Word used out of context

Словосочетания

key-word-out-of-context index — указатель ключевых слов вне контекста
out of context — в отрыве от контекста
key-word-out of context — система автоматического индексирования; ключевое слово вне контекста
subject word out of context — ключевое слово вне контекста
lift a word out of the context — вырвать слово из контекста
to cite a passage out of context — цитировать какой-л. фрагмент в отрыве от контекста
to lift a word out of the context — вырвать слово из контекста
to lift a word from / out of context — вырывать слово из контекста

Перевод по словам

out  — из, вне, за, вне, наружу, выход, аут, наружный, изгнать
context  — контекст, связь, ситуация, обстановка, фон

Примеры

Примеры, ожидающие перевода

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Quoting out of context (sometimes referred to as contextomy or quote mining) is an informal fallacy in which a passage is removed from its surrounding matter in such a way as to distort its intended meaning.^[1] Contextomies may be either intentional or accidental if someone misunderstands the meaning and omits something essential to clarifying it, thinking it to be non-essential. As a fallacy, quoting out of context differs from false attribution, in that the out of context quote is still attributed to the correct source.

Arguments based on this fallacy typically take two forms:

1. As a straw man argument, it involves quoting an opponent out of context in order to misrepresent their position (typically to make it seem more simplistic or extreme) in order to make it easier to refute. It is common in politics.
2. As an appeal to authority, it involves quoting an authority on the subject out of context, in order to misrepresent that authority as supporting some position.^[2]

Contextomy[edit]

Contextomy refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original linguistic context in a way that distorts the source’s intended meaning, a practice commonly referred to as «quoting out of context». The problem here is not the removal of a quote from its original context per se (as all quotes are), but to the quoter’s decision to exclude from the excerpt certain nearby phrases or sentences (which become «context» by virtue of the exclusion) that serve to clarify the intentions behind the selected words. Comparing this practice to surgical excision, journalist Milton Mayer coined the term «contextomy» to describe its use by Julius Streicher, editor of the infamous Nazi broadsheet Der Stürmer in Weimar-era Germany. To arouse anti-semitic sentiments among the weekly’s working class Christian readership, Streicher regularly published truncated quotations from Talmudic texts that, in their shortened form, appear to advocate greed, slavery, and ritualistic murder.^[3] Although rarely employed to this malicious extreme, contextomy is a common method of misrepresentation in contemporary mass media, and studies have demonstrated that the effects of this misrepresentation can linger even after the audience is exposed to the original, in context, quote.^[4][5]

In advertising[edit]

One of the most familiar examples of contextomy is the ubiquitous «review blurb» in advertising. The lure of media exposure associated with being «blurbed» by a major studio may encourage some critics to write positive reviews of mediocre movies. However, even when a review is negative overall, studios have few reservations about excerpting it in a way that misrepresents the critic’s opinion.

For example, the ad copy for New Line Cinema’s 1995 thriller Se7en attributed to Owen Gleiberman, a critic for Entertainment Weekly, used the comment «a small masterpiece.» Gleiberman actually gave Se7en a B− overall and only praised the opening credits so grandiosely: «The credit sequence, with its jumpy frames and near-subliminal flashes of psychoparaphernalia, is a small masterpiece of dementia.» Similarly, United Artists contextomized critic Kenneth Turan’s review of their flop Hoodlum, including just one word from it—»irresistible»—in the film’s ad copy: «Even Laurence Fishburne’s incendiary performance can’t ignite Hoodlum, a would-be gangster epic that generates less heat than a nickel cigar. Fishburne’s ‘Bumpy’ is fierce, magnetic, irresistible even… But even this actor can only do so much.» As a result of these abuses, some critics now deliberately avoid colorful language in their reviews.^[6] In 2010, the pop culture magazine Vanity Fair reported that it had been the victim of «reckless blurbing» after the television show Lost had taken a review fragment of «the most confusing, asinine, ridiculous—yet somehow addictively awesome—television show of all time» and only quoted «the most addictively awesome television show of all time» in its promotional material.^[7] Carl Bialik recorded an instance of an adverb being applied to a different verb in a 2007 advert for Live Free or Die Hard, where a New York Daily News quote of «hysterically overproduced and surprisingly entertaining» was reduced to «hysterically… entertaining».^[8]

In the United States, there is no specific law against misleading movie blurbs, beyond existing regulation over false advertising. The MPAA reviews advertisements for tone and content rather than the accuracy of their citations. Some studios seek approval from the original critic before running a condensed quotation.^[9] The European Union’s Unfair Commercial Practices Directive prohibits contextomy, and targets companies who «falsely claim accreditation» for their products in ways that are «not being true to the terms of the [original] endorsement». It is enforced in the United Kingdom by the Office of Fair Trading, and carries a maximum penalty of a £5,000 fine or two years imprisonment.^[10][11]

Creation–evolution controversy[edit]

Scientists and their supporters used the term quote mining as early as the mid-1990s in newsgroup posts to describe quoting practices of certain creationists.^[12][13][14] The term is used by members of the scientific community to describe a method employed by creationists to support their arguments,^[15][16][17] though it can be and often is used outside of the creation–evolution controversy. Complaints about the practice predate known use of the term: Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote in his famous 1973 essay «Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution»:

Their [Creationists’] favorite sport is stringing together quotations, carefully and sometimes expertly taken out of context, to show that nothing is really established or agreed upon among evolutionists. Some of my colleagues and myself have been amused and amazed to read ourselves quoted in a way showing that we are really antievolutionists under the skin.

This has been compared to the Christian theological method of prooftexting:^[18]

Pseudoscientists often reveal themselves by their handling of the scientific literature. Their idea of doing scientific research is simply to read scientific periodicals and monographs. They focus on words, not on the underlying facts and reasoning. They take science to be all statements by scientists. Science degenerates into a secular substitute for sacred literature. Any statement by any scientist can be cited against any other statement. Every statement counts and every statement is open to interpretation.

The Institute for Creation Research (ICR) described the use of «[a]n evolutionist’s quote mistakenly used out of context» to «negate the entirety of [an] article and creationist claims regarding the lack of transitional forms» as «a smoke screen».^[19]

Both Answers in Genesis (AiG) and Henry M. Morris (founder of ICR) have been accused of producing books of mined quotes. TalkOrigins Archive (TOA) states that «entire books of these quotes have been published» and lists prominent creationist Henry M. Morris’s That Their Words May Be Used Against Them and The Revised Quote Book as examples, in addition to a number of online creationist lists of quote-mines.^[20] Both AiG and ICR use the following quote from Stephen Jay Gould on intermediate forms.^[21]

The fossil record with its abrupt transitions offers no support for gradual change. All paleontologists know that the fossil record contains precious little in the way of intermediate forms; transitions between major groups are characteristically abrupt.

Context shows that Gould rejected the gradualists’ explanation for the lack of support for gradual change in favor of his own interpretation. He continues:

… Gradualists usually extract themselves from this dilemma by invoking the extreme imperfection of the fossil record. Although I reject this argument (for reasons discussed in [«The Episodic Nature of Evolutionary Change»]), let us grant the traditional escape and ask a different question.^[22]

Knowing that creationists are quoting him as if he were saying there were no transitional forms, Gould responded:

Since we proposed punctuated equilibria to explain trends, it is infuriating to be quoted again and again by creationists—whether through design or stupidity, I do not know—as admitting that the fossil record includes no transitional forms. The punctuations occur at the level of species; directional trends (on the staircase model) are rife at the higher level of transitions within major groups.^[23]

«Absurd in the highest degree»[edit]

Since the mid-1990s, scientists and their supporters have used the term quote mining to describe versions of this practice as used by certain creationists in the creation–evolution controversy.^[12] An example found in debates over evolution is an out-of-context quotation of Charles Darwin in his Origin of Species:

To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree.

This sentence, sometimes truncated to the phrase «absurd in the highest degree», is often presented as part of an assertion that Darwin himself believed that natural selection could not fully account for the complexity of life.^[24] However, Darwin went on to explain that the apparent absurdity of the evolution of an eye is no bar to its occurrence, and elaborates on its evolution:

Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real.

Other out of context quotations[edit]

Besides the creation–evolution controversy, the fallacy of quoting out of context is also used in other areas. In some instances, commentators have used the term quote mining, comparing the practice of others with creationist quote mining.^[25]

• Entertainment: with The Times reporting its frequent abuse by promoters with, for example, «I couldn’t help feeling that, for all the energy, razzmatazz and technical wizardry, the audience had been shortchanged» being pared down to «having ‘energy, razzmatazz and technical wizardry‘«.^[26]
• Travel: The Guardian ran an article in May 2013 with the subheading «Sri Lanka has the hotels, the food, the climate and the charm to offer the perfect holiday, says Ruaridh Nicoll. It’s just a pity about the increasingly despotic government».^[27] A highly edited version of this piece was immediately posted on the official Sri Lankan news portal under the heading «Sri Lanka has everything to offer perfect holiday» [sic].^[28]
• Pseudohistory: A book review in The New York Times recounts Lerone Bennett Jr.’s «distortion by omission» in citing a letter from Abraham Lincoln as evidence that he «did not openly oppose the anti-immigrant Know-Nothing Party» because, as Lincoln explained, «they are mostly my old political and personal friends», while omitting to mention that the remainder of the letter describes Lincoln’s break with these former Whig Party associates of his, and his anticipation of «painful necessity of my taking an open stand against them.»^[29]
• Alternative medicine: Analysis of the evidence submitted by the British Homeopathic Association to the House of Commons Evidence Check on Homeopathy contains many examples of quote mining, where the conclusions of scientific papers were selectively quoted to make them appear to support the efficacy of homeopathic treatment. For example, one paper’s conclusion was reported as «There is some evidence that homeopathic treatments are more effective than placebo» without the immediately following caveat «however, the strength of this evidence is low because of the low methodological quality of the trials. Studies of high methodological quality were more likely to be negative than the lower quality studies.»^[30]

See also[edit]

• Cherry picking
• Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed § Charles Darwin quotation issue
• FactCheck.org
• Half-truth
• Prooftext
• Recontextualization

Notes[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Boller, Paul F. Jr. (1967). Quotemanship: The Use and Abuse of Quotations for Polemical and Other Purposes. Southern Methodist University Press. ISBN 978-1-161-40918-5.

External links[edit]

• The dictionary definition of contextomy at Wiktionary

out of context — перевод на русский

Показать ещё примеры для «вне контекста»…

Показать ещё примеры для «вырвано из контекста»…

Показать ещё примеры для «вырвали из контекста»…

Мне не удалось найти значение словосочетания «Вырвать/вырезать из контекста». Я нашёл лишь одно упоминание в одном из словарей синонимов, где для словосочетания «Вырванный из контекста» приводятся такие синонимы, как: отдельный, обособленный, изолированный, оторванный.

С помощью пары английских словарей, таких как Longman, я попытаюсь исправить этот недочёт. Но для начала нужно прояснить, что слово «Контекст» может иметь два значения (более широкое значение и более узкое, самое простое, значение):

1) Ситуация, события или общие сведения, которые имеют отношение к чему-то конкретному и помогают вам лучше понять это. Политический контекст выборов. Мы изучаем работы этих художников в их европейском контексте. Эта проблема возникает в общем контексте экономических трудностей.

2) Слова, которые находятся непосредственно до и после слова или выражения, и которые помогают понять их значение. Значение слова «безумный» зависит от того контекста, в котором оно использовано.

3) Вырвать/вырезать из контекста: повторить только часть из сказанного или написанного кем-то, что серьёзно изменит исходное значение; в более широком смысле процитировать какое-то высказывание без описания той ситуации, в которой оно было сделано. Его комментарии, вырванные из контекста, кажутся резкими. То, что я сказал, репортёры полностью вырвали из контекста.

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ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИМЕРЫ

• political/social/historical etc context – политический/социальный/исторический контекст и т. д.

• place/put/see etc something in context – поместить/поставить/посмотреть на что-то и т. д. в контексте. To appreciate what these changes will mean, it is necessary to look at them in context. – Чтобы понять, что будут означать эти изменения, необходимо посмотреть на них в контексте.

• in the context of something – в контексте чего-то. These incidents are best understood in the broader context of developments in rural society. – Эти инциденты лучше всего понять в более широком контексте развития аграрного общества.

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СЛОВОСОЧЕНИЯ

ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫЕ

• the social/political/historical etc context – социальный/политический/исторический контекст и т. д. You often need to understand the cultural context of jokes. – Часто нужно понимать культурный контекст шуток.

• a wider/broader/larger context (= a more general situation, set of events etc) – более широкий/более общий/более масштабный контекст (= более общая ситуация, набор событий и т. д.). It’s important to look at the story in the wider context of medieval Spain. – Важно взглянуть на историю в более широком контексте средневековой Испании.

• an international/European/British etc context – международный/европейский/британский контекст и т. д. We study the work of these artists in their European context. – Мы изучаем работы этих художников в их европейском контексте.

• a general context – общий контекст. This problem is occurring within a general context of economic difficulty. – Эта проблема возникает в общем контексте экономических трудностей.

ГЛАГОЛЫ

• see something in the context of something (= consider and understand something in relation to a particular situation) – рассмотреть что-то в контексте чего-то (= обдумать и понять что-то в связи с конкретной ситуацией). His life and work must be seen in the context of his youth. – Его жизнь и работу следует рассматривать в контексте его юности.

• look at/examine etc something in context – посмотреть на/изучить и т. д. что-то в контексте. Although this does not seem to be a good result, let’s examine it in context. – Хотя кажется, что это не даст хорошего результата, давайте изучим это в контексте.

• put something in/into context (= consider something in context) – поместить что-то в контекст (= рассмотреть что-то в контексте). These statistics need to be put into context. – Эти статистики необходимо поместить в контекст.

• place/set something in context (= consider something in context) – поместить/поставить что-то в контекст (= рассмотреть что-то в контексте). The issue must be placed within its historical context. – Проблема должна быть помещена в ее исторический контекст.

• provide a context for something – предоставить контекст для чего-то. The study provides a context for future research. – Изучение предоставляет контекст для будущих исследований.

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Примеры из Корпуса (британского языка)

context – контекст

• But all this takes place within a context of direction. – Но все это происходит в контексте руководства.
• This makes it absolutely clear that the early road and the drains belong in a mid to late second-century context. – Это абсолютно ясно дает понять, что ранняя дорога и водостоки относятся к контексту середины-конца второго века.
• These must be developed in context, through experiences. – Они должны развиваться в контексте, на основе опыта.
• English words can have several meanings depending on context. – Английские слова могут иметь несколько значений в зависимости от контекста.
• The relationship between the sentence context and the target word varied. – Взаимосвязь между контекстом предложения и заданным словом изменилась.
• It also occurs in the context of political protest. – Это также происходит в контексте политического протеста.
• In this context, a neutron star is effectively a single atomic nucleus. – В этом контексте нейтронная звезда фактически представляет собой одиночное атомное ядро.

broader context – более широкий контекст

• I had a broader context than most of the guys who just grew up in the street business. – У меня был более широкий контекст, чем у большинства парней, которые выросли только в уличном бизнесе.
• Thus as I look at the figures I see the question in a broader context. – Таким образом, когда я смотрю на цифры, я вижу вопрос в более широком контексте.
• In a broader context, however, these variations have their limits. – Однако в более широком контексте эти отклонения имеют свои пределы.
• The sharp medical edge of her lecture would be blunted towards the end by placing the Black Death in its broader context. – Резкий медицинский аспект ее лекции будет сглажен к самому концу благодаря помещению Черной смерти в свой более широкий контекст.
• This brings us to consider the broader context of industrial conflict. – Это подводит нас к тому, чтобы рассматривать более широкий контекст промышленного конфликта.
• This is isolation and, in the broader context, the notion of what it means to be an island. – Это изоляция и, в более широком контексте, это представление о том, что значит быть островом.
• General evolution takes place when the broader context itself changes, a process that is both unintentional and willed. – Общая эволюция происходит, когда изменяется сам более широкий контекст, это процесс, который является как непреднамеренным, так и преднамеренным.
• The Tsar’s support for emancipation must be understood within the broader context of the State’s role in a serf-based society. – Поддержка царем эмансипации должна пониматься в более широком контексте роли государства в крепостном обществе.

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В добавление в английской части Википедии есть статья под названием «Quoting out of context» как раз на эту тему.