Word types nouns verbs etc

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Так уж сложилось, что издавна во всех языках словообразование играло одну из первостепенных ролей. Обозначение разных частей речи и их название стало неким этапом в эволюции языка и языкознания.

Также как и в современном русском языке, каждое слово в английском принадлежит определенной части речи (part of speech), то есть категории слов, обладающих своими характерными признаками.

Part of speech — one of the grammatical groups, such as noun, verb, and adjective, into which words are divided depending on their use

Английские части речи классифицируются по синтаксической функции, грамматическому значению и форме. Следовательно, существуют самостоятельные (notional) и служебные (functional) части речи. Но в отличие от русского языка, в английском есть «переходные зоны» между частями речи. То есть одно и то же слово может выступать в роли разных частей речи. И в данном случае опорой служит сам контекст, а не форма слова.

Распознавание или предугадывание частей речи по контексту очень важный навык, если вы готовитесь к сдаче ЕГЭ или международных экзаменов. Понимание частей речи, безусловно, облегчит выполнение заданий в разы, а хорошая система подготовки определенно сыграет свою роль. В качестве помощи команда онлайн-школы Инглиш Шоу разработала курсы по подготовке к разнообразным экзаменам, начиная с ЕГЭ и заканчивая TOEFL или IELTS. Узнать, как это работает очень просто – стоит только записаться на бесплатный пробный урок и проверить эффективность обучения с преподавателем на себе!

Самостоятельные части речи в английском языке

Если у слова есть свое собственное лексическое значение, то его без сомнений можно отнести к самостоятельным частям речи. Произнося его, сразу становится понятен смысл слова. К самостоятельным частям речи в английском языке относятся:

Имя существительное (Noun)

Грамматика и теория русского языка даёт нам следующее определение существительного: оно называет людей, животных, места, абстрактные понятия, предметы. И для него характерно отвечать на вопросы: «Кто?» или «Что?».

В английском существительные бывают разные:

• Common – нарицательные
  Например: person – человек, teacher – учитель, log – бревно
• Proper – собственные
  Например: Stephen, Italy, America, Saturn
• Compound – составные (состоящими из двух корней)
  Например: post office – почтовое отделение, car park – парковка, textbook – учебник, bookcase – книжный шкаф
• Abstract – абстрактные
  Например: beauty – красота, intelligence – ум, democracy – демократия
• Collective – собирательные
  Например: family – семья, flock — стая, herd – стадо

Кроме этого, в английском есть четкое разделение на исчисляемые (countable) и неисчисляемые (uncountable). Исчисляемые они потому что их можно посчитать поштучно и все они имеют форму как единственного, так и множественного числа. И перед существительным в единственном числе мы ставим артикль (a/an).

Например:

• I have got an orange and a banana.
  У меня есть апельсин и банан.
• There are a lot of cookies in this bowl.
  В этой тарелке много печенья.

Стоит отметить, что к неисчисляемым существительным в основном относятся жидкости, сыпучие продукты, абстрактные понятия или те, которые существуют либо только в единственном, либо во множественном числе.

Например:

• I don’t have much money.
  У меня немного денег.
• I like listening rock music.
  Я люблю слушать рок музыку.
• There is some rice in the bowl.
  В тарелке есть немного риса.
• Give me some information upon this case.
  Предоставь мне информацию по этому случаю.

Существительные в английском образуются с помощью определенных суффиксов, по которым вы легко сможете определить эту часть речи:

• ance: disturbance, relevance
• ence: reference, occurrence
• ity: complexity, scarcity
• ment: disappointment, achievement
• acy/cy: accuracy
• age: percentage, breakage
• an: Russian, American
• dom: kingdom, freedom
• hood: motherhood, brotherhood

В предложении эта часть речи может выполнять функции как подлежащего (subject), дополнения (object) или функцию complement (дополнения) внутри именного сказуемого.

Например:

• We have accepted the invitation for the party.
  
  (We – subject; invitation – object)
  Мы приняли приглашение на вечеринку.

Вне всяких сомнений, существует ещё множество других нюансов, которые необходимо знать о существительных. Например, важно правильно образовывать множественное число. Об этом мы рассказывали в ролике:

Имя прилагательное (Adjective)

Мы используем прилагательные для описания существительных, то есть они характеризуют признаки предмета, человека или события. И отвечают на вопросы: «Какая?», «Какие?» и т.д.

В английском прилагательные подразделяются по степеням сравнения и бывают:

• Положительной степени (Positive form)
• Сравнительной степени (Comparative form)
• Превосходной степени (Superlative form)

Например:

• large – larger – the largest
  большой – больше – самый большой

Более подробно со всеми правилами эта тема разобрана в нашей статье 👉 Степени сравнения прилагательных

Очень часто в предложении можно встретить описание из нескольких прилагательных, в таком случае они расположены в определенном порядке:

judgement – size – shape – age – colour – origin – material – purpose – noun
суждение – размер – форма – возраст – цвет – происхождение – материал – цель – существительное

💡 Чтобы было легче запомнить, ловите подсказку: чем прилагательное субъективнее, тем дальше оно от самого существительного.

Например:

• There is a small, old, blue, plastic table.
  Это маленький, старый, голубой, пластиковый стол.
• I am a short, young, blue-eyed person.
  Я молодой человек среднего роста с голубыми глазами.

Глагол (Verb)

Как мы помним со школьной скамьи, глагол – это слово «действие», которое характеризуется вопросами: «Что делать?», «Что сделать?» и так далее.

Вместе с подлежащим он представляет главные члены предложения и образует грамматическую основу.

Классификация глаголов в английском:

• Semi-auxiliary – служебные
• Auxiliary — вспомогательные
• Notional – смысловые

Также очень важным моментом является то, что в английском глаголы подразделяют на:

• Transitive – переходные (за которым следует объект или дополнение)
  She is cooking the dinner.
  Она готовит обед.
• Intransitive – непереходные (которые не требуют после себя какого-либо дополнения, они просто характеризуют само действие)
  He slept late this morning.
  Он спал допоздна этим утром.

Ну и конечно же глаголы могут быть разных форм:

• Infinitive – инфинитив или неопределенная форма глагола, в английском используется с частичкой to. Если без неё, то это будет форма bare infinitive (голый инфинитив).

  Например: to go – идти, to cry – плакать, to unearth – раскопать

• Base form – первоначальная форма, это тот же инфинитив, но используемый уже без частички to.
• Past Simple form – форма прошедшего времени

  И здесь стоит сказать, что существуют правильные (regular) и неправильные (irregular) глаголы.

  Неправильные глаголы собраны в таблицу и их просто нужно выучить для правильного употребления в речи. А правильные глаголы образуют форму прошедшего времени путем добавления -ed.

• Past Participle – причастие прошедшего времени, это третий столбик в таблице неправильных глаголов.

  Примеры: beaten – побитый, broken — сломанный

  Или если глагол правильный, то он образует вторую и третью формы с помощью окончания -ed.

  Примеры: play — played, study — studied, watch — watched

• Present Participle – причастие настоящего времени, это глагол с -ing или как его ещё называют — герундий.

  Например: hoping- надеющийся, studying – обучающийся

Наречие (Adverb)

В целом, наречия в отличие от прилагательных характеризуют действия или глаголы и отвечают на вопросы: «Как?», «Где?», «Когда?», «Почему?», «Каким образом?».

Классификация наречий:

• Manner – наречие образа действия:
  Well – хорошо, slowly — медленно
• Place – места:
  Above – над, here – здесь
• Time – времени:
  Now – сейчас, then – тогда, soon – вскоре
• Degree – степени:
  Very – очень, really – реально, quite – достаточно
• Frequency – частоты:
  Once – однажды, twice – дважды

В основном наречия образуются с помощью суффикса -ly, который так сказать «определитель» для этой части речи, но, как вы заметили, исключения всегда имеют место быть.

Местоимение (Pronoun)

Судя по названию, местоимения мы используем вместо имён, то есть вместо имён собственных, предметов или качеств предмета.

В английском языке существуют следующие классы местоимений:

• Object pronouns – личные, выступающие в роли объекта: me, him, her, it, us, you, them
  He met me at the park yesterday.
  Он встретил меня вчера в парке.
• Subject pronouns – личные, выступающие в роли субъекта: I, he, you, she, we, it, they
  They used to play tennis 10 years ago.
  Они имели обыкновение играть в теннис 10 лет назад.
• Reflexive pronouns – возвратные: himself, herself, ourselves, myself
  We decided to do it by ourselves.
  Мы решили это сделать сами.
• Demonstrative pronouns – указательные: those, this, that, these
  These are your pieces of equipment.
  Вот это твоё оборудование.
• Possessive pronouns – притяжательные: hers, his, mine, yours
  These shoes are mine!
  Это мои туфли!
• Relative pronouns – относительные: who, which, that, whose
  This was the man who stole your wallet.
  Это тот мужчина, который украл у тебя кошелёк.

Числительные (Numerals)

Числительные показывают порядок предметов при счете и их количество. Для них характерными являются вопросы: «Сколько?» или «Который по счету?». Также, как и в русском языке, они бывают:

• Cardinal numbers – количественными:
  
  one, six, thirty, one hundred
• Ordinal numbers – порядковыми:
  
  first – первый, second – второй, third – третий, fourth – четвертый

Образование порядковых числительных происходит с помощью окончания -th, начиная с числа 4, а первые три числа нужно просто запомнить.

Служебные части речи в английском языке

Исходя из названия можно догадаться, что служебные части речи выполняют вспомогательную функцию и, так сказать, служат самостоятельным частям речи.

Служебных частей речи не так уж много:

• Article – артикль
• Conjunction – союз
• Preposition – предлог
• Paticles — частицы
• Interjections — междометия

Cоюз (Сonjunction)

Союзы служат соединительными словами-связками, это своего рода взаимодействие однородных членов предложения. Или же они выполняют роль соединения предложений между собой.

• Conjunctions for words of the same class (Союзы для однородных частей речи):
  
  and, but, or, nor, yet
• Conjunctions for clauses of sentences (Союзы для частей предложения):
  as soon as, before, since, until, when, because, although, unless, so, where

Предлоги (Prepositions)

Как правило, предлоги показывают отношение существительного или местоимения к другим словам в предложении. Существуют такие категории, как:

• Place – предлоги места:
  
  in, at, on, by, above, over
• Movement – предлоги движения:
  
  from, to, in, into, on, onto, by, out, through
• Time – предлоги времени:
  at, on, by, before, in, from, since, during, until

Сложность выбора предлогов заключается в том, что нет строгой однозначности в их использовании. Поэтому хорошим советом здесь будет: Practise, practise & practise! Подробнее про предлоги места и времени читайте в нашей статье: predlogi-mesta-i-vremeni

Артикли (Аrticles)

В английском существует всего лишь два типа артиклей, по сравнению с другими романо-германскими языками, в которых их гораздо больше.

1. Definite article – определенный артикль – the

   Используется в том случае, если субъект или объект являются определенными по ситуации или единственными в своем роде.

   Например:

   The football is blue.
   Мячик является голубым. (Именно конкретный мячик)

   The sun is shining brightly.
   Солнце ярко светит. (Единственное в своем роде – the sun)

2. Indefinite article – неопределенный артикль – a/an

   Данный артикль может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными и в единственном числе. То есть он просто служит неким обозначением предмета в единственном числе. Поэтому нужно быть предельно внимательными при его использовании.

   Например:

   A lotus is a flower.
   Лотус – это цветок.

Более подробно про артикли читайте в нашей следующей статье: artikli-v-anglijskom-jazyke

Частицы (Paticles)

Частицы имеют свойство придавать словам дополнительные оттенки, значение. Они не имеют грамматических категорий, а также не являются членами предложения. Давайте посмотрим, какие же существуют классификации частиц:

• Limiting — выделительно-ограничительные:
  
  even, only, merely, solely, just, but, alone
• Intensifying particles – усилительные:
  simply, just, all, still, yet
• Negative particle — отрицательная частица:
  
  not
• Additive particle — дополняющая частица:
  
  else

Междометия (Interjections)

Междометия на самом деле не относятся ни к самостоятельным, ни к служебным частям речи, так как они не имеют особого смысла. Они лишь передают наши чувства и эмоции.

Например:

oh, eh, alas, er, hey, uhm

Сводная таблица частей речи в английском языке

PARTS OF SPEECH	DESCRIPTION	EXAMPLES
NOUNS	Name people, animals, places, things	Chair, sparrow, school, Greece
VERBS	Name action or activity	Be, seem, smell, jump
ADJECTIVES	Describe nouns such as people or things	Clean/dirty, expensive/cheap, light/dark
ADVERBS	Describe verbs (actions)	Well, quickly, sometimes
PRONOUNS	Used instead of nouns	He, we, they, their, my
NUMERALS	Name numbers	Fifty, eighty, thirty-first
CONJUNCTIONS	Join words or clauses of sentence	And, but, as soon as, unless, although
PREPOSITIONS	Show the relationship between a noun and other words	At, on, by, before, since
ARTICLES	Show if the noun is definite or indefinite	The, a/an
PARTICLES	Give additional meaning to words	Not, yet, else
INTERJECTIONS	Describe feelings and emotions	Oh, eh, alas, er, hey, uhm

Эта таблица поможет вам определять части речи. Также, используя русско-английский словарь, вы можете посмотреть принадлежность слова к той или иной части речи. Но, чтобы начать лучше разбираться в грамматических аспектах, лучше начать изучение последовательно, к примеру, с глаголов и потом постепенно переходить к другим самостоятельным или служебным частям речи. Тогда вы сможете с легкостью выдохнуть — у вас не будет никакой каши в голове и сложностей в использовании на практике.

Также не стоит забывать, что построение английского предложения начинается с прямого порядка слов, о чем многие забывают при переключении с русского на английский. Как раз для подобного рода практики команда Инглиш Шоу разработала курс Разговорный Марафон. Каждый день на протяжении нескольких месяцев вы отрабатываете основные навыки, разговаривая на повседневные темы с разными преподавателями. Но это ещё не все! В течение курса вас ждёт масса сюрпризов и лайфхаков, так что после курса можете с уверенностью собираться заграницу! Записывайтесь на бесплатный пробный урок и узнайте все подробности самостоятельно.

Every word in a sentence plays a different role, refer as the parts of speech. There are the following word classes in english grammar. Word Classes are very important part in grammar. They decide different rules of grammar. More precisely every grammar rule comes out of them. They are the most basic part of a sentences. Without word classes English language would never be possible and that why these 9 words classes are the base of English language.

9 Words Classes in English Grammar

There are following word classes in English grammar.

1. Nouns

A noun is the name of a person, place, concept, or object, like Marry, John, Canada, Japan, truth, honesty, table and, knife Etc. Nouns occupy the major part of English compositions and come in a wide variety of types. They are used as the subject, direct object, indirect objects, plurals, possessive nouns, opposites and adjectives. Mostly nouns are divided into two categories: common nouns and proper nouns.

Examples:

• Cat was under the table.
• Sarah comes out of no where.
• This purse does not belongs to my father.
• Mosque was very beautiful.

List of Some Nouns: 

Banana	Quill	Hospital
Car	School	Juice
Dinner	Tent	Lizard
Engine	Vulture	Morning
France	Girl	Oxygen
Ambulance	Pillow	Hair
Belgium	Restaurant	Insurance
Church	Spoon	Knife
Dress	Train	Magazine
Finland	Xylophone	Nest
Airport	Piano	Guitar
Bed	Refrigerator	Insect
China	Soccer	Kite

i. Common Noun Vs. Proper Noun

Common nouns

They refer the general things, like books and football.

Proper nouns

They deal with the specific names, like David and London.

ii. Countable Nouns Vs. Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns

Nouns which we can count like cats, books, pens Etc.

Uncountable Nouns

Nouns that we cannot count like liquid, air, intelligence.

2. Pronouns

Pronouns are the words that substitute for nouns. For example, he, she, it, her, his you, many, who, everybody Etc. Pronouns are divided into a range of categories. personal pronoun, possessive pronoun, relative pronoun, reflexive pronoun, indefinite pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, an interrogative pronoun, intensive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun.

Examples:

• Tom was going to Mosque, and I just followed him.
• Tina is the friend of Sara, and I am their class fellow.
• He is the man of a lot of sugar in his juice.

Some Pronouns are: 

he	her	hers
him	his	I
it	its	our
she	theirs	them
they	us	we
you	your

3. Adjectives

Adjectives describe the qualities or states of nouns. Adjectives are fast, funny, engaging, well-written. There are three degrees of adjectives positive, comparative and superlative adjectives black. They also describe the quality of nouns, many, few, millions Etc.

Examples

• Tom is a brave boy and that’s why he is in at Army.
• My brother is a good looking actor in Germany.
• Shimla is a coward lady of our society.

Here are some common adjectives:

dull	drab	doubtful
dizzy	disturbed	distinct
disgusted	difficult	different
determined	depressed	delightful
defiant	defeated	dead
dark	dangerous	cute
curious	cruel	crowded
creepy	crazy	courageous
cooperative	confused	condemned
concerned	comfortable	combative
colorful	clumsy	cloudy
clever	clear	clean
cheerful	charming	cautious
careful	calm	busy
bright	breakable	brave
brainy	bored	blushing
blue-eyed	blue	bloody
black	bewildered	better
beautiful	bad	awful
average	attractive	ashamed
arrogant	anxious	annoying
annoyed	angry	amused
alive	alert	agreeable
aggressive	adventurous	adorable

4. Verbs

Verbs describe specific actions, like running, winning, and amazing. There are six types of verbs.

Examples:

• Tina was playing cricket.
• Roma is eating bread with butter.

i. Action verbs

They describe action words a person or thing can do such as accept, ask, bake Etc.

Below are some common action verbs:

Zip	Yank	Write	Win
Whistle	Walk	Turn	Touch
Teach	Study	Solve	Sneeze
Sleep	Skip	Sing	Shout
Shop	See	Scream	Run
Replace	Read	Play	Plan
Paint	Listen	Lie	Laugh
Jump	Invent	Imitate	Exit
Enter	Edit	Eat	Drink
Draw	Describe	Dance	Cry
Create	Cough	Complete	Color
Coach	Buy	Build	Break
Arrange	Approve	Answer	Act

ii. Transitive Verbs

If action verbs follow the direct object is called transitive verbs. Like drive, want, write, eat, clean Etc.

iii. Intransitive verb

The action verbs do not have a direct object like landed, arrived.

iv. Linking verb

The various forms of to be are the linking verbs like am, is, are, where Etc.

v. Helping Verb

Helping verbs are used with main verbs. Auxiliary and model verbs are helping verbs like am, are, do, does, shall will Etc.

vi. Static Verb

The static verb is used to express a state rather than an action. Like believe, guess, know, remember Etc.

5. Adverbs

An adverb describes an adjective, a verb, or another adverb. For example, quickly, slowly, happily Etc. There are five different kinds of adverbs.

Examples:

• Tina was cutting the bread carefully.
• Sara was acting nervously in front of her parents.

i. Adverb of Manner

Adverbs that are use to tell manner: Nicely, beautifully, etc. Adverbs can be negative or positive. Below are some adverbs.

Positive	Negative	+Ve/-Ve
Carefully	Nervously	Badly
Justly	Angrily	Hastily
Politely	Cruelly	Angrily
Boldly	Hungrily	Awkwardly
Powerfully	Hastily	Anxiously
Kindly	Anxiously	Blindly
Calmly	Rudely	Loudly
Openly	Blindly	Hungrily
Quickly	Sadly	Noisily
Bravely	Roughly	Lazily
Promptly	Painfully	Frantically
Neatly	Greedily	Carelessly
Perfectly	Carelessly	Inadequately
Easily	Selfishly	Madly

ii. Adverb of Time

Adverb of time is related to time. Examples of adverbs of time are: Today, Yesterday, etc.

iii. Adverb of Place

Adverb of place is related to place. Examples of adverbs of place are: Here, There, Nowhere, etc.

iv. Adverb of Degree

Adverb of degree is related to degree of something or some action. Examples of adverbs of degree are: So, Very, almost, etc.

v. Adverb of Frequency

Adverb of frequency is related to how may time an action has been repeated. Examples of adverbs of frequency are: Always, Never, etc.

6. Prepositions

Prepositions explain the relationship between the words in a sentence. It indicates direction, time, location and space Etc. Examples are above, behind, in, off, Etc.

Examples:

• Cat was over the roof.
• Tina is in the opposite side of the mosque.

Some Prepositions are:

over	outside	opposite	onto
on	off	of	near
minus	like	into	inside
in	from	for	following
excluding	excepting	except	during
down	despite	considering	concerning
by	but	beyond	between
besides	beside	beneath	below
behind	before	at	as
around	anti	among	amid
along	against	after	across
above	about	aboard

7. Conjunctions

Conjunctions make it possible to build complex sentences that express multiple ideas like coordinating conjunction, subordinating conjunction and correlative conjunction.

Examples:

• I will dance rather than playing cricket.
• Because Tina is my girlfriend, she will not talk to you anymore.

Here are some most used conjunction:

Provided	Rather than	Even though
In order that	Now when	As if
Even	If then	for
Although	Because	and

8. Interjections

A word that express feelings and emotions in called as interjection. Interjection is somehow very important in grammar. It is very important parts of speech in English grammar. Some common interjection words are oh!, Ah! Yum!, Phooey!, Boo!, etc.

Examples:

• Yeah! I have seen a small cat.
• Oh God! He is under the table.
• Hurrah! We played well and won the game.

9. Articles

There are two categories of articles: definite and indefinite articles. A, an is the indefinite article, and the is the definite article. Articles play an important role in English grammar. They adds to the beauty of English grammar. It is very important to learn these three articles and how to use them. They have some simple rules that we have to follow to use them clearly and correctly.

Examples:

• The Pakistan is our beloved country.
• A cat was going into his room.
• An apple just falls off the table.

10. Determiner

A word placed before a noun provides information about quantity, ownership and specificity. It covers articles, demonstratives possessives and quantifiers, such as a, an, the, this, that, my, his, some, six, Etc.

Examples:

• This chair is made of wood.
• That was the ball, Raina was suppose to use in his home.

In a nutshell, we have discussed commonly used classes and examples of parts of speech.

About Author

Simi

Meet Simeron Khan, an experienced ESL teacher with a passion for guiding students towards fluency in English. With a knack for making even the most complex grammar rules accessible and enjoyable, Simeron has helped countless learners achieve their language goals.

The words
of language, depending on various formal and semantic features,
are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes. The
tra­ditional grammatical classes of words are called «parts
of speech». Since the
word is distinguished not only by grammatical, but also by
semantico-lexemic properties, some scholars refer to parts of speech
as «lexico-grammatical»
series of words, or as «lexico-grammatical categories.

It
should be noted that the term «part of speech» is purely
traditional and
conventional, it cannot be taken as in any way defining or
explana­tory. This name was introduced in the grammatical
teaching of Ancient Greece, where the concept of the sentence was not
yet explicitly identi­fied
in distinction to the general idea of speech, and where,
consequently, no
strict differentiation was drawn between the word as a vocabulary
unit and the word as a functional element of the sentence.

In
modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of
the three
criteria:
«semantic»,
«formal», and «functional».

The
se­mantic
criterion
presupposes the evaluation of the generalized meaning, which
is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given
part of speech. This meaning is understood as the «categorial
meaning of
the part of speech».

The
formal criterion
provides for the exposition of the
specific inflexional and derivational (word-building) features of
allthe
lexemic subsets of a part of speech.

The
functional criterion
concerns the
syntactic role of words in the sentence typical of a part of speech.
The said
three factors of categorial characterization of words are
conven­tionally
referred to as, respectively, «meaning», «form»,
and «function».

In accord
with the described criteria, words on the upper level of
classification
are divided into notional
and functional,
which reflects their division
in the earlier grammatical tradition into changeable and
un­changeable.

To the
notional
parts of speech
of the English language belong the noun, the adjective, the numeral,
the pronoun, the verb, the adverb.

Contrasted against the
notional parts of speech are words of incom­plete nominative
meaning and non-self-dependent, mediatory functions in the sentence.
These are functional parts of speech.

To
the basic functional
series of words
in English belong the article, the
preposition, the conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the
inter­jection.

Each part of speech after its
identification is further subdivided into subseries in accord with
various particular semantico-functional and formal features of the
constituent words. This subdivision is some­times called
«subcategorization» of parts of speech.

Thus, nouns
are subcategorized into proper and common, ani­mate and
inanimate, countable and uncountable, concrete and ab­stract,
etc.

Verbs
are subcategorized into fully predicative and partially pred­icative,
transitive and intransitive, actional and statal, purely nomi­native
and evaluative, etc.

Adjectives
are subcategorized into qualitative and relative, of con­stant
feature and temporary feature (the latter are referred to as
«statives» and identified by some scholars as a separate
part of speech un­der the heading of «category of state»),
factual and evaluative, etc.

The adverb,
the numeral, the pronoun are also subject to the cor­responding
subcategorizations.

We have
drawn a general outline of the division of the lexicon into part
of speech classes developed by modern linguists on the lines of
tra­ditional
morphology.

Alongside
the three-criteria principle of dividing the words into grammatical
(lexico-grammatical) classes, modern linguistics has de­veloped
another, narrower principle
of word-class identification based on syntactic featuring of words
only.

The fact is
that the three-criteria principle faces a special difficulty in
determining the part of speech status of such lexemes as have
mor­phological characteristics of notional words, but are
essentially distin­guished from notional words by their playing
the role of grammatical mediators in phrases and sentences. Here
belong, for instance, modal verbs
together with their equivalents — suppletive fillers, auxiliary
verbs, aspective
verbs, intensifying adverbs, determiner pronouns. This diffi­culty,
consisting in the intersection of heterogeneous properties in the
established
word-classes, can evidently be overcome by recognizing only one
criterion of the three as decisive.

Comparing
the syntactico-distributional classification of words with the
traditional part of speech division of words, one cannot but see the
similarity of the general schemes of the two: the opposition of
notional and
functional words, the four absolutely cardinal classes of notional
words (since numerals and pronouns have no positional functions of
their
own and serve as pro-nounal and pro-adjectival elements), the
in­terpretation of functional words as syntactic mediators and
their formal representation
by the list.

However,
under these unquestionable traits of similarity are distinctly
revealed
essential features of difference, the proper evaluation of which
allows us to make some important generalizations about the structure
of the
lexemic system of language.

As
a result of the undertaken analysis
we have obtained a founda­tion
for dividing the whole of the lexicon at the upper level of
classifica­tion
into three unequal parts.

The
first part of the lexicon forming an open set includes an
indefi­nitely large number of notional words which have a
complete nomina­tive
function. In accord with the said function, these words can be re
ferred to as «names»: nouns as substance names, verbs as
process names, adjectives
as primary property names and adverbs as secondary proper­ty
names. The whole notional set is represented by the four-stage
deriva­tional
paradigm of nomination.

The
second part of the lexicon forming a closed set includes substi­tutes
of names (pro-names). Here belong pronouns, and also broad-mean­ing
notional words which constitute various marginal subsets.

The
third part of the lexicon also forming a closed set includes
spec­ifiers
of names. These are function-categorial words of various
servo-status.

Substitutes
of names (pro-names) and specifiers of names, while stand­ing
with the names in nominative correlation as elements of the lexicon,
at
the same time serve as connecting links between the names within the
lexicon
and their actual uses in the sentences of living speech.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА:

1. Блох, М.Я.
   Теоретическая грамматика английского
   языка : Учеб. / М.Я. Блох. – 5–е изд.,
   стер. – М. : Высш. шк., 2006. – 423 с.

2. Блох, М.Я.
   Теоретические основы грамматики :
   учеб. / М.Я. Блох. – 3–е изд., испр. –
   М. : Высш. шк., 2002. – 160 с.

3. Blokh,
   M.Y. A course in theoretical English grammar / M.Y. Blokh. –
   M., 1983.

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Word classes are parts of speech. They’re the building blocks that form every sentence ever uttered. They are categorized by the role they play in your sentences.

Everyone agrees on the following four main word classes:

1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Adjective
4. Adverb

There are varying opinions as to whether the following are word classes or word forms. So we went straight to the experts: the Oxford and Cambridge Dictionaries. Per these two highly learned sources, the following are considered word classes also:

1. Pronoun (e.g. I, you, me, we, mine, someone, he, she)
2. Preposition (e.g. at, in, on, across, behind, for)
3. Conjunction (e.g. and, but, when, if, because)
4. Determiner (e.g. a, the, an, this, etc.)
5. Exclamation or Interjection (e.g. oh, ah, wow, ouch)

The four main classes have thousands of members, and new nouns, verbs, and other words are being created every day. Consider the verb “google.” This verb didn’t exist just a few years ago and now it is firmly entrenched in everyday language. Just last month a new noun, “intersectionality” (the study of overlapping social identities and related systems of discrimination), was just added to Dictionary.com. Can you think of any other words that have recently been created and entered your own vocabulary?

Some words, however, can fall in multiple word classes depending on their context:

• Put your money in the bank. (noun)
• He began to bank the airplane into the wind. (verb)
• Come warm up by the fire. (noun)
• He will certainly fire her for coming in late again. (verb)
• A book is a source of endless reading pleasure. (noun)
• Book your holiday plans soon to get the best deal. (verb)
• She loves fast cars. (adjective)
• He’s driving fast to get to work on time. (adverb)
• Her hourly complaints have got to stop. (adjective)
• The weather report is reported hourly. (adverb)

The next step is to use your word classes to form phrase classes, like noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, etc. But we’ll save that for another post.

On these pages we look at vocabulary categorised by word class (verbs, nouns, adjectives etc) and by word form (contractions, prefixes, suffixes etc). These pages deal mainly with vocabulary, for example word lists, meanings and sample sentences with the words in context. But see also the grammar of word classes.

Word Classes

Modern grammars normally recognise four major word classes (verb, noun, adjective, adverb) and five other word classes (determiners, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection), making nine word classes (or parts of speech) in total. But note that some grammarians use different systems and may recognise eight or ten different word classes.

Verbs
Verbs are action or state words like: run, work, study, be, seem

Nouns
Nouns are words for people, places or things like: mother, town, Rome, car, dog

Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe nouns, like: kind, clever, expensive

Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, like: quickly, back, ever, badly, away generally, completely

Prepositions
Prepositions are words usually in front of a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, like: after, down, near, of, plus, round, to

Pronouns
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns, like: me, you, his, it, this, that, mine, yours, who, what

Interjections
Interjections have no grammatical value — words like: ah, hey, oh, ouch, um, well

Word Forms

Prefixes with Prefixes Quiz
List of prefixes with examples: non-, inter-, post-

Suffixes
Lists of suffixes and examples in use: -ation, -al, -ize

Words starting with mono- and poly-
Lists of words starting with the combining forms mono- and poly-

Contractions
Shortened forms of words and phrases, common in speech: I’m, aren’t, here’s, gonna

WH Question Words
The words we use to make question word questions: WHo, WHat, HoW

Without grammar very little can be conveyed; without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.D.A. Wilkins, Linguistics in Language Teaching

See the vedio of full article on the list of nouns, verbs adjectives & adverbs

Noun : The name of something is called noun. Generally it may be person,place,things or idea. Noun can be singular or plural . Noun is often used with article (a,an,the) but not in all time. Proper Noun begins with Capital letter. Suppose – The Amazon river is the biggest river of the world. Some examples of Noun: Newyork, Justine, Sundarbans etc.

Pronoun : Pronoun is a word that is the substitute of noun. Pronoun is used in replace of noun or noun phrase. Pronoun are 9 in types: Personal Pronoun– he,they we. Demonstrative Pronoun– this,that,these. Interrrogative pronoun– who,which,whose .Indefinite pronoun– None,several, any . Possessive Pronoun– ours,their,my,his . Reciprocal Pronoun– each other,one another . Relative Pronoun– Who,which,that . Reflexive Pronoun– itself,himself,ourselves. Intensive Pronoun– Mainly Intensive pronouns are used to emphasize their antecedent .Like I myself do this task.

Verb: Verb indicates the action. The action of something is called verb. Sometimes the main verb takes helping verbs. He can do the job. Here ‘can’ is a helping verb. Verbs are 3 types: Action verbs, helping verbs and Linking verbs. Action verbs: eat, go, make etc. Helping verbs: The verb that helps the main verb. Jessika could learn to drive car.  Linking Verbs: The verbs that mainly works as a connector between subject and object as a same thing. Austin became an entrepreneur.

Adjectives: Adjective is the word that modifies noun or pronouns. Examples- The nice girl is dancing on the stage.

Adverbs: The word that modify verbs, adjectives or another adverb. Generally, adverbs give the answer of the question where, how, when or under which condition.

Preposition: Preposition is a word that place before noun or pronoun. Example- The dog jumped out of the moving train. With, at, in, on, before, without etc.

Conjunctions: The word Conjunctions make joining between two or more sentences or phrases. Example- and, but, or etc.

Interjection: The word interjection is used to express emotion. Example- oh!… wow! oops!

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Act (আচরণকরা)	Action	Active	Actively
Act	Activity	Active	Actively
Act	Activeness	Active	Actively
Achieve	Achievement	Achievable
Accept	Acceptance	Acceptable
Add	Addition	Additional
Adjust	adjustment	Adjustable
Admire	Admiration	Admirable
Advise	Advice	Advisable
Amass	Mass	Massive	Massively
Amazed	Amazement	Amazing

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Amuse	Amusement	Amazing
Annoy	Annoyance	Annoying
Approach	Approach	Approachable
Attend	Attention	Attentive
Attract	Attraction	Attractive
avoid	Avoidance	Avoidable
Believe	Belief	Believable
Blacken	Blackness	Black
Bleed	Blood	Bloody
Bore	Boredom	Boring
Bother-বিরকত	Botheration	Bothering

nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Breathe	Breath	Breathing
Bury	Burial	Buried
Care	Care	Careful	Carefully
Chase	Chase	Chasing
Choose	Choice	Chosen
Cheer	Cheerfulness	Cheerful	Cheerfully
Challenge	Challenge	Challenging
Clear	Clarity	Clear	Clearly
Collect	Collection	Collective	Collectively
Comfort	Comfort	Comfortable	Comfortably
Complex	Complexity	Complex

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Consider	Consideration	Considerable	Considerably
Confuse	Confusion	Confused
Console	Consolation	Consoled
Continue	Continuity	Continuous	Continuously
Craze	Craze	Crazy	Crazily
Create	Creation	Creative	Creatively
Cure	Cure	Curable
Credit	Credit	Creditable	Creditably
Curse	Curse	Cursed
Decide	Decision	Decisive
Delight	Delight	Delightful	Delightfully

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Damage	Damage	Damaged
Deafen	Deafness	Deaf
Decorate	Decoration	Decorative
Demand	Demand	Demanding
Deserve	Deserve	Deserving
Derive	Derivation	Derivative
Develop	Development	Developing
Destroy	Destruction	Destructive	Destructively
Die	Death	Dead
Distrub	Disturbance	Disturbing
Dust	Dust	Dusty

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Empower	Power	Powerful
Embarrass	Embarrassment	Embarrassing
Educate	Education	Educative
Empty	Emptiness	Empty
Encourage	Courage	Courageous	Courageously
Encircle	Circle	Circular	Circularly
Endanger	Danger	Dangerous	Dangerously
Enumerate	Number	Numberable
Enthuse	Enthusiasm	Enthusiastic
Evaporate	Evaporation	Evaporating
Envy	Envy	Envious	Enviously

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Explain	Explanation	Explainable
Expect	Expectation	Expected	Expectedly
Explore	Exploration	Exploring
Firm	Firmness	Firm	Firmly
Feed	Food
Fly	Flight	Flying
Force	Force	Forceful	Forcefully
Grow	Growth	Growing	Growingly
Glorify	Glory	Glorious	Gloriously
Hate	Hatred	Hateful	Hatefully
Harm	Harm	Harmful	Harmfully

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Hope	Hope	Hopeful	Hopefully
Heal	Health	Healthy	Healthily
Identify	Identity	Identifying
Indentify	Identification	Identified
Imitate	Imitation	Imitative	Imitatively
Impress	Impression	Impressive	Impressively
Indicate	Indication	Indicative	Indicatively
inhabit	Habitat	Inhabitant
include	Inclusion	Inclusive	Inclusively
Inform	Information	Informative
Injure	Injury	Injurious

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Instruct	Instruction	Instructive
Inquire	Inquiry	Inquiring
Intent	Intention	Intentional	Intentionally
Insult	Insult	Insulting	Insultingly
Introduce	Introduction	Introductory
Interfere	Interference	Interfering
Irritate	Irritation	Irritating
Invent	Invention	Inventive
Lose	Loss	Lost
Lead	Leadership	Leading	Leadingly
Live	Life	alive	livingly

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Live	Life	Lively	Livingly
Live	Liveliness	Lively	Livingly
Migrate	Migration	Migrating
Madden	Madness	Mad	Madly
Modernise	Modernity	Modern
Monotonies	Monotony	Monotonous	Monotonously
Moisten	Moisture	Moistures
Move	Movement	Movable	Movingly
Nationalise	Nationality	National	Nationwide
Narrow	Narrowness	Narrow
Own	ownership	Own

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
Permit	Permission	Permissible
Please	Pleasure	Pleasant
Perform	Performance	Performing
Persuade	Persuasion	Persuasive
Popularise	popularity	Popular
Quicken	Quickness	Quick	Quickly
Redden	Redness	Red
Secure	Security	Secured	Securely
Sadden	Sadness	Sad	Sadly
Speed	Speed	Speedy	Speedily
See	Scene	Scenic

Verbs	Nouns	Adjectives	Adverbs
See	Sight	Seen
Whiten	Whiteness	White

Above these are the list of nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs