В английском языке существует много отрицательных приставок, а именно: —dis, —mis, —un, —in, —im, —il, —ir,- non.
Префиксы (приставки) добавляют к различным частям речи: к существительным, прилагательным, глаголам и так далее.
Давайте рассмотрим каждую приставку подробнее:
Отрицательные префиксы —in, —im, —ir, —il
В основном добавляются к прилагательным
1) —Im добавляем к прилагательным, которые начинаются на буквы M, P
Пример:
Moral (Моральный) – Immoral (Аморальный, безнравственный)
Possible (Возможный) – Impossible (Невозможный)
Personal (Личный) – Impersonal (Неличный)
Polite (Вежливый) – Impolite (Невежливый)
It is impossible to move to another country now – Сейчас невозможно переехать в другую страну.
Why are you so impolite? – Почему ты такой невежливый?
2) — Ir добавляем к прилагательным, которые начинаются на букву R
Regular (Регулярный) – Irregular (Нерегулярный)
Relevant (Релевантный) – Irrelevant (Нерелевантный)
Исключение: Reliable – Unreliable
It doesn’t work because you do irregular exercises – Это не работает, потому что ты делаешь нерегулярные упражнения.
He is very unreliable person – Он очень ненадежный человек.
3) – il добавляем к прилагательным, которые начинаются на букву L
Legal (Легальный) – illegal (Нелегальный)
Logical (Логический) – illogical (Нелогический)
Исключение: limited (Ограниченный) – unlimited (Неограниченный)
This company does illegal trades – Эта компания занимается нелегальной торговлей.
I don’t understand his way of working. His behavior is illogical. – Я не понимаю его способ работы. Он поступает нелогично.
4) —In добавляется к прилагательным. Их желательно запоминать, так как нет правила, на какие буквы они должны начинаться.
Active (Активный) – Inactive (Неактивный)
Dependent (Зависимый) – Independent (Независимый)
Different (Разный) – Indifferent (Одинаковый)
Correct (Правильный) – Incorrect (Неправильный)
We are speaking about absolutely indifferent issues – Мы говорим об абсолютно разных проблемах.
All your homework is incorrect. Try to find your mistakes – Вся твоя домашняя работа неправильная. Попробуй найти свои ошибки.
Отрицательный префикс —Un
1). Добавляется к прилагательным с суффиксами able, но и с другими прилагательными тоже часто употребляется
Reliable (Надежный) – Unreliable (Ненадежный)
Believable (Вероятный, правдоподобный) – Unbelievable (Невероятный)
Suitable (Подходящий) – Unsuitable (Неподходящий)
2). Прилагательные без суффикса able
Attractive (Привлекательный) – Unattractive (Непривлекательный)
Real (Настоящий, реальный) – Unreal (Ненастоящий, нереальный)
Pleasant (Приятный) – Unpleasant (Неприятный)
His friendship is so unreliable. Try to be careful – Его дружба очень ненадежная. Постарайся быть осторожным.
I saw his unpleasant man yesterday – Я видел этого неприятного человека вчера.
3). Добавляется к глаголам. Значение меняется на противоположное
Button (застёгивать на пуговицы) – Unbutton (расстёгивать пуговицы)
Dress (одеваться) – Undress (раздеваться)
Отрицательный префикс —dis
При добавлении к глаголам, меняется их значение на противоположное
Appear (Появиться) – Disappear (Исчезать))
Connect (Подключиться) – Disconnect (Отключиться)
Тоже самое происходит, когда мы добавляем к другим частям речи
Pleasure (Удовольствие) – Displeasure (Недовольство)
Honest (Честный) – Dishonest (Нечестный)
I absolutely disagree with you – Я с тобой абсолютно не согласен.
My keys have disappeared today. I cannot find them anywhere – Мои ключи сегодня пропали. Я не могу их нигде найти.
Отрицательный префикс —mis
Добавляется к различным частям речи. Значение будет неправильного сделанного действия.
Understand (Понимать) – Misunderstand (Не понимать)
Spell (писать или произносить по буквам) – Misspell (Делать орфографические ошибки при написании)
Use (Использовать) – Misuse (Использовать неправильно, злоупотреблять)
There is total misunderstanding between us – Между нами абсолютное недопонимание.
I always misspell this word – Я всегда неправильно произношу это слово.
Отрицательный префикс —non
Добавляется к различным частям речи. Многие слова пишутся либо слитно, либо через дефис. Однако бывают примеры, когда два варианта написания возможны. В основном слова с данной приставкой надо запоминать.
Stop (Останавливаться) – Non-stop (Без остановки)
Profit (Прибыль) – Nonprofit (Без прибыли)
Verbal (Вербальный, словесный) – Nonverbal (Невербальный)
Fiction (Фантастика, вымышленный) – Nonfiction (Документальный, созданный на основании фактов, доказательств)
Sense (Смысл) – Nonsense (Чепуха, бессмыслица)
Ability (Способность) – Non—ability (Неспособность)
- Words beginning with certain letters
- Words with the prefix «dis-«
This morpheme tends to mean «from, reduce, or opposite«. Some of the most representative words that include it are: disagree, disadvantage, dishonest
See the full list below:
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-
disease -
discussion -
district -
distance -
distribution -
display -
discipline -
discuss -
distinction -
dispute -
distinct -
discover -
discovery -
distant -
disaster -
disk -
discourse -
distinctive -
disposal -
discount -
discrimination -
distinguish -
discretion -
disorder -
disc -
dish -
discharge -
dismissal -
disability -
disappointment -
distress -
disappear -
disadvantage -
disastrous -
disciplinary -
disclosure -
dislike -
disruption -
disturbance -
dismiss -
distinctly -
disagreement -
dissolution -
disco -
disagree -
disguise -
disclose -
discomfort -
distortion -
disposition -
disgust -
disappearance -
discontent -
distribute -
discretionary -
disbelief -
disturb -
dispose -
distal -
dissatisfaction -
dissent -
distributor -
dismay -
discreet -
disgrace -
disapproval -
discrete -
discourage -
disregard -
discriminate -
disarmament -
dissolve -
disposable -
dismal -
displacement -
disruptive -
discrepancy -
dissident -
distaste -
distraction -
disrupt -
dishonest -
disused -
dissemination -
distrust -
dispersal -
disintegration -
discreetly -
dismissive -
dispatch -
disgraceful -
disparate -
dispense -
discernible -
distract -
distort -
dissimilar -
dissertation -
discursive -
disproportionate -
discriminatory -
discern -
distraught -
discard -
dishonesty -
disperse -
disdain -
disproportionately -
disarray -
distinguishable -
disobedience -
disparity -
dispel -
distasteful -
disgruntled -
disillusionment -
discredit -
dissociation -
disorderly -
distinctiveness -
dishwasher -
disqualification -
dismantle -
displeasure -
disagreeable -
disappoint -
diseased -
dislocation -
disquiet -
displace -
disinterested -
dispersion -
disablement -
discontinuity -
disrepute -
disclaimer -
dismissively -
distantly -
distillation -
disaffected -
disenchantment -
dissuade -
disapprove -
disciple -
discord -
disinfectant -
dispensation -
disaffection -
distinctively -
disincentive -
distillery -
discordant -
dislodge -
disseminate -
distension -
disarm -
disrespect -
dis -
disuse -
disillusion -
dishonestly -
dispenser -
disastrously -
disembodied -
disturbingly -
disinfection -
disentangle -
distributive -
disappointingly -
disprove -
discontinue -
disintegrate -
discontinuous -
disorientation -
distally -
disband -
discus -
dispassionate -
dissipate -
dissonance -
dissection -
disreputable -
disloyal -
dissipation -
dissociate -
disequilibrium -
dissension -
disunity -
disrepair -
dismally -
disdainful -
disingenuous -
disobedient -
disloyalty -
discipleship -
discouragement -
dismount -
disservice -
distributional -
disconnect -
dishonour -
dispassionately -
disconcertingly -
disobey -
disqualify -
discoverer -
diss -
disengagement -
disbelieve -
dispensary -
discernment -
discomfiture -
disparagingly -
disadvantageous -
disulphate -
disinterest -
disapprovingly -
disarmingly -
dissonant -
disharmony -
disable -
disrespectful -
discharger -
distributable -
distemper -
dissect -
disengage -
disbelievingly -
disown -
disinclination -
distractedly -
disciplinarian -
disconsolate -
discotheque -
disinformation -
disconnection -
disjunction -
disafforestment -
distrustful -
disbursement -
disembark -
disfavour -
discman -
dishonourable -
disclaim -
distil -
discontinuance -
dismemberment -
discography -
discriminant -
disaggregation -
diskless -
disallow -
dispensable -
distalmost -
discoloration -
discreditable -
discrepant -
disgustingly -
disconsolately -
disestablishment -
distention -
disfigurement -
dishy -
discourteous -
disaffiliation -
disassociate -
disavowal -
dissenter -
distaff -
discolouration -
dispositive -
distinctness -
diskette -
displease -
discourtesy -
dismember -
disparage -
disavow -
discernable -
dissolute -
dissimulation -
disgracefully -
disbandment -
dispossession -
disjunctive -
disproportion -
disambiguation -
dishcloth -
discoverable -
dissidence -
disinfect -
distressingly -
disulphide -
disgorge -
disaggregate -
disorganisation -
disproportionality -
dishwashing -
disembarkation -
disfigure -
disapprobation -
disburse -
disparagement -
discolour -
disputation -
dissemble -
disyllabic -
dissipative -
disorganization -
discontinuation -
dismutase -
discretely -
discriminative -
distastefully -
dissimilarity -
disutility -
disinherit -
dispositional -
distamycin -
disconcert -
distiller -
disambiguate -
disjuncture -
distrain -
disgruntlement -
distributorship -
disjoint -
distractor -
dispatcher -
dispersive -
disallowance -
disjunct -
disinvestment -
disquisition -
distempered -
disenfranchisement -
dis-ease -
disabuse -
disposer -
disapply -
disassociation -
disputable -
distraint -
discomposed -
dislocate -
discriminability -
dissentient -
disgorgement -
disbarment -
disinheritance -
discreteness -
dispossess -
discriminator -
disenfranchise -
dispiritedly -
disagreeably -
disputatious -
dishwater -
discursively -
distillate -
distractingly -
dishabituation -
dispassion -
disassembly -
distortionary -
discordance -
disingenuously -
discriminable -
distantiation -
disproof -
dispersant -
disassemble -
discernibly -
dissociative -
disinterestedly -
disinterestedness -
discounter -
dislikeable -
dissimilatory -
disease-ridden -
disaccharide -
disafforestation -
disappointedly -
distend -
disintermediation -
dislodgement -
distastefulness -
discouragingly -
disodium -
displayable -
dishearten -
disadvantageously -
disaffiliate -
distributary -
disproportionally -
disbenefit -
disinter -
disorientate -
disruptiveness -
disrespectfully -
discontentment -
disintegrative -
discoursal -
disrupter -
distensibility -
disembowel -
disempowerment -
disendowment -
disfiguration -
dishonourably -
dis- -
distortive -
disincorporation -
disintegrator -
dissensus -
dist -
discomposure -
discordantly -
dispirit -
discursiveness -
dissuasion -
distressful -
distorter -
disentanglement -
disentitlement -
disablism -
dissociable -
disanalogy -
disarticulate -
distinguishability -
distrustfully -
disbeliever -
discerningly -
discomfit -
disingenuousness -
dismayingly -
dismissible -
disorganize -
dismissable -
disquietude -
disproportional -
disruptively -
dissuasive -
distributer -
disfluency -
disfranchisement -
disgustin’ -
dishevelment -
disorderliness -
disafforest -
disponer -
disaturated -
disbound -
discarnate -
disinhibiting -
disimpaction -
disport -
disputative -
discobolus -
disturber -
discographical -
discoid -
discoidal -
disconfirming -
disconformable -
disloyally -
disinvest -
disorient -
displayer -
dispositio -
disquietingly -
discriminately -
discriminatingly -
discussable -
discussant -
dissymmetry -
distill -
distich -
distensible -
distractability -
distrait -
disempower -
disgustingness -
disoblige -
disimpact -
dispensible -
disjunctively -
disarrangement -
dissatisfy -
disputant -
dissention -
disbar -
disbudding -
disburden -
discernably -
disopyramide -
dismissiveness -
dispend -
disclosable -
dissipatively -
disseminator -
distinguisher -
distortionless -
discographer -
discombobulated -
disconnectedness -
discontentedly -
disunion -
disinflationary -
disinhibition -
dishwasher-safe -
disjointedness -
discoursive -
discourteously -
dismantlement -
disorganise -
disperser -
discretional -
disponee -
dispossessor -
discriminably -
dishtowel -
discriminated-against -
dissimulate -
dissoluble -
dissolvent -
distinguishably -
disembarrass -
distractible -
disembowelment -
distributism -
dissuader -
disyllable -
disentitle -
disfunction -
disulfiram -
disgruntledly -
disharmonious -
dishclout -
disinhibit -
disaccharidase -
disidentification -
disjointedly -
dissert -
disad -
disincarnate -
disownment -
disagreeableness -
disquietly -
distractedness -
disallowable -
disinsection -
disvalue -
disilicate -
disapprover -
disarmer -
disarrange -
dispersity -
disarticulation -
dissolver -
distonic -
disbud -
disburser -
discal -
discalced -
disklike -
dismemberer -
dischargeable -
disparition -
dismission -
disciform -
dispiritingly -
dispersionless -
dispositionally -
dissatisfier -
disseisin -
dissever -
dissolvable -
discloser -
disqualifier -
disclude -
distemperature -
distortedly -
distributist -
distracter -
discolor -
discombobulate -
disunite -
discomfortingly -
discommode -
discompose -
disvaluation -
disconcertion -
disconcertment -
disconfirmation -
disconnectedly -
disconnexion -
discontiguous -
discontinuously -
discophile -
disincorporate -
disingenuity -
disinhibitory -
discorporate -
disinterment -
disjoin -
discountable -
diskspace -
dismantler -
dismantleable -
disobligingly -
disomy -
discreditability -
discreditably -
dispase -
dispensability -
dispence -
displacive -
dispersedly -
discretionally -
disposability -
dispraise -
disremember -
disruptor -
dissector -
disrupture -
disproportionably -
discusser -
dissonantly -
dissolutely -
dissembler -
diseconomy -
distillment -
distillated -
diselenide -
distortional -
distractive -
disembodiedness -
disembodiment -
disembody -
distrainer -
disemboweller -
disenchant -
distributionally -
dishrack -
disulphur -
disequalizing -
disert -
disestablish -
disesteem -
disfavor -
disforest -
disfranchise -
disgorger -
disgracefull -
dishabille -
dishearteningly -
disherison -
dishful -
dishmop -
dishonorable -
distylous -
dishpan -
DIS -
disableable -
disabled sport -
disabled sports -
disabledness -
disabuser -
disaccommodate -
disaccommodation -
disaccord -
disaccordant -
disadvantagedness -
disadvantageousness -
disadvauntage -
disadventure -
disadventurous -
disadvise -
disaffect -
disaffectation -
disaffectedly -
disaffectedness -
disaffectionate -
disanalogously -
disanchor -
disangelical -
disanimate -
disanimation -
disannex -
disannul -
disannuller -
disannulment -
disanoint -
disapparate -
disappearable -
disappearer -
disappearing act -
disappearing carriage -
disappearing disease -
disappearingly -
disappointer -
disappointingness -
disappoynt -
disappreciate -
disapprobative -
disavowment -
disbalance -
disbalanced -
disbark -
disbarrable -
disbase -
disbecome -
disbelievable -
disbelievably -
Disbelievers -
disbench -
disbend -
disbind -
disbloomed -
disbodied -
disboscation -
disbosom -
disbowel -
disbranch -
disburdenment -
disbursal -
disburthen -
DISC assessment -
disc brake -
disc drive -
disc golf -
disc harrow -
disc jockey -
disc rot -
disc-tongued frog -
Disc. -
discage -
discalceate -
discalceated -
discalceation -
discamp -
discandium -
discandy -
discant -
discapacitate -
discardable -
discarder -
discardment -
discolith -
discolor’d -
discolorer -
discolorisation -
discolorization -
discolorment -
discolorous -
discolourer -
discolourisation -
discolourization -
discolourment -
discolourous -
DISCOM -
discom -
discomania -
discomboberate -
discombobulatedly -
discombobulatingly -
discombobulator -
discombooberate -
discomfitingly -
discomfortable -
discomforter -
discommend -
discommendable -
discommendably -
discommendation -
discommender -
discommensurate -
discommission -
discommodate -
discommodious -
discommodiously -
discommodiousness -
discommodity -
discommon -
discommunity -
discompany -
discompassionate -
discomplexion -
discompliance -
discomposing -
discomposingly -
discomposition -
disconcerning -
disconcertedly -
disconcertedness -
disconcur -
disconfirm -
disconfirmatory -
disconfirmed expectancy -
disconformably -
disconformity -
discongruity -
disconjugate -
disconnectable -
disconnective -
disconnectively -
disconnectivity -
disconnector -
disconsecrate -
disconsider -
disconsolacy -
disconsolance -
disconsolated -
disconsolateness -
disconsolation -
disconsonant -
discontentation -
discontentedness -
discontentful -
discontention -
discontentive -
discontinuable -
discontinually -
discontinuative -
discontinuee -
discontinuer -
discontinuity in the flow -
discontinuousness -
disconvenience -
disconvenient -
discoordination -
disyoke -
disencumbrance -
disendorse -
disendorsement -
disendow -
disengagedness -
disengager -
disengagingly -
disenjoy -
disenjoyment -
disennoble -
disenrol -
disenroll -
disenrollment -
disensanity -
disenshroud -
disenshrouded -
disenslave -
disentail -
disenter -
disenthral -
disenthrall -
disenthrallment -
disenthralment -
disenthrone -
disentomb -
disentrail -
disentrailed -
disentrance -
disentrancement -
disentwine -
disenvowel -
disepalous -
disequalising -
disequality -
disequalize -
disequilibration -
disertly -
disespouse -
disestablisher -
disestablishmentarian -
disestablishmentarianism -
disesteemer -
disexcitation -
disfame -
disfancy -
disfashion -
disfavorable -
disfavorably -
disfavored -
disfavorer -
disfavourable -
disfavourably -
disfavourer -
disfeature -
disfellowship -
disfellowshipment -
disfigurative -
disfigurer -
disfiguringly -
disfix -
disflesh -
disfluent -
disfluently -
disforestation -
disform -
disformal -
disformally -
disformity -
disfrock -
disfurnish -
disfurnished -
disfurnishment -
disfurniture -
disgage -
disgarland -
disgarnish -
disgarrison -
disgavel -
disgenic -
disgest -
disgestion -
disglorify -
disglory -
disgodded -
disgospelling -
disgown -
disgracedness -
disgracefulness -
disgraceless -
disgracious -
disgracive -
disgradation -
disgrade -
disgraduate -
disgregate -
disgregation -
disgrossting -
disgruntle -
disguisable -
disguisedly -
disguisedness -
disguiseless -
disguisement -
disguiser -
disguize -
Disgusta -
disgustable -
Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells -
disgustedness -
disgustful -
disgustfully -
disgustfulness -
disgustology -
DISH -
dish antenna -
dish bitch -
dish out -
dish pig -
dish rack -
dish stand -
dish the dirt -
dish towel -
dish up -
dish washer -
dish-faced -
dishabilitate -
dishabilitation -
dishabited -
dishabituate -
dishable -
dishallow -
disharmonic -
disharmoniously -
disharmonize -
dishaunt -
dishcloth gourd -
dishdasha -
dishdashi -
disheart -
disheartenedly -
disheartenment -
disheir -
dishelm -
disher -
disherit -
disheritance -
disheritor -
dishevel -
dishevele -
disheveledly -
dishevelledly -
dishily -
dishiness -
dishless -
dishlicker -
dishlike -
Dishman -
dishonestness -
dishonnour -
dishonor -
dishonorableness -
dishonorably -
dishonorary -
dishonorer -
dishonourableness -
dishonoured bill
Note: these words have been obtained from Wiktionary and have been classified and improved through automated computer linguistics processes.
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Образуйте новое слово при помощи приставки
Задание 1.
I cannot put up with his .
Задание 2.
More than half of the population still stays on the continent of Africa.
Задание 3.
How many English verbs do you know?
Задание 4.
The smell of fried bacon and eggs was .
Задание 5.
It was for him to forgive her.
Задание 6.
Usually children are so .
Задание 7.
His style of life puts me off.
Задание 8.
The book was so difficult to read and full of complex ideas, that it was totally .
Задание 9.
I would like to take part in expeditions to areas of our planet.
Задание 10.
Jim would not tolerate so much .
Задание 11.
The concrete at a construction site was .
Задание 12.
Despite the fact that the film was unusual it was rather .
Задание 13.
Smoking is habit.
Задание 14.
The actions, directed at saving the company from collapse, were .
Задание 15.
What a pity! All his endeavors were futile and .
Задание 16.
His actions lead to drastic consequences.
Задание 17.
You should have told me the truth! I won’t tolerate .
Задание 18.
I believe we will find the way out! It all looks like huge .
Задание 19.
He stared at us in as we told him what happened.
Задание 20.
I think I will order drink.
Тест недоступен для мобильных устройств.
Prefixes are handy tools that create an impact on the Root Words that it attaches to. Among prefixes, negative prefixes are those which turn the root word into the negative. One of the most common negative prefixes used in English is “dis,”. The addition of the “dis” prefix adds ‘not’ or ‘incorrectly’ to the root word.
- Example of Words with Prefix dis
- Prefixes similar to dis
- What does the prefix “dis” mean?
- Is “dis” a suffix?
- Give an example of the usage of the “dis” prefix to suggest the meaning “apart”?
So, where does the “dis” prefix come from? The prefix ‘dis-‘ has its origin in Latin, where it has the literal meaning ‘apart’. Today the prefix is commonly used to mean ‘opposite of’, ‘not’, ‘remove’ and ‘reverse’. It also has other meanings besides attributing a negative connotation. The common meanings include:
- Apart
- Lack of, or not
- Away
- Utterly
As mentioned, when you add “dis” to a word you often get a contrary meaning. Some examples include:
- Honest – dishonest
- Respect – disrespect
- Please – displease
- Allow – disallow
- Trust – distrust
- Similar – dissimilar
Example of Words with Prefix dis
Now that you know what a “de” prefix is, have a look at a few words that contain the prefix:
- Disappointed
- Disapproval
- Disgust
- Disbelief
- Disrespect
- Disgrace
- Dismay
- Disinterest
- Distaste
- Disregard
- Discourage
- Disdain
- Discomfort
- Displeasure
- Dislike
- Distrust
Prefixes similar to dis
Two prefixes “mis” and “un” are similar to “dis” and are used interchangeably in some cases.
1) “dis” and “mis”
The prefixes “dis” and “mis” are similar. The prefix “mis” can mean badly, unfavorably, or wrongly. Examples include:
misbehave, mismatch, mistake, etc. In some instances, “dis” and “mis” are interchangeable. For example trust – distrust – mistrust.
However, it is not possible to substitute “dis” for “mis” in all cases. For example, you cannot use words like “mishonest,” “misallow,” or “missimilar” for words like dishonest, disallow or dissimilar, etc.
2) “dis” and “un”
The prefix “dis” is also similar to “un,” but as with the previous example, it is not possible to substitute one prefix for another at all times. The prefix “un” signifies negation or reversal. Examples:
- Available – unavailable.
- Happy – unhappy
- Wind – unwind
Words such as “organized” can take either of the prefixes dis or un. The words “disorganized” and “unorganized” are words that have very similar meanings. However, there exists a difference because “disorganized,” is usually used to refer to people, while “unorganized” is commonly used to describe a thing or place. For example:
Jake is disorganized and can never set things to order by himself. The event is unorganized.
Read More:
- Affixes
- De Prefix
FAQs on “dis” Prefix
1. What does the prefix “dis” mean?
The prefix “dis” is a negative prefix that has its origin in Latin. A negative prefix turns the root word into its negative meaning. The literal meaning of “dis” is ‘apart’ and is now commonly used to mean ‘remove”, ‘not’, opposite of’, ‘reverse’ etc.
2. Is “dis” a suffix?
No, “dis” is a negative prefix. The literal meaning of “dis” is ‘apart’ and is now commonly used to mean ‘remove”, ‘not’, opposite of’, ‘reverse’ etc. Examples of words include disrespect, disapproval, disguise, etc.
3. Give an example of the usage of the “dis” prefix to suggest the meaning “apart”?
The literal meaning of “dis” is ‘apart’ and is now commonly used to mean ‘remove”, ‘not’, opposite of’, ‘reverse’ etc. An example of a word that implies the meaning apart is disorder. The word refers to those who are “apart” from the remaining “ordered,” that is, those who are not ordered exist in quite a mess.
Conclusion
“Dis” is a commonly used negative prefix that reverses the meaning of the root word. The literal meaning of the prefix is “apart”, but it also signifies: ‘opposite of’, ‘not’, ‘remove’ and ‘reverse’. An understanding of such negative prefixes will help you easily change a word’s meaning to its opposite. Hence make sure you enrich your vocabulary by learning what the “dis” prefix is!
Английский язык богат префиксами, то есть приставками, которые создают дополнительный оттенок значения. И сегодня мы разберем те, что имеют отрицательное значение. Такие приставки употребляются со многими частями речи.
- Приставка il— сочетается со словами, которые начинаются с согласной буквы «l»:
- legible – illegible (четкий, разборчивый – нечеткий, неразборчивый);
- legal – illegal (правовой, законный – незаконный).
- Приставка ir- используется с теми словами, что начинаются с согласной буквы «r»:
- regular – irregular (регулярный, правильный – неправильный);
- resistible – irresistible (отразимый – неотразимый, непреодолимый);
- relevant – irrelevant (релевантный, значимый, существенный – не имеющий отношения, несоответствующий).
- Приставку im- чаще всего можно видеть перед прилагательными, которые начинаются с согласной «p»:
- polite – impolite (вежливый – невежливый);
- possible – impossible (вероятный, возможный – невозможный).
- Приставка in- употребляется в следующих случаях:
- перед определенным буквенным сочетанием. Например, «ac»: activity – inactivity (активность – бездействие), accessible – inaccessible (доступный – недоступный);
- перед словом, которое начинается с согласной «c»: capable – incapable (способный – неспособный), complete – incomplete (полный – неполный);
- исключение: acceptable – unacceptable (приемлемый – неприемлемый).
- Приставка un- является наиболее употребительной.
- используется в прилагательных и причастиях перед гласными буквами: attractive – unattractive (притягательный – непритягательный), able – unable (способный, талантливый – неспособный);
- перед большинством согласных: lucky – unlucky (счастливый, удачливый – неудачливый), bearable – unbearable (терпимый – невыносимый), believable – unbelievable (вероятный, правдоподобный – невероятный);
- глаголы с приставкой un- чаще всего получают не отрицательное значение, а противоположное: make – unmake (делать, создавать – уничтожать, разрушать), cover – uncover (покрывать – снимать, раскрывать).
- Приставка dis- является самой сложной для запоминания, поскольку с ней часто возникают спорные ситуации. Поэтому слова с ней рекомендуется просто заучивать.
- прилагательные и причастия: connected – disconnected (связанный, соединенный – бессвязный, несвязный);
- слова, которые начинаются с произносимой согласной «h»: hallow – dishallow (освящать – осквернять);
- существительные и многие глаголы: ability – disability (способность – неспособность, бессилие), satisfy – dissatisfy (радовать, доставлять удовольствие – не удовлетворять);
- некоторые слова, которые начинаются с согласных: passionate – dispassionate (страстный – беспристрастный, сдержанный).
- Чтобы запомнить приставку mis- лучше всего ассоциировать ее с чем-то неверным или ошибочным, так как это ее основное значение.
- fortune – misfortune (удача – неудача), date – misdate (датировать – неправильно датировать).
- Приставка non- используется наиболее редко и порой может служить в качестве замены для других приставок.
- recoverable – nonrecoverable – unrecoverable (возместимый – невосстанавливаемый – невозвратимый).
Надеемся, что эта подборка из 8 правил облегчит процесс употребления отрицательных и противоположных приставок. И еще один совет напоследок: если вы не всегда можете правильно проанализировать, какая приставка необходима в том или ином случае, то просто воспользуйтесь словарем!
2 УРОКА БЕСПЛАТНО!