Word with suffix ing

В этой статье мы разберем один из аспектов словообразования в английском языке, а именно — слова с окончанием ing. Инговое окончание в английском играет важную роль в грамматике. Мы расскажем, когда добавляется окончание ing, что оно означает, а также приведем конкретные примеры.

Окончание ing в английском языке может быть у четырех частей речи:

-отглагольных существительных

-глаголов временной группы Continuous

-причастий первого типа

-герундия

Разберем последовательно все случаи.

 

Окончание ing отглагольных существительных

Как понятно из названия, речь пойдет о существительных, образованных от глаголов. В русском языке тоже есть такие примеры. Бег (от глагола бежать), чтение (от глагола читать), пение (от глагола петь).

Примеры отглагольных существительных с окончанием ing:

reading — чтение (от to read — читать)

smoking — курение (от to smoke — курить)

singing — пение (от to sing — петь)

meeting — встреча (от to meet — встречать, встречаться)

В предложении существительные, образованные от глаголов, выступают в качестве подлежащих или дополнений.

Примеры предложений с отглагольными существительными:

My hobby is reading. Чтение — мое хобби.

Smoking is prohibited in our office. В нашем офисе курение запрещено.

Singing is interesting but difficult for me. Пение для меня интересно, но трудно.

She will never forget their first meeting. Она никогда не забудет их первую встречу.

 

Как присоединяется окончание ing?

Прежде чем перейти ко второму случаю употребления ing в английском, давайте остановимся на правилах добавления окончания инг к словам.

Окончание ing добавляется как к правильным, так и к неправильным глаголам, и во всех случаях произносится как слог [iŋ].

 

1. Если глагол оканчивается на немую гласную букву е, то эта буква убирается.

Например:

write — writing (писать — письмо (процесс написания)

close — closing (закрывать — закрытие)

smoke — smoking (курить — курение)

1. Если глагол оканчивается на гласную букву y, то окончание ing добавляется после у.

copy — copying (копировать — копирование)

study — studying (изучать — изучение)

buy — buying (покупать — покупая)

 

1. В случаях, когда глагол оканчивается на закрытый слог под ударением, то конечная согласная удваивается.

spin — spinning (вращать — вращение)

plan — planning (планировать — планирование)

get — getting (получать — получая)

 

Если ударение стоит не на предшествующем гласном звуке или этот гласный звук является долгим, то при добавлении окончания ing удвоения согласных не происходит.  Например: work — working (работать — работа), count — counting (считать — счет).

 

1. В британском английском в словах, оканчивающихся на букву l, перед которой стоит короткий гласный звук, при добавлении окончания ing буква l удваивается.

travel — travelling (путешествовать — путешествие)

 

1. Если глагол оканчивается на букву r в ударном слоге, то r также удваивается.

prefer — preferring (предпочитать — предпочитание)

 

1. Слова, образование которых, нужно запомнить:

lie — lying (врать — ложь)

die — dying (умирать — умирая)

tie — tying (завязывать — завязывая)

age — ageing (стареть — старение)

ski — skiing (кататься на лыжах — катание на лыжах)

see — seeing (видеть — видя)

agree — agreeing (соглашаться — соглашаясь)

Во всех остальных случаях окончание ing добавляется без изменения исходного слова.

Глаголы с инговым окончанием во временах группы Continuous

Времена группы Continuous выражают факт какого-то действия, подчеркивая длительность процесса, а не его результат.

Предложения в длительном времени образуются по следующей схеме:

Подлежащее + to be в соответствующей форме и времени + сказуемое с окончанием ing + дополнения.

Present Continuous обозначает действие, которое происходит в настоящем времени, в момент речи или в конкретное время, и образуется следующим образом: подлежащее + am, is, are + глагол с ing + дополнения.

I am reading a book now. Я сейчас читаю книгу.

Children are playing piano every day from 2 till 3 o’clock. Дети каждый день играют на фортепиано с 2 до 3 часов.

Past Continuous обозначает действие, которое длилось какое-то время ранее и завершено к моменту речи. Схема образования Past Continuous: подлежащее + was, were + глагол с ing + дополнения.

I was sleeping when you called me. Я спал, когда ты мне позвонил.

They were playing tennis at this time yesterday. Вчера в это время они играли в теннис.

Future Continuous используется, когда мы говорим о действии в будущем времени, которое будет протекать в определенное время. Схема образования Future Continuous: подлежащее + will be + глагол с ing + дополнения.

Next Saturday at this time I will be swimming in the ocean. В это время в следующую субботу я буду купаться в океане.

My mother will be cooking when I come home. Моя мама будет готовить, когда я приду домой.

Также глаголы с инговым окончанием употребляются во временах группы Perfect Continuous. Рассмотрим настоящее, прошедшее и будущее время в Perfect Continuous.

Present Perfect Continuous используется в случаях, когда действие началось в прошлом, но продолжается до сих пор. Настоящее совершенное длительное время образуется: подлежащее + have/has + been + глагол с ing + дополнения.

I have been doing this for three days. Я делаю это уже 3 дня.

It has been snowing for a week. Уже неделю идет снег.

Past Perfect Continuous употребляется для обозначения действия, которое протекало и завершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Прошедшее совершенное длительное время образуется: подлежащее + had + been + глагол с ing + дополнения.

Marry had been talking on the phone for an hour when her husband entered the room. Мэри разговаривала по телефону уже час, когда ее муж вошел в комнату.

When I woke up my mother had been cooking breakfast for half an hour. Когда я проснулся, моя мама уже пол часа как готовила завтрак.

Future Perfect Continuous используется для обозначения действия, которое будет протекать и иметь некий результат на определенный момент в будущем.

Будущее совершенное длительное время образуется следующим образом:

подлежащее + will + have been + глагол с ing + дополнения.

My grandparents will have been living together for 60 years next year. В следующем году будет 60 лет, как мои бабушка и дедушка живут вместе.

When you visit us in January, I and my brother will have been studying English for seven months. Когда вы навестите нас в январе, мы с братом будем изучать английский уже 7 месяцев.

 

Окончание ing у причастий первого типа

Причастие в английском языке — это неличная форма глагола. Participle I или причастие первого типа образуется добавлением к глаголу окончания ing. В русском языке Participle I соответствует причастию или деепричастию. В английском языке деепричастия, как отдельной части части речи, нет.

Participle I используется в следующих случаях:

1. Для определения действия, которое происходит параллельно и одновременно с глаголом-сказуемым. В данном случае глагол с инговым окончанием переводится деепричастием и отвечает на вопрос «Что делая?».

I often call my friends while walking in the park . Гуляя в парке, я часто звоню своим друзьям.

When reading a book he usually writes down interesting thoughts. Читая книгу, он обычно выписывает интересные мысли.

1. Для описания существительного. В этом случае Participle I переводится на русский язык причастием и отвечает на вопросы «какой?», «какая?», «какие?».  

The boy standing in the gate is my brother. Мальчик, стоящий в воротах — мой брат.

I can’t forget the girl sitting by the window during the concert. Я не могу забыть девушку, сидевшую у окна во время концерта.

Герундий с окончанием ing в английском языке

Герундий — это неличная форма глагола, которая образуется добавлением к глаголу окончания ing, и сочетает в себе признаки глагола и существительного. Переводиться на русский язык герундий может различными частями речи. Соответственно он может выступать и разными членами предложения.

I enjoy spending time with my family. Мне нравится проводить время вместе с семьей.

She likes painting. Ей нравится рисовать.

Thank you for helping. Спасибо, что помогли.

He left the room without shaking our hands. Он вышел, не пожав нам руки.

В английском языке ряд глаголов требует употребления после себя герундия. Приведем основные из них:

Admit — признавать

Avoid — избегать

Carry on — продолжать

Consider — рассматривать, считать

Delay — откладывать

Deny — отрицать

Discuss — обсуждать

Enjoy — наслаждаться

Escape — избежать

Finish — заканчивать

Imagine — представлять

Involve — вовлекать

Look forward to — с нетерпением ждать (чего-либо)

Postpone — откладывать

Resist — сопротивляться, противиться

Suggest — предполагать

Understand — понимать

Рассмотрим на конкретных примерах:

I avoid answering embarrassing questions. Я избегаю отвечать на неловкие вопросы.

He often delays doing homework. Он часто откладывает выполнение домашнего задания.

We enjoy playing basketball. Нам нравится играть в баскетбол.

She postponed returning to Moscow. Она отложила возвращение в Москву.

He suggests writing them. Он предлагает написать им.

Итак, мы разобрали правила употребления окончания ing в английском языке. Теперь вы знаете, в каких случаях оно используется и как переводится на русский язык. В следующих статьях мы подробнее разберем каждый случай отдельно. Удачи в изучении английского языка!

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the Korean film, see …ing.

-ing is a suffix used to make one of the inflected forms of English verbs. This verb form is used as a present participle, as a gerund, and sometimes as an independent noun or adjective. The suffix is also found in certain words like morning and ceiling, and in names such as Browning.

Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

The Modern English -ing ending, which is used to form both gerunds and present participles of verbs (i.e. in noun and adjective uses), derives from two different historical suffixes.

The gerund (noun) use comes from Middle English -ing, which is from Old English -ing, -ung (suffixes forming nouns from verbs). These in turn are from Proto-Germanic *-inga-, *-unga-,^[1] *-ingō, *-ungō, which Vittore Pisani [it] derives from Proto-Indo-European *-enkw-.^[2] This use of English -ing is thus cognate with the -ing suffix of Dutch, West Frisian, the North Germanic languages, and with German -ung.

The -ing of Modern English in its participial (adjectival) use comes from Middle English -inge, -ynge, supplanting the earlier -inde, -ende, -and, from the Old English present participle ending -ende. This is from Proto-Germanic *-andz, from the Proto-Indo-European *-nt-, and is cognate with Dutch and German -end, Swedish -ande, -ende, Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ον (-on), and Sanskrit -ant. -inde, -ende, -and later assimilated with the noun and gerund suffix -ing. Its remnants, however, are still retained in a few verb-derived words such as friend, fiend, and bond (in the sense of «peasant, vassal»).

The standard pronunciation in modern English is /ɪŋ/, with a velar nasal consonant. Variants include /ɪŋg/ (e.g. Northern England), /ɪn/ or /ən/ (widespread) and /i(ː)n/ (mainly US,^[3] but also in Canada^[4]). The variants with /n/ may be denoted in writing with an apostrophe: runnin’ for running. See g-dropping.

Formation[edit]

All English verbs (except for modals and other defective verbs which do not have gerunds or participles) make the inflected form in -ing regularly. Thus go makes going, read makes reading, fail makes failing, and so on. In certain cases there are spelling changes, such as doubling of consonants (as in sit → sitting) or omission of mute e (as in change → changing). It does not apply in the case of monosyllabic words in English that are omitting the mute e (as in be → being, and age becoming ageing or aging). For details of these rules, see English verbs.

Uses[edit]

The -ing form of a verb has both noun uses and adjectival (or adverbial) uses. In either case it may function as a non-finite verb (for example, by taking direct objects), or as a pure noun or adjective. When it behaves as a non-finite verb, it is called a gerund in the noun case, and a present participle in the adjectival or adverbial case. Uses as pure noun or adjective may be called deverbal uses.

The distinctions between these uses are explained in the following sections.

Distinction between gerunds and present participles[edit]

Gerunds and present participles are two types of non-finite verb; the difference is that gerunds are used to produce noun phrases, and participles to produce adjectival or adverbial phrases. This is illustrated in the following examples:

• I like eating cakes.

Here eating is a gerund; the verb phrase eating cakes serves as a noun, being the object of the main verb like.

• I saw him eating a cake.

Here eating is a present participle; the verb phrase eating a cake serves as an adjective, modifying him.

• Trying to succeed makes success more likely.

Here trying is a gerund; the verb phrase trying to succeed serves as a noun, the subject of the main verb makes.

• Trying to get over the fence, he hurt his knee.

Here trying is a present participle; the verb phrase trying to get over the fence has the function of an adverb in the main clause.

Confusion is most likely to arise when the -ing word follows a verb, in which case it may be a predicate adjective and hence a participle, or a direct object (or predicate nominative) and hence a gerund. There are certain transformations that can help distinguish these two cases. In the table that follows, the transformations produce grammatical sentences with similar meanings when applied to sentences with gerunds (since the transformations are based on the assumption that the phrase with the -ing word is a noun phrase). When applied to sentences with participles, they produce ungrammatical sentences or sentences with completely different meanings. (These cases are marked with asterisks.)

Transformation	Gerund use	Participle use
(none)	John suggested asking Bill.	John kept asking Bill.
Passivization	Asking Bill was suggested.	*Asking Bill was kept.
Pronoun substitution	John suggested it.	*John kept it.
Substitution of pure noun	John suggested the asking of Bill.	*John kept the asking of Bill.
Replacement with finite clause	John suggested that Bill be asked.	*John kept that Bill be asked.
Subject marking with possessive	John suggested our asking Bill.	*John kept his asking Bill.
Clefting	Asking Bill is what John suggested.	*Asking Bill is what John kept.
Left dislocation	Asking Bill John suggested.	*Asking Bill John kept.

For more details of the usage of English gerunds and present participles, see Uses of non-finite verbs in English.

Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses[edit]

When used as a gerund or present participle, the -ing form is a non-finite verb, which behaves like a (finite) verb in that it forms a verb phrase, taking typical verb dependents and modifiers such as objects and adverbs. That verb phrase is then used within a larger sentence, with the function of an adjective or adverb (in the case of the participle) or with the function of a noun (in the case of the gerund).

However the same verb-derived -ing forms are also sometimes used as pure nouns or adjectives.^[5] In this case the word does not form a verb phrase; any modifiers it takes will be of a grammatical kind which is appropriate to a noun or adjective respectively.

For example:

• Shouting loudly is rude. (shouting is a gerund, modified by the adverb loudly)
• Loud shouting is something I can’t stand. (shouting is a pure noun, modified by the adjective loud)
• I saw him exciting the crowds. (exciting is a participle, taking the object the crowds)
• It was a very exciting game. (exciting is a pure adjective, modified by very, an adverb typically applied to adjectives)

When used as a pure noun or adjective (i.e. having lost its grammatical verbal character), the -ing form may be called a deverbal noun or deverbal adjective. Terminology varies, however; it may also be called a verbal noun or adjective (on the grounds that it is derived from a verb). In other cases the latter terms may be applied additionally, or exclusively, to gerunds and participles, as well as other non-finite verb forms such as infinitives.

In some situations, the distinction between gerund/participle uses and deverbal uses may be lost, particularly when the -ing word appears on its own. For example, in «I like swimming», it is not clear whether swimming is intended as a gerund (as it would be in «I like swimming fast»), or as a pure noun (as in «I like competitive swimming»). There may be a distinction in meaning between the two interpretations: as a gerund, it means that the speaker likes to swim, while as a pure noun it does not specify in what way the speaker enjoys the activity (as a competitor, spectator, etc.)

The -ing form used as a pure noun usually denotes the action encoded by the verb (either in general or in a particular instance), as in the above examples. However it sometimes comes to take on other meanings, such as a physical object or system of objects: building, fencing, piping, etc.

For more information on the uses of non-finite verbs and verbal nouns, see Uses of non-finite verbs in English.

-ing words in other languages[edit]

English words constructed from verbs with the ending -ing are sometimes borrowed into other languages. In some cases they become pseudo-anglicisms, taking on new meanings or uses which are not found in English. For instance:

• brushing means «blow-dry» in many languages (including Dutch, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish);
• camping means «campsite» in many languages (including Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish);
• footing has been used to mean «jogging» in some languages (including French and Italian)
• parking means «car park» or «parking lot» in many languages (including Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Persian, Polish, Russian, and Spanish);
• lifting means «facelift» in many languages (including Bulgarian, French, German, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Hebrew, and Spanish);
• shampooing means «shampoo» in French (pronounced [ʃɑ̃pwɛ̃]);
• shopping means «shopping mall» in Portuguese and Spanish;.

Some Germanic languages (including Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic) have a native -ing suffix, used mainly to form verbal action nouns, though generally not as productively as in English. For details, see the Wiktionary entry for -ing.

In Balochi the suffix -ağ is used in a similar manner as -ing, by adding the suffix to the first form of a verb in order to construct a continuous verb, or to convert a verb into a noun. For example, war (eat) becomes warağ (eating).

Other meanings of the suffix[edit]

The suffix -ing also has other uses in English, although these are less common. It may be used to form derivative nouns (originally masculine) with the sense «son of» or «belonging to», used as patronymics or diminutives. Examples of this use include surnames like Browning, Channing and Ewing, and common nouns like bunting, shilling, and farthing. The suffix can also mean «having a specified quality», as used in sweeting, whiting, and gelding.

For further details see the Wiktionary entry for -ing.

See also[edit]

• Ng (digraph)

References[edit]

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“-ing” is a common ending of nouns as well as of verbs

SIMILARITY TO GERUNDS

The title of this post may seem a little confusing, since the -ing ending is typical of verbs, not nouns. With verbs, it makes either gerunds or participles (see 71. Gerund and Participle Uses of “-ing”). Since gerunds are like nouns, it may be thought that they are the focus. However, this is not the case – gerunds are examined elsewhere within these pages in 70. Gerunds.

Nouns with -ing resemble gerunds in that most have clearly been made by adding -ing to a verb. However, not all of them have this characteristic, and even those that do also have characteristics not possessed by gerunds. In this post I wish to explore these special characteristics, whilst also providing as many examples as I can of nouns possessing them. The list is surprisingly extensive, this perhaps indicating that -ing should be added to those suffixes that are considered in depth in this blog in 172. Multi-Use Suffixes.

.

DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES

There are both objective and subjective means of recognising an -ing word as a noun rather than gerund. The main objective means is the -ing word being listed separately in a dictionary from any related verb.

A minor objective clue, applicable to just a few words, is the non-existence of a related verb. This is the situation, for example, with awning, evening(s), morning(s), ceiling(s), guttering, hoarding(s), outing(s), tidings and the two nouns in the phrase toing and froing (see 209. Fixed Phrases with “and”). Note that nouns ending with the suffix -ling (= “small” or “close”), such as darling, duckling, fledgling, hireling, inkling, quisling, sapling, sibling and underling, are not included here.

More subjectively, an -ing word is a noun rather than gerund if it cannot logically be used after the gerund-indicating words “the action (or state) of…” (see the discussion of example [i] in 71. Gerund and Participle Uses of “-ing”). This is the case, for example, with a painting meaning “image made with paint” and a liking meaning “usual preference”. One consequence of this feature is that -ing nouns are not a subtype of “action” nouns (which do mean “the action of…”). Action nouns have other endings (see 249. Action Noun Endings).

One other clue, able to help many but not all -ing nouns to be identified, is ability to be plural (i.e. countability). Gerunds usually lack this ability. Thus, if an -ing word is plural, or you know that it can be, you can be fairly sure that it is a noun rather than gerund. Consider this:

(a) Despite numerous failings, the king ruled successfully for 40 years.

Here, failings is not a gerund. The gerund form failing could not be used after numerous: we would instead have to say either much failing or failing numerous times, or use the action noun failures. Failings means not “failures” but “weaknesses”.

Common countable -ing nouns include awakening(s), beginning(s), being(s), blessing(s), booking(s), briefing(s), building(s), christening(s), clearing(s), comings and goings, covering(s), crossing(s), cutting(s), dealings, drawing(s), ending(s), failing(s), feeling(s), filings, finding(s), following(s), gathering(s), happening(s), hearing(s), holding(s), leaning(s), liking, living, longing(s), meaning(s), meeting(s), misgivings, offering(s), opening(s), outgoings, painting(s), proceedings, rating(s), reading(s), recording(s), saying(s), setting(s), shooting(s), shortcoming(s), showing(s), sitting(s), takings, teaching(s), trappings, turning(s), (mis)understanding(s), undertaking(s), upbringing(s), (up)rising(s), warning(s), wedding(s), winnings, workings and writings.

Many of these have a quite unexpected meaning. For example, a clearing is a space without trees in a forest, a living is a means of earning income, and a showing is someone’s performance level in a competition. A shooting is an incident where someone with a gun fires a bullet into someone else – not to be confused with a shoot, which means a hunting expedition or a film-making episode. Further meaning explanations are in a practice exercise below.

Outgoings (= money paid out), shortcomings (= lacks) and upbringing (= childhood nurture and education) correspond to not a verb but a verb + adverb. The corresponding gerunds, going out, coming up short and bringing up, are very different in meaning (see, for example, 290. Ways of Using COME, #18). 

Two words that are not countable -ing nouns are parking and camping. Although both refer to places in some other languages, in English they are only gerunds meaning “the action of…”. To express the place meaning of parking, there must be a suitable following noun, such as lot, area or space. A place for camping is a campsite.

Training is also not a countable -ing noun, but it can be an uncountable one, meaning “fitness resulting from regular exercise”. It cannot by itself refer to the achievement of fitness; for that it needs a partner noun like activity, course, day, event, exercise or session.

Uncountable -ing nouns, which seem less numerous than countable ones, are slightly harder to distinguish from gerunds because of their similar inability to be plural. Common ones are bedding, clothing, colouring, hearing, heating, housing, learning, meaning, piping, reasoning, restructuring, roofing, shopping, seasoning, seating, standing, suffering, teaching, thinking, timing, training, understanding, well-being, wording, writing and wrongdoing.

As an illustration of how uncountable -ing nouns lack the “doing” or “being” meaning of gerunds, learning (gerund meaning = “acquiring knowledge”) just means “knowledge”, as in someone of learning; and reasoning (gerund meaning = “arguing using logic”) means “logic-based evidence”. Thinking (unlike thought) means “rationale”. Well-being (= “happiness and/or prosperity”) resembles outgoings and shortcomings in differing in both form and meaning from the corresponding gerund (being well = “avoiding illness”). For more about shopping, see 165. Confusions of Similar Structures 2, #3. For more about wording, see 236. Tricky Word Contrasts 9, #5.

Some of the words in the above list, it will be seen, also appear in the earlier list of countable -ing nouns. Their meanings are different:

a hearing = an examination of a case in a court of law
hearing = ability to perceive sounds

a meaning = the idea conveyed by a particular message
meaning = the idea conveyed by any message

a teaching = a piece of wise or religious advice
teaching = general doctrine

an understanding = an agreement
understanding = lack of confusion

writings = written compositions with a literary or expository purpose
writing = long-lasting visible linguistic communication

In each case, the uncountable meaning is like a substance and the countable one is a place or situation where the “substance” is involved. This is a distinction that is also able to be made by many nouns without -ing (see 43. Substance Locations).

One -ing word that might also belong in the list above is functioning. It is not listed separately in my dictionary, but I think it does have two meanings. Consider the following:

(b) The functioning of a mobile phone is invisible.

I think this is definitely a gerund use: functioning means the action of operation: what is invisible is any sign of it. By contrast, if invisible is replaced by incomprehensible, functioning means the manner of operation, which seems less gerund-like (see 114. Tricky Word Contrasts 3, #3).

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FURTHER MEANING OBSERVATIONS

It is noticeable that -ing noun meanings compared to gerund ones tend to belong to two particular categories. One, illustrated by the meaning of a clearing, is action outcomes: things created by the gerund action. The space of a clearing in a forest is created through the action of clearing trees away from it.

Additional -ing nouns with this kind of meaning include beginning(s), booking(s), building(s), covering(s), cutting(s), ending(s), filings, finding(s), gathering(s), learning, painting(s), recording(s), shopping, takings, thinking, training, understanding(s), undertaking(s), winnings, wording and writing(s).

The second common meaning category is activity locations. These are things or situations that involve the action (or state) expressed by the gerund – they accompany rather than follow it. Thus, a longing (= “strong continuous desire for something”) is an emotion involving the action of longing for (= desiring) something; and an uprising (= rebellious event) involves people rising up (= rebelling).

Other -ing nouns representing an activity location include awakenings, blessings, briefings, christenings, dealings, turnings, failings, feelings, followings, functioning, happenings, hearing(s), housing, meaning(s), reading(s), showings, seating, sittings, suffering, teaching(s), timing, turnings, well-being and workings.

Note that -ing nouns able to be either countable or uncountable, such as meaning, differ in their own meaning in terms of “substance” and “substance location”, but differ from gerunds in expressing the notion of either “action outcome” or “activity location”. Each of these latter notions is also sometimes expressed by ordinary nouns. For details and numerous examples, see 14. Action Outcomes and 19. Activity Locations.

There are also a few other meanings possible with -ing nouns. Clothing, piping and roofing tend, as resources, to refer to a future rather than existing situation. Standing (= “level of esteem”) involves not so much the act of standing as the place.

Cutting across the two main meaning categories is that of “feature” – something that is a part or characteristic of a person or thing. It is conveyed, for example, by cutting, ending, failing, feeling, functioning, learning, liking, meaning, timing, training, turning, understanding and well-being.

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PRACTICE EXERCISE: MEANINGS OF “-ing” NOUNS

Some of the -ing noun meanings above are quite unpredictable. The following exercise aims to assist their discovery and/or memorization.

Here are some -ing noun meanings. Try to match each with the right noun from the lists above (answers below).

1. The earliest section of a document or episode.
2. An artificial valley excavated for a railway, road or canal.
3. Ability to perform an action at the exactly right moment.
4. Good fortune or divine favour.
5. People who regularly monitor a particular person’s ideas or performances.
6. A wise person’s rules for a happy or rewarding life.
7. Shares or property possessed by a financial speculator.
8. Money earned from sales.
9. A medium carrying repeatable visual and/or aural aspects of a performance.
10. A side street joined onto a main road.
11. Arithmetical operations that helped an answer to be found.
12. A repetition-enhanced physical or mental condition.
13. Repeated visits to the same place.
14. A structure carrying an advertisement.
15. Very small, light pieces of iron
16. An opportunity
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Answers

1 = a beginning;  2 = a cutting;  3 = timing;  4 = a blessing;  5 = a following;  6 = teaching/s or sayings;  7 = a holding;  8 = takings;  9 = a recording;  10 = a turning (see 296. Tricky Word Contrasts 12, #6);  11 = workings;  12 = training;  13. toing and froing or comings and goings;  14 = a hoarding;  15 = (iron) filings;  16 = an opening

What are some words with the suffix ing?

Pages in category “English words suffixed with -ing”

• abearing.
• abhorring.
• abiding.
• ablins.
• aboding.
• absorbing.
• abutting.
• abying.

What’s a word that ends in ing?

Study the word list: words ending in ing

learning	He has a very good attitude towards learning.
jogging	Jogging is a good way to exercise.
sitting	An hour spent sitting and doing nothing is an eternity to a three-year-old. *
walking	Bad luck from walking under ladders is a superstition. *

Why do we use ing?

-ing is a suffix used to make one of the inflected forms of English verbs. This verb form is used as a present participle, as a gerund, and sometimes as an independent noun or adjective. The suffix is also found in certain words like morning and ceiling, and in names such as Browning.

What is the longest word that ends with ING?

16-letter words that end in ing

• misunderstanding.
• undiscriminating.
• microprogramming.
• narcotrafficking.
• indiscriminating.
• phototypesetting.
• nonparticipating.
• nonmanufacturing.

What is the longest real word?

pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

What does Floccinaucinihilipilification mean?

The Oxford Dictionary defines ‘floccinaucinihilipilification’ as “the action or habit of estimating something as worthless”. Ghate is not the first to use ‘floccinaucinihilipilification’ in recent times.

What is a person who loves beauty called?

countable noun. An aesthete is someone who loves and appreciates works of art and beautiful things.

What is a Discophile?

: one who studies and collects phonograph records or CDs.

What does Hippophile mean?

one who loves horses.

How do you use Kakorrhaphiophobia in a sentence?

Example sentences “She suffered an extreme case of Kakorrhaphiophobia.”

What is Xertz?

Pronounced ‘zerts’, it means ‘to gulp something down quickly and/or in a greedy fashion’. In most cases, it is used to describe drinking, but it may also describe someone eating quickly. Example sentence: “As soon as I finished the half marathon I needed to xertz a bottle of water.”

Is Kakorrhaphiophobia common?

Because of their fear, many patients choose to live in total isolation. Serious kakorrhaphiophobia is rare, but we think it’s fair to say that living in today’s competitive society can make us a little kakorrhaphiophobic at times.

How do I know if I have Kakorrhaphiophobia?

Kakorrhaphiophobia is the intense fear of failure. Those exhibiting this phobia may suffer from very low self-esteem and may find themselves to be very anxious. Their anxiety may be paralyzing to the point to where they are unable to challenge themselves even slightly as they are extremely fearful that they will fail.

Оглавление

Когда мы осваиваем английский язык, то помимо грамматических правил нам всегда приходится запоминать значения большого количества английских слов, а также их правописание и произношение. Просто запомнить слова — это еще полдела, ими надо активно пользоваться, в противном случае они быстро выпадают из памяти. Некоторые слова надо, что называется, “вложить в уста”, то есть, проговаривать их при каждом удобном случае, если это “нужные ” (must-have words) слова для устной речи. Некоторые слова просто хранятся в памяти, они не часто произносятся, но при чтении английского текста их значения понятны. То же самое относится и к письменной речи, если надо писать письмо, сочинение или статью на английском языке, то нужные слова должны мгновенно извлекаться из памяти.

Как же запомнить слова и не растерять их по тернистой дороге изучения английского? Способов запоминания слов очень много и каждый может выбрать тот, который больше всего ему нравится, но знание законов словообразования является обязательным для всех без исключения. Просто наобум учить подряд все слова по списку — пустая трата времени. К тому же слова желательно учить не за письменным столом, а «брать» с собой в реальную жизнь в места вашего повседневного пребывания, например, на работу, в школу и в институт, в транспорт, в магазин, на прогулку, в ванную , на кухню, одним словом, туда, где вы проживаете свою жизнь.

Что значит знать законы словообразования? Это значит, что встретив незнакомое слово, вы можете «повертеть» его и так и сяк, отбросить суффикс ( а возможно и два суффикса), отбросить префикс ( а возможно и два префикса) и вполне возможно, вы знаете основу слова. Тогда и о значении всего многосложного слова можно догадаться и без словаря. Некоторые суффиксы могут быть «визитными» карточками, то есть, по суффиксу можно сразу определить «статус» слова — существительное это или прилагательное, глагол или наречие. Но большинство суффиксов могут принадлежать одновременно разным частям речи , а некоторые из них могут быть еще и грамматическими.

И еще один плюс знания законов словообразования: если вы знаете суффиксы и префиксы, то вы вряд ли сделаете орфографическую ошибку в начале и в конце многосложных слов, а это уже радует, что уже говорить о расширении словарного запаса.

Давайте рассмотрим еще один суффикс, который часто встречается в нескольких частях речи, и к тому же является грамматическим: это суффикс “-ING”. Есть простые тесты, которые позволяют определить насколько хорошо ученик разбирается в английском языке. И один из них гласит: перечислите все варианты, когда слово заканчивается на «-ING».

Итак, снова берем любой текст на английском языке (желательно в оригинале) и подчеркиваем все слова с окончаниями “-ING”. Теперь определяемся, к каким частям речи принадлежат эти слова.

Грамматический суффикс “-ING” образует первое причастие Participle I. Его еще называют Present Participle. Напоминаю, что каждый глагол имеет четыре формы. Возьмем, для примера, глагол “to take” = “брать” и образуем от него четыре формы.

Первая форма: Инфинитив —> to take

Вторая форма: Прошедшее неопределенное время —> took

Третья форма: Второе причастие —> took

Четвертая форма: Первое причастие —> taking

Форма первого причастия Present Participle образует в сочетании с вспомогательным глаголом “to be” времена группы Continuous и Perfect Continuous. Тогда Present Participle составляет ОДНО ЦЕЛОЕ с глаголом “to be” и переводится настоящим, прошедшим и будущим временем.

Например:

What are you doing? — I am reading a book.

How long have you been sitting here?

He’s been learning English for two years.

Глагол в английском языке может иметь личные и неличные формы. Неличных форм глагола всего три: причастие, герундий и инфинитив.

Итак, ПРИЧАСТИЕ в английском языке представляет из себя неличную глагольную форму. Форм причастий всего пять и одно из них является первым причастием Present Participle.

Неличной формой глаголя является и ГЕРУНДИЙ, одна из форм которой имеет суффикс “-ING”.

Словообразующий суффикс “-ING” является суффиксом существительного.

Например:

to build — building

to dwell — dwelling

Словообразующий суффикс “-ING” может быть у прилагательных, которые называются превращенными причастиями.

Но есть много слов, имеющих окончания “-ING”, которые вовсе не являются суффиксами.

Например:

spring, ring, evening, morning, sing, sting, string, bring.