.[138] For ultimate freedom from suffering, the Noble Eightfold Path leads its practitioner to Nirvana, a state of everlasting peace. Ultimate happiness is only achieved by overcoming craving in all forms. More mundane forms of happiness, such as acquiring wealth and maintaining good friendships, are also recognized as worthy goals for lay people (see sukha). Buddhism also encourages the generation of loving kindness and compassion, the desire for the happiness and welfare of all beings.[139][140][unreliable source?][unreliable source?]
Hinduism
In Advaita Vedanta, the ultimate goal of life is happiness, in the sense that duality between Atman and Brahman is transcended and one realizes oneself to be the Self in all.
Patanjali, author of the Yoga Sutras, wrote quite exhaustively on the psychological and ontological roots of bliss.[141]
Confucianism
The Chinese Confucian thinker Mencius, who had sought to give advice to ruthless political leaders during China’s Warring States period, was convinced that the mind played a mediating role between the «lesser self» (the physiological self) and the «greater self» (the moral self), and that getting the priorities right between these two would lead to sage-hood.[142] He argued that if one did not feel satisfaction or pleasure in nourishing one’s «vital force» with «righteous deeds», then that force would shrivel up (Mencius, 6A:15 2A:2). More specifically, he mentions the experience of intoxicating joy if one celebrates the practice of the great virtues, especially through music.[143]
Judaism
Happiness or simcha (Hebrew: שמחה) in Judaism is considered an important element in the service of God.[144] The biblical verse «worship The Lord with gladness; come before him with joyful songs,» (Psalm 100:2) stresses joy in the service of God.[145] A popular teaching by Rabbi Nachman of Breslov, a 19th-century Chassidic Rabbi, is «Mitzvah Gedolah Le’hiyot Besimcha Tamid,» it is a great mitzvah (commandment) to always be in a state of happiness. When a person is happy they are much more capable of serving God and going about their daily activities than when depressed or upset.[146][self-published source?]
Christianity
The primary meaning of «happiness» in various European languages involves good fortune, blessing, or a similar happening. The meaning in Greek philosophy refers primarily to ethics.
In Christianity, the ultimate end of human existence consists in felicity, Latin equivalent to the Greek eudaimonia («blessed happiness»), described by the 13th-century philosopher-theologian Thomas Aquinas as a beatific vision of God’s essence in the next life.[147]
According to Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, man’s last end is happiness: «all men agree in desiring the last end, which is happiness.»[148] Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that happiness cannot be reached solely through reasoning about consequences of acts, but also requires a pursuit of good causes for acts, such as habits according to virtue.[149]
According to Aquinas, happiness consists in an «operation of the speculative intellect»: «Consequently happiness consists principally in such an operation, viz. in the contemplation of Divine things.» And, «the last end cannot consist in the active life, which pertains to the practical intellect.» So: «Therefore the last and perfect happiness, which we await in the life to come, consists entirely in contemplation. But imperfect happiness, such as can be had here, consists first and principally in contemplation, but secondarily, in an operation of the practical intellect directing human actions and passions.»[150]
Human complexities, like reason and cognition, can produce well-being or happiness, but such form is limited and transitory. In temporal life, the contemplation of God, the infinitely Beautiful, is the supreme delight of the will. Beatitudo, or perfect happiness, as complete well-being, is to be attained not in this life, but the next.[151]
Islam
Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), the Sufi thinker, wrote that «The Alchemy of Happiness», is a manual of religious instruction that is used throughout the Muslim world and widely practiced today.[152]
Genetics and heritability
As of 2016, no evidence of happiness causing improved physical health has been found; the topic is being researched at the Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.[153]
A positive relationship has been suggested between the volume of the brain’s gray matter in the right precuneus area and one’s subjective happiness score.[154]
Sonja Lyubomirsky has estimated that 50 percent of a given human’s happiness level could be genetically determined, 10 percent is affected by life circumstances and situation, and a remaining 40 percent of happiness is subject to self-control.[155][156]
When discussing genetics and their effects on individuals it is important to first understand that genetics do not predict behavior. It is possible for genes to increase the likelihood of individuals being happier compared to others, but they do not 100 percent predict behavior.
At this point in scientific research, it has been hard to find a lot of evidence to support this idea that happiness is affected in some way by genetics. In a 2016 study, Michael Minkov and Michael Harris Bond found that a gene by the name of SLC6A4 was not a good predictor of happiness level in humans.[157]
On the other hand, there have been many studies that have found genetics to be a key part in predicting and understanding happiness in humans.[158] In a review article discussing many studies on genetics and happiness, they discussed the common findings.[159] The author found an important factor that has affected scientist findings this being how happiness is measured. For example, in certain studies when subjective wellbeing is measured as a trait heredity is found to be higher, about 70 to 90 percent. In another study, 11,500 unrelated genotypes were studied, and the conclusion was the heritability was only 12 to 18 percent. Overall, this article found the common percent of heredity was about 20 to 50 percent.[160]
See also
- Anhedonia
- Aversion to happiness
- Brain stimulation reward
- Depression
- Euphoria
- Extraversion, introversion and happiness
- Hedonic treadmill
- Pleasure
- Reward system
- Sadness
Notes
- ^ See Subjective well-being#Components of SWB
- ^ a b See the work of Jeanne Tsai
- ^ a b See Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness#Meaning of «happiness» ref. the meaning of the US Declaration of Independence phrase
References
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How does happiness come into this classification? For better or worse, it enters in three ways. It is sometimes used as a current emotional report – «How happy are you now?,» sometimes as a remembered emotion, as in «How happy were you yesterday?,» and very often as a form of life evaluation, as in «How happy are you with your life as a whole these days?» People answer these three types of happiness question differently, so it is important to keep track of what is being asked. The good news is that the answers differ in ways that suggest that people understand what they are being asked, and answer appropriately
- ^ Chernoff, Naina N. (6 May 2002). «Memory Vs. Experience: Happiness is Relative». Observer. Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
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Looking back, I think I can separate the years when I was happy and those when I was unhappy. But perhaps at the time I should have judged differently.
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Some have argued that it is misleading to use ‘happiness’ as a generic term to cover subjective well-being more generally. While ‘subjective well-being’ is more precise, it simply does not have the convening power of ‘happiness’. The main linguistic argument for using happiness in a broader generic role is that happiness plays two important roles within the science of well-being, appearing once as a prototypical positive emotion and again as part of a cognitive life evaluation question. This double use has sometimes been used to argue that there is no coherent structure to happiness responses. The converse argument made in the World Happiness Reports is that this double usage helps to justify using happiness in a generic role, as long as the alternative meanings are clearly understood and credibly related. Evidence from a growing number of large scale surveys shows that the answers to questions asking about the emotion of happiness differ from answers to judgmental questions asking about a person’s happiness with life as a whole in exactly the ways that theory would suggest. Answers to questions about the emotion of happiness relate well to what is happening at the moment. Evaluative answers, in response to questions about life as a whole, are supported by positive emotions, as noted above, but also driven much more, than are answers to questions about emotions, by a variety of life circumstances, including income, health and social trust.
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- ^ See also this collection of full-text peer reviewed scholarly articles on this subject by Radcliff and colleagues (from «Social Forces,» «The Journal of Politics,» and «Perspectives on Politics,» among others) [1] Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ In Pursuit of Happiness Research. Is It Reliable? What Does It Imply for Policy? Archived 19 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Cato Institute. 11 April 2007
- ^ Vignoles, Vivian L.; Owe, Ellinor; Becker, Maja; et al. (2016). «Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood». Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. American Psychological Association. 145 (8): 966–1000. doi:10.1037/xge0000175. hdl:11693/36711. ISSN 1939-2222. PMID 27359126. S2CID 296518.
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- ^ «How Cultural Differences Shape Your Happiness».
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- ^ a b Hornsey, Matthew J.; Bain, Paul G.; Harris, Emily A.; Lebedeva, Nadezhda; Kashima, Emiko S.; Guan, Yanjun; González, Roberto; Chen, Sylvia Xiaohua; Blumen, Sheyla (September 2018). «How Much Is Enough in a Perfect World? Cultural Variation in Ideal Levels of Happiness, Pleasure, Freedom, Health, Self-Esteem, Longevity, and Intelligence» (PDF). Psychological Science. 29 (9): 1393–1404. doi:10.1177/0956797618768058. PMID 29889603. S2CID 48355171.
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- ^ Bartels, Meike (March 2015). «Genetics of Wellbeing and Its Components Satisfaction with Life, Happiness, and Quality of Life: A Review and Meta-analysis of Heritability Studies». Behavior Genetics. 45 (2): 137–156. doi:10.1007/s10519-015-9713-y. PMC 4346667. PMID 25715755.
- ^ Minkov, Michael; Bond, Michael Harris (April 2017). «A Genetic Component to National Differences in Happiness». Journal of Happiness Studies. 18 (2): 321–340. doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9712-y. S2CID 54717193.
- ^ Bartels, Boomsma, Meike, Dorret I. (3 September 2009). «Born to be Happy? The Etiology of Subjective Well-Being». Behavior Genetics. 39 (6): 605–615. doi:10.1007/s10519-009-9294-8. PMC 2780680. PMID 19728071.
- ^ Bang Nes, Røysamb, Ragnhild, Espen (28 July 2016). «Happiness in Behaviour Genetics: An Update on Heritability and Changeability». Journal of Happiness Studies. 18 (5): 1533–1552. doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9781-6. S2CID 145034246.
- ^ Nes, Ragnhild Bang; Røysamb, Espen (October 2017). «Happiness in Behaviour Genetics: An Update on Heritability and Changeability». Journal of Happiness Studies. 18 (5): 1533–1552. doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9781-6. S2CID 145034246.
Further reading
- Robert Waldinger M.D.; Marc Schulz Ph.D (2023). The Good Life: Lessons from the World’s Longest Scientific Study of Happiness. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1982166694.
External links
- The World Database of Happiness – a register of scientific research on the subjective appreciation of life.
- bliss
- contentment
- delight
- elation
- enjoyment
- euphoria
- exhilaration
- glee
- joy
- jubilation
- laughter
- optimism
- peace of mind
- pleasure
- prosperity
- well-being
- beatitude
- blessedness
- cheer
- cheerfulness
- content
- delectation
- delirium
- ecstasy
- enchantment
- exuberance
- felicity
- gaiety
- geniality
- gladness
- hilarity
- hopefulness
- joviality
- lightheartedness
- merriment
- mirth
- paradise
- playfulness
- rejoicing
- sanctity
- vivacity
- cheeriness
- eudemonia
- good cheer
- good humor
- good spirits
- seventh heaven
On this page you’ll find 133 synonyms, antonyms, and words related to happiness, such as: bliss, contentment, delight, elation, enjoyment, and euphoria.
Roget’s 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition Copyright © 2013 by the Philip Lief Group.
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SYNONYM OF THE DAY
OCTOBER 26, 1985
WORDS RELATED TO HAPPINESS
- bliss
- ecstasy
- felicity
- happiness
- peace
- serenity
- beatitude
- blessedness
- cool
- euphoria
- felicity
- gladness
- happiness
- heaven
- joy
- paradise
- rapture
- blithesomeness
- carefreeness
- cheerfulness
- glee
- gleefulness
- happiness
- jocundity
- jolliness
- jollity
- joviality
- joyfulness
- lightheartedness
- merriment
- merriness
- mirth
- mirthfulness
- sprightliness
- blitheness
- carefreeness
- cheerfulness
- cheeriness
- glee
- gleefulness
- happiness
- jocoseness
- jocosity
- jocundity
- jolliness
- jollity
- joviality
- joyfulness
- lightheartedness
- lightsomeness
- merriment
- merriness
- mirth
- mirthfulness
- animation
- bounce
- cheerfulness
- cheeriness
- ebullience
- effervescence
- exuberance
- gaiety
- good feeling
- good humor
- happiness
- high spirits
- jollity
- liveliness
- pep
- spiritedness
- sunniness
- vim and vigor
- zing
- zip
- animations
- bounces
- cheerfulness
- cheeriness
- ebullience
- effervescence
- exuberance
- gaiety
- good feelings
- good humors
- happiness
- high spirits
- jollity
- liveliness
- pep
- spiritednesses
- sunninesses
- vim and vigors
- zings
- zips
Roget’s 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition Copyright © 2013 by the Philip Lief Group.