1.Introduction
Look at the different kinds of word in this sentence.
I have an important conference at work tomorrow so I am rather busy.
2. What kind of word?
There are eight different kinds of word in English. They are called ‘word classes’ or ‘parts of speech’. Here are some examples from conversations in the café.
The numbers after the examples tell you which units in the books give you more imformation.
- Verb: have, am, is, would, like, come, are, sitting, look
- Noun: comference, work, coffee, party, Saturday, Jessica, driends, corner
- Adjective: important, busy, good, cheap.
- Adverb: tomorrow, rather, really, here
- Preposition: at, to, on, in
- Determiner: an, this, our, the
- Pronoun: I, it, you
- Linking word: so, and
Words in sentences
Some words can belong to different classes depending on how they are used in a sentence.
VERBS
Can I look at your photos?
We work on Saturday morning.
NOUNS
I like the look of that coat.
I’ll be at work tomorrow.
Содержание
- Имя существительное
- Имя прилагательное
- Глагол
- Наречие
- Местоимение
- Числительные
- Cоюз
- Предлоги
- Артикли
- Частицы
- Междометия
- Сводная таблица частей речи в английском языке
Так уж сложилось, что издавна во всех языках словообразование играло одну из первостепенных ролей. Обозначение разных частей речи и их название стало неким этапом в эволюции языка и языкознания.
Также как и в современном русском языке, каждое слово в английском принадлежит определенной части речи (part of speech), то есть категории слов, обладающих своими характерными признаками.
Part of speech — one of the grammatical groups, such as noun, verb, and adjective, into which words are divided depending on their use
Английские части речи классифицируются по синтаксической функции, грамматическому значению и форме. Следовательно, существуют самостоятельные (notional) и служебные (functional) части речи. Но в отличие от русского языка, в английском есть «переходные зоны» между частями речи. То есть одно и то же слово может выступать в роли разных частей речи. И в данном случае опорой служит сам контекст, а не форма слова.
Распознавание или предугадывание частей речи по контексту очень важный навык, если вы готовитесь к сдаче ЕГЭ или международных экзаменов. Понимание частей речи, безусловно, облегчит выполнение заданий в разы, а хорошая система подготовки определенно сыграет свою роль. В качестве помощи команда онлайн-школы Инглиш Шоу разработала курсы по подготовке к разнообразным экзаменам, начиная с ЕГЭ и заканчивая TOEFL или IELTS. Узнать, как это работает очень просто – стоит только записаться на бесплатный пробный урок и проверить эффективность обучения с преподавателем на себе!
Самостоятельные части речи в английском языке
Если у слова есть свое собственное лексическое значение, то его без сомнений можно отнести к самостоятельным частям речи. Произнося его, сразу становится понятен смысл слова. К самостоятельным частям речи в английском языке относятся:
Имя существительное (Noun)
Грамматика и теория русского языка даёт нам следующее определение существительного: оно называет людей, животных, места, абстрактные понятия, предметы. И для него характерно отвечать на вопросы: «Кто?» или «Что?».
В английском существительные бывают разные:
-
Common – нарицательные
Например: person – человек, teacher – учитель, log – бревно -
Proper – собственные
Например: Stephen, Italy, America, Saturn -
Compound – составные (состоящими из двух корней)
Например: post office – почтовое отделение, car park – парковка, textbook – учебник, bookcase – книжный шкаф -
Abstract – абстрактные
Например: beauty – красота, intelligence – ум, democracy – демократия -
Collective – собирательные
Например: family – семья, flock — стая, herd – стадо
Кроме этого, в английском есть четкое разделение на исчисляемые (countable) и неисчисляемые (uncountable). Исчисляемые они потому что их можно посчитать поштучно и все они имеют форму как единственного, так и множественного числа. И перед существительным в единственном числе мы ставим артикль (a/an).
Например:
-
I have got an orange and a banana.
У меня есть апельсин и банан. -
There are a lot of cookies in this bowl.
В этой тарелке много печенья.
Стоит отметить, что к неисчисляемым существительным в основном относятся жидкости, сыпучие продукты, абстрактные понятия или те, которые существуют либо только в единственном, либо во множественном числе.
Например:
-
I don’t have much money.
У меня немного денег. -
I like listening rock music.
Я люблю слушать рок музыку. -
There is some rice in the bowl.
В тарелке есть немного риса. -
Give me some information upon this case.
Предоставь мне информацию по этому случаю.
Существительные в английском образуются с помощью определенных суффиксов, по которым вы легко сможете определить эту часть речи:
- ance: disturbance, relevance
- ence: reference, occurrence
- ity: complexity, scarcity
- ment: disappointment, achievement
- acy/cy: accuracy
- age: percentage, breakage
- an: Russian, American
- dom: kingdom, freedom
- hood: motherhood, brotherhood
В предложении эта часть речи может выполнять функции как подлежащего (subject), дополнения (object) или функцию complement (дополнения) внутри именного сказуемого.
Например:
-
We have accepted the invitation for the party.
(We – subject; invitation – object)
Мы приняли приглашение на вечеринку.
Вне всяких сомнений, существует ещё множество других нюансов, которые необходимо знать о существительных. Например, важно правильно образовывать множественное число. Об этом мы рассказывали в ролике:
Имя прилагательное (Adjective)
Мы используем прилагательные для описания существительных, то есть они характеризуют признаки предмета, человека или события. И отвечают на вопросы: «Какая?», «Какие?» и т.д.
В английском прилагательные подразделяются по степеням сравнения и бывают:
- Положительной степени (Positive form)
- Сравнительной степени (Comparative form)
- Превосходной степени (Superlative form)
Например:
-
large – larger – the largest
большой – больше – самый большой
Более подробно со всеми правилами эта тема разобрана в нашей статье 👉 Степени сравнения прилагательных
Очень часто в предложении можно встретить описание из нескольких прилагательных, в таком случае они расположены в определенном порядке:
judgement – size – shape – age – colour – origin – material – purpose – noun
суждение – размер – форма – возраст – цвет – происхождение – материал – цель – существительное
💡 Чтобы было легче запомнить, ловите подсказку: чем прилагательное субъективнее, тем дальше оно от самого существительного.
Например:
-
There is a small, old, blue, plastic table.
Это маленький, старый, голубой, пластиковый стол. -
I am a short, young, blue-eyed person.
Я молодой человек среднего роста с голубыми глазами.
Глагол (Verb)
Как мы помним со школьной скамьи, глагол – это слово «действие», которое характеризуется вопросами: «Что делать?», «Что сделать?» и так далее.
Вместе с подлежащим он представляет главные члены предложения и образует грамматическую основу.
Классификация глаголов в английском:
- Semi-auxiliary – служебные
- Auxiliary — вспомогательные
- Notional – смысловые
Также очень важным моментом является то, что в английском глаголы подразделяют на:
-
Transitive – переходные (за которым следует объект или дополнение)
She is cooking the dinner.
Она готовит обед. -
Intransitive – непереходные (которые не требуют после себя какого-либо дополнения, они просто характеризуют само действие)
He slept late this morning.
Он спал допоздна этим утром.
Ну и конечно же глаголы могут быть разных форм:
-
Infinitive – инфинитив или неопределенная форма глагола, в английском используется с частичкой to. Если без неё, то это будет форма bare infinitive (голый инфинитив).
Например: to go – идти, to cry – плакать, to unearth – раскопать
- Base form – первоначальная форма, это тот же инфинитив, но используемый уже без частички to.
-
Past Simple form – форма прошедшего времени
И здесь стоит сказать, что существуют правильные (regular) и неправильные (irregular) глаголы.
Неправильные глаголы собраны в таблицу и их просто нужно выучить для правильного употребления в речи. А правильные глаголы образуют форму прошедшего времени путем добавления -ed.
-
Past Participle – причастие прошедшего времени, это третий столбик в таблице неправильных глаголов.
Примеры: beaten – побитый, broken — сломанный
Или если глагол правильный, то он образует вторую и третью формы с помощью окончания -ed.
Примеры: play — played, study — studied, watch — watched
-
Present Participle – причастие настоящего времени, это глагол с -ing или как его ещё называют — герундий.
Например: hoping- надеющийся, studying – обучающийся
Наречие (Adverb)
В целом, наречия в отличие от прилагательных характеризуют действия или глаголы и отвечают на вопросы: «Как?», «Где?», «Когда?», «Почему?», «Каким образом?».
Классификация наречий:
-
Manner – наречие образа действия:
Well – хорошо, slowly — медленно -
Place – места:
Above – над, here – здесь -
Time – времени:
Now – сейчас, then – тогда, soon – вскоре -
Degree – степени:
Very – очень, really – реально, quite – достаточно -
Frequency – частоты:
Once – однажды, twice – дважды
В основном наречия образуются с помощью суффикса -ly, который так сказать «определитель» для этой части речи, но, как вы заметили, исключения всегда имеют место быть.
Местоимение (Pronoun)
Судя по названию, местоимения мы используем вместо имён, то есть вместо имён собственных, предметов или качеств предмета.
В английском языке существуют следующие классы местоимений:
-
Object pronouns – личные, выступающие в роли объекта: me, him, her, it, us, you, them
He met me at the park yesterday.
Он встретил меня вчера в парке. -
Subject pronouns – личные, выступающие в роли субъекта: I, he, you, she, we, it, they
They used to play tennis 10 years ago.
Они имели обыкновение играть в теннис 10 лет назад. -
Reflexive pronouns – возвратные: himself, herself, ourselves, myself
We decided to do it by ourselves.
Мы решили это сделать сами. -
Demonstrative pronouns – указательные: those, this, that, these
These are your pieces of equipment.
Вот это твоё оборудование. -
Possessive pronouns – притяжательные: hers, his, mine, yours
These shoes are mine!
Это мои туфли! -
Relative pronouns – относительные: who, which, that, whose
This was the man who stole your wallet.
Это тот мужчина, который украл у тебя кошелёк.
Числительные (Numerals)
Числительные показывают порядок предметов при счете и их количество. Для них характерными являются вопросы: «Сколько?» или «Который по счету?». Также, как и в русском языке, они бывают:
-
Cardinal numbers – количественными:
one, six, thirty, one hundred -
Ordinal numbers – порядковыми:
first – первый, second – второй, third – третий, fourth – четвертый
Образование порядковых числительных происходит с помощью окончания -th, начиная с числа 4, а первые три числа нужно просто запомнить.
Служебные части речи в английском языке
Исходя из названия можно догадаться, что служебные части речи выполняют вспомогательную функцию и, так сказать, служат самостоятельным частям речи.
Служебных частей речи не так уж много:
- Article – артикль
- Conjunction – союз
- Preposition – предлог
- Paticles — частицы
- Interjections — междометия
Cоюз (Сonjunction)
Союзы служат соединительными словами-связками, это своего рода взаимодействие однородных членов предложения. Или же они выполняют роль соединения предложений между собой.
-
Conjunctions for words of the same class (Союзы для однородных частей речи):
and, but, or, nor, yet -
Conjunctions for clauses of sentences (Союзы для частей предложения):
as soon as, before, since, until, when, because, although, unless, so, where
Предлоги (Prepositions)
Как правило, предлоги показывают отношение существительного или местоимения к другим словам в предложении. Существуют такие категории, как:
-
Place – предлоги места:
in, at, on, by, above, over -
Movement – предлоги движения:
from, to, in, into, on, onto, by, out, through -
Time – предлоги времени:
at, on, by, before, in, from, since, during, until
Сложность выбора предлогов заключается в том, что нет строгой однозначности в их использовании. Поэтому хорошим советом здесь будет: Practise, practise & practise! Подробнее про предлоги места и времени читайте в нашей статье: predlogi-mesta-i-vremeni
Артикли (Аrticles)
В английском существует всего лишь два типа артиклей, по сравнению с другими романо-германскими языками, в которых их гораздо больше.
-
Definite article – определенный артикль – the
Используется в том случае, если субъект или объект являются определенными по ситуации или единственными в своем роде.
Например:
The football is blue.
Мячик является голубым. (Именно конкретный мячик)The sun is shining brightly.
Солнце ярко светит. (Единственное в своем роде – the sun) -
Indefinite article – неопределенный артикль – a/an
Данный артикль может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными и в единственном числе. То есть он просто служит неким обозначением предмета в единственном числе. Поэтому нужно быть предельно внимательными при его использовании.
Например:
A lotus is a flower.
Лотус – это цветок.
Более подробно про артикли читайте в нашей следующей статье: artikli-v-anglijskom-jazyke
Частицы (Paticles)
Частицы имеют свойство придавать словам дополнительные оттенки, значение. Они не имеют грамматических категорий, а также не являются членами предложения. Давайте посмотрим, какие же существуют классификации частиц:
-
Limiting — выделительно-ограничительные:
even, only, merely, solely, just, but, alone -
Intensifying particles – усилительные:
simply, just, all, still, yet -
Negative particle — отрицательная частица:
not -
Additive particle — дополняющая частица:
else
Междометия (Interjections)
Междометия на самом деле не относятся ни к самостоятельным, ни к служебным частям речи, так как они не имеют особого смысла. Они лишь передают наши чувства и эмоции.
Например:
oh, eh, alas, er, hey, uhm
Сводная таблица частей речи в английском языке
PARTS OF SPEECH | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLES |
---|---|---|
NOUNS | Name people, animals, places, things | Chair, sparrow, school, Greece |
VERBS | Name action or activity | Be, seem, smell, jump |
ADJECTIVES | Describe nouns such as people or things | Clean/dirty, expensive/cheap, light/dark |
ADVERBS | Describe verbs (actions) | Well, quickly, sometimes |
PRONOUNS | Used instead of nouns | He, we, they, their, my |
NUMERALS | Name numbers | Fifty, eighty, thirty-first |
CONJUNCTIONS | Join words or clauses of sentence | And, but, as soon as, unless, although |
PREPOSITIONS | Show the relationship between a noun and other words | At, on, by, before, since |
ARTICLES | Show if the noun is definite or indefinite | The, a/an |
PARTICLES | Give additional meaning to words | Not, yet, else |
INTERJECTIONS | Describe feelings and emotions | Oh, eh, alas, er, hey, uhm |
Эта таблица поможет вам определять части речи. Также, используя русско-английский словарь, вы можете посмотреть принадлежность слова к той или иной части речи. Но, чтобы начать лучше разбираться в грамматических аспектах, лучше начать изучение последовательно, к примеру, с глаголов и потом постепенно переходить к другим самостоятельным или служебным частям речи. Тогда вы сможете с легкостью выдохнуть — у вас не будет никакой каши в голове и сложностей в использовании на практике.
Также не стоит забывать, что построение английского предложения начинается с прямого порядка слов, о чем многие забывают при переключении с русского на английский. Как раз для подобного рода практики команда Инглиш Шоу разработала курс Разговорный Марафон. Каждый день на протяжении нескольких месяцев вы отрабатываете основные навыки, разговаривая на повседневные темы с разными преподавателями. Но это ещё не все! В течение курса вас ждёт масса сюрпризов и лайфхаков, так что после курса можете с уверенностью собираться заграницу! Записывайтесь на бесплатный пробный урок и узнайте все подробности самостоятельно.
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Words don’t only mean something; they also do something. In the English language, words are grouped into word classes based on their function, i.e. what they do in a phrase or sentence. In total, there are nine word classes in English.
Word class meaning and example
All words can be categorised into classes within a language based on their function and purpose.
An example of various word classes is ‘The cat ate a cupcake quickly.’
-
The = a determiner
-
cat = a noun
-
ate = a verb
-
a = determiner
-
cupcake = noun
-
quickly = an adverb
Word class function
The function of a word class, also known as a part of speech, is to classify words according to their grammatical properties and the roles they play in sentences. By assigning words to different word classes, we can understand how they should be used in context and how they relate to other words in a sentence.
Each word class has its own unique set of characteristics and rules for usage, and understanding the function of word classes is essential for effective communication in English. Knowing our word classes allows us to create clear and grammatically correct sentences that convey our intended meaning.
Word classes in English
In English, there are four main word classes; nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. These are considered lexical words, and they provide the main meaning of a phrase or sentence.
The other five word classes are; prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and interjections. These are considered functional words, and they provide structural and relational information in a sentence or phrase.
Don’t worry if it sounds a bit confusing right now. Read ahead and you’ll be a master of the different types of word classes in no time!
All word classes | Definition | Examples of word classification |
Noun | A word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. | cat, house, plant |
Pronoun | A word that is used in place of a noun to avoid repetition. | he, she, they, it |
Verb | A word that expresses action, occurrence, or state of being. | run, sing, grow |
Adjective | A word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. | blue, tall, happy |
Adverb | A word that describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. | quickly, very |
Preposition | A word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. | in, on, at |
Conjunction | A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses. | and, or, but |
Interjection | A word that expresses strong emotions or feelings. | wow, oh, ouch |
Determiners | A word that clarifies information about the quantity, location, or ownership of the noun | Articles like ‘the’ and ‘an’, and quantifiers like ‘some’ and ‘all’. |
The four main word classes
In the English language, there are four main word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Let’s look at all the word classes in detail.
Nouns
Nouns are the words we use to describe people, places, objects, feelings, concepts, etc. Usually, nouns are tangible (touchable) things, such as a table, a person, or a building.
However, we also have abstract nouns, which are things we can feel and describe but can’t necessarily see or touch, such as love, honour, or excitement. Proper nouns are the names we give to specific and official people, places, or things, such as England, Claire, or Hoover.
Cat
House
School
Britain
Harry
Book
Hatred
‘My sister went to school.‘
Verbs
Verbs are words that show action, event, feeling, or state of being. This can be a physical action or event, or it can be a feeling that is experienced.
Lexical verbs are considered one of the four main word classes, and auxiliary verbs are not. Lexical verbs are the main verb in a sentence that shows action, event, feeling, or state of being, such as walk, ran, felt, and want, whereas an auxiliary verb helps the main verb and expresses grammatical meaning, such as has, is, and do.
Run
Walk
Swim
Curse
Wish
Help
Leave
‘She wished for a sunny day.’
Adjectives
Adjectives are words used to modify nouns, usually by describing them. Adjectives describe an attribute, quality, or state of being of the noun.
Long
Short
Friendly
Broken
Loud
Embarrassed
Dull
Boring
‘The friendly woman wore a beautiful dress.’
Fig 1. Adjectives can describe the woman and the dress
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that work alongside verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They provide further descriptions of how, where, when, and how often something is done.
Quickly
Softly
Very
More
Too
Loudly
‘The music was too loud.’
All of the above examples are lexical word classes and carry most of the meaning in a sentence. They make up the majority of the words in the English language.
The other five word classes
The other five remaining word classes are; prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and interjections. These words are considered functional words and are used to explain grammatical and structural relationships between words.
For example, prepositions can be used to explain where one object is in relation to another.
Prepositions
Prepositions are used to show the relationship between words in terms of place, time, direction, and agency.
In
At
On
Towards
To
Through
Into
By
With
‘They went through the tunnel.’
Pronouns
Pronouns take the place of a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence. They often refer to a noun that has already been mentioned and are commonly used to avoid repetition.
Chloe (noun) → she (pronoun)
Chloe’s dog → her dog (possessive pronoun)
There are several different types of pronouns; let’s look at some examples of each.
- He, she, it, they — personal pronouns
- His, hers, its, theirs, mine, ours — possessive pronouns
- Himself, herself, myself, ourselves, themselves — reflexive pronouns
- This, that, those, these — demonstrative pronouns
- Anyone, somebody, everyone, anything, something — Indefinite pronouns
- Which, what, that, who, who — Relative pronouns
‘She sat on the chair which was broken.’
Determiners
Determiners work alongside nouns to clarify information about the quantity, location, or ownership of the noun. It ‘determines’ exactly what is being referred to. Much like pronouns, there are also several different types of determiners.
- The, a, an — articles
- This, that, those — you might recognise these for demonstrative pronouns are also determiners
- One, two, three etc. — cardinal numbers
- First, second, third etc. — ordinal numbers
- Some, most, all — quantifiers
- Other, another — difference words
‘The first restaurant is better than the other.’
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that connect other words, phrases, and clauses together within a sentence. There are three main types of conjunctions;
-
Coordinating conjunctions — these link independent clauses together.
-
Subordinating conjunctions — these link dependent clauses to independent clauses.
- Correlative conjunctions — words that work in pairs to join two parts of a sentence of equal importance.
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so — coordinating conjunctions
After, as, because, when, while, before, if, even though — subordinating conjunctions
Either/or, neither/nor, both/and — correlative conjunctions
‘If it rains, I’m not going out.’
Interjections
Interjections are exclamatory words used to express an emotion or a reaction. They often stand alone from the rest of the sentence and are accompanied by an exclamation mark.
Oh
Oops!
Phew!
Ahh!
‘Oh, what a surprise!’
Word class: lexical classes and function classes
A helpful way to understand lexical word classes is to see them as the building blocks of sentences. If the lexical word classes are the blocks themselves, then the function word classes are the cement holding the words together and giving structure to the sentence.
Fig 2. Lexical and functional word classes
In this diagram, the lexical classes are in blue and the function classes are in yellow. We can see that the words in blue provide the key information, and the words in yellow bring this information together in a structured way.
Word class examples
Sometimes it can be tricky to know exactly which word class a word belongs to. Some words can function as more than one word class depending on how they are used in a sentence. For this reason, we must look at words in context, i.e. how a word works within the sentence. Take a look at the following examples of word classes to see the importance of word class categorisation.
The dog will bark if you open the door.
The tree bark was dark and rugged.
Here we can see that the same word (bark) has a different meaning and different word class in each sentence. In the first example, ‘bark’ is used as a verb, and in the second as a noun (an object in this case).
I left my sunglasses on the beach.
The horse stood on Sarah’s left foot.
In the first sentence, the word ‘left’ is used as a verb (an action), and in the second, it is used to modify the noun (foot). In this case, it is an adjective.
I run every day
I went for a run
In this example, ‘run’ can be a verb or a noun.
Word Class — Key takeaways
-
We group words into word classes based on the function they perform in a sentence.
-
The four main word classes are nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. These are lexical classes that give meaning to a sentence.
-
The other five word classes are prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and interjections. These are function classes that are used to explain grammatical and structural relationships between words.
-
It is important to look at the context of a sentence in order to work out which word class a word belongs to.
Frequently Asked Questions about Word Class
A word class is a group of words that have similar properties and play a similar role in a sentence.
Some examples of how some words can function as more than one word class include the way ‘run’ can be a verb (‘I run every day’) or a noun (‘I went for a run’). Similarly, ‘well’ can be an adverb (‘He plays the guitar well’) or an adjective (‘She’s feeling well today’).
The nine word classes are; Nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, interjections.
Categorising words into word classes helps us to understand the function the word is playing within a sentence.
Parts of speech is another term for word classes.
The different groups of word classes include lexical classes that act as the building blocks of a sentence e.g. nouns. The other word classes are function classes that act as the ‘glue’ and give grammatical information in a sentence e.g. prepositions.
The word classes for all, that, and the is:
‘All’ = determiner (quantifier)
‘That’ = pronoun and/or determiner (demonstrative pronoun)
‘The’ = determiner (article)
Final Word Class Quiz
Word Class Quiz — Teste dein Wissen
Question
A word can only belong to one type of noun. True or false?
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Answer
This is false. A word can belong to multiple categories of nouns and this may change according to the context of the word.
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Question
Name the two principal categories of nouns.
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Answer
The two principal types of nouns are ‘common nouns’ and ‘proper nouns’.
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Question
Which of the following is an example of a proper noun?
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Question
Name the 6 types of common nouns discussed in the text.
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Answer
Concrete nouns, abstract nouns, countable nouns, uncountable nouns, collective nouns, and compound nouns.
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Question
What is the difference between a concrete noun and an abstract noun?
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Answer
A concrete noun is a thing that physically exists. We can usually touch this thing and measure its proportions. An abstract noun, however, does not physically exist. It is a concept, idea, or feeling that only exists within the mind.
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Question
Pick out the concrete noun from the following:
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Question
Pick out the abstract noun from the following:
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Question
What is the difference between a countable and an uncountable noun? Can you think of an example for each?
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Answer
A countable noun is a thing that can be ‘counted’, i.e. it can exist in the plural. Some examples include ‘bottle’, ‘dog’ and ‘boy’. These are often concrete nouns.
An uncountable noun is something that can not be counted, so you often cannot place a number in front of it. Examples include ‘love’, ‘joy’, and ‘milk’.
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Question
Pick out the collective noun from the following:
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Question
What is the collective noun for a group of sheep?
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Answer
The collective noun is a ‘flock’, as in ‘flock of sheep’.
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Question
The word ‘greenhouse’ is a compound noun. True or false?
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Answer
This is true. The word ‘greenhouse’ is a compound noun as it is made up of two separate words ‘green’ and ‘house’. These come together to form a new word.
Show question
Question
What are the adjectives in this sentence?: ‘The little boy climbed up the big, green tree’
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Answer
The adjectives are ‘little’ and ‘big’, and ‘green’ as they describe features about the nouns.
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Question
Place the adjectives in this sentence into the correct order: the wooden blue big ship sailed across the Indian vast scary ocean.
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Answer
The big, blue, wooden ship sailed across the vast, scary, Indian ocean.
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Question
What are the 3 different positions in which an adjective can be placed?
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Answer
An adjective can be placed before a noun (pre-modification), after a noun (post-modification), or following a verb as a complement.
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Question
In this sentence, does the adjective pre-modify or post-modify the noun? ‘The unicorn is angry’.
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Answer
The adjective ‘angry’ post-modifies the noun ‘unicorn’.
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Question
In this sentence, does the adjective pre-modify or post-modify the noun? ‘It is a scary unicorn’.
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Answer
The adjective ‘scary’ pre-modifies the noun ‘unicorn’.
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Question
What kind of adjectives are ‘purple’ and ‘shiny’?
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Answer
‘Purple’ and ‘Shiny’ are qualitative adjectives as they describe a quality or feature of a noun
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Question
What kind of adjectives are ‘ugly’ and ‘easy’?
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Answer
The words ‘ugly’ and ‘easy’ are evaluative adjectives as they give a subjective opinion on the noun.
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Question
Which of the following adjectives is an absolute adjective?
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Question
Which of these adjectives is a classifying adjective?
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Question
Convert the noun ‘quick’ to its comparative form.
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Answer
The comparative form of ‘quick’ is ‘quicker’.
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Question
Convert the noun ‘slow’ to its superlative form.
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Answer
The comparative form of ‘slow’ is ‘slowest’.
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Question
What is an adjective phrase?
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Answer
An adjective phrase is a group of words that is ‘built’ around the adjective (it takes centre stage in the sentence). For example, in the phrase ‘the dog is big’ the word ‘big’ is the most important information.
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Question
Give 2 examples of suffixes that are typical of adjectives.
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Answer
Suffixes typical of adjectives include -able, -ible, -ful, -y, -less, -ous, -some, -ive, -ish, -al.
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Question
What is the difference between a main verb and an auxiliary verb?
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Answer
A main verb is a verb that can stand on its own and carries most of the meaning in a verb phrase. For example, ‘run’, ‘find’. Auxiliary verbs cannot stand alone, instead, they work alongside a main verb and ‘help’ the verb to express more grammatical information e.g. tense, mood, possibility.
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Question
What is the difference between a primary auxiliary verb and a modal auxiliary verb?
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Answer
Primary auxiliary verbs consist of the various forms of ‘to have’, ‘to be’, and ‘to do’ e.g. ‘had’, ‘was’, ‘done’. They help to express a verb’s tense, voice, or mood. Modal auxiliary verbs show possibility, ability, permission, or obligation. There are 9 auxiliary verbs including ‘could’, ‘will’, might’.
Show question
Question
Which of the following are primary auxiliary verbs?
-
Is
-
Play
-
Have
-
Run
-
Does
-
Could
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Answer
The primary auxiliary verbs in this list are ‘is’, ‘have’, and ‘does’. They are all forms of the main primary auxiliary verbs ‘to have’, ‘to be’, and ‘to do’. ‘Play’ and ‘run’ are main verbs and ‘could’ is a modal auxiliary verb.
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Question
Name 6 out of the 9 modal auxiliary verbs.
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Answer
Answers include: Could, would, should, may, might, can, will, must, shall
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Question
‘The fairies were asleep’. In this sentence, is the verb ‘were’ a linking verb or an auxiliary verb?
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Answer
The word ‘were’ is used as a linking verb as it stands alone in the sentence. It is used to link the subject (fairies) and the adjective (asleep).
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Question
What is the difference between dynamic verbs and stative verbs?
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Answer
A dynamic verb describes an action or process done by a noun or subject. They are thought of as ‘action verbs’ e.g. ‘kick’, ‘run’, ‘eat’. Stative verbs describe the state of being of a person or thing. These are states that are not necessarily physical action e.g. ‘know’, ‘love’, ‘suppose’.
Show question
Question
Which of the following are dynamic verbs and which are stative verbs?
-
Drink
-
Prefer
-
Talk
-
Seem
-
Understand
-
Write
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Answer
The dynamic verbs are ‘drink’, ‘talk’, and ‘write’ as they all describe an action. The stative verbs are ‘prefer’, ‘seem’, and ‘understand’ as they all describe a state of being.
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Question
What is an imperative verb?
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Answer
Imperative verbs are verbs used to give orders, give instructions, make a request or give warning. They tell someone to do something. For example, ‘clean your room!’.
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Question
Inflections give information about tense, person, number, mood, or voice. True or false?
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Question
What information does the inflection ‘-ing’ give for a verb?
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Answer
The inflection ‘-ing’ is often used to show that an action or state is continuous and ongoing.
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Question
How do you know if a verb is irregular?
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Answer
An irregular verb does not take the regular inflections, instead the whole word is spelt a different way. For example, begin becomes ‘began’ or ‘begun’. We can’t add the regular past tense inflection -ed as this would become ‘beginned’ which doesn’t make sense.
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Question
Suffixes can never signal what word class a word belongs to. True or false?
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Answer
False. Suffixes can signal what word class a word belongs to. For example, ‘-ify’ is a common suffix for verbs (‘identity’, ‘simplify’)
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Question
A verb phrase is built around a noun. True or false?
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Answer
False. A verb phrase is a group of words that has a main verb along with any other auxiliary verbs that ‘help’ the main verb. For example, ‘could eat’ is a verb phrase as it contains a main verb (‘could’) and an auxiliary verb (‘could’).
Show question
Question
Which of the following are multi-word verbs?
-
Shake
-
Rely on
-
Dancing
-
Look up to
Show answer
Answer
The verbs ‘rely on’ and ‘look up to’ are multi-word verbs as they consist of a verb that has one or more prepositions or particles linked to it.
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Question
What is the difference between a transition verb and an intransitive verb?
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Answer
Transitive verbs are verbs that require an object in order to make sense. For example, the word ‘bring’ requires an object that is brought (‘I bring news’). Intransitive verbs do not require an object to complete the meaning of the sentence e.g. ‘exist’ (‘I exist’).
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Answer
An adverb is a word that gives more information about a verb, adjective, another adverb, or a full clause.
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Question
What are the 3 ways we can use adverbs?
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Answer
We can use adverbs to modify a word (modifying adverbs), to intensify a word (intensifying adverbs), or to connect two clauses (connecting adverbs).
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Question
What are modifying adverbs?
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Answer
Modifying adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They add further information about the word.
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Question
‘Additionally’, ‘likewise’, and ‘consequently’ are examples of connecting adverbs. True or false?
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Answer
True! Connecting adverbs are words used to connect two independent clauses.
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Question
What are intensifying adverbs?
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Answer
Intensifying adverbs are words used to strengthen the meaning of an adjective, another adverb, or a verb. In other words, they ‘intensify’ another word.
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Question
Which of the following are intensifying adverbs?
-
Calmly
-
Incredibly
-
Enough
-
Greatly
Show answer
Answer
The intensifying adverbs are ‘incredibly’ and ‘greatly’. These strengthen the meaning of a word.
Show question
Question
Name the main types of adverbs
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Answer
The main adverbs are; adverbs of place, adverbs of time, adverbs of manner, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of degree, adverbs of probability, and adverbs of purpose.
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Question
What are adverbs of time?
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Answer
Adverbs of time are the ‘when?’ adverbs. They answer the question ‘when is the action done?’ e.g. ‘I’ll do it tomorrow’
Show question
Question
Which of the following are adverbs of frequency?
-
Usually
-
Patiently
-
Occasionally
-
Nowhere
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Answer
The adverbs of frequency are ‘usually’ and ‘occasionally’. They are the ‘how often?’ adverbs. They answer the question ‘how often is the action done?’.
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Question
What are adverbs of place?
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Answer
Adverbs of place are the ‘where?’ adverbs. They answer the question ‘where is the action done?’. For example, ‘outside’ or ‘elsewhere’.
Show question
Question
Which of the following are adverbs of manner?
-
Never
-
Carelessly
-
Kindly
-
Inside
Show answer
Answer
The words ‘carelessly’ and ‘kindly’ are adverbs of manner. They are the ‘how?’ adverbs that answer the question ‘how is the action done?’.
Show question
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Части речи в английском языке
[29.01.2010]
olga
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Слова в любом языке делятся на части речи — классы, отличающиеся друг от друга по значению, форме и функциям, которые они выполняют в предложении. В английском языке обычно различают следующие части речи:
• глаголы (verbs)
• существительные (nouns)
• артикли (articles)
• прилагательные (adjectives)
• местоимения (pronouns)
• числительные (numerals)
• наречия (adverbs)
• предлоги (prepositions)
• союзы (conjunctions)
“Parts of speech” are the basic types of words that English has. Most grammar books say that there are nine parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions,numerals and interjections. We will add one more type: articles.
It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types of words in English, so that you can understand grammar explanations and use the right word form in the right place. Here is a brief explanation of what the parts of speech are:
Noun Имя существительное |
A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action. Существительное обозначает предмет. Оно называет человека, предмет, место, вещь, идею, существо, качество или действие. Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival. |
Verb Глагол |
A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something). Глагол- часть речи, обозначающая действие или состояние. Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want. |
Adjective Имя прилагательное |
An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun. Имя прилагательное обозначает качества, свойства, состояния, относящиеся к существительному. Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important. |
Adverb Наречие |
An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when or where something happened. Наречие определяет глагол и обозначает признак действия или качества. Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere. |
Pronoun Местоимение |
A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. Местоимение обозначает предмет или признак предмета, но не называет его. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they. |
Conjunction Союз |
A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together. Союз — служебная часть речи, которая соединяет слова, фразы, предложения. Examples: but, so, and, because, or. |
Preposition Предлог |
A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence. Предлоги — служебные слова, которые указывают на связь существительных (или местоимений) с другими словами в предложении. Examples: on, in, by, with, under, through, at. |
Interjection Восклицание |
An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks. Восклицание выражает эмоции и ,как правило, обозначается восклицательным знаком. Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha! |
Numeral Числительное |
A word denoting number. Числительное обозначает количество или порядок предметов при счете. Examples: one, first. |
Article Артикль |
An article is used to introduce a noun. Артикль — служебное слово, определяющее существительное. Examples: the, a, an. |
See the vedio of full article on the list of nouns, verbs adjectives & adverbs
Noun : The name of something is called noun. Generally it may be person,place,things or idea. Noun can be singular or plural . Noun is often used with article (a,an,the) but not in all time. Proper Noun begins with Capital letter. Suppose – The Amazon river is the biggest river of the world. Some examples of Noun: Newyork, Justine, Sundarbans etc.
Pronoun : Pronoun is a word that is the substitute of noun. Pronoun is used in replace of noun or noun phrase. Pronoun are 9 in types: Personal Pronoun– he,they we. Demonstrative Pronoun– this,that,these. Interrrogative pronoun– who,which,whose .Indefinite pronoun– None,several, any . Possessive Pronoun– ours,their,my,his . Reciprocal Pronoun– each other,one another . Relative Pronoun– Who,which,that . Reflexive Pronoun– itself,himself,ourselves. Intensive Pronoun– Mainly Intensive pronouns are used to emphasize their antecedent .Like I myself do this task.
Verb: Verb indicates the action. The action of something is called verb. Sometimes the main verb takes helping verbs. He can do the job. Here ‘can’ is a helping verb. Verbs are 3 types: Action verbs, helping verbs and Linking verbs. Action verbs: eat, go, make etc. Helping verbs: The verb that helps the main verb. Jessika could learn to drive car. Linking Verbs: The verbs that mainly works as a connector between subject and object as a same thing. Austin became an entrepreneur.
Adjectives: Adjective is the word that modifies noun or pronouns. Examples- The nice girl is dancing on the stage.
Adverbs: The word that modify verbs, adjectives or another adverb. Generally, adverbs give the answer of the question where, how, when or under which condition.
Preposition: Preposition is a word that place before noun or pronoun. Example- The dog jumped out of the moving train. With, at, in, on, before, without etc.
Conjunctions: The word Conjunctions make joining between two or more sentences or phrases. Example- and, but, or etc.
Interjection: The word interjection is used to express emotion. Example- oh!… wow! oops!
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Act (আচরণকরা) |
Action | Active | Actively |
Act | Activity | Active | Actively |
Act | Activeness | Active | Actively |
Achieve | Achievement | Achievable | |
Accept | Acceptance | Acceptable | |
Add | Addition | Additional | |
Adjust | adjustment | Adjustable | |
Admire | Admiration | Admirable | |
Advise | Advice | Advisable | |
Amass | Mass | Massive | Massively |
Amazed | Amazement | Amazing |
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Amuse | Amusement | Amazing | |
Annoy | Annoyance | Annoying | |
Approach | Approach | Approachable | |
Attend | Attention | Attentive | |
Attract | Attraction | Attractive | |
avoid | Avoidance | Avoidable | |
Believe | Belief | Believable | |
Blacken | Blackness | Black | |
Bleed | Blood | Bloody | |
Bore | Boredom | Boring | |
Bother-বিরকত | Botheration | Bothering |
nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Breathe | Breath | Breathing | |
Bury | Burial | Buried | |
Care | Care | Careful | Carefully |
Chase | Chase | Chasing | |
Choose | Choice | Chosen | |
Cheer | Cheerfulness | Cheerful | Cheerfully |
Challenge | Challenge | Challenging | |
Clear | Clarity | Clear | Clearly |
Collect | Collection | Collective | Collectively |
Comfort | Comfort | Comfortable | Comfortably |
Complex | Complexity | Complex |
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Consider | Consideration | Considerable | Considerably |
Confuse | Confusion | Confused | |
Console | Consolation | Consoled | |
Continue | Continuity | Continuous | Continuously |
Craze | Craze | Crazy | Crazily |
Create | Creation | Creative | Creatively |
Cure | Cure | Curable | |
Credit | Credit | Creditable | Creditably |
Curse | Curse | Cursed | |
Decide | Decision | Decisive | |
Delight | Delight | Delightful | Delightfully |
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Damage | Damage | Damaged | |
Deafen | Deafness | Deaf | |
Decorate | Decoration | Decorative | |
Demand | Demand | Demanding | |
Deserve | Deserve | Deserving | |
Derive | Derivation | Derivative | |
Develop | Development | Developing | |
Destroy | Destruction | Destructive | Destructively |
Die | Death | Dead | |
Distrub | Disturbance | Disturbing | |
Dust | Dust | Dusty |
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Empower | Power | Powerful | |
Embarrass | Embarrassment | Embarrassing | |
Educate | Education | Educative | |
Empty | Emptiness | Empty | |
Encourage | Courage | Courageous | Courageously |
Encircle | Circle | Circular | Circularly |
Endanger | Danger | Dangerous | Dangerously |
Enumerate | Number | Numberable | |
Enthuse | Enthusiasm | Enthusiastic | |
Evaporate | Evaporation | Evaporating | |
Envy | Envy | Envious | Enviously |
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Explain | Explanation | Explainable | |
Expect | Expectation | Expected | Expectedly |
Explore | Exploration | Exploring | |
Firm | Firmness | Firm | Firmly |
Feed | Food | ||
Fly | Flight | Flying | |
Force | Force | Forceful | Forcefully |
Grow | Growth | Growing | Growingly |
Glorify | Glory | Glorious | Gloriously |
Hate | Hatred | Hateful | Hatefully |
Harm | Harm | Harmful | Harmfully |
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Hope | Hope | Hopeful | Hopefully |
Heal | Health | Healthy | Healthily |
Identify | Identity | Identifying | |
Indentify | Identification | Identified | |
Imitate | Imitation | Imitative | Imitatively |
Impress | Impression | Impressive | Impressively |
Indicate | Indication | Indicative | Indicatively |
inhabit | Habitat | Inhabitant | |
include | Inclusion | Inclusive | Inclusively |
Inform | Information | Informative | |
Injure | Injury | Injurious |
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Instruct | Instruction | Instructive | |
Inquire | Inquiry | Inquiring | |
Intent | Intention | Intentional | Intentionally |
Insult | Insult | Insulting | Insultingly |
Introduce | Introduction | Introductory | |
Interfere | Interference | Interfering | |
Irritate | Irritation | Irritating | |
Invent | Invention | Inventive | |
Lose | Loss | Lost | |
Lead | Leadership | Leading | Leadingly |
Live | Life | alive | livingly |
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Live | Life | Lively | Livingly |
Live | Liveliness | Lively | Livingly |
Migrate | Migration | Migrating | |
Madden | Madness | Mad | Madly |
Modernise | Modernity | Modern | |
Monotonies | Monotony | Monotonous | Monotonously |
Moisten | Moisture | Moistures | |
Move | Movement | Movable | Movingly |
Nationalise | Nationality | National | Nationwide |
Narrow | Narrowness | Narrow | |
Own | ownership | Own |
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
Permit | Permission | Permissible | |
Please | Pleasure | Pleasant | |
Perform | Performance | Performing | |
Persuade | Persuasion | Persuasive | |
Popularise | popularity | Popular | |
Quicken | Quickness | Quick | Quickly |
Redden | Redness | Red | |
Secure | Security | Secured | Securely |
Sadden | Sadness | Sad | Sadly |
Speed | Speed | Speedy | Speedily |
See | Scene | Scenic |
Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
See | Sight | Seen | |
Whiten | Whiteness | White |
Above these are the list of nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Nouns, verbs and adjectives are usually the first types of […]
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Parts of Speech: Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs
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February 28, 2019
February 28, 2019
There are several different parts of speech, which are categories of types of words. We are going to talk about four of the main eight parts of speech, which are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Understanding the parts of speech will teach you to use words properly in a sentence and become a better writer.
Nouns
A noun is a person, place, or thing
Some examples of a person are: sister, friend, Alex, Stephanie, you, me, dog
Examples of places are: house, beach, New York, playground, the store
Things (can be physical things or ideas): chair, pencil, thoughts, memories, and knowledge.
Verbs
Verbs are action words! They are used to describe things that nouns do!
An example of a verb would be “run”. Run is a word to describe someone or something who is moving faster than a walking speed.
Other examples of verbs include: sing, watch, play, sleep, study, walk, and think.
Adjectives
Adjectives are describing words. They are used to describe nouns.
An example of an adjective would be “beautiful”. Beautiful is a word to describe someone or something. For example, the sky is beautiful. Since the sky is a noun, and beautiful is used to describe it, that makes beautiful an adjective.
Other examples of adjectives are: blue, dark, warm, happy, good, and fast.
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that describe verbs.
For example, quickly is an adverb because if you say you walk quickly, walk is the verb, and quickly is describing how you walk. Therefore, quickly is an adverb. An easy way to spot an adverb is by their ending, since they often end in the letters ly, like quickly.
Other examples of adverbs include: nicely, proudly, slowly, and firmly.
Some words can be used as either a noun, verb, adjective, or an adverb. Usually though, you’ll have to change the endings of the words depending on how you want to use them. The following chart has some examples of words that you can change to be different parts of speech.
Noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb |
decision | decide | decisive | decisively |
creation | create | creative | creatively |
sadness | sadden | sad | sadly |
action | act | active | actively |
quickness | quicken | quick | quickly |
heal | health | healthy | healthily |
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