Words with verb in them meaning word

A list of scrabble words starting with Verb
A list of words that contain Verb, and words with verb in them.
This page finds any words that contain the word or letter you enter from a large scrabble dictionary.
We also have lists of Words that end with verb,
and words that start with verb.

Verb is a playable Scrabble Word!

Contents

  • Highest scoring words with Verb
  • 11-letter words with Verb
  • 10-letter words with Verb
  • 9-letter words with Verb
  • 8-letter words with Verb
  • 7-letter words with Verb
  • 6-letter words with Verb
  • 5-letter words with Verb
  • 4-letter words with Verb
  • FAQs about words with Verb

The highest scoring words with Verb

Want to go straight to the words that will get you the best score? Here are all the highest scoring words with verb,
not including the 50-point bonus if they use seven letters.

Top words with Verb Scrabble Points Words With Friends Points
verbids 13 15
preverb 14 17
verbena 12 15
overbid 13 15
overbed 13 15
overbig 13 16
adverbs 13 15
proverb 14 17
verbify 18 19
overbuy 15 17

156 Scrabble words that contain Verb

11 Letter Words With Verb

  • adverbially20
  • beaverboard19
  • deverbative20
  • nonverbally19
  • overbalance18
  • overbearing17
  • overbeating17
  • overbetting17
  • overbidding19
  • overbilling17
  • overblouses16
  • overblowing20
  • overboiling17
  • overbooking21
  • overborrows19
  • overbraking21
  • overbriefed20
  • overbrowsed20
  • overbrowses19
  • overburdens17
  • overburning17
  • reverberant16
  • reverberate16
  • silverbacks22
  • silverberry19
  • verbalistic18
  • verbalizers25
  • verbalizing26
  • verboseness16
  • verbosities16
  • weaverbirds20

10 Letter Words With Verb

  • adverbials16
  • overbaking20
  • overbeaten15
  • overbetted16
  • overbidden17
  • overbilled16
  • overbleach20
  • overblouse15
  • overboiled16
  • overbooked20
  • overborrow18
  • overbought19
  • overbraked20
  • overbrakes19
  • overbreeds16
  • overbriefs18
  • overbright19
  • overbrowse18
  • overbrutal15
  • overbuilds16
  • overburden16
  • overburned16
  • overbuying19
  • proverbial17
  • proverbing18
  • riverbanks19
  • riverboats15
  • silverback21
  • verbalisms17
  • verbalists15
  • verbalized25
  • verbalizer24
  • verbalizes24
  • verbicides18
  • verbifying22
  • weaverbird19

9 Letter Words With Verb

  • adverbial15
  • deverbals15
  • nonverbal14
  • overbaked19
  • overbakes18
  • overbears14
  • overbeats14
  • overbills14
  • overbites14
  • overblown17
  • overblows17
  • overboard15
  • overboils14
  • overbooks18
  • overborne14
  • overbrake18
  • overbreed15
  • overbrief17
  • overbroad15
  • overbuild15
  • overbuilt14
  • overburns14
  • overburnt14
  • preverbal16
  • proverbed17
  • reverbing15
  • riverbank18
  • riverbeds15
  • riverboat14
  • verbalism16
  • verbalist14
  • verbalize23
  • verbiages15
  • verbicide17
  • verbified18
  • verbifies17
  • verbosely17
  • verbosity17

8 Letter Words With Verb

  • deverbal14
  • overbake17
  • overbear13
  • overbeat13
  • overbets13
  • overbids14
  • overbill13
  • overbite13
  • overblew16
  • overblow16
  • overboil13
  • overbold14
  • overbook17
  • overbore13
  • overborn13
  • overbred14
  • overburn13
  • overbusy16
  • overbuys16
  • preverbs15
  • proverbs15
  • reverbed14
  • riverbed14
  • verbally16
  • verbatim15
  • verbenas13
  • verbiage14
  • verbiles13
  • verbless13
  • verboten13

5 Letter Words With Verb

  • verbs10

4 Letter Words With Verb

  • verb9

FAQ on words containing Verb

What are the best Scrabble words with Verb?

The highest scoring Scrabble word containing Verb is Verbalizing, which is worth at least 26 points without
any bonuses.
The next best word with Verb is preverb, which is worth 14 points.
Other high score words with Verb are
verbena (12),
overbid (13),
overbed (13),
overbig (13),
adverbs (13),
proverb (14),
verbify (18),
and
overbuy (15).

How many words contain Verb?

There are 156 words that contaih Verb in the Scrabble dictionary.
Of those
31 are 11 letter
words,
36 are 10 letter
words,
38 are 9 letter
words,
30 are 8 letter
words,
15 are 7 letter
words,
4 are 6 letter
words,
1 is a 5 letter
word,
and
1 is a 4 letter
word.

  1. Home
  2. Types of Verbs
  3. Multi-word Verbs

Multi-word verbs are verbs that consist of more than one word. They fall into three types:

  • prepositional verbs
  • phrasal verbs
  • phrasal-prepositional verbs

Before we look at each one, we’ll examine more generally what multi-word verbs are.

Confusion Multi-word Verbs

What are Multi-word Verbs?

Multi-word verbs are made up of a verb and a particle. Particles are words that we use as prepositions and / or adverbs in other contexts. Here are examples of some of these words:

Verbs

  • give
  • come
  • look
  • take
  • bring
  • put
  • made

Particles (Prepositions and Adverbs)

  • into
  • on
  • away
  • over
  • to
  • up
  • out

When we combine a verb with a particle to make a multi-word verb, it has a different meaning to the meaning of those words when used on their own.

For instance, here are two common meanings of one word taken from each list:

  • give = transfer the possession of something to someone else e.g. I gave him my passport.
  • up = towards a higher place or position e.g. he went up the stairs 

However, we can put these two words together to make a multi-verb word, creating a completely different meaning:

  • He wants to give up smoking = stop

So give up is a multi-verb word we have created by placing together a verb and a particle. Neither give nor up have the same meaning as when they are used on their own.

Where do they come in sentences?

Multi-word verbs are no different to other verbs in that they can be used as a main verb (i.e. after a subject and taking a tense) or in other positions, such as acting as an infinitive:

  • Main Verb: He gave up smoking last week (used after a subject and in the past tense)
  • Infinitive: It is important to give up smoking (base form of the verb used after an adjective)

Some multi-word verbs can be split up, while others cannot:

  • Cannot be separated:  She looks after the children on Saturdays
  • Can be separated: He looked up the word in the dictionary / He looked the word up in the dictionary 

Multi-verb words as idiomatic expressions

Given that multi-word verbs have different meanings to the individual words, they tend to be idiomatic expressions.

Some will make sense as you see them but others may look confusing if you are not already aware of what they mean. 

For example, in the first two, we can probably guess the meaning, but the others are more difficult:

  • The plane took off at 5pm (= became airborne)
  • He got up early this morning (= rise to a standing position)
  • She put him up for the week (= provided temporary accommodation)
  • She let him off (=forgave)

So with these types of verbs you often have to learn them and their meanings as it can be difficult to guess the meanings from context. 

Types of Multi-word Verbs

There are three types of multi-word verbs:

  1. prepositional verbs
  2. phrasal verbs
  3. phrasal-prepositional verbs

1. Prepositional Verbs

A prepositional verb is a multi-word verb made up of a verb plus a preposition. These are the key factors which make these multi-word verb prepositional verbs:

  • They must have a direct object
  • They are transitive (because they have a direct object)
  • The main verb and preposition are inseparable (i.e. the object must go after the preposition)

Structure of Prepositional Verbs

Main Verb + Preposition + Direct Object

Here are some examples of prepositional verbs:

Prepositional Verb Examples

  • sailed through my speaking test
  • Their house was broken into
  • He can’t do without his car
  • She really gets into her music
  • I will deal with the problems
  • I looked after her cat

In none of these cases can we move the direct object to between the verb and particle, or in other words separate them. For instance we can’t say I sailed my speaking test through or He can’t do his car without.

You may have thought that Their house was broken into does not fit because there appears to be no direct object after ‘into’. 

But remember that as prepositional verbs are transitive, they can usually be turned into the passive voice. This example has been turned from active to passive:

  • The burglars broke into their house (active)
  • Their house was broken into (passive)

2. Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a multi-word verb made up of a verb plus an adverb. There are two types of phrasal verb:

  • Type 1: No object (intransitive) i.e. they don’t take an object
  • Type 2: Object (transitive) separable i.e. they need an object and this can go between the verb and particle

Structure of Phrasal Verbs

Type 1

Main Verb + Adverb

Type 2

Main Verb + Direct ObjectAdverb

or

Main Verb +  Adverb Direct Object

Some of the most common adverb particles used with Phrasal Verbs are: around, at, away, down, in, off, on, out, over, round, up.

Phrasal Verb Examples

Type 1:

  • The plane took off late
  • She got up before him
  • The film came out in 1979
  • I can’t make out what she is saying
  • The meeting went on for several hours

Type 2:

  • I can put up your friend for the weekend
  • I can put your friend up for the weekend
  • She brought up many issues at the meeting
  • She brought many issues up at the meeting

Phrasal Verbs and Pronouns

Something to note with Phrasal Verbs in type 2 constructions is that if the object is a pronoun, then it must go between the verb and adverb particle. It cannot go after it.

So it has to be like this:

  • I can put him up for the weekend
  • She brought it up at the meeting

2. Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs

The key distinguishing factors of these types of multi-word verbs are:

  • They take an object (so are transitive)
  • They have two particles
  • The particles are inseparable

Structure of Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs


Main Verb
 +  
Particle Particle

Phrasal-Prepositional Verb Examples

  • look up to my uncle
  • You must get on with your work
  • He couldn’t face up to his problems
  • I always look out for her
  • Let’s catch up with John next week
  • I always look forward to seeing her

It is possible though with certain phrases to put a direct object after the verb. So in this case there will be a direct object and object of the preposition:

Examples with Verb + Object

  • She fixed me up with her freind
  • I let Jane in on the secret
  • He put me up to it
  • I put the problem down to them

Some difficulties for learners

Understanding what multi-word verbs mean

Some learners of English find multi-word verbs difficult because they may take the literal meanings of the individual words. For example, with this sentence:

  • I was looking forward to seeing her

It actually means to await eagerly, in this case to meet someone at a later date, but taken literally a person could think it means looking in a particular direction, such as looking ahead at someone. 

Misunderstanding Multi-word verbs with two meanings

Some verbs can have two meanings, which confuses some people if they only know one. For example:

  • I dropped her off at school (= give someone a lift somewhere)
  • I dropped off several times during the class (= falling asleep unintentionally) 

Only noticing the verb if separated from the particle

If as a learner, you only notice the verb, then this can make you misunderstand the sentence and again take the verb with it’s literal meaning. This can often happen when they are split up with several words between them:

  • He put all of the problems that we have been having down to the hot weather

In such a case the phrasal verb may not be recognised.

Understanding the difference between Phrasal Verbs and Prepositional Verbs

This can be unclear; however, it is not really important to know the differences. As long as you understand that multi-word verbs are verbs plus a preposition or adverb (or both) and that they have a differing meaning to the words on their own, that is enough for most purposes. 

But the key difference is that an object can go before or after an adverb, but it can only go after a preposition. In other words:

  • Prepositional verbs must not be seperated
  • Phrasal Verbs can be separated 

Of course type 1 Phrasal Verbs would not be separated because they do not have an object at all. 

Incorrect Word order

It is often the case that a speaker or writer may get the the word order of the multi-word verb wrong, with the pronoun placed in the wrong place:

  • I don’t have the space to put up him (should be put him up)

Differing grammatical explanations

It can sometimes be confusing when you search on ‘multi-word verbs’ or ‘Phrasal Verbs’ as differing sites or books categorise them differently. 

For instance, in some cases, all verbs + preposition or / and adverbs are labelled as multi-word verbs, regardless of whether they create a different meaning. For instance:

  • He went into the room
  • They are waiting for her 
  • He is suffering from heatstroke
  • I agree with you

In these cases, the phrases have their literal meaning and have not been changed. However, these could be seen simply as words that commonly collate together rather than multi-word verbs. 

In some cases, all those that have a different meaning are labelled ‘Phrasal Verbs’, with no reference to prepositional verbs. 

This should not really concern you though. The main thing to know is the differing structures with regards to whether words can be separated or not and to understand that with multi-word verbs with different meanings (i.e. what some people just call phrasal verbs) you will probably have to gradually learn there differing meanings. 

Here you can find a useful phrasal verb list with examples to start leaning some of the words.

Summary

  • Multi-word verbs are a verb plus one or two particles
  • It is a word combination that changes the meaning from the individual words
  • Prepositional verbs must not be seperated
  • Phrasal Verbs can be separated 
  • They are sometimes all simply known as Phrasal Verbs

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Many English words have a verb form and a noun form. This can be confusing. The verb form and the noun form are sometimes pronounced differently, which can be even more confusing!
I wrote this blog post to help ESL students use these words with confidence.

Table of Contents

  • Verb or Noun Grammar
  • Pronunciation
  • 72 verb and noun pair examples with audio
  • 150 One-syllable Verb and Noun pairs
  • 20 Nouns that you didn’t know had a verb form
  • Free 14-page PDF Download

Verb or Noun? – Grammar

Let’s start by answering a basic question.  What’s the difference between a noun and a verb?
A noun is a person, place, or thing.
A verb expresses an action or existence.
“A dog is running in the park.” – A DOG (thing) is running (action) in the PARK (place).

A basic English sentence will have this pattern. Subject – Verb – Object. The subject and object in a sentence will be nouns. DOG (Subject) is running (Verb) in the PARK (Object).

How can I tell a noun from a verb?

The sentence example above is very basic. Natural English sentences will use clauses and conjunctions to tell longer stories in a single sentence. Here is a simple way to tell if a word is a noun or a verb in a longer sentence.
Nouns often follow an article (a, an, the) or the possessive form of a noun or pronoun. (my, his/her, its, John’s, etc.)
Verbs will follow a subject and be conjugated (changed into past, present, future, continuous tense, etc.)

Noun – Happy birthday! I bought you a present.
The noun present follows the article a.
Verb – They will present their findings tomorrow at the meeting.
The verb present follows a subject – “They” – and is conjugated in the future tense. – will present

If you know the correct form, you can use the correct pronunciation.

Are all verb and noun pairs pronounced differently?

One-syllable Verb and Noun pairs

Many noun and verb pairs have only one syllable so there is no change in word stress between the verb and the noun. They all sound the same with a few exceptions. (You can find the exceptions in the one-syllable verb and noun list at the bottom of this post.)

Example:

list
noun – a series of names, items, figures, etc., especially when they are written or printed
“I wrote a shopping list this morning.”
verb – to write a list of things in a particular order
“I listed everything I need for my trip.”

List - verb and noun

Two-syllable Verb and Noun pairs

When noun and verb pairs are two syllables we pronounce them correctly by focusing on the syllable stress. English 2-syllable nouns will put stress on the first syllable. CONduct.
2-syllable verbs will put stress on the second syllable. conDUCT.

Example:

conduct
noun – CONduct – a person’s behavior in a particular place or in a particular situation
“Our school has a strict code of conduct.”
verb – conDUCT – to organize and/or do a particular activity 
“My university will conduct a survey on Friday.”

Three-syllable Verb and Noun pairs

There are a few cases where the verb and noun pair is three syllables and ends with the letters -ATE. For these examples, the sound of the last letters will change, not the stress. The stress will still be on the third syllable.

Example:

associate 
noun – asso-she-IT ~ a person that you work with, do business with, or spend a lot of time with
“Peter is a business associate of my father.” (asso-she-IT)
verb – to spend time with someone, especially a person or people that someone else does not approve of
“I try not to associate with angry or negative people.” (asso-she-ATE)

Associate audio below ↓

In this post, I will also give you 36 noun/verb pair examples with over 70 natural example sentences. Each example sentence has audio to improve your English listening skills and pronunciation. You can quickly start using the correct word stress with noun/verb pairs.

Noun and Verb Pair Vocabulary LIST

Listen to the correct pronunciation with natural example sentences below. The word definitions used in this post are from Oxford learner’s dictionaries. Links to the definitions are beside each word. N for the NOUN definition and V for the VERB definition.

*Some of the words on this list have multiple definitions, you can find other meanings at the links provided. (N V)

Verb and noun pairs examples with AUDIO

associate N V 

Noun – Peter is a business associate of my father. [asso・SHE・IT] Peter works with my dad.

Verb – ①I try not to associate with angry or negative people. [asso・SHE・ATE] I don’t like to spend time with negative people.

Verb – ② I like to associate new grammar with my own real experiences, it makes the grammar easier to remember. [asso・SHE・ATE] I connect new grammar to a real experience in my mind.


compound N V

Noun – They are building a large prison compound in my hometown. [COMpound] They are building a complex that will be surrounded by a wall.

Verb – Cutting the budget will not solve anything. Budget cuts will only compound our problems. [comPOUND] Reducing the budget will make things worse.


conduct N V

Noun – Our school has a strict code of conduct. [CONduct] We are told how to behave when we are at school.

Verb – My university will conduct a survey on Friday. [conDUCT] My university will organize a survey and ask the students some questions.


conflict N V

Noun – Sadly there are many conflicts in the world right now. [CONflict] Many places are having strong disagreements.

Verb – My experiences in Japan conflict with some of the stories I was told before I came. [conFLICT] The stories I was told are the opposite of my experience.
(I was told is the passive voice – learn this grammar HERE)


contest N V

Noun – I entered a break dancing contest when I was 12.  [CONtest] I entered a break dancing competition when I was 12.

Verb – After Donald passed away his youngest son contested his will. [conTEST] Donald’s youngest son opposed the will because he felt it was wrong.

verb and noun pairs example - contest

contract N V

Noun – I just signed a new 3-year contract with the high school where I teach English. [CONtract] I have an official 3-year agreement to work at the school.

Verb – The company was contracted to build a new 50,000-seat stadium. [conTRACT] The company has made an official agreement to build a stadium.


contrast N V

Noun – There is a big contrast between the customer service in Japan and the service I receive in Canada. [CONtrast] There is a big difference between the customer service at stores in these 2 countries.

Verb – I like to contrast American movies with Japanese movies. The style and pace are quite different. [conTRAST] I like to compare the 2 movie styles and show how they are different.

verb and noun pairs example - contrast

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I use Grammarly to help me catch these mistakes. It saves me a lot of time! It can help your English writing too. Get Grammarly for free.

decrease N V

Noun – There was a decrease in school applications last year. [DEcrease] The number of applications was reduced.

Verb – The number of students at my school decreased last year. [deCREASE] The student population became smaller.


delegate  N V

Noun – The meeting was attended by delegates from over 100 countries. [del・ah・GIT] People who were chosen to represent their countries attended the meeting.

Verb – I’m so busy at work. I think I will delegate some tasks to my assistant. [del・ah・GATE] I will give part of my work to my assistant.


desert N V

Noun – If you travel in the desert you should bring lots of water. [DEzert] If you travel in a dry area with little water, you should bring your own.

(Be careful of the noun dessert. It is spelled with two ‘S’s.)
– I think I’ll have cheesecake for dessert.
Dessert vs Desert – Pronounce these words CORRECTLY(Audio)

Verb – I was left in the mall by myself. My friends deserted me. [deZERT] My friends left me by myself in the mall.


detail N V

Noun – Édouard Manet’s paintings are beautiful, he pays attention to every detail. [DEtail] Manet pays attention to even the small points or features in his paintings.

Verb – This brochure details all the features of the car. [deTAIL] This brochure gives a list of facts and information about this car.

Detail - Noun and Verb meaning

discount N V

Noun – If I buy one jacket I can get a 30% discount on a second jacket. [DIScount] If I buy 2 jackets there will be a 30% price reduction on the second one.

Verb – Stores usually discount their clothes at the end of the season. [disCOUNT] They take some money off the usual price.


escort N V

Noun – When leaders travel to other countries they often have police escorts. [EScort] World leaders have local police travel with them to protect them.

Verb – It’s getting dark, please let me escort you home. [esCORT] Let me take you home so you are not alone, to make sure you are safe.


export N V

Noun – Lumber is one of Canada’s main exports. [EXport] Lumber is one of the main goods that it sells to other countries.

Verb – Canada exports lots of lumber and oil to the United States. [exPORT] Canada sells some of its resources to America. 


impact N V

Noun – Many people are climbing Mt. Everest and this has had a serious impact on the environment of Nepal. [IMpact] Many tourists come to climb the mountain. This has had a powerful effect on the environment.

Verb – The value of the Canadian dollar impacts businesses that export goods. [imPACT] The value of the Canadian dollar affects companies that sell goods to other countries.


import N V

Noun – This store sells lots of exotic furniture and other imports from overseas. [IMport] The store sells furniture and other things that came from other countries.

Verb – I was surprised to learn that America imports more than half of its oil from Canada! [imPORT] More than half of The United States’ oil is brought in from Canada.

verb and noun pairs example - imports

increase N V

Noun – There has been an increase in blood donations at the clinic. People want to help after the hurricane. [INcrease] There was a rise in the number of people who donated blood after the hurricane.

Verb – I really want to find a girlfriend. If I get out more and try new things I will increase my chances of meeting a nice girl. [inCREASE] If I go out and meet more people the chance that I will meet a nice girl becomes greater.


insert N V

Noun – I bought some inserts for my shoes. They’re soft and make it easier to walk. [INsert] I bought a thin cushion to put inside my shoes.

Verb – I inserted $2.00 in the vending machine but it didn’t give me my drink! [inSERT] I put $2.00 into the money slot of the vending machine but I didn’t get a drink.

insult N V

Noun – Mike said my suit looks cheap. That’s an insult! [INsult] Mike made a remark that was trying to offend me.

Verb – Mike insulted my suit this morning. What a jerk. [inSULT] Mike’s comment about my suit offended me.


invite N V

Noun – I didn’t get an invite to Craig’s party. Maybe he is mad at me. [INvite] I didn’t get a spoken or written request to come to Craig’s party.

Verb – Craig invited many people to his party. But not me. [inVITE] Craig asked many people to come to his party, but he didn’t ask me.


misprint N V

Noun – The ad in the newspaper says the shoes are $1000.00, but I think it’s a misprint. [MISprint] There is a mistake in the (printed) advertisement.

Verb – The printing company misprinted the ad. [misPRINT] Th company printed the ad incorrectly.


object N V ~ there are 4 uses of the NOUN object. Click the N to see them all!

Noun – A basic English sentence has a subject, a verb, and an object. [OBject] One use for the noun object is the thing in a sentence (also a noun) that is affected by the verb of the sentence.

Verb – I object to your question, it’s not relevant to the discussion. [obJECT] I disagree with your question, it is not related to what we are talking about.


permit N V

Noun – You can’t camp here without a permit from the park. [PERmit] You need an official document to be allowed to camp here.

Verb – The park rangers don’t permit fires here. [perMIT] Fires are not allowed in the forest.

Permit - Noun and Verb meaning

present N V

Noun – Happy birthday! I bought you a present! [PREsent] I bought a gift for you.

Verb – They will present their findings tomorrow at the meeting. [preSENT] The company will show us what they found for us to consider.


produce N V

Noun – It’s better to buy local produce. Imported produce is not as fresh. [PROduce] It is better to buy fruits and vegetables grown on farms close to where you live.

Verb – Our goal is to produce more solar batteries than any other company in the area. [proDUCE] Our goal is to make more solar batteries than anyone else in the area.


project N V

Noun – I’m working on a project for school. It’s about renewable energy. [PROject] I am making a piece of work involving the careful study of renewable energy.

Verb – Unemployment is projected to fall next year. That’s good news. [proJECT] The number of unemployed people is expected to drop next year.


protest N V

Noun – There was a large protest in front of the government office. [PROtest] People gathered in a group to express their strong disagreement with the government.

Verb – My class protested loudly when the teacher gave us 6 pages of summer homework. [proTEST] My class told the teacher that they don’t like the summer homework that he gave us.

rebel N V

Noun – James Dean was a popular actor in the 1950s. He had the image of a rebel. [REbel] The characters he played didn’t like rules or authority.

Verb – Teenagers often rebel against their parents. [reBEL] Teenagers often fight against their parents’ rules.


refund N V

Noun – The rain shoes I bought leaked! I took them back to the store and demanded a refund. [REfund] I strongly asked for the money back that I paid for the rain shoes. I brought the leaky shoes back to the store.

Verb – The store apologized and refunded my money. [reFUND] The store returned the money I paid for the rain shoes.


reject N V

Noun – The rain shoes were rejects and shouldn’t have been at the store. [REject] The shoes couldn’t be used and should not have been sold.

Verb – My idea for the new school mascot was rejected by the students. [reJECT] My idea was not accepted.

subject N V

Noun – A basic English sentence has a subject, a verb, and an object. [SUBject] In English grammar a subject is a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun representing the person or thing that performs the action of the verb, about which something is stated, or, in a passive sentence, that is affected by the action of the verb. 

Verb – At karaoke last night I subjected everyone to my terrible singing. [subJECT] People were forced to listen to my terrible singing.


survey N V

Noun – My university will conduct a survey on Friday. They want to know how most students get to school. [SURvey] They did an investigation of how students get to school by asking questions.

Verb – The government surveyed the land so they could make a map of the area. [surVEY] The government looked at the land carefully to get an impression of it.


update N V

Noun – Will it rain tomorrow? I’ll check the weather app on my smartphone for an update. [UPdate] I will check my weather app for the most recent information about the weather.

Verb – I have to update the software on my smartphone. I hope it makes my phone faster. [upDATE] I have to make my software more modern by getting the newest version.

upgrade N V

Noun – On my flight to Canada I was given an upgrade to first-class. [UPgrade] I was given a seat of better quality.

Verb –  The airline upgraded me to first-class, [upGRADE] The airline moved me to a better seat.


upset N V

Noun – No one thought we would win the game because the other team was too strong, but we beat them easily. It was a total upset! [UPset] We beat the team that was expected to beat us.

Verb – Brenda has been crying all morning. I think something upset her. [upSET] Something happened to Brenda to make her unhappy.


One-syllable Verb and Noun pairs – List

One-syllable words rarely change sounds between the verb and noun forms, but there are a few exceptions. Below is a list of 150 common one-syllable Verb and Noun pairs, 4 word pairs with different pronunciation, and 23 uncommon word pairs that you probably didn’t know.

  • The noun and verb forms are often related in meaning. *For example ACHE and JUICE.
  • There are some examples where the meaning is totally different. The only thing that is the same is the spelling. *For example BOWL and FLY.

This is not a complete list, there are many one-syllable verb and noun pairs. I tried to include the most common words in this list with a verb and a noun form. 

  • ache
  • act
  • age
  • air
  • back
  • bat
  • belt
  • bet
  • bite
  • bowl
  • call
  • block
  • book
  • box
  • brush
  • buzz
  • dance
  • dare
  • dip
  • dot
  • drive
  • drum
  • dye
  • end
  • face
  • fall
  • fan
  • feast
  • fence
  • fight
  • file
  • fire
  • fish
  • flame
  • flash
  • flow
  • fly
  • fool
  • frame
  • front
  • grid
  • glaze
  • glow
  • grill
  • grow
  • growl
  • grunt
  • guard
  • guess
  • hail
  • hand
  • harm
  • help
  • hit
  • hope
  • hug
  • itch
  • jam
  • judge
  • juice
  • jump
  • kick
  • kiss
  • lace
  • lap
  • laugh
  • lie
  • limp
  • link
  • list
  • look 
  • love
  • mark
  • match
  • milk
  • mop
  • nail
  • nap
  • need
  • nest
  • nurse
  • oil
  • ooze
  • pain
  • paint
  • park
  • play
  • pat
  • pen
  • pet
  • pick
  • pin
  • pitch
  • plan
  • plug
  • pose
  • press
  • price
  • punch
  • quack
  • quilt
  • quote
  • race
  • rain
  • raise
  • rat
  • rise
  • rock
  • rope
  • run
  • rust
  • rest
  • sail
  • saw
  • scale
  • set
  • shave
  • shop
  • show
  • ship
  • sign
  • ski
  • sleep
  • smoke
  • snow
  • spill
  • spray
  • spring
  • stamp
  • stand
  • strike
  • string
  • sweat
  • tack
  • talk
  • tax
  • team
  • test
  • tie
  • tip
  • toast
  • train
  • trap
  • trip
  • view
  • visit
  • vote
  • walk
  • work
  • wrap
  • yawn
  • zone

Thanks to https://www.linguasorb.com/ for help making this list.

Four one-syllable Verb and Noun pairs with different pronunciations

use N V

Noun – In Tokyo, I have no use for a car. The public transportation is awesome. [YOU•S] For me a car has no purpose in Tokyo. I don’t need one because public transportation is very convenient.

Verb – If I need a car I can use my friend Kentaro’s, he said I can borrow it anytime. [YUUZ] I can do something {in this case DRIVE my friend Kentaro’s car} anytime. (Learn how to use the verbs LEND and BORROW HERE)

house N V

Noun – I just bought a new house. [HAUS] I just bought a new building to live in.

Verb – People whose homes were flooded were temporarily housed in community centers. [HOWZ] People whose homes were affected by the flood were given a place to live.

lead N V

Noun – Exposure to lead can make you sick. [LED] Lead is a chemical element and a heavy grey metal.

Verb – We hired a tour guide to lead us around Singapore. [LEED] A tour guide showed us around Singapore.

wind N V

Noun – The wind was strong today. It was perfect for sailing. [WIN・D] The air was moving quickly today.

Verb – I have to wind my watch all the time. It’s a pain. [WINE・D] I have to turn the small gear on the side of my watch to make it work.

Noun and Verb pair 14-page PDF E-guide

Download your printable PDF E-guide below. (It’s FREE!)↓

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Two Word Verbs

In English we have some verbs that are formed by putting to two words together. The first word is always the verb. The second word is a noun, an adjective, an adverb or a preposition.
Together, these two word verbs have a particular meaning, but separately the words have a different meaning.

To take a trip   (verb + noun)
To make good   (verb + adjective)
To go away   (verb + preposition)
To get up   (verb + preposition)


Some of the two word verbs have their equivalence as a one word verb, depending on the context of the situation.

To get on   =   to board a plane, train, ship, etc.
To get over   =   to recuperate

The two word verbs are divided into two categories:
Separable and non-separable (transitive or intransitive).

We separate the transitive two word verbs just by putting an object pronoun in between the verb and the preposition, especially when we transform the two word verbs in commands,
but for this the subject must be understood.

Take out the garbage.  Object after the verb.
Take the garbage out.  Object separating the verb and the preposition.
Take it out.  Object pronoun “it” separating the verb and the preposition.

Object Pronouns

  • Me
  • You
  • Him
  • Her
  • It
  • Us
  • You
  • Them

The intransitive two-word verbs are those that are used to talk about actions, habits, or things that we do. We can separate some of them and others we cannot.

  • She gets on the bus at this corner every morning. 
  • I always get lost when I’m in this neighborhood. 
  • Think of me while I’m gone. 

Notice that in the above examples, we CAN NOT SAY:

  • She gets the bus on at this corner every morning.
  • I always get in this neighborhood lost when I’m here.
  • Think while I’m gone of me.

Sometimes you are going to find some two word verbs with the words “one’s” and “someone”.

  • To change one’s mind.
  • To give someone a break.
  • We have to replace “one’s” with the possessive adjective.
  • (my, your his, her, its, our, your, their).
  • We have to replace “someone” with the object pronouns
  • (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them).
  • To change one’s mind.
  • My brother changed his mind and now he doesn’t want to go to the concert.
  • My girlfriend changed her mind and now she wants to leave me. 
  • The president changed his mind and he doesn’t want to raise taxes. 
  • Don’t change your mind! 
  • To give someone a break.
  • Give me a break! 
  • Give your parents a break! Don’t make too much noise. 
Phrasal Verb Meaning (Most Common) Total Number of Definitions Aim At To point a weapon at someone or something. 3 Ask For To request something. 2 Ask Out When you ask someone to go with you to a certain place or for a special occasion, to spend time together and have fun. If one or both parties involved are interested in a romantic way, then it is considered a date. 1 Back Down To withdraw your position in a fight, argument, plan, etc. 1 Back Off When you leave an emotional situation, or to allow someone to handle something alone. 1 Back Up To walk or drive a vehicle backwards. 4 Beat Up When someone punches, kicks, or hits someone repeatedly using fists or with an object. 2 Beef Up To make changes or an improvement. 1 Believe In To feel confident about something or someone. 2 Bite Off To use your teeth to bite a piece of something. 2 Blow Away When the wind moves an object or person from where it was. 4 Blow Off When the wind removes something from its place. 3 Blow Out To extinguish or make a flame stop burning. 3 Blow Up To make something explode. 6 Boil Down To To have determined or analyzed the solution or reason for something. 1 Break Down When someone loses self-control and is emotionally and/or mentally agitated. This meaning has a noun form for a situation where someone loses self-control. 6 Break In To enter a place illegally and with the use of force. 3 Break Off To remove a part of something with force. 4 Break Out To escape from a place, situation or way of life. 3 Break Through To make a way through a barrier or a surface. 2 Break Up To stop a fight. 4 Bring Back To return something you’ve borrowed. 4 Bring Over To bring someone or something from one place or area to another. 1 Bring Up To bring something from a lower level/place to a higher level/place. 3 Brush Off To remove something(dust particle, insect, etc) with your hand. 2 Brush Up To practice and review your knowledge or a skill that you haven’t used in a while. 2 Build In/Into To add a fixture or component to a certain area or place through construction. 1 Bump Into When you meet people by accident or unexpectedly. 2 Burn Down When someone uses fire to destroy a structure. 2 Burn Out When a candle stops burning because there is nothing left to burn. 3 Burn Up To destroy something with heat or fire. 4 Burst Out To suddenly do or say something. 2 Butt In To interrupt a conversation or activity. 1 Call Back To call someone again. 2 Call In To request that someone come and help. 3 Call Off To cancel an event that has been previously planned. 2 Call Up To be chosen to take part in a military mission. 2 Calm Down To become less violent, nervous, excited or angry. 1 Care For To nurture or take care of someone or something. 2 Carry Away To do something out of the ordinary due to strong emotions. 2 Carry On To continue doing something or to continue on in life despite an obstacle. 3 Carry Out To move something or someone from one place to another using your arms or an object. 5 Catch On To understand or realize something. 2 Catch Up To move faster to reach someone or something that is ahead of you. 2 Cheat On When you are emotionally and/or sexually unfaithful to your girlfriend/boyfriend or spouse. 2 Check In To register at a hotel or airport upon arrival. 2 Check Out To leave a hotel or other form of an accommodation after your stay there. 5 Chicken Out To refrain from doing something because of fear. 1 Chop Up To cut something into pieces with a knife. 2 Clean Out To clean or clear the inside of something thoroughly. 3 Clear Out To remove things completely from an area or place. 2 Clear Up To do something to solve a problem or a misunderstanding. 3 Clog Up When something in a drain or valve prevents the flow of water or other liquids 1 Close Down When the activities or services of a business permanently end. 3 Close Off To block an entrance or pathway. 2 Come About When something happens or occurs. 1 Come Across The way other people perceive something or someone. 3 Come Apart When something breaks or separates piece by piece. 1 Come Back To return to a place. 3 Come Down To move from a higher to a lower position or from north to south. 2 Come Down To When a situation is reduced to a certain outcome. 1 Come Down With When you start to experience the symptoms of a disease or illness. 1 Come In When someone or something enters a place, building, or room. 7 Come Off When something is removed or breaks off from where it was originally attached to. 4 Come On To appear on television or be heard on the radio. 5 Come Out To leave a place. 8 Come Over To make a visit. 3 Come Through When someone or something expected arrives. 3 Come Up When something appears or happens, either expected or unexpected. 6 Come Up With When you think of a solution, idea, plan, or excuse. 1 Con Into To persuade someone to do something through lies and deception. 1 Con Out Of To persuade someone to give or do something through lies and deception. 1 Cool Off To lose temperature. 2 Count On To rely on someone for support when you need it most. 2 Count Up To count all of something or people in a group. 1 Cover Up  To use something to conceal something else. 2 Crack Down To take more action than usual against wrongdoing. 1 Cross Off To remove or delete someone or something from a list. 1 Cut Back When you spend less money on something. 4 Cut Down To do less of something or to use something in smaller amounts. 3 Cut Off To completely remove or separate a part of something by cutting it with something sharp like a knife or a pair of scissors, etc. 6 Cut Out To remove something using a knife or a pair of scissors. 5 Cut Up When you use a knife or scissors to cut something into several pieces. 2 Deal With When you do everything you must do to solve a problem or complete. 2 Do Away With To dispose of something. 2 Do Over To do something again in order to improve or correct mistakes. 2 Do With To make a connection between two or more things. 1 Do Without To manage well without something or someone. 1 Doze Off To go to sleep unintentionally. 1 Dress Up To wear formal clothes, or a costume for a special occasion. 1 Drop In To visit someone unexpectedly or without making arrangements first. 2 Drop Off To gradually decline/become less. 2 Drop Out To quit a school program or training course. 1 Dry Off To dry something or a surface quickly. 1 Dry Out To remove water or other liquid from a container. 3 Dry Up When all the liquid and/or moisture evaporates. 2 Eat Up When someone consumes all their food. 3 Empty Out To remove everyone or everything from a space. 1 End Up The end result of something planned or unplanned. 1 Fall Apart When something breaks all at once or piece by piece. 3 Fall Behind To move slower than others. 2 Fall Down To fall to the ground. 1 Fall For When you have an intense attraction to something or someone. 2 Fall Off When something drops to a lower level. 2 Fall Out To fall from or through something. 3 Fall Over When someone or something falls from an upright position to the ground. 2 Fall Through If things do not go as planned, or if a plan, deal or agreement fails. 2 Feel Up To When you have/don’t have the energy and confidence to do something. 1 Fight Back When you defend yourself/resist an attack, or make an effort against an opponent in a competition. 2 Figure On To expect or plan for something. 1 Fill In To add personal information in the blank spaces of an official document. 3 Fill Out To complete a form. 2 Fill Up To fill something completely. 3 Find Out To become aware of something or someone. 1 Fix Up To make plans or arrangements with someone or for others. 4 Flip Out To become very mad or lose control over your emotions. 1 Float Around When an object or a person is near, but you cannot pinpoint the exact location. 2 Follow Up To find out more about something, or take further action in regards to it. 1 Fool Around To waste time doing unimportant or silly things. 4 Freak Out When someone becomes irrationally upset or angry, sometimes to the point of confusion. 1 Get Ahead To become successful in the professional environment or make consistent progress in life. 3 Get Along To have good interactions with others. 2 Get Around To To do something that needed to get done at an earlier time. 1 Get Away To escape from something. 2 Get Back To return to a place. 4 Get Back At To get revenge. 1 Get Back To When you talk to someone at a later time either because you are busy or you have obtained additional or new information. 2 Get Behind To learn, work, or progress more slowly than others. 4 Get By To pass someone or something. 3 Get Down To move to a lower place or level. 4 Get In To arrive or enter a place, room, building, etc. 5 Get Off To leave a form of transportation, except a car. 6 Get Off On To be excited or to truly enjoy doing something. 2 Get On When you move your body and either stand, sit, lie, kneel, etc. towards something (non-separable). 6 Get Out To leave or escape. 6 Get Out Of To receive a benefit and/or satisfaction from doing something. 4 Get Over To move past an obstacle to the other side. 3 Get Over With To finish something that needs to get done. 1 Get Through When a message, meaning, or idea is understood or accepted. 6 Get To To arrive to or assist someone to a place. 5 Get Together To meet and spend time together. 3 Get Up To move to a higher level/position. 4 Give Away To give something for free or without expecting anything in return. 4 Give In To surrender to something. 2 Give Out To distribute something. 4 Give Up To stop doing something without completing it. 4 Go About  To take the necessary steps to get something done. 2 Go After When you do your best to get something no matter how difficult it is. 4 Go Ahead To proceed to do something that you were hesitant about. 2 Go Along With to accept or agree with a decision, rule, opinion, etc. 2 Go Around To follow a circular path. 6 Go Away To move or travel from one place to another place. 3 Go Back To return to a place, time, activity, or a person. 2 Go Back On When you fail to fulfill a promise you made to someone. 1 Go Beyond To be more than or better than what is normal or expected. 1 Go By To pass someone or something quickly. 4 Go Down To move to a lower position, place, price, level, etc. 7 Go For To try to obtain. 5 Go In To enter a place, building, room, etc. 3 Go In For To enter a place or area for a specific reason. 2 Go In/Into To enter a place, room, building, etc. usually through a door. 4 Go Off To leave unannounced. 5 Go On When something takes place. 3 Go Out To leave a place or area you’re in. 5 Go Over To review something. 4 Go Through With When you make a decision to do something, and actually do it. 1 Go Up To move or extend to a higher level or farther North. 3 Go With To accompany someone to a place. 6 Goof Around To waste time doing silly or unimportant things. 1 Gross Out To be disgusted with someone or something. 1 Grow Out Of To become too big or too tall for your clothes. 3 Grow Up When you physically change from a child to an adult. 2 Hand Back When you return something to the person who owns it after the person has given it to you 1 Hand In To give something to a person of authority. 1 Hand Out To distribute something free to other people. 1 Hand Over To give upon request or demand. 2 Hang Around To spend time in a place or an area. 1 Hang On When you hold something, often for support of comfort. 3 Hang Out To hang something, usually wet clothes, to dry. 3 Hang Up To hang clothes or an object on a hook, hanger or rod. 3 Have On To wear clothing, cosmetics, perfume, etc. 2 Head Back To go to a place where you’ve been before or where you started from. 1 Head For When a situation becomes more likely. 2 Head Toward To move in the direction where someone or something is. 2 Hear About When you learn details about something or someone. 1 Hear Of When you learn about something or someone. 2 Heat Up To make something warmer or cause a rise in temperature. 2 Help Out To assist people with something. 1 Hit On To suddenly have a solution to a problem or an interesting idea. 2 Hold Against When you don’t forgive or have little respect for someone because of something they did. 2 Hold Off To delay something. 2 Hold On When you wait for a short time. 3 Hold Out To extend your hand or an object in front of you. 3 Hold Up To hold someone or something up in the air. 4 Hook Up When you connect two electrical devices together. 3 Hurry Up To do something quickly. 2 Keep At To continue doing an activity even though it may be difficult. 1 Keep Away To avoid getting close to someone or something. 2 Keep Down To make sound, music and noise minimal. 3 Keep From To stop yourself or other people from doing something. 1 Keep Off To avoid discussing a particular subject or topic. 2 Keep On To continue doing something. 2 Keep To When you don’t share information. 2 Keep Up To continue to do something. 4 Kick Back To illegally pay extra money to someone as part of the price. 2 Kick Out To force someone to leave an organization or place. 1 Knock Off To use force to cause someone or something to fall from its place, whether intentionally or accidentally. 6 Knock Out When someone is struck hard enough to cause them to lose consciousness. 6 Knock Over To make contact with something or someone in such a way it or they fall. 1 Know About To have knowledge of or be familiar with something. 1 Lay Down To place something on a surface or an object. 3 Lay Off When a company or business ends a worker’s employment. 2 Lead Up To When a period of time or a series of events cause an event, situation or conversation to happen. 1 Leave Behind When you don’t take something or someone with you when you leave. 4 Leave Off To accidentally or intentionally not include a person or thing on a list. 2 Leave Out To not include someone or something. 3 Leave Over When you have a portion that still remains from something after you have used or eaten the rest of it. 2 Let Down To disappoint someone. 2 Let In To allow someone or something to enter a place. 2 Let Off To allow someone to leave a car, bus, train etc. 3 Let On To tell something that is a secret or private. 1 Let Out When you give permission for someone to leave or be released from a place. 3 Let Up When someone or something becomes less intense or strong. 1 Lie Around To be lazy or to not do anything. 2 Lift Up To raise someone or something to a higher level. 2 Light Up To illuminate something. 2 Lighten Up When a conversation is changed or a person changes to become less serious. 1 Line Up To form in a row one after another or side-by-side. 3 Live With To share the same residence. 2 Lock In To secure people or things behind a closed door. 3 Lock Out When you don’t have the key or passcode to enter a secured place. 2 Lock Up When you shut the windows and doors of a place or building. 2 Look Around To turn your head to see what or who is around you. 3 Look At  To divert your eyes to someone or something. 4 Look Down On When you consider someone or something as unimportant or with little to no value. The opposite of yesterday’s phrasal verb. 1 Look Forward To To anticipate a future event because it either makes you happy and/or you benefit from it. 1 Look Into To investigate or get more facts about something. 1 Look Out To remain alert. 2 Look Over To examine or inspect something or someone. 1 Look Up When a situation becomes better. 3 Look Up To This particular phrasal verb is used to say you view someone with respect and/or admiration. 1 Luck Out To have exceptionally good luck. 1 Make For  To go in a certain direction, typically in a hurry. 2 Make Of To understand the meaning of something. 1 Make Up To invent a story. 7 Mess Up When something is dirty or unorganized. 2 Mix Up To put or combine different things together so they’ll merge successfully. 3 Monkey Around With To try to play with or repair a device that you have no true knowledge about. 2 Move In When you bring your personal belongings and stuff to a new place where you will live. Yesterday’s phrasal verb, Move Out, has the opposite meaning. 3 Move Out When you permanently remove all your belongings and personal items from a place where you live or stay. 3 Narrow Down To reduce the number of options or possibilities. 1 Pay Back When you return money that you owe someone. 2 Pay For To purchase merchandise. 2 Pay Off To repay money that is owed to a person or entity. 3 Pay Up To pay all the money that is owed or asked for. 1 Pick On To tease and/or criticize someone over a period of time. 1 Pick Out When you are able to recognize something or someone from a group. 2 Pick Up To get someone or something from somewhere. 8 Pile Up  To put things in a pile or heap. 2 Piss Off [Informal] To be angry about something. 1 Plan Ahead To prepare for a future event or situation. 1 Plan For To prepare for a big event or expectation in the future. 1 Plan On When you have the intention to do something. 1 Plug In To connect an electrical device to an electrical outlet. 2 Plug In/Into To connect an electrical appliance/machine to another piece of equipment or to a power source. 1 Plug Up To block a narrow passage such as a hole, drain, or pipe so that nothing can flow through. 2 Point Out To make someone aware of something. 1 Point To When you aim at something or someone using your finger or hand. 2 Print Out To produce a hard copy of a computer document. 1 Pull Off To succeed in doing something difficult or tricky. 2 Pull Out When something or someone leaves a place. 7 Pull Over To drive your vehicle to the side of the road to stop. 1 Pull Through To recover from an injury or illness. 2 Punch In To enter data or record time on a device. 1 Punch Out To record the time you leave the workplace using a special clock. 2 Put Away To place something where it cannot be seen or isn’t in the way of other things. 4 Put Back When something is causing a project to slow down. 4 Put Down To place something on a surface or an object. 6 Put In When you invest or make a deposit. In this example, the amount almost always separates the verb. 7 Put Off To become offended by someone or something. 2 Put Out To extend a part of your body. 6 Put Past To not be surprised by a person’s actions. [Always used with the negative] 1 Put To To cause someone or something to be in a certain state or to do something extra. 2 Put Together To assemble or connect the parts of something. 3 Put Up To move an object to a higher level. 6 Put Up To To encourage or persuade someone to do something. 2 Put Up With To tolerate or accept something that you’d rather not. 1 Ring Up To call someone on the phone. 2 Rip Off When someone asks for a price for something that is too high, when someone cheats or steals. 3 Rip Up To tear something (i.e. paper, cloth, etc.) into pieces. 2 Rule Out When someone or something is excluded as a possibility. 1 Run Across To move or run from one side to the other. 2 Run Around To go from one place to another in a hurry. 3 Run Down To hit someone or something with a vehicle. 4 Run Into When something collides with another object by accident. 4 Run Out When people exit a place very quickly. Run In/ Run Into is the opposite of this meaning. 2 Run Over When someone is injured or killed by a vehicle. 5 Run Up To run from a lower elevation or level to a higher elevation or level. 5 Screw On To ensure the top of a container/bottle is sealed. 2 Screw Out Of To cheat or deceive someone. 1 Screw Up To make a mistake or do something really bad. 1 See About To seriously think about doing something. 1 Sell Out When all the inventory of a particular product has been purchased. 2 Set Up To organize or plan for an activity/event to happen. 6 Settle Down To begin living a stable and routine life. 2 Settle For To accept something even though it’s not what you want or need. 1 Shake Up To mix something in a container by shaking it. 3 Show Off To overly display your skills or what you have. 1 Shut Off To stop the operation of an electrical or mechanical device. 1 Shut Up To stop talking. 1 Sign In To write your name on a list to indicate the day and time you arrived at a certain place. 2 Sign Out To write your name on a list to indicate the day and time of your departure. 2 Sit Down To change from a standing to a sitting position. 2 Slow Down To do something slower. 1 Sneak In/Into To enter a place quietly to avoid being seen or heard. 1 Sneak Out To leave a place without being noticed. 1 Sort Out To arrange or separate things into groups according to similarities. 2 Space Out When someone’s attention is not in the present moment. [Adj.] {spaced out} To describe a person whose attention isn’t in the present moment. 1 Stand Around To stand in one place or area when you should be doing something. 2 Stand For To support or represent an idea, belief, etc. 1 Stand Up To rise from sitting or lying down to a vertical position. 3 Start Off The beginning of an event, activity or time period. 4 Start Out To begin a trip or venture to some place. 3 Start Up To start something. 2 Stay Off To avoid discussing a certain subject or topic. 4 Stay Out To spend time out of your own home. 3 Stay Up To remain in a place that is higher than ground level. 2 Step On To place your foot on something or someone. 2 Stick Around To stay in a place or with someone for any period of time. 1 Stick Out To extend something outward. 4 Stick To When something is attached to another by some form of adhesive. 2 Stick Up To use a weapon, especially a gun, to rob someone. 4 Stick With To continue to use or do something. 3 Stop Off To make a quick stop on your way to a destination. 1 Stop Over To visit someone for a short period of time. 2 Straighten Out To make something straight. 3 Stress Out To feel very worried, nervous or anxious. 1 Switch Off When you move something from the ‘on’ state to the ‘off’ state. Synonymous with “Turn Off.” Yesterday’s “Switch On” is the opposite. 1 Switch On When you move something from the ‘off’ state to the ‘on’ state. Synonymous with “Turn On,” while “Switch Off” is the opposite. 1 Take Apart To disconnect or separate the parts of an object. 1 Take Back To return something or someone. 5 Take In To be successfully tricked or deceived by someone. 5 Take Out To remove an object from an area, place or container. 4 Take Out On To direct your anger towards someone or something when you’re really upset about someone or something else. 1 Take Up On When you accept an invitation or offer from someone. 1 Talk Down To To talk to someone as if they are less intelligent than you by conveying a tone of voice or attitude that says so. 1 Talk Into To convince someone to do something. 1 Talk Out Of To convince someone not to do something. 1 Talk To To have a conversation with someone. 1 Tear Down To deconstruct a building or home. 2 Tear Off To remove with force. 2 Tell Apart To be able to differentiate something or someone from something or someone else. 1 Tell On To inform an authoritative figure about what someone else did. 1 Think About To consider something prior to making a final decision. 2 Think Ahead To think and plan carefully for a future situation or event. 1 Think Up To use your imagination to create a plan, idea, or a solution. 1 Throw Away To dispose of something you no longer find useful in a waste bin, trash, etc. 2 Throw Out When you get rid of something by putting it in a trash can, bin, etc. 2 Throw Up To vomit or puke. 3 Track Down To locate someone or something after a long search 1 Trade In To exchange something old for something new. 2 Trick Into To convince or persuade someone to believe something untrue or to do something for you. 1 Try On To see how something fits or looks before purchasing. 1 Try Out To show that you are qualified to do something. 2 Turn Around When someone or something moves until it faces the opposite direction. 3 Turn Down To decrease the temperature, sound, etc. 2 Turn In To give someone or something to the police or someone of authority. 3 Turn Into To transform. 1 Turn Off To stop a device from functioning. 3 Turn On To cause someone to feel interested and/or attracted. 3 Turn Out To attend an event, meeting, etc. 4 Turn Over To move an object so that the part that is on top becomes the bottom and vice versa. 3 Turn Up To increase the controls of an electronic or mechanical device. 3 Use Up To completely consume or use all of a supply. 1 Wake Up When you are finished sleeping. 2 Wash Off To remove dirt or unwanted markings with soap and water. 1 Wash Up To clean your face, hands, body, etc. 3 Watch Out To be aware of someone or something. 1 Wear Down To make the surface or top of something disappear due to friction. 2 Wear Off To decrease or disappear gradually. 1 Wear Out When something is damaged or weakened from use and age. 2 Wind Up To operate a mechanical device by turning its handle. 4 Wipe Off To completely remove or clean something from a surface or location. 1 Wipe Out To clean the inside of something. 4 Wipe Up To remove liquid from a surface using a sponge, towel or cloth, etc. 1 Work In To make time in a busy schedule for a person or an activity. 2 Work Out When a situation, event, plan, or idea is successful. 6 Work Up To gradually improve at or make progress in something. 3 Wrap Up To cover something with some kind of special paper. 4 Zip Up To close an item that has a zipper. 1

Contents

  • 1 Advanced Grammar for IELTS: Multi-word verbs – Diagnose Test, Grammar Explanation & Practice Exercises
    • 1.1 Diagnostic Test
      • 1.1.1 Multi-word Verbs
    • 1.2 Grammar Explanation: Multi-word Verbs
      • 1.2.1 Form and Use
      • 1.2.2 Phrasal Verbs
      • 1.2.3 Prepositional Verbs
      • 1.2.4 Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs
      • 1.2.5 Word List: Common Multi-word Verbs
    • 1.3 Practice Exercise
    • 1.4 Answer Key for Diagnostic Test
    • 1.5 Answer Key for Practice Test

Advanced Grammar for IELTS: Multi-word verbs – Diagnose Test, Grammar Explanation & Practice Exercises

Diagnostic Test

Multi-word Verbs

Rewrite these sentences replacing the underlined words with the words in brackets. Make any necessary changes to word order.

Example:

  • She repaid the debt punctually. (on time/paid/back/it)
  • ==> __She paid it back on time__
  1. The whole story was invented by Suzy’s brother. (by/him/made/was/up)
  2. Maintain the good work. (up/it/keep)
  3. Make sure you carefully follow the guidelines. (strictly/to/stick)
  4. This tie doesn’t match that shirt ___(it/with/go)
  5. We met my wife’s cousin by chance at the museum. (into/him/ran)
  6. These are the beliefs our movement upholds. (stands/which/for/our movement)
  7. The company won’t tolerate this kind of behaviour. (with/it/put/up)
  8. I revealed the secret to Elizabeth. (it/her/in/let/on)

Eight of the following sentences contain grammatical mistakes or an inappropriate verb or multi-word verb. Tick () the correct sentences and correct the others.

Examples:

  • They’re a company with which we’ve been dealing for many years.
  • Her Majesty turned up at the ceremony in the dazzling Imperial State Coach. ==> arrived
  1. That division was taken by head office over.
  2. The very first breakout of the disease was reported in Namibia.
  3. Steve was left by his ex-girlfriend out from her wedding invitation list.
  4. It is a condition of receiving this Internet account that you do not give away your confidential PIN number to any third party.
  5. Could you activate the kettle, darling? I’m dying for a cup of tea.
  6. He fell down the floor and hurt himself.
  7. Come on! We’re going to be late!
  8. The plane took off the ground at incredible speed.
  9. The government brought recently in some legislation to deal with the problem.
  10. There are few people for whom he cares so deeply.
  11. They took Clive up on his invitation.
  12. We look forward eagerly to your wedding.

Grammar Explanation: Multi-word Verbs

A common feature of English is the combination of verbs with prepositions and/or adverbs to create multi-word verbs, e.g. to put off, to put out, to put up with. These verbs can be difficult for learners because the meanings often cannot be worked out from the individual words, and there are special rules about the position of objects with these verbs. We sometimes refer to all multi-word verbs as ‘phrasal verbs’, although there are several different types.

Form and Use

Overview

Multi-word verbs are formed from a verb, e.g. grow, plus an adverbial particle, e.g. away, back, out, or a prepositional particle, e.g. on, off, up. There are four types of multi-word verb and each type has different rules, for example about the use or position of the object:

Type 1 intransitive phrasal verbs

e.g. take off:

  • The plane took off very late. (There is no object.)
Type 2 transitive phrasal verbs

e.g. put something off :

  • We’re putting the party off / putting off the party because of the awful weather.

(The noun object can go before or after the particle.)

Type 3 prepositional verbs

e.g. cope with something :

  • How does she cope with all those kids? (The object goes after the particle.)
Type 4 phrasal-prepositional verbs

e.g. look forward to something :

  • They’re looking forward to the holidays. (The object goes after the particles.)

Learner dictionaries indicate which type a verb is by showing a noun object with the verb:

put sb/ sth off phr v [T] to arrange to do something at a later time or date, especially because there is a problem, difficulty etc:

  • They’ve put the meeting off till next week.

Multi-word verbs form tenses, and are used in questions and negatives and in the passive voice, in the same way as other verbs:

  • Will you be putting the party off? (future continuous question)
  • The party has been put off until next month. (present perfect passive)

We never separate the verb and particle in the passive form:

 X That story was made by a resentful employee up

 ✓ That story was made up by a resentful employee.

We can sometimes form nouns from multi-word verbs.

  • The car broke down five kilometres from home. (multi-word verb)
  • The breakdown happened five kilometres from home. (noun)

In some cases the order of the verb and particle is reversed in the noun derived from them:

  • The epidemic first broke out in Namibia. (multi-word verb)
  • The first outbreak of the epidemic was in Zaire. (noun)

Formal and Informal Use

Where a multi-word verb has no exact synonym, e.g. grow up, we can use it in formal and informal contexts. However, when there is a single verb with an equivalent meaning, e.g. think about (= consider), the multi-word verb tends to be used in informal contexts while the single verb is more formal. Compare these examples:

  • [The bank will think about your application in due course.]
  • The bank will consider your application in due course. (formal)
  • [Honestly, how can you consider money at a time like this!]
  • Honestly, how can you think about money at a time like this! (informal)

Meaning

It is sometimes possible to get an idea of the meaning of a multi-word verb from its particle, because some particles are associated with areas of meaning, for example:

on – starting/continuing/progressing, e.g. carry on, take on, get on
out – thoroughness, e.g. work out, see out, mark out
up – completion/finality, e.g. give up, break up, eat up

Note: However, these areas of meaning can be abstract and may not cover all cases.

Phrasal Verbs

Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive phrasal verbs (type 1) consist of a verb plus an adverb. Phrasal verbs usually have a meaning which is different from the meaning of the separate parts:

  • Getting by on my salary isn’t easy! (= managing)
  • Rollerblading never really caught on in England. (= became popular)

As intransitive phrasal verbs have no direct object, they cannot be made passive:

 X My car broke down the engine.

 ✓  My car broke down

Intransitive phrasal verbs are sometimes used in imperatives:

  • Watch out. That floor’s not very solid.
  • Come on! I can’t wait all day!

Transitive Verbs

Transitive phrasal verbs (type 2) consist of a verb + adverb and have a direct object (either a pronoun or a noun):

  • It isn’t true, I made it up. I made up that story.

If the object is a noun, it can either be between the verb and particle, or after the particle:

  • I made a story up. I made up a story.

If the object is a pronoun, we put it between the verb and particle, but not after the particle:

 X I made up it.

 ✓ I made it up.

Note: We can’t put an adverb between the verb and particle or between the particle and object:

 X I paid early back the loan.

 X I paid back early the loan.

 ✓ I paid the loan back early.

Note: We can’t put a relative pronoun immediately before or after the particle.

 X That’s the room which up I did.

 X That’s the room up which I did.

 ✓ That’s the room which I did up.

Some phrasal verbs have a transitive use with one meaning, and an intransitive use with a different meaning. Compare:

  • The plane took off on time. (take off, intransitive = become airborne)
  • The man took off his coat. (take something off, transitive = remove)

Prepositional Verbs

Form and Use

Prepositional verbs (type 3) consist of a verb, e.g. look, plus a preposition, e.g. into, at. for. The combination of the verb and preposition creates a new meaning which can sometimes, but not always, be worked out from the parts:

  • She looked for her missing passport. (= searched, tried to find)
  • Would you mind looking into his complaint? (= investigating, researching)

These verbs are transitive. We put the noun or pronoun object after the preposition, and not between the verb and preposition:

 X We didn’t fall his story for.

 X We didn’t fall it for.

 ✓ We didn’t fall for it/his story

With prepositional verbs (but not phrasal verbs above) we can put an adverb between the verb and preposition. But we cannot put an adverb between the preposition and object:

 X She parted with reluctantly her money.

 ✓ She parted reluctantly with her money.

Special Uses

In formal English we sometimes prefer to avoid a preposition at the end of a sentence. With prepositional verbs (but not phrasal verbs above) we can put the preposition in front of the relative pronouns whom or which:

  • These are the principles (which) our party stands for.
  • ==>These are the principles for which our party stands.
  • That’s the type of client (whom) I’m dealing with.
  • ==> That’s the type of client with whom I’m dealing.

Note: But we cannot put the preposition after whom or which:

 X These are the principles which for our party stands.

Some prepositional verbs are mainly used in the passive form , especially in written English:

  • The marketing strategy is aimed at a target audience of 18 to 25 year olds.

Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs

Form and Use

These verbs (type 4) are formed by combining a verb with an adverb and Form and preposition. The combination creates a new meaning which cannot usually be use understood from the meanings of the individual parts:

  • We look forward to hearing from you. (= anticipate with pleasure)

They are transitive and can be made passive:

  • All her employees looked up to her. (active)
  • She was looked up to by all her employees. (passive)

We can never use a noun or pronoun object between the particles:

 X I can’t put up this treatment/it with any longer.

We cannot usually put a noun or pronoun object immediately after the verb:

X I can’t put this treatment /it up with any longer.

I can’t put up with this treatment/ it any longer.

The exception is when the verb has two objects, e.g. let somebody in on something, take somebody up on something:

  • We let James in on the plan.
  • We took her up on her offer.

Note: We cannot put an adverb before the first particle or after the final particle, but we can use an adverb between the two particles:

 X He stands strongly up for his principles. (verb + adverb + particle)

 X  He stands up for strongly his principle.(particle + particle + adverb)

 ✓  He stands up strongly for his principles. (particle + adverb+ particle)

Word List: Common Multi-word Verbs

These tables include all multi-word verbs which occur at least ten times per million words in the Longman Corpus Network. (Below, sb = somebody and sth = something.)

Type 1: Intransitive Phrasal Verbs

break down (= stop working), catch on (= understand/become popular), come back (= return), come in, come on. fall out (= quarrel), fall through, fit in, get by (= manage/cope), get up, go away, go on (= continue), go out, grow up, look out, pass out (= faint), shut up. sit down, stand up, stay on (= remain), take off, turn up (= arrive), wake up, watch out.

Type 2: Transitive Phrasal Verbs

act sth out {= perform/demonstrate), bottle sth up {= not allow a feeling to show), bring sth in (= introduce), bring sb up (= rear), bring sth up (= mention sth/introduce a topic), carry sth out (= perform/undertake). do sth up (= restore/redecorate). fill sth in/out (= complete in writing), find sth out (= discover), fix sth up (= arrange), give sth away (= reveal), give sth up (= stop), hold sth up (= delay), keep sth up (= maintain), leave sth/sb out, let sth out (= release), look sth up. make sth up (= invent), pay sb back, pick sth up (= collect), point sth out (= highlight/explain), pull sth/sb down (= demolish, demote), put sth away, put sth off (= postpone), put sth on, put sb up (= accommodate), run sb down (= criticise), set sth up (= establish/implement/organise), take sth over, take sth up, throw sth away, turn sthlsb down (= refuse), turn sth/sb out.

Type 3: Prepositional Verbs

call for sb, care for sb, come across sth (= encounter), cope with sth, deal with sth (= manage, handle), fall for sth (= be tricked), feel like sth, get at sb/sth, get over sth (= recover from), get through {= finish successfully), go into sth, go with sth (= match), ead to sth, look after sb/sth, look at sth (= observe), look into sth (= investigate), look like sth (= resemble), look round sth (= visit, etc.), part with sth, pay for sth, rely on sth/sb, run into sb (= meet by chance), see to sth (= organise/manage), send for sb, stand for sth (= represent/mean/tolerate), stick to sth (= persevere/follow), take after sb, talk about sth, think about sth (= consider).

The following prepositional verbs are usually used in the passive:

be aimed at (= intended for), be applied to, be considered as, be derived from, be known as, be regarded as, be used as, be used in

Type 4: Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs

back out of sth, break in on sth, catch up on sth/sb, catch up with sb, check up on sth / sb, come across as sth (= appear to be), come down to sth (= be essentially), come up with sth (= invent), cut down on sth (= reduce), do away with sth, drop in on sb, face up to sth (= confront), get away with sth, get back to sth (= return), get down to sth, get on with sth, get out of sth, give in to sth, go out for sth, go up to sb (= approach), keep away from sb/sth (= avoid), keep up with sb. look down on sb, look forward to sth (= anticipate), look out for sblsth, look up to sb (= admire/respect), make away with sth, move on to sth, put up with sth/sb (= tolerate), run away with sb, run off with sth, stand up for sth (= defend), turn away from sth, walk out on sth/sb

The following phrasal-prepositional verbs are usually used in the passive:

be cut off from, be made up of, be set out in

Also check:

  • Grammar for IELTS
  • IELTS Grammar books
  • English Pronunciation in use Intermediate pdf

Practice Exercise

Q 1.

Underline the most suitable verb in bold in each of these sentences.

  1. Don’t stop now Liz. Continue/ Go on, I’m dying to hear the end of the story!
  2. In a bid to improve diplomatic relations, the Foreign Office has arranged/fixed up a visit by senior embassy staff.
  3. The court sentences you to life imprisonment, with the recommendation that you not be released /let out for a minimum period of twenty years.
  4. Owing to a lack of military support, the United Nations feels unable to maintain /keep up its presence in the war-torn province.
  5. I don’t think your dad trusts me – he’s always observing / looking at me.
  6. You’ve got to make an effort, darling. You’ll never lose weight unless you reduce / cut down on the amount of fatty food you eat.
  7. The government have announced plans to abolish/ do away with the disabled person’s vehicle allowance in the next budget.
  8. My little brother’s always getting bullied at school. He just won’t confront/ face up to the other kids.
  9. The presidential party will arrive / turn up at the palace shortly before luncheon.
  10. My best friend always exaggerates – half the things he says are just invented/ made up!

Q 2.

Rewrite these sentences using an appropriate multi-word verb. You must use a pronoun ( it, him, her, them) to replace the underlined object. In some cases you may have to change the word order. The exercise begins with an example (0).

  • (0) They’ve postponed the housewarming party until Friday.
  • ==> They’ve put it off until Friday
  1. Would you mind organising the removal yourself?
  2. I met Steve and Terri quite by chance at the supermarket this morning.
  3. I’ve arranged the meeting for ten o’clock tomorrow.
  4. You’re always criticising your colleagues.
  5. I’m sure the police will investigate the burglary.
  6. The builders undertook the job very professionally.
  7. Could you collect the children from school tonight?
  8. Has Perry recovered from the flu yet?
  9. She really resembles her parents, doesn’t she?
  10. Would you highlight the advantages for me?

Q 3.

What are the people saying in the pictures on the next page? Write a short sentence for each situation using multi-word verbs and a suitable pronoun (it, them, you, etc.). All the multi-word verbs you need can be formed from the verbs in brackets and the particles in the box. The first one has been done as an example (0).

with after at down off out up (x2)

Q 4.

Rewrite the parts of the sentences in brackets with the words in the correct order.

  • (0) Don’t (tomorrow/put/until/off/it); do it now.
  • ==> Don’t put it off until tomorrow

1. Thanks for the invitation; (looking/to/I’m/it/forward).

2. The evil witch (frog/prince/the/into/turned/handsome/a).

3. I won’t have any sugar thank you; (it/I’ve/up/given).

4.There isn’t a death penalty any longer; (away/they’ve/it/done/with).

5. He’s the footballer (million/a/team/manager/for/the/paid/whom/dollars).

6. I have a small trust fund; (by/it/my/was/set/grandfather/up).

Q 5.    

Read the magazine article below. Then use the information in the text to complete the informal summary on the next page. Use no more than three words for each gap (1-18), including the word in brackets. The words you need are all multi-word verbs and do not occur in the newspaper article. The exercise begins with an example (0).

When Anger is Healthy

Everyone knows that not allowing oneself to show feelings of anger and resentment can be very unhealthy, leading to stress and long-term feelings of inadequacy and powerlessness. But how do we release our anger without looking foolish or petulant?

The first thing to learn is that expressing your anger and losing your temper arc not the same thing at all. One is natural and healthy, the other is destructive and dangerous. We usually admire those who can express their anger calmly, and see them as ‘firm but fair’ or mature and self-confident. While those who lose their temper appear to be immature, childish, selfish and aggressive.

Mandy Dickson is a psychologist who has established a successful one-day anger workshop that helps ordinary people to learn about and manage their anger. The seminar is not intended for criminals or the mentally ill, but for those ordinary people who feel powerless to control their own tempers.

The first thing Mandy explains is that anger is a natural and normal feeling, and that feeling angry about something is nothing to be ashamed of. But we need to recognise anger when we feel it, and to investigate its true causes. Once we know the real cause of anger we can confront it and begin to do something positive about it. Mandy asks participants to complete a questionnaire about things that make them angry. By comparing these ‘triggers’ people often discover that the true causes of anger are other feelings, especially fear, disappointment and grief. But because it is not socially acceptable in our culture to openly demonstrate these feelings, we express them as anger. This is particularly true for men who, even in these enlightened times, are expected to hide any feelings of inadequacy or fear and be strong and stoical in all situations.

Having recognised the causes of anger, the first step is to learn how to avoid anger-inducing situations. The next step is to learn how to express one’s feelings calmly and firmly. Mandy believes that when we are angry we want other people to understand our anger and sympathise with it. But we often fall into the trap of expressing anger by criticising those around us, when what we really want is their support and empathy. One of the most common causes of anger is when other people fail to behave in a way you expect them to. But as Mandy explains, human beings are not telepathic, they cannot be expected to automatically anticipate other people’s desires and wishes. So an essential tool in reducing the occurrence of anger-inducing situations is to always explain exactly what you want and expect from those around you. It is all essentially a question of communication.

We know (0)_bottling up_(bottle) anger can be unhealthy. But how do we (1)__(let) our anger without seeming foolish? Expressing anger and losing your temper are different things. One is healthy, the other dangerous. We (2)___(look) people who express anger calmly, but those who lose their temper (3)__(come) immature and aggressive. Mandy Dickson has (4)___(set) a one-day anger workshop which helps people learn about and (5)___(deal) their anger. It is (6)__(aim) ordinary people who don’t feel able to control their tempers. She (7)___(point) that anger is natural and nothing to be ashamed of, but we should recognise it and (8)___(look) its true causes. Then we can (9)___(face) it, and begin to do something positive. Participants (10)___(fill) a questionnaire about things that make them angry. They compare their responses and often (11)____(find) that the causes are other feelings such as fear or grief. But in our culture it isn’t acceptable to (12)___(act) these feelings in public. Men, in particular, are supposed to (13)____(cover) these feelings.

Once we know the causes of anger, we must learn how to (14)___(keep) situations which will induce them. When we are angry we want other people to understand us, but we often make the mistake of (15) ___(run) those around us. Anger is often caused by the feeling that you have been (16)___(let) by other people. But we can’t always expect other people to know our feelings. So the most important way to (17) ____(cut) the number of anger-producing situations is to tell people exactly how we feel. It really all (18)____(come) communication.

Q 6.

Rewrite John’s half of this unnatural telephone conversation in a more natural, informal style. Use the multi-word verbs in the box to replace the underlined verbs and phrases. Replace nouns with pronouns where possible and make any other necessary changes, as in this example:

JOHN: (0) I’ve just demolished the conservatory.   ==> …. I’ve just pulled it down…..

do sth up take sth off
put up with sb look forward to sth
stay up sit down
get on with sb take sth up
put sb up finish sth off
turn sth into sth sort sth out
look down on sb turn sth down
put sth up pull sth down

DAVE: John, it’s Dave. How are things?

JOHN: Sorry, I can’t hear you. (1) I’ll just reduce the volume on the radio. That’s better.

DAVE: How are things? Still working on the house?

JOHN: Yes. (2) We’ve completed the work on the kitchen and (3) we’re renovating the dining room. (4) We’re transforming the room into a second bedroom. (5) I’ve just mounted the wallpaper but I’ve been having trouble getting it (6) to remain vertically attached.

DAVE: I know what you mean. I hate wallpapering.

JOHN: (7) And it’s all got to be organised and ready by Saturday. Jane’s mother is coming and we’re (8) providing accommodation for her for a few days.

DAVE: I thought you didn’t like her.

JOHN: (9) We don’t interact in a friendly way with each other but (10) I can tolerate her for a few days.

DAVE: Why do you dislike her so much?

JOHN: (11) I’m sure she regards me as inferior to her. And she’s so lazy, I mean she comes in, (12) removes her coat, (13) assumes a seated position and expects us to wait on her hand and foot!

DAVE: I see what you mean. Sounds like a nightmare.

JOHN: (14) Mm. I think I might commence gardening as a hobby – just to get me out of the house!

DAVE: Good idea. Well, I’d better let you get on. And don’t forget about our party on Friday.

JOHN: (15) Of course not. I’m anticipating the party with pleasure.

Answer Key for Diagnostic Test

  1. was made up by him.
  2. Keep it up.
  3. stick strictly to
  4. go with it.
  5. ran into him
  6. which our movement stands for./ for which our movement stands.
  7. put up with it.
  8. let her in on it.
  9. by head office over ==> over by head office
  10. breakout  ==> outbreak
  11. left by his ex- girlfriend out ==> left out by his ex-girlfriend
  12. not give away ==> not reveal (give away is an inappropriate verb in a formal context)
  13. activate   ==>  turn on/switch on (activate is an inappropriate verb in an informal context)
  14. down the floor and ==> down (on the floor) and
  15. took off the ground at incredible speed ==> took off (from the ground) at incredible speed.
  16. brought recently in ==> recently brought in

Answer Key for Practice Test

Q 1.

  1. Go on
  2. arranged
  3. released
  4. maintain
  5. looking at
  6. cut down on
  7. abolish
  8. face up to
  9. arrive
  10. made up

Q 2.

  1. Would you mind seeing to it/sorting it out yourself?
  2. I ran into them at the supermarket this morning.
  3. I’ve fixed it up for ten o’clock tomorrow.
  4. You’re always running them down.
  5. I’m sure the police will look into it.
  6. The builders carried it out very professionally.
  7. Could you pick them up from school tonight?
  8. Has Perry got over it yet?
  9. She really looks like them/takes after them, doesn’t she?
  10. Would you point them out for me?

Q 3. (Suggested Answers)

  1. He takes after you.
  2. Put it down!
  3. Please take it off.
  4. It doesn’t go with it.
  5. Pick it up!
  6. Drink it up.
  7. Look at them!

Q 4.

  1. I’m looking forward to it
  2. turned the handsome prince into a frog/turned the frog into a handsome prince
  3. I’ve given it up
  4. they’ve done away with it
  5. for whom the team manager paid a million dollars
  6. it was set up by my grandfather

Q 5.    

  1. let out
  2. look up to
  3. come across as
  4. set up
  5. deal with
  6. aimed at
  7. points out
  8. look into
  9. face up to
  10. fill in/fill out
  11. find out
  12. act out
  13. cover up
  14. keep away from
  15. running down
  16. let down
  17. cut down
  18. comes down to

Q 6.

  1. I’ll just turn the radio down
  2. We’ve finished off the kitchen
  3. We’re doing up the dining room
  4. We’re turning it into a second bedroom
  5. I’ve just put the wallpaper up
  6. stay up
  7. sorted out
  8. putting her up
  9. get on with each other
  10. put up with her
  11. looks down on me
  12. takes her coat off
  13. sits down
  14. I think I might take up gardening
  15. looking forward to it

Everyone knows that phrasal verbs are ‘difficult’, and this is partly because it is so hard to see any system in them. Phrasal verbs consist of a ‘base verb’ (such as go, put, or set) and a particle (a word such as down, back, or off). When a learner encounters an unfamiliar phrasal verb, s/he will often know what the base verb means and what the particle means – but put the two together and you get something completely different. Even beginners know what put means and what off means, but that won’t help them to guess the various meanings of put off. There is plenty of teaching material that has tried to address this problem, but it usually focuses more on explaininghow phrasal verbs work, rather than on why they behave in the way they do. The learner is still left with the feeling that it is all very arbitrary and random, and that – since there don’t appear to be any obvious rules – phrasal verbs just have to be individually learned and remembered.

Many phrasal verb dictionaries describe but they do not really explain. In the end, students are still left with a collection of different meaning areas which simply have to be memorised.

Is there a solution? If we believe – as I do – that the linguistic choices made by fluent speakers are not arbitrary, then it follows that we need to look harder at our corpus data in order to discover the ‘rules’ that underlie our choice of particles in phrasal verbs.

Conceptual metaphor is clearly a powerful tool for helping us to understand a great deal of idiomatic language, so it is reasonable to believe that it may also help us to unravel the mysteries of phrasal verbs and their particles. In her article on ‘Metaphor and Phrasal Verbs’ (in the Language Study section of Phrasal Verbs Plus), Rosamund Moon admits that the meanings of phrasal verbs often ‘seem to have no connection with the words that they consist of’. But she goes on to show that the way in which common particles combine with verbs to create new meanings can often be explained in terms of conceptual metaphors.

Most of the common phrasal verb particles are – in their basic meanings – words which describe positions in space: up, down, in, out, on and off all have literal uses that relate to ‘spatial orientation’. Many of these concepts also have figurative uses which are found in many languages: for example, the ideas of being ‘up’ or ‘down’ are often equated metaphorically with quantities and with power. If an amount goes up it becomes larger, if it goes down it becomes smaller. Similarly, people in powerful positions are thought of as being ‘high up’, whereas the weak and powerless are ‘down at the bottom’. As Moon explains, these progressions from literal to metaphorical are by no means arbitrary, but are rooted in our physical experiences in life:

The idea ‘up/high’ refers to large quantities because when more things are added to a pile, it becomes higher; and the idea ‘up/high’ refers to being powerful because if two people fight and one of them is physically on top of the other, that person usually wins.

We can see here the beginnings of a fairly systematic process, in which the basic, ‘spatial’ particles develop new and more abstract meanings. As these particles combine with common verbs to form phrasal verbs, the metaphorical meanings of the particles contribute to our understanding of the whole phrasal verb. Thus, when someone leaves a powerful position, we say they step down, or if a dictator is removed from office he is brought down. In each case, we can see that the choice of particle is not at all arbitrary: it is the particle down – with its association with loss of power – which gives us the best clue to the meanings of the phrasal verb.

Each of the following sections deals with one common metaphorical idea, and the adverbs and prepositions that express this idea when they form part of a phrasal verb.


1 Increasing and decreasing: down, out, up

Up expresses ideas of increases in size, strength, or importance, while down expresses ideas of something becoming smaller, weaker, or less important:

  • Fees have gone up again.
  • She’s doing some teaching in the evenings to bump up her income.
  • The search operation has been scaled down.
  • The government played down the threat to public health.

Out expresses ideas of something becoming wider or fuller, covering a greater extent, or lasting for a longer time:

  • Officers fanned out across the field.
  • Her stories flesh out the world in which these historical characters lived.
  • They had to string things out until the Duke arrived.

2 Excitement, interest, and happiness: down, up

Some phrasal verbs with up refer to things becoming more exciting, lively, or interesting, or to people becoming happier. Phrasal verbs with down refer to things becoming quieter or calmer, or to people becoming more unhappy. For example:

  • Things are looking up.
  • Cheer up!
  • Their opponents said that they sexed up the report.
  • This place needs livening up.
  • Calm down!
  • You need to tone down your argument.
  • The endless wet weather was getting me down.

3 Completeness: up

Up expresses an idea of completeness. For example, to burn up means to burn completely, and to wind something up means to bring it to a complete end.

  • They gobbled up their dinner.
  • Don’t use up all the paper.
  • The speaker had begun to sum up.
  • All the shops had closed up for the night.

4 Ending: away, down, off, out

When something ends, we can think of it as gradually going farther away until it completely disappears. In phrasal verbs, away, down, off, and out all express ideas of something gradually ending:

  • Her voice faded away.
  • I suddenly felt sorry for him and my anger melted away.
  • The wind died down during the night.
  • The meeting wound down.
  • The rain eased off.
  • The effects of the drug wore off.
  • The conversation soon petered out.
  • The custom has almost died out.

5 Time – past and future: ahead, back, behind, forward

Metaphors relating to time are often based on the idea that time is like a line that goes from the past to the future, with the past behind us and the future in front of us. Phrasal verbs with ahead and forward express ideas of the future, while phrasal verbs with back andbehind express ideas of the past.

  • What lies ahead?
  • Let’s think ahead to next season.
  • I’m looking forward to seeing them again.
  • I’ve put my watch forward one hour.
  • The house dates back to the 16th century.
  • Never look back, never have regrets.
  • She was trying to leave behind a difficult adolescence.
  • Put the whole episode behind you.

6 Progress: ahead, along, behind, on, through

Making progress and achieving things is like being on a journey and moving towards your destination. Phrasal verbs with along describe the kind of progress that is being made, while phrasal verbs with ahead and behind express ideas of making good progress or poor progress.

  • The building work was coming along nicely.
  • They’re content to just muddle along.
  • He needs to get ahead.
  • They are pressing ahead with the reforms.
  • I’ve fallen behind with my work.
  • We’re lagging behind our competitors.

Phrasal verbs with through describe the process of achieving something or dealing with work.

  • He has no ability to carry through.
  • She sailed through her exams.
  • I ploughed through the work.

Phrasal verbs with on express the idea of continuing with an activity or task: on here has the same meaning as onwards.

  • I can’t carry on.
  • They kept on until it was finished.

We think of activities as if they have physical dimensions, like areas or spaces. In phrasal verbs, in and into express the idea of getting involved, while away and out express the idea of avoiding or ending an involvement.

  • We joined in the fun.
  • You’re always trying to muscle in.
  • I flung myself into my work.
  • They shied away from commitment.
  • You can’t walk away from the relationship.
  • The British forces pulled out.
  • He bowed out gracefully.

8 Problems: around, aside, off, over, round

We think of problems and difficulties as if they are physical objects that get in our way. Some phrasal verbs have meanings to do with ignoring problems or behaving as if they do not exist. The metaphorical idea is that we go around or over the things that are in our way, or we push them farther away.

  • They skirted around/round the issue.
  • We’ll work round the problem somehow.
  • He brushed aside my objections.
  • We need to put aside our differences.
  • I laughed off his criticisms.
  • He couldn’t shake off the allegations.
  • They glossed over the question of who was going to pay for it.
  • I tried to smooth things over between them.

When one person has power and controls another, we think of the first person as being in a higher position than the second. Some phrasal verbs with over and up express ideas of someone being in control, or becoming more powerful than someone else.

Phrasal verbs with down and under express ideas of someone being forced into a weaker position, or of being controlled or restricted.

  • He was lording it over me.
  • The Emperor ruled over a vast area.
  • They have come up in the world.
  • She’s been moved up to a more responsible job.
  • The police clamped down on drinking in the streets.
  • The rebellion was swiftly put down.
  • Prisoners are kept under constant surveillance.
  • We had to knuckle under and do what we were told.

10 Relationships: apart, off, together, up

Relationships are like physical connections. Some phrasal verbs with together refer to a close relationship between two people or groups, while ones with apart refer to the ending of a relationship.

  • We got together in our first year at college.
  • The whole group clubbed together to buy him a present.
  • They drifted apart over the years.

Phrasal verbs with up refer to people forming a new relationship, or to a person joining a group.

  • Two students from each class pair up to produce a short play.
  • They feel that the international community is ganging up on them.
  • He has been accused of cosying up to the new US president.

However, some combinations with up and a verb meaning ‘break’ refer to the ending of a relationship.

  • He’s just broken up with his girlfriend.
  • Her parents split up a few months ago.

A few phrasal verbs with off refer to a new relationship between two people. The metaphorical idea is that the two people come together and become separate from a larger group.

  • All our friends seemed to be pairing off.
  • They tried to marry their daughter off to a wealthy businessman.

We think of communication between two people as a connection between them, with information passing from one to the other, often across a large space.

  • I don’t know how to put it across.
  • I don’t seem to be able to get through to them.
  • The message came over clearly.
  • Something passed between them.

When one person says something, their words seem to leave them physically. When they are told something, the message or information seems to enter them.

  • She poured out her problems.
  • I blurted out his name.
  • Dave was holding forth on the subject of politics.
  • She had to repeat her words several times before they finally sank in.
  • My parents drummed its importance into us.

We think of things that are not yet known, or that other people may not want us to know, as if they are in a container, or covered or buried. Phrasal verbs with into describe the process of trying to find information from someone or something.

  • I wrote a letter of complaint, and the airline has promised to look into the matter.
  • She delved into his past.
  • You don’t want them nosing into your finances.

Some phrasal verbs with out and up express ideas of revealing secrets or finding information, as if they are uncovered or brought to the surface.

  • She tried not to tell them, but in the end she let it out.
  • I wormed the information out of him.
  • We dug up some interesting facts.
  • They raked up some scandal from his university days.

REFERENCES

  1. Metaphors We Live By, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (Chicago University Press, 1980)
  2. Macmillan Phrasal Verbs Plus, published by Macmillan Publishers Limited. Text © Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2005.
  3. Macmillan English Dictionary, published by Macmillan Publishers Limited. Text © Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2002.
  4. http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/June2005/31-Phrasal-Verbs-Metaphor.htm#a
  5. http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/May2005/30-Feature-Phrasal-Verbs.htm

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