Words and word combinations to extend

Ответ:

1. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

the course of studies — курс обучения;

primary school — начальная школа;

secondary school — средняя школа;

previously — ранее;

creche — ясли;

lyceum — лицей;

gymnasium — гимназия;

free of charge — бесплатно;

curriculum — программа обучения;

demand — спрос, востребованность;

to adapt — адапировать(ся);

to extend — продлевать;

to conduct — проводить;

transition — переход;

vocational school — профессионально-техническое училище;

higher school — высшая школа;

competitive — конкурентоспособный;

ability — способность;

to be involved in — участвовать в;

postgraduate courses — курсы повышения квалификации/послевузовское образование

a
nuclear buildup

to
come into existence

what
is more

eventually

to
give way to something

and
vice versa

as
opposed to something

to
keep under control

UNIT
5

Global
politics

Text
1:
A
new world order PRE-READING activity:

♦ Learn
the topical vocabulary and word combinations VOCABULARY:

1. to
   extend v
   —
   простираться, расширять(ся), распространять
   (влияние), продлить (срок); extention
   п
   — распространение, продление, отсрочка;
   extent
   п
   — протяжение, степень; phr
   —
   to
   a great extent —
   в большой степени; to
   the full extent —
   в полной мере/степени; to
   a certain extent —
   в из­вестной мере, to
   some extent —
   в какой-то степени, to
   such an extent —
   до такой степени; extended
   а
   — растянутый, длительный, протяженный.

2. to
   threaten v
   —
   грозить, угрожать; a
   threat п
   — угроза, phr
   —a
   threat to peace —
   угроза миру; threatening
   а
   — угрожаю­щий; threatful
   а
   — грозный.

3. to
   resist v
   —
   сопротивляться, противостоять,
   удержаться от (с отрицанием); phr
   —
   he
   could not resist laughing —
   он не мог удержаться от смеха; resistance
   п
   — сопротивление, противодействие, phr
   —
   to
   offer resistance —
   оказывать со­противление, to
   take the line of least resistance —
   идти no
   линии
   наименьшего сопротивления.

4. to
   ally v
   —
   соединять, объединиться в союз; an
   ally n
   —
   со­юзник, an
   alliance n
   —
   союз; allied
   a
   —
   союзнический, при­соединившийся;
   phr
   —
   to
   be allied (to) —
   быть связанным, близким.

5. to
   coincide v
   —
   совпадать, соответствовать; coincidence
   n
   ~ совпадение,
   соответствие, случайное стечение
   обстоя­тельств; coincident
   а
   — совпадающий, соответствующий.

6. to
   supply v
   —
   снабжать, поставлять; phr
   —
   to
   supply somebody with something —
   поставлять кому-либо что-либо, to
   supply something to somebody —
   поставлять что-либо кому-либо; supply
   n
   —
   снабжение, поставка, предложение;
   (экон.) phr
   —demand
   and supply —
   спрос и предложение. 7. to
   appeal v
   —
   апеллировать, взывать; phr
   —
   to
   appeal to reason —
   взывать к здравому смыслу; an
   appeal a
   —
   призыв,
   привлекательность, обращение к кому-либо
   (to
   sb), просьба
   о чем-либо (for
   something); appealing а
   — привлекательный.

WORDS
AND WORD COMBINATIONS

наращивание
ядерных воору­жений

возникнуть,
появиться

более
того

в
конце концов

во
многих отношениях

уступить
чему-либо, сдаться

и
наоборот

в
отличие от

контролировать

Work
in pairs. Do
you think the following statements are true.
or
false?

• The
  super power era had been marked by East-West rivalry that led to a
  nuclear build-up and threatened to destroy the planet.

• The
  post Cold-War world order appeared to pass its first series of
  major tests with ease.

■ A
bipolar world has given way to a unipolar world with the USA playing
the role of the ^world’s police forces.

• The
  USA is a disinterested world power.

• The
  very idea of a new world order might be a piece of historical
  engineering aimed at safeguarding US interests.

• It’s
  doubtless that the USA has the economic resources to sustain its
  global role.

• The
  existence of an external threat promotes internal cohesion.

• Discuss/check
  your considerations with the rest of the class

SCAN
reading: look
through the text to find answers to the true/false
statements.

TEXT
1:
A
NEW WORLD ORDER

The
birth of the post-Cold-War world was accompanied by a wave of
optimism and idealism. The superpower era had been marked by
East-West rivalry that extended across the globe and led to a
nuclear buildup that threatened to destroy the planet. As communism
collapsed in eastern Europe, and Soviet power was in retreat both
domestically and internationally, ‘one world’ speaking with ‘one
voice’ appeared to have come into existence. The ‘new world order’
was going to be based not on ideological conflict and a balance of
terror, but on a common recognition of international norms and
standards of morality. Central to this emerging world order was the
recognition of the need to settle disputes peacefully, to resist
aggression and expansionism, to control and reduce military
arsenals, and to ensure the just treatment of domestic populations
through respect for human rights. What is more, the post-Cold-War
world order appeared to pass its first series of major tests with
ease.

Iraq’s
annexation of Kuwait in August 1990 led to the construction of a
broad western and Islamic alliance which, through the Gulf War of
1991, brought about the expulsion of Iraqi forces. The
disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991 saw the first use of the
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) (renamed the
Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in
December 1994) as a mechanism for tackling international crises,
leading to hopes that it would eventually replace both the Warsaw
Pact and NATO.

In
many ways, the linchpin of the hoped-for new world order was the
USA. A bipolar world order had given way to a unipolar one, with the
USA, the only power with the military capacity and political
authority to intervene effectively, playing the role of the ‘world’s
police force’.

There
are several reasons, however, for questioning this image of
USA-sponsored international fraternity and world peace. In the first
place, there are those who challenge the idea that the USA is a
disinterested world power, and doubt that there is anything ‘new’
about the new world order. For example, the anti-Iraq coalition of
1990—91 perhaps only reflected the fact that US and broader
western concerns about oil supplies coincided with regional
anxieties amongst Islamic powers such as Syria and Saudi Arabia
about a ‘Greater Iraq’. In other words, rhetoric about international
law and national sovereignty merely camouflaged power politics and
the pursuit of national interest. The very idea of a new world order
might, indeed, be a piece of historical engineering aimed at
safeguarding US interests and maintaining the USA’s mastery of the
global economy.

There
are also doubts about the capacity of the USA to play the role of
the world’s police force, even if this were thought to be desirable.
In the first place, preponderant nuclear power does not always
translate into effective military capacity. At a deeper level,
however, it is questionable whether the USA has the economic
resources to sustain its global role, particularly in a context of
relative decline highlighted by the economic resurgence of Japan and
Germany. One manifestation of this has been an upsurge in
isolationism. How long will Americans be prepared to pay the price
of the USA being ‘number one’? In the same way as after the First
World War, the idea of the USA disengaging itself from international
affairs (‘leaving the world to sort itself out’) has come to have a
potent appeal in the USA, and this may grow still stronger.

Further
stresses within the new world order have been generated by the
releasing of tensions and conflicts that the Cold War had helped to
keep under control. The existence of an external threat (be it
international communism or capitalist encirclement) promotes
internal cohesion and gives societies a sense of purpose and
identity. To some extent, for instance, the West defined itself
through antagonism towards the East, and vice versa. There is
evidence that, in many states, the collapse of the external threat
has helped to unleash centrifugal pressures, usually in the form of
racial, ethnic and regional tensions.

As
opposed to the world being policed and orderly, the emerging
international scene seems to be typified by lawlessness and
inaction; it appears to resemble more a new world disorder. This
may, indeed, be the natural condition of a multipolar world order.
Whereas bipolarism is structured, albeit by mutual hostility,
muftipolarism creates more fluid and less predictable conditions in
which major actors are unclear about their roles and
responsibilities. Thus the USA, a German-led Europe, Russia, Japan
and South East Asian ‘tigers’, China, and possibly the Islamic world
are all engaged in redefining themselves as international actors
freed from the straight-jacket that superpower rivalry imposed.
However, the very instability of post-Cold-War politics illustrates
its transitionary character. The USA-USSR superpower period may have
passed, but a new and stable world order has yet to come into
existence. The central question is whether this order will come
about through cooperation, engineered by international bodies such
as the UN and the EU, or whether it will he imposed through economic
domination and military force.

AFTER-READING
activity

• Read
the text in more depth to do the ‘After-reading exercises’

Ex.
1.
Comprehension
check

1. What
   was the superpower era marked by?

2. What
   were the preconditions for a new world order?

3. What
   is it based on and what is central to this emerging world order?

4. Give
   examples of its first successful tests.

5. Why
   was the USA considered to be the linchpin of the hoped-for new
   world order?

6. List
   the reasons for questioning this image of the USA.

7. What
   have new stresses within the new world order been generated by?

8. Why
   may a new world disorder be the natural condition of a multipolar
   world?

9. Name
   the main international actors who are redefining themselves and
   their roles in the new world order.

10. What
    is the central question to a new and stable world order?

Ex.
2:
Terminology

A. Learn
the terminology:

globalisation
—
глобализация superpower
—
сверхдержава isolationism
—
изоляционизм power
politics —
силовая политика cold
war —
холодная война free
trade —
свободная торговля

B. Match
the notions with the definitions:

• …
  the
  policy of withdrawal from international affairs and, in particular,
  avoiding political or military commitment to other states.

• …
  a
  system of trading between states not restricted by tariffs or other
  forms of protectionism.

• …
  a
  state with preponderant nuclear military capacity and global
  territorial influence; it is higher than a ‘great power’.

• …
  the
  emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that means that
  our lives are increasingly shaped by events that occur, and
  decisions that are made at a great distance from us.

• …
  the
  period of political, economic and cultural and military rivalry
  between the USA —
  dominated
  West and the USSR ~ dominated East that extended from 1945
  to
  the collapse of communism in 1989—91.

• …
  an
  approach to politics, based on the assumption that the pursuit of
  power is the principal human goal.

• Work
  with the dictionary and consult the text to do exer­cises 3,
  4

Ex.
3.
Translate
from English into Russian

Soviet
power was in retreat both domestically and internationally;
standards of morality; to pass its first series of major tests with
ease; it brought about the expulsion of Iraqi forces; to tackle
international crises; the linchpin of the hoped-for new world order
was the USA; the pursuit of national interest; a piece of historical
engineering; to sustain its global role; an upsurge in isolationism;
it promotes internal cohesion; to unleash centrifugal pressures; the
world being policed and orderly; to be typified by lawlessness and
inaction; less predictable conditions.

Ex.
4.
Translate
from Russian into English

Падение
коммунизма; предусматривать; всеобщее
признание международных норм; решать
конфликты мирным путем; со­кратить
военные арсеналы; справедливое обращение
с местным населением; путем уважения
прав человека; присоединение (ан­нексия);
переименовать; одно (двух) полярный
мир; братство; маскировать; среди
(между); охранять интересы государства;
со­хранить господство США в экономике;
относительный спад в экономике;
возрождение экономики Японии; хотя и;
взаимная нраждебность.

Кх.
5. Fill
in the gaps in column ‘A’ with the topical vocabulary units from
column ‘B’, making all necessary changes

‘A’ ⁽B’

1.
The
island …
for
about seven a. to come into existence

miles.

b. to extend

c. to a certain extent, vice versa

The
word ‘polities’ … in Ancient Grece, literally meaning city-state.

During
the Cold War, the West defined itself… through antagonism towards
the East and

to contradict, to reconcile

to appeal, to resist, threat

to coincide to ally

8.

9.

10.

era

to
give way

to
offer, resistance

Collapse
of communism in Eastern Europe … with the Soviet power retreat
both domestically and intemationaly. The heart of politics is often
portrayed as a process of conflict resolution, in which rival views
first … each other, but then… Peace advocates… to all
realistically minded politicians to … any … to peace. All peace
seeking countries… in the UN right after the II World War.

The policy of the Cold War soon … to the policy of detente. His
opponent … but slight… The noun ‘epoch’ means …

J-

Ex.
6.
Learn
the following synonyms of the noun «threat», give their
derivatives and make up sentences with them

A
threat —
a
warning, pending evil (he threatened to retaliate); A danger —
likelihood
(of falling on ice); A menace —
a
danger (but of hostile character); A jeopardy —
extreme
danger; A peril —
imminent
great danger;

Hazard
—
a
risk, a chance (uncontrollable) of danger; occupational hazard —
профессиональный риск.

Ex.
7.
Find
the words with the prefixes «multi», «uni», «bi» in the text,
learn them and look up some other words with the same prefixes

Ex.
8. Fill in the blanks with ‘pmerl,
‘___!,
‘strength*

1.
The USA, the only … with the military capacity and political
authority to intervene ‘was playing the role of the worlds’ police
…

1. Preponderant
   nuclear … does not always translate into effective military
   capacity.

2. The
   super … era was marked by the East-West rivalry that extended
   across the globe.

3. As
   communism collapsed in Eastern Europe, Soviet … was in retreat
   both domestically and internationally.

4. The
   broad western and Islamic alliance brought about the expulsion of
   Iraqi … from Kuweit.

5. The
   … of the political party lies in its unity.

6. The
   USA-USSR super … period may have passed, but a new and stable
   world order has yet to come into reality.

7. There
   are also doubts about the capacity of the USA to play the role of
   the world’s police …

8. It
   is questionable whether the USA has the economic resources to
   sustain its global role, though it has, no doubt, gathered enough
   …

9. The
   linchpin of the hoped-for new world was the USA on the … of its
   beeing the only … with the military capacity and political
   authority to play the role of the ‘world’s police …’

10. The
    central question is whether a new world order will come about
    through cooperation or whether it will be imposed through military
    …

11. International
    small and medium-sized enterprises will need a partner who knows
    mainland China well and this fits in perfectly with Hong Kong’s …

Kx.
9.
Paraphrase
the underlined parts of the sentences, using the topical vocabulary

]
The issue of
piling up
nuclear weapons was considered by the

participants
of the conference. They definitely denounced it as

the
main menace
to peace. 2.
The
UN Charter came
into force
in 1945. i The orator was right to
a great degree
but I could not say that

his
main conclusions reflected mine. I The country occupies a vast
territory spreading
over
hundreds of

kilometers
from the North to the South, v The rebels failed to stand
against
well-trained and well-armed

military
units and finally yielded.
(>.
In
many respects,
the resolution was calling to reason. 7. The UN Security Council
called
on
the warring groups to put

an
end to the hostilities. v
All
the members of the union
demonstrated complete unanimity

of
views, their reactions to the draft treaty being very much the

same.

1. The
   World Health Organisation (WHO) provMes
   poor countries with the basic medicine and medical equipment.

2. The
   UN is a
   voluntary union
   of world
   countries
   struggling for a
   lasting
   universal peace.

Ex.
10. Watch the meaning of the verb ‘must!, translate the sentences
into Russian

1. The
   delegation must
   be
   at the airport two hours before the plane’s departure.

2. You
   must
   be
   very careless if you forgot to warn them about that.

3. The
   conference must
   consider
   the problems of the post -Cold — War world.

4. They
   must
   he considering
   the question of resisting potential threats to peace now.

5. Their
   opinions must
   have
   coincided
   as both of them spoke for the resolution.

6. These
   consumer goods must
   be supplied
   to the hot spot without any delay.

7. They
   must
   have been extending
   the expiration date of my visa till I finally arrived.

8. The
   UN
   sanctions
   against Iraq must
   have been brought about by
   Iraq’s annexation of Kuwait in 1990.

9. We
   must
   know
   that the existence of an external threat promotes internal cohesion
   and gives societies a
   sense
   of purpose and identity.

10. You
    must
    know
    nothing about it, if you say that the USA has no economic resources
    to sustain its global role.

Ex,
11. Use the correct form of the Infinitive

1. The
   book must (be) worth reading if it is so highly recommended.

2. They
   must (keep) this region under control for a long time.

3. The
   question must (discuss) already. They are not arguing about it any
   longer.

4. He
   must (take) the line of least resistance. He was no longer
   challenging his future.

5. Judging
   by his decision to stay in the country for another fortnight, we
   came to the conclusion that his visa must (extend).

6. The
   participants must (discuss) the possibility of forging an alliance
   and taking further joint actions now.

7. He
   put his signature to the document. He must (persuade) by solid
   arguments and facts.

1. All
   peace —
   loving
   countries must (join) their efforts in the struggle for peace.

2. The
   chairman appealed to the delegates to resist further nuclear
   prolifiration and must (succeed) in it as most of them voted for
   the resolution.

3. The
   collapse of the external threat must (help) to unleash centrifugal
   pressures in the form of racial, ethnic and regional tensions.

4. Even
   minimalist definitions of democracy offered by political scientists
   usually include a stipulation that such liberties as freedoms of
   speach, association, and assembly must (to maintain) at least to
   the extent necessary to make possible open electoral competition.

5. Those
   who believe that the future must inevitably (to be) socialist tend
   to be very old, or very marginal to the real political discourse of
   their societies.

Ex.
12.
Paraphrase
the following sentences using ‘musн’

1. There
   is no doubt that the very idea of a new one-polar world is a piece
   of historical engineering aimed at safeguarding the USA interests.

2. There
   is no doubt that a bipolar world order had given way to a unipolar
   one by that time.

3. He
   is a well-known politician. He has obviously been dealing with
   questions of international politics for a long time.

4. Evidently
   they are getting ready for another supply of arms.

5. The
   reaction of the audience was surely far from warm. The suggestion
   didn’t get any support.

6. Evidently
   the troops were resisting the enemy with all their might.

7. No
doubt, they are still keeping the area under control.
Ex.
13,
Translate
from Russian into English

I.
Главная особенность процесса глобализации
заключается в том, что территориальные
границы, существующие между национальными
государствами, имеют все меньшее
значе­ние,

1.
Это,
однако, ни в коей мере не означает, что
«местное» или «национальное» вторичны
(to
be subordinate to) от
«глобального». Напротив, последнее еще
больше подчерки­вает (highlight)
углубление
и расширение политического процесса
в том смысле (in
the sense), что
местные, регио­нальные, национальные,
международные и глобальные со­бытия
связаны между собой и оказывают влияние
друг на друга.

1. В
   результате враждебности между двумя
   сверх державами ОБСЕ практически сразу
   после своего создания в 1975 г. была
   оттеснена на обочину (to
   sideline) политической
   жиз­ни мира.

2. По
   мере возникновения новых форм волнений
   (unrest)
   и
   нестабильности первоначальные надежды
   (the
   early promise of) на
   международную гармонию и сотрудничество
   оказа­лись иллюзорными (to
   prove to be ьlusory).

3. США
   по многим соображениям рассматривались
   как глав­ная опора ожидаемого нового
   мира.’

4. Однако
   есть целый ряд соображений, по которым
   можно поставить под сомнение
   инициированный США образ ме­ждународного
   братства и мира во всем мире.

5. Есть
   также сомнения относительно способности
   США иг­рать роль мирового полицейского,
   даже если это и счита­лось бы
   желательным. Большой вопрос, есть ли
   у США достаточные экономические
   ресурсы, чтобы сохранять свое глобальное
   лидерство, особенно в контексте его
   некоторого снижения в связи с
   экономическим возрождением Японии и
   Германии.

6. Нео-идеализм
   — это взгляд (perspective
   оп)
   на международ­ную политику, который
   подчеркивает практическую цен­ность
   морали и, в частности, уважение прав
   человека и на­циональной независимости.

7. Интернационализм
   — это теория и практика политики,
   ос­нованной на транснациональном и
   глобальном сотрудни­честве.

8. Баланс
   сил
   — система (a
   pattern) взаимодействия
   между го­сударствами, которая
   стремится (to
   tend) обуздать
   (to
   curb) агрессию
   и экспансионизм, доказывая их
   несостоятель­ность (rendering
   them impracticable).

9. Нео-реализм
   — это взгляд на международную политику,
   который меняет модель силовой политики,
   подчеркивая (highlighting)
   структурные
   ограничения (constrains),
   сущест­вующие
   в международной системе.

10. Суверенитет,
    в самом упрощенном смысле (in
    its simplest sense) —
    это принцип абсолютной и неограниченной
    вла­сти.

Ex.
14.
Translate
the text into Russian paying attention to the underlined words
(economy/ecmomifes,
e_
орщщсд,
economic)

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #

I. COMPUTERS

The use of computers

Just as television has extended human sight across the barriers of time and distance,
so the computers extend the power of the human mind across the existing barriers.

They save a lot of time. They seldom make mistakes. It’s much faster and easier to
surf the Internet than to go to the library.

In the last 10 years or so, most large businesses have become completely depended on
computers for storing and looking an information, for writing and calculating financial
and mathematical information.

Computers within a single office or building may be connected, and they there fore form
a network. Users of computers on a network can send messages to each other utilizing the
same collections of data or information. In many offices and organizations computer
message have replaced messages written on paper, and they are now called e-mail or
electronic mail.

E-mail is a great invention, too. It’s faster than sending a letter and cheaper than
sending a telegram.

E-mail saves paper and the work of moving paper from one place to another. Workers can
send and receive e-mail without leaving their desks and their desktop computers. But
computers have some disadvantages. Computers can get viruses. Sometimes the wrong people
can make use of the information available in the wrong way. Computers become out of date
very quickly, they need to be replaced.

Words and word combinations:

to extend-продлевать, расширять

existing-существование

within-в пределах

to utilize-использовать, перерабатывать

to replace-ставить, заменять

Give the English equivalents for:

Расширять способности человеческого мозга,
существующие барьеры, экономить время, делать
ошибки, полностью зависит от компьютера,
просматривать информацию, посылать сообщения,
заменять сообщения, великое изобретение, не
покидая своего места, посылать и получать
электронную почту, использовать информацию
неправильно, устаревать, нуждаться в замене.

Answer the questions:

1.What advantages of computer do you know?

2.Why have most large businesses become completely depended on computers?

3.How do we use the e-mail?

4.What disadvantages of computers do you know?

Computers at school

Information science with the ideas and message of
processing and storing information is of great importance today. That’s why computer
technology must be told in secondary school. The new subject “basic information
science”, and “computing machine” was introduсed for the siner forms at
schools. The pupils teach computers to resolve school problems. Contact with the machine
increases the interest in learning, makes them more serious about studying new subject.
School computers are used not only for studying information science, but also examinations
purposes. Young people who finish the school must be trained to operate computers.

Words and word combinations:

a message of processing-средство обработки

a storing of information-собрание информации

to introduce-вводить

to use-использовать

to increase-увеличивать

a purpose-намерение, цель

to train-обучать

Give the English equivalents for:

Информационная наука, средство развития,
компьютерная технология, стимулировать интерес
к обучению, делать более серьезным обучение
новым предметам, для изучения информатики.

Answer the questions:

1. Why is information science very important today?

2. Why do the pupils teach the computers at school?

3. What increases the interest of learning?

4. Where are school computers used?

Computers in medicine

Computers are one of great importance in modern hospital. The chief use of computers is
the storing and sorting the medical knowledge which has been enquired in the last 50
years. No doctor can possible keep up with all discoveries. The only solution of the
problem is store medical knowledge in a computer. Today there are medical computer centers
were all existing knowledge of symptoms of various diseases and of their treatment is
stored. Doctors feed data on symptoms in the computer and get the necessary information on
correct diagnostics and treatment.

Words and word combinations:

a chief use-основная цель использования

to discovery – открытие

a solution – решение

an existing knowledge – существующие решения

a symptom – симптом

the various diseases – различные болезни

a treatment – лечение

to feed – подавать, нагнетать

diagnostic – диагностический

Give the English equivalents for:

в современной больнице, накопление медицинских
знаний, хранить открытия, решение проблемы,
существующие знания о симптомах различных
болезней, лечение болезней, подавать данные о
симптомах в компьютер, получить необходимую
информацию, правильная диагностика и лечение.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the chief use of computers in modern hospital?

2. What is the only solution of the medical problem?

3. What are there in the medical computer centers today?

4. Why do doctors feed data on symptoms in the computer?

II. INTERNET

The Internet

The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the
world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to
survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path
available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet
will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between
them.

This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers
on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will
just route around them. One such packet-switching network already survived a war. It was
the Iraq computer network, which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.

Most Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the rest
are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be
counted fairy accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet. There are
millions and their number is growing by thousands each month world-wide.

The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of people, who have access to the
Internet, use the networks only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other
popular services are available on the Internet: reading news, using the World Wide Web,
telnet etc.

Words and word combinations:

a network-нейронная сеть

to embrace-соединять

to survive-пережить

a nuclear war-ядерная война

a path-путь

a single route-единственный маршрут

a packet switching-пакетная коммутация

owing to-вследствие, благодаря

a nuclear explosion-ядерный взрыв

to knock out-выключать

a fairy accurately-сказочно точно

an access-доступ

a reliable alternative-надежная альтернатива

a fee-плата

the wireless station-радиостанция

drastically-решительно

to transmit-передавать

constantly-постоянно

to intercept-прерывать

encoding-зашифрованный

to conduct transaction-вести дела

host-множество

Give the English equivalents for:

Глобальная компьютерная сеть, ядерная война,
самый короткий путь, пакетная коммуникация,
выключать, самая популярная служба Интернета,
иметь доступ в Интернет, посылать электронную
почту, решительное увеличение, передавать
сообщение, постоянно перехватывать,
зашифрованные программы, вести сделки по
Интернету.

Answer the questions:

1.What is the Internet?

2.Where did the Internet begin?

3.Why was the Internet designed?

4.What is the most popular Internet service?

5.How do people use the Internet?

6.How can the commercial users communicate over the Internet?

The Internet as a source of information

Computers play a very important part in our life. They help people in their work and
studies. They save us a lot of time. While at school I often made use of the Internet to
collect information for my test papers and compositions. Computers give access to a lot of
information. It is possible to find data and descriptions, chapters from necessary
books… to make a long story short, everything you need. The Internet, a global computer
network, which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States
in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive in a nuclear war. Information
sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another.
Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United States, while the
rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers
can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet.
There are millions and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide. Users of
computers on a network can send messages to each other, utilizing the same collections of
data or information. In many offices and organizations computer messages have replaced
messages written on paper, and they are now called e-mail or electronic mail. E-mail is
not only fast and easy (if you understand how to use the computer), but it also saves
paper and the work of moving paper from one place to another. Workers can send and receive
e-mail without leaving their desks and their desktop computers. The Internet may provide
businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunication
systems of their communities. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the
rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. But saving money is only the first step. If
people see that they can make money from the Internet, they increase the commercial use of
this network. For example, some American banks and companies conduct transactions over the
Internet. So, you see that the Internet is an inseparable part of our life.

Words and word combinations:

an access-доступ

accurately-точно

to utilize-использовать

to replace-вернуть

inseparable-неотделимый

to keep up-быть в курсе

Give the English equivalents for:

Экономить время, собирать информацию, найти
любую информацию, глобальная компьютерная сеть,
послать информацию по Интернету, посылать
сообщения друг другу, общаться по Интернету,
совершать сделки по Интернету.

Answer the questions:

1.How does the computer help pupils at school?

2.Is it comfortable to send messages to each other?

3. How do the commercial users use the Internet?

4.How do the American banks use the Internet?

5.Why does the American bank use the Internet?

Scientific and Technological Progress

It’s difficult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our life. They
accelerate the development of civilization and help us in our co-operation with nature.
Scientists investigate the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of nature, and apply
their knowledge in practice improving the life of people.

Let’s compare our life nowadays with the life of people at the ‘beginning of the 20th
century. It has changed beyond recognition. Our ancestors hadn’t the slightest idea of the
trivial things created by the scientific progress that we use in our every day life. I
mean refrigerators, TV sets, computers, microwave ovens, radio telephones, what not. They
would seem miracle to them that made our life easy, comfortable and pleasant. On the other
hand, the great inventions of the beginning of the 20th century, I mean radio, aeroplanes,
combustion and jet engines have become usual things and we can’t imagine our life without
them.

A century is a long period for scientific and technological progress, as it’s rather
rapid. Millions of investigations, the endless number of outstanding discoveries have been
made. Our century has had several names that were connected with a certain era in science
and technology. At first it was called the atomic age due to the discovery of the
splitting of the atom. Then it became the age of the conquest of space when for the first
time in the history of mankind a man overcame the gravity and entered the Universe. And
now we live in the information era when the computer network embraces the globe and
connects not only the countries and space stations but a lot of people all over the world.
All these things prove the power and the greatest progressive role of science in our life.

But every medal has its reverse. And the rapid scientific progress has aroused a number
of problems that are a matter of our great concern. These are ecological problems, the
safety of nuclear power stations, the nuclear war threat, and the responsibility of a
scientist.

But still we are grateful to the outstanding men of the past and the present who have
courage and patience to disclose the secrets of the Universe.

Words and word combinations:

to accelerate-ускорить

to investigate-исследовать

a universe-вселенная

to apply-обращаться

to improve-улучшать

an ancestor-предок

a combustion-сгорание

a miracle-чудо

rapid-быстрый

splitting-сильная

a conquest-покорение

a mankind-человечество

to overcome-преодолеть

a gravity-серьезность

to reverse-переставлять

to arouse-вызывать

a concern-интерес

a treat-развлечение

a courage-смелость

to disclose-обнаруживать

Give the English equivalents for:

Ускорять развитие цивилизации, исследовать
законы вселенной, изменяться до неузнавания,
казаться чудом, век завоевании космоса, впервые в
истории человечества, выходить во вселенную,
пробуждать большое количество проблем, причина
интереса, иметь храбрость и терпение, обнаружить
секреты.

Answer the questions:

1. What accelerates the development of civilization and helps us in our cooperation
with nature?

2. How did our life change from the beginning of the 20th century?

3. What names has our century?

4. What outstanding discoveries in our century do you know?

5. What problems has the rapid scientific progress?