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Comparative and Superlative — questions
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comparative and superlative

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Comparative and Superlative
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Make up the sentences.
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teenagers
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English
comparative/superlative degree

Choose the best option and write the correct form.
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teenagers
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English
comparative/superlative degree

Comparative and Superlative Adverbs
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irregular comparative and superlative adjectives
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Comparative and Superlative (Short Adjectives)
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10000+ results for ‘comparatives and superlatives’

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Источник

Being a grammatical aspect to teach and having to introduce some rules and regulations, comparative and superlative forms can be quite boring to teach as students will need to memorize structures and exceptions. Here I will introduce the way I have been dealing with this issue for over 5 years and each time it works perfectly.

This lesson is for the learners of A2/B1 language competency. Here is what you need:

Pictures for the students to compare.
A worksheet for fluency practice.

Lesson stages

Warmer

Show 2 pictures of famous people and ask the students to compare them using the following adjectives (tall, beautiful, good, bad, happy). For instance:

Angelina Jolie is taller than Sandra Bullock.
I think Sandra Bullock is more beautiful than Angelina Jolie.
To me, Angelina Jolie is a better actress than Sandra Bullock.
Angelia Jolie speaks German worse than Sandra Bullock.
Sandra Bullock looks happier than Angelia Jolie.

(Sources: Wikipedia: Angelia Jolie, Sandra Bullock)

Note: The students can come up with many different comparisons. We just need to make sure they are using the target words. Even if the structure is misused, ignore it at this stage as we just want to test what the students know.

Language Work

Board the below-described adjectives and ask one of the students who is taller than you (always works for me 🙂 to come and stand next to you. Then ask,

“Who is taller, Jane or me?” (JANE). Next to “tall” write “taller”.
“Who is the tallest in the classroom?” (the students will need to choose a person). Continue by writing the superlative form “the tallest”. Now, you will need to reinforce the structure and make sure the students understand the formation. To do that, choose other short adjectives (short, large, small) and elicit the formation based on the first example.

Do the same with longer adjectives (>beautiful, expensive, interesting, etc.). E.g.

What is more interesting; reading books online or reading hard copy books?
What is the most interesting book you’ve read recently?

When you think the students feel comfortable with the formation, elicit the rules. Ask,

“When do we add -er, -est to the adjectives?” (when the adjective is short, one syllable)
“When do we add — more, — the most to the adjectives?” (when the adjective is long, more than one syllable)

Now, you can pass to the exception following the same elicitation technique:

What is better; the winter or the summer? (Ss individual opinion)
What’s the best season for you? (Ss individual opinion)
What is worse; cold or heat? (Ss individual opinion)
What’s the worst weather for you? (Ss individual opinion)

Note: Make sure to tell the students that adjective ending in -y can be used in both forms (happy-happier-the happiest OR happy-more happy-the most happy).

Introducing Comparative and Superlative Forms

By the end of this stage you will have the below chart on your board.

A good idea here is to teach the students the structure “Angelina Jolie is as talented as Sandra Bullock” as well.

Board the above sentence and ask:

“Is Angelia Jolie more talented?” (NO)
“Is Sandra Bullock more talented?” (NO)
“Are they equally talented?” (YES)

To practice, you can provide more examples for the students to practice open class.

Controlled Practice

Post the below pictures on the walls, set the students in pairs to walk around the classroom and try to compare the things/concepts in the pictures. E.g.

Jazz is a better type of music than rap.
Rap is the best type of music.
Jazz is as relaxing as rap.

In the meantime, monitor and help the students to use the correct structures and stop them to correct when necessary.

You can get creative here and choose as many different things to compare to each other as you can.

When the students are done, choose a couple of pictures and ask for open class comparison.

Fluency Practice

Set the students in groups of 3 and distribute the cards below, 1 set to each group. The students will need to take a card, read on what is written and ask a question to one of the team members. E.g.

A: Is swimming in the sea easier than swimming in the pool?

B: Yes, swimming in the sea is easier than in the pool?

A: Why?

B: Because the sea is salty and keeps you on the surface.

Ask the students to use full sentences to respond to each others’ questions and ask for extra information to have more speaking practice.

In the meantime, walk around and jot down some language misuse connected with the target structures to come back to it in a later error correction slot.

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Правила образования сравнительных степеней для односложных прилагательных

Таких, как hot, cold, smart, sad и т.д.

Иван и Мэри листают рекламные проспекты и обсуждают плюсы и минусы жизни в Нью-Йорке и в Майами:

I:
— The winter is cold in New-York
— В Нью-Йорке зима холодная
M:
— The winter in New-York is colder than in the south
— Зима в Нью-Йорке холоднее, чем на юге
I:
— The warmest winter is in Miami
— Самая теплая зима в Майами

Давайте найдем в их диалоге прилагательные. Нашли? Правильно, cold и warm. Заметьте, что они короткие, в них всего по одному слогу.

Посмотрите на русский перевод. Видите, было «холодная», стало «холоднее». Что изменилось? Изменилось окончание. В английском тоже меняется окончание, к cold добавляется er, и получается colder — холоднее. В превосходной степени в русском добавилось слово «самая», а слово «холодная» осталось без изменений. В английском же опять добавляется окончание, на этот раз est, и получается «самая холодная» — coldest.

Образование степеней сравнения прилагательных в английском:

Превосходная степень в английском языке кроме окончания est отличается еще и тем, что перед прилагательным ставится определенный артикль the:

— The warmest winter is in Miami
— Самая теплая зима — в Майами

Если прилагательное в положительной степени оканчивается на -e, в сравнительной и превосходной степени добавляются только r и st. К примеру, для слова «large» сравнительная и превосходная степени — larger и largest, для nice — nicer и nicest.
I:
— People are nice in New York
— В Нью-Йорке люди приятные

M:
— But in Miami they are nicer
— Но в Майами они приятнее

M:
— The nicest people live in Miami
— Самые приятные люди живут в Майами
Когда последние буквы прилагательного — одна гласная и одна согласная, как, например, в слове hot, последняя согласная удваивается: hot — hotter — hottest
M:
— The summer in Miami is hotter
— Лето в Майами жарче

— The hottest summer is in Miami
— Самое жаркое лето — в Майами

Но английский на то и английский — сравнительная и превосходная степень некоторых односложных прилагательных образуется «неправильно». Вот слова-исключения:

* Elder ставится только перед существительным и используется только в описании возраста людей, особенно в семейных взаимоотношениях. Если кто-то в семье «elder», значит, он был рожден раньше всех:

He is my elder brother (Он мой старший брат)

Older более универсально, может использоваться как для описания возраста людей, так и для того, чтобы описывать предметы и явления.

My brother is older than me — (Мой брат старше меня)
New York is older than Miami — (Нью-Йорк старее, чем Майами)

Правила для двусложных прилагательных

Таких, как easy, happy, lazy, clever, quiet и т.д.

Если прилагательное в положительной степени оканчивается на -y, а перед y стоит согласная буква, то y меняется на i. Например, для слова easy сравнительная и превосходная степень, соответственно, easier (проще) и easiest (самый простой), а в слове happy — happier и happiest.
I:
— If you live in Manhattan, you’re happy
— Если ты живешь на Манхеттене, ты счастлив
M:
— If you live by the ocean, you’re happier
— Если ты живешь возле океана, ты счастливее
M:
— The happiest people live by the ocean
— Самые счастливые люди живут возле океана
Если конечной y предшествует гласная, то y остается:
M:
— The sky is grey in New York
— Небо в Нью-Йорке серое
M:
— It’s greyer than in Miami
— Оно более серое, чем в Майами
I:
— Thy sky in New York is grey, but not the greyest
— Небо в Нью-Йорке серое, но не самое серое

Некоторые другие двусложные прилагательные, особенно те, которые заканчиваются на безударный слог, тоже образуют сравнительные степени с помощью -er и -est:

Clever — cleverer — cleverest

Quiet — quieter — quietest

I:
— Oh! This room is narrower than the other room
— О! Эта комната уже, чем другая
M:
— Yeah, but it’s the quietest one
— Да, но она самая тихая

Наверное, вы заметили, что при противопоставлении часто используется «than» (чем). Это слово нужно, если в предложении упоминается второй человек или вещь, с которым/которой сравнивается первый человек или вещь. Если вместо того, чтобы называть человека, используется местоимение, то оно будет объектным: me, you, him, her, us, them:

M:
— The Simpsons have an apartment with an ocean view. They are richer than us.
— У Симпсонов квартира с видом на океан. Они богаче, чем мы.

В более формальных ситуациях, вместо конструкции «than + объектное местоимение», можно использовать такую:
Than + личное местоимение + глагол:

I:
— The Simpsons were always richer than we were
— Симпсоны всегда были богаче, чем мы

Правила формирования сравнительных степеней для длинных прилагательных

Большинство двусложных прилагательных и абсолютно все более длинные образуют сравнительную степень с помощью слова more, а превосходную с помощью most:

Romantic — more romantic — the most romantic
Романтичный — более романтичный — самый романтичный

Мэри, будучи романтичной особой, мечтает жить возле океана.

M:
— Living by the ocean is romantic…
— Жить у океана романтично…
M:
— It’s more romantic, than living in New York
— Это более романтично, чем жить в Нью-Йорке
M:
— The most romantic thing is to wake up and see the ocean.
— Самое романтичное — это просыпаться и видеть океан
I:
— But the apartment with an ocean view is more expensive!
— Но квартира с видом на океан дороже!
I:
— It’s the most expensive!
— Она самая дорогая!

More и most — это аналоги русских слов «более» и «самый», они ставятся перед прилагательными. Если речь идет о сравнении в меньшую сторону, то вместо more/most используются less/least:

Ivan is less romantic than Mary — Иван менее романтичен, чем Мэри

M:
— This apartment is less comfortable and the least beautiful
— Эта квартира менее комфортная и наименее красивая

В русском можно сказать двумя способами: зеленее/более зеленый, дороже/более дорогой. Похоже ведет себя и английский: степени сравнения прилагательных иногда могут образовываться обоими способами, но это возможно только со следующими словами:

angry — злой
clever — умный
cruel — жестокий
friendly — дружелюбный
narrow — узкий
pleasant — приятный
polite — вежливый
quiet — тихий
simple — простой

Возможны варианты:

— The neighbors are angrier in New York
— In New-York the neighbors are more angry
— Соседи в Нью-Йорке злее/более злые

Что же стало с нашей парочкой? Иван уступил просьбам Мэри, и молодожены теперь являются счастливыми обладателями квартиры в Майами-Бич с потрясающим видом на Атлантический океан. Предоставим им слово:

M:
— I’m so happy! It’s the happiest day of my life!
— Я так счастлива! Это самый счастливый день моей жизни!
I:
(doesn’t say anything and kisses his wife)
(молча целует жену)

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