Word to describe a design

The idea for the Describing Words engine came when I was building the engine for Related Words (it’s like a thesaurus, but gives you a much broader set of related words, rather than just synonyms). While playing around with word vectors and the «HasProperty» API of conceptnet, I had a bit of fun trying to get the adjectives which commonly describe a word. Eventually I realised that there’s a much better way of doing this: parse books!

Project Gutenberg was the initial corpus, but the parser got greedier and greedier and I ended up feeding it somewhere around 100 gigabytes of text files — mostly fiction, including many contemporary works. The parser simply looks through each book and pulls out the various descriptions of nouns.

Hopefully it’s more than just a novelty and some people will actually find it useful for their writing and brainstorming, but one neat little thing to try is to compare two nouns which are similar, but different in some significant way — for example, gender is interesting: «woman» versus «man» and «boy» versus «girl». On an inital quick analysis it seems that authors of fiction are at least 4x more likely to describe women (as opposed to men) with beauty-related terms (regarding their weight, features and general attractiveness). In fact, «beautiful» is possibly the most widely used adjective for women in all of the world’s literature, which is quite in line with the general unidimensional representation of women in many other media forms. If anyone wants to do further research into this, let me know and I can give you a lot more data (for example, there are about 25000 different entries for «woman» — too many to show here).

The blueness of the results represents their relative frequency. You can hover over an item for a second and the frequency score should pop up. The «uniqueness» sorting is default, and thanks to my Complicated Algorithm™, it orders them by the adjectives’ uniqueness to that particular noun relative to other nouns (it’s actually pretty simple). As you’d expect, you can click the «Sort By Usage Frequency» button to adjectives by their usage frequency for that noun.

Special thanks to the contributors of the open-source mongodb which was used in this project.

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Designers have a vocabulary all their own. If you’re getting design work done, knowing the right terminology will help you communicate with one another and get the results you envision. (We promise it’s a whole lot easier than high school French.)

Take a look at these design terms. Study them. Commit them to memory. Eh… That’s too much work. Just bookmark this page and use it as your design word cheat sheet. Here are the most important descriptive design words you should know:

• Design: composition, balance, proximity, alignment, repetition, contrast, white space, hierarchy
• Photography & artwork: resolution, DPI, PPI, bleed, trim, pixels, crop, stock photo
• Typography: serif, sans serif, script, ascender, baseline, descender, kerning, leading, tracking, weight
• Color: hue, tint, tone, shade, saturation, monochromatic, analogous, complementary, triadic, opacity, CMYK, RGB
• Website elements: header, navigation bar, breadcrumb trail, landing page, HTML, user interface, wireframe
• File formats: AI, EPS, PDF, GIF, JPEG, PNG, PSD, TIFF
• Logo types: abstract mark, emblem, lettermark, pictorial mark, mascot, wordmark

Design
—

Composition and layout

Composition is the arrangement of design elements that form a whole image. A successful composition attracts the viewer and guides their eye across the design. In visual art, you might hear this referred to as “form.” In graphic design, it’s often called layout. Composition is made up of a number of different visual design elements, including balance, proximity, alignment, repetition, contrast and white space.

Balance

This isn’t your ability to walk a straight line after three beers. In design, balance involves the placement of elements on the page so that the text and graphic elements are evenly distributed. There are three ways to achieve balance: symmetrically, asymmetrically and radially.

Symmetrical

Symmetry is achieved when all design elements are equal on both sides of a central line

Asymmetrical

When graphics and text are not equal on both sides of a central line, a design is said to be asymmetrical. In the example above, there is still balance, but there are graphics on one side and text on the other

Radial

A radial design is one in which elements radiate from a central point, creating balance.

Proximity

The way in which design elements are grouped or spaced on a page is called proximity. Great design groups like elements together.

Alignment

Alignment is the position of text or graphics, whether left, right, centered or full justified.

Repetition

To maintain a unified look, designers repeat elements throughout a design. (Repetition is also defined as the number of times your toddler asks for a cookie.)

Contrast

Contrast is achieved by including elements within the design that look measurably different from one another. A designer may use color, shape, texture, size or typeface to create contrast.

White space

White space—sometimes called negative space—is the part of the design that is unmarked by imagery or text. It’s also what Midwesterners call their depressing, winter landscape.

Rule of thirds

The rule of thirds is a technique that designers use to determine focal point. Using a grid of three rows and columns, focal points are indicated where the lines converge. Designers use this as a guide to determine where to place important elements in their design.

Grid

A grid is a series of intersecting vertical, horizontal, angular or curved lines used to organize graphic elements on a page, as well as in relation to one another.

Hierarchy

In design, hierarchy is the organization of elements by level of importance. Newspapers, magazine spreads and movie posters are good examples of the use of design hierarchy. Headlines (also called display type) are usually placed at the top, while subheads and body copy fall underneath.

Scale

Scale is the size of an object in relation to another object (not that thing in your bathroom that you curse at each morning). Scale can be used to create interest and grab a viewer’s attention.

Thumbnail sketch

When conceptualizing, a designer will often create small, rough drawings—thumbnail sketches—to explore many ideas.

Mock-up

A mock-up is a real or digital model used to test early design ideas and see how they could look in the real world.

Photography  & Artwork
—

Resolution

The detail of an image based on the number of pixels is known as resolution. An image looks clearer when it has a higher resolution.

DPI

DPI stands for “dots per inch,” which is a measure of a printer’s quality. For high-quality printing, 300dpi is recommended. For example, a 300dpi image at 1200×1800 pixels will become as a 4×6 inch print.

PPI

PPI stands for “pixels per inch,” which is a measure of pixel density used by electronic image devices. You’ll likely see this used with scanners, cameras, TVs or monitors. Learn more about the difference between DPI and PPI.

Bleed

Sounds pretty gruesome, but bleed is when a design actually extends past its printed edge so there’s no chance of white borders when it’s trimmed down after printing.

Trim

Trim size is the final size of a printed piece after it has been trimmed from its page. Trimming is executed along crop marks that show where to cut.

Pixels

Pixels are square-shaped dots that make a digital raster image (and a really bad movie starring Adam Sandler.) The more pixels an image has, the higher its resolution.

Crop

A designer can cut out or crop unnecessary parts of an image to improve framing, highlight a specific subject or alter the image’s aspect ratio.

Stock photo/art

Stock photos and art are licensed images created by a third party. Using stock images saves on the cost of a having a professional photo shoot. Check out some of our favorite places to get good, free stock imagery.

Typography
—

Font types

Most fonts fall into one of four different font types.

Serif

Serifs are the small lines and hooks at the end of the strokes in some letters.

Sans serif

Sans means “without.” A sans serif font has no serifs.

Script

      Script typefaces use a flowing, cursive stroke.

Slab serif

Slab serif is distinguished by thick, block-like serifs.

Components of type

All fonts are made of the same basic components.

Ascender

An ascender is the part of a lowercase letter that rises above the main body of the letter. Think “b” or “h.”

Baseline

All font characters sit on the baseline, the lowest point of all uppercase letters and most lowercase letters.

Descender

A descender is the part of a lowercase letter that descends below the main body of the letter. Think “g” or “p.”

Median/x-height

The median or x-height is where most lower-case letters should reach their maximum height. It is set from the height of the x in a font.

Font spacing

The vertical and horizontal spacing of a font is often altered to change its appearance.

Kerning

Kerning is the adjustment of space between pairs of letters in the same word. Certain pairs of letters create awkward spaces, and kerning adds or subtracts space between them to create more visually appealing and readable text.

Leading

Pronounced “ledding,” leading (also known as line-height) is the space between two lines of text.

Tracking

Not to be confused with kerning, tracking is the adjustment of space for groups of letters and entire blocks of text. Tracking affects every character in the selected text and is used to change its overall appearance.

Font case

Typically, characters are available in two forms.

Uppercase

The large, capital letters of a typeface are uppercase. They’re also used by your mom to accidentally YELL AT YOU WHEN SHE TEXTS YOU.

Lowercase

Lowercase refers to the small letters of a typeface.

Small caps

Small caps—or small capitals—are uppercase characters that are the same height as lowercase letters. They are used to prevent capitalized words from appearing too large on the page. Want an example? Open just about any book and look at the opening words of a chapter.

Font style

Beyond spacing and case, fonts can also be altered by scale, weight and style.

Point size

Point size is the size of text. There are approximately 72 (72.272) points in one inch.

Font weight

       Font weight specifies the boldness of a font.

Italics

When characters slope to the right, they’re in italics, a visual technique used to draw attention to specific words or sentences within a paragraph.

 Widows & orphans

Widows and orphans make designers very sad. That’s because they are poor, lonely words at the beginning or end of a paragraph left dangling at the top or bottom of a column and separated from the rest of the paragraph.

Lorem ipsum

Lorem ipsum (also known as dummy text) is used as a placeholder that will be swapped out later with actual copy. The Lorem ipsum text comes from “The Extremes of Good and Evil,” written by Cicero in 45 BCE.

Color
—

Color theory

The study of how colors make people feel and their effects on a design is known as color theory. Color theory is used to explore the best types of colors to work in different design instances—for example, choosing a pastel scheme for a website that needs to feel soft, or picking red and yellow for a magazine ad that needs to evoke energy.

Hue, tint, tone and shade

Hue is pure color. Tint is a hue with white added. Tone is a hue with gray added. Shade is a hue with black added.

Saturation

Saturation is defined by the intensity of color.

Palette

A palette is the range of colors used in a design. These are colors that work well together and are often aesthetically pleasing. Designers will defines a palette for a project to create consistency and evoke a specific feeling.

 Warm and cool colors

Warm colors can be found on one half of the color wheel (reds, oranges, yellows and pinks). Cool colors occupy the other half (blues, greens and purples).

Monochromatic

A monochromatic color palette uses one single color.

Grayscale

A monochromatic color palette based on gray is called grayscale.

 Analogous

Colors that are adjacent to one another on the color wheel (i.e. red violet, red and red orange) are analogous.

Complementary

Complementary colors are opposites on the color wheel. This relationship will produce visual tension and “shock.”

Triadic

Triadic colors are three colors evenly spaced on the color wheel. One colors dominates, the second supports, and the third accents.

Gradient

Gradient is a gradual change from one color to another. (For example, blue transitioning gradually to green).

Opacity

Opacity is synonymous with non-transparency. The more transparent an image, the lower its opacity.

CMYK

CMYK is a 4-color printing process made up of cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black). CMYK colors in print will never appear as vibrant as RGB colors on screen because CMYK creates color by adding color together (making images darker) while RGB colors come from light.

RGB

RGB stands for red, green and blue, the three colors of light typically used to display images on a digital screen.

Pantone

Developed by Pantone Corporation, a professional color company, Pantone is the most widely used, proprietary color system for blending colors. The system includes colors that cannot be mixed in CMYK.

Want to learn more about the difference between CMYK and RGB? Check out our video below.

Web & digital
—

 Web page elements

Most web page designs include combination of these elements.

Header

Design elements repeated at the top of every page is called a header.

Navigation & navigation bar

Navigation is a roadmap to the most important parts of a website and should be visually consistent across all pages. A navigation bar is a set of links repeated on each page that often includes links to pages like “About us”, “Products,” “Contact us” and “Testimonials.”

Breadcrumb trail

Breadcrumbs are navigation elements that generally appear near the top of a page to show users the section hierarchy of the current page.

Body text

Body text is the main written content of a page.

Links

Any word or an image can be a link that can take users to another page.

Sidebar

A sidebar is the left or righthand column of a page typically used for either vertical navigation links or advertising. It may also contain site search, subscription links (RSS, newsletters, etc.) or social network buttons.

Banner

Typically located at the top of a page or in a sidebar, banners are advertisements that link to other websites.

Footer

Design elements repeated at the bottom of every page is called a footer.

HTML

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. This is the standard coding language for websites that creates all of the fonts, colors, graphics and links you see online.

Landing page

A landing page is a single page that appears in response to search engine result. Landing pages are used for lead generation.

User interface (UI)

User interface is the design of applications for computers, mobile devices and other devices to maximize their usability and the user experience.

Wireframe

Basic images that display the essential functions of a website are known as wireframes. Designers use wireframes to show how a page or site works.

Image file formats
—

An image file format is a standardized way to encode art, graphics and photos digitally.

Vector graphics

Vector graphics are small graphics that use math to display images. They can be enlarged without losing quality and are essential for cross-platform designs (i.e. billboards, business cards, etc.).

AI

AI stands for Adobe Illustrator document. This is a file format developed by Adobe Systems to represent single-page vector designs.

EPS

EPS stands for Encapsulated Post Script. This is a resizable file format that is commonly used for vector designs. Due to its high quality, it’s commonly used with print elements such as logos, business cards or brochures.

PDF

A PDF is a Portable Document Format developed by Adobe that can be universally downloaded and viewed by any computer. PDFs are most suitable for sharing previews of work and are universally viewable.

Raster graphics

Raster graphics are composed of pixels on a grid, where each pixel is assigned a color value. They are good for assigning special effects, color correction and manipulating photos. They are resolution-dependent, which means that images cannot be enlarged without degrading their quality.

GIF

GIF or Graphics Interchange Format is a raster file format that supports animation and transparency. GIFs can only display up to 256 colors, allowing for very small file sizes. (PS: It’s pronounced, “JIF” as opposed to the widely-accepted pronunciation, “GIF,” according to GIF creator, Steve Wilhite.)

JPEG

Joint Photographic Experts Group is also known as JPEG, the most widely used raster file type for web-based designs. JPEGs are compressed files that load quickly. You’ll typically see them used for emails, banner ads, online photos, and pretty much anything else online. Unlike GIFs, they cannot have a transparent background (a white background will be added automatically).

PNG

PNG stands for Portable Network Graphics, a web-based format that does not lose quality when compressed. PNG files were created to improve on the quality of GIF files.

PSD

PSD or Photoshop Document is the uncompressed working raster image file created by designers in Adobe Photoshop.

TIFF

TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format, a common format for exchanging raster images between applications. TIFF produces a higher quality image than a JPEG or PNG, and is widely used among publishing industries and photographers. Don’t confuse it with a “tiff” or a “rift,” which happens when you send your designer eight rounds of revisions.

Logo types
—

All logos are built out of typography, shapes and/or images, and typically fit into one of these standard logo types. Each will give your brand or business a different feel. These six types can also be combined with one another to create even more unique logos.

Abstract mark

An abstract mark is a logo that uses the emotive qualities of color and form to convey your brand. Instead of being a recognizable image like an apple or a chicken, abstract marks use shapes to represent your business.

Emblem

Emblem logos uses frames and shapes to enclose the company or organization name. Think badges, seals and crests.

Lettermark

Lettermark logos feature one or more stylized letters (for example, a company’s initials) to identify the brand. Famous lettermark logos include those for IBM, CNN, HP and HBO.

Pictorial mark or symbol

Pictorial marks and symbols are non-abstract, visual icons that represent your company name or service. You can see this with the Apple logo, the Twitter bird and the Target bullseye.

Mascot

Mascot logos rely on a character or brand spokesperson to represent a business. Famous mascots include Colonel Sanders, the Kool-Aid Man and Mr. Peanut.

Wordmark

A wordmark relies on custom typographic treatment of text to illustrate a brand. Think VISA, Google or Coca-Cola.

This article was originally written by Alex Bigman and published in 2014. The current version has been updated with new information and examples.

Good design has a delicate balance of allure, vitality, and sophistication. There’s no end to creativity in design — from geometric shapes to a vivid color palette. Every design is an evolving puzzle.

It may seem hard to look for one word to help someone understand the feel and mood of your design. But the right adjective can easily sum it up. We’ve listed several adjectives for design that can help you out!

These adjectives can come in handy when describing your brand style or design projects. 

Why You Need Adjectives When Describing Design

Adjectives function to describe nouns and pronouns in a sentence. They can describe places, events, people, and many more, including design.

Using creative adjectives when describing a design can create a more dynamic and engaging experience for your reader. This will also help you craft a more attractive sentence and a more compelling story behind your work.

Some words that design professionals may use to describe their work include uplifting, grand, bright, sleek, and so on.

Adjectives for Design Styles

• Minimalist: Design using clean lines, basic shapes, and a limited color palette to create an organized yet effective design.
• Industrial: Creating a style incorporating exposed materials such as concrete and metal.
• Mid-century modern: Furniture and architecture from the mid-century United States inspire this style.
• Scandinavian: Style that focuses on natural materials, simplicity, functionality and refinement.
• Rustic: An unfinished style that incorporates rough textures and materials into its design.
• Bohemian: An eclectic style that often includes patterns and colorful fabrics.
• Glam: Often over-the-top, with exquisite details and rich colors.
• Coastal: A style that incorporates beach elements, such as light colors and nautical themes.
• Traditional: Classic and timeless style, emphasized by symmetry and formal elements.
• Contemporary: A current approach with a focus on clean lines and minimalism.

Words to Describe Interior Design

• Airy: Design that emphasizes natural light and the sense of space
• Grand: A luxurious style that uses orderly elements to create beautifully proportioned spaces.
• Bright: A style full of color and has a sense of energy and vibrancy.
• Calm: A soothing and serene style with limited ornamentation and accents.
• Cheerful: An upbeat style with bright colors and an air of festivity.
• Warm: A style that imparts a feeling of coziness with rich colors
• Crisp: An authoritative, organized and elegant style that combines strong geometric lines with sensual materials.
• Refined: A sophisticated style that uses classic elements with a high degree of embellishment.
• Charming: A sophisticated style that uses color and light with a subtle combination of classic and modern elements.
• Dramatic: An edgy style with a modern twist that uses vibrant contrast between colors, materials, and textures
• Classic: A timeless style that is meant to appear formal and exclusive.
• Aesthetic: An unashamedly personal style meant to be artistic and pleasing to the eyes.

Words to Describe Product Design

• Functional: A design that works with its surroundings. This design works well with a specific function in mind.
• Ergonomic: Provides optimal user experience and enhances product performance in a specific working environment
• Intuitive: Provides optimal user experience and enhances product performance using human intuition.
• User-friendly: A simplified design that is easy to use and understands the user.
• Eye-catching: Unique design that catches the eye. It helps create an emotional response. It may also have a repeating pattern.
• Innovative: An unorthodox design or one that breaks or changes the rules.
• Sleek: A sophisticated design or one that makes a product more fashionable or elegant

Final Words

Everything around us involves creative design. From products, houses, fashion, and plenty more. Designers, like painters and sculptors, can use colors, shapes, and other items as a basis for their work.

Everything surrounding a piece of design has a history or narrative. Good designers put a lot of detail so that everything that goes into a piece of design has significance attached to it. And with the help of expressive adjectives for design, your whole piece can easily be defined in a creative and interesting way.

Your brand’s design aesthetic is part of what determines the kind of customers you’ll attract, how you’re different from your competitors, and how you stand out in the marketplace.

It’s not just your logo and typeface. It’s much bigger than that. One definition of aesthetic is, “a set of principles underlying the work of a particular artist or artistic movement.” In other words it’s equal parts your Essence, your People, your Tone, your Clients and the Impact you want to make on the world. It’s the colours and gradients; strength and softness of your mission, purpose, vision and values.

1. Romantic design aesthetic adjectives

Designs such as these that show deep, rich colors (especially red) can be said to be “romantic” or “warm.” Here are some more words that can describe these designs.

2. Trustworthy design aesthetic adjectives

Brands that rely heavily on trust, such as banks, tend to use conservative (read: not risky) design elements. See the examples below, and check out some relevant adjectives to describe this style.

3. Bold design aesthetic adjectives

When a design’s color or fonts POP in your face, you can consider that design bold! Not everything in a bold design needs to be loud—but one loud enough element may make your whole design bold.

What are some adjectives to describe a bold design aesthetic?

4. Rugged design aesthetic adjectives

Rugged designs often feature textures and organic elements. Some industries that do well here are anything outdoors or related to exploration.

Some adjectives to describe this type of design style are:

5. Rebellious design aesthetic adjectives

All about breaking the rules? This design aesthetic may be for you.

Some adjectives to describe an innovative design style like this one are:

6. Caring design aesthetic adjectives

Design that feels nurturing are suitable for pharmaceutical and insurance companies, as well as comfort food manufacturers. This design style espouses helping people to help themselves. Here are some words to describe a doctor-like design style.

7. Clean design aesthetic adjectives

If you want your design to be clean or pure like these examples, these are some words you can use to describe your vision. While the minimalism of this style can sometimes to be used to achieve a youthful look, it can also apply to organic food products or food that is marketed as clean.

It’s unwise to change your design aesthetic often. Just when you’re getting tired of your brand’s aesthetic is often the same time your prospects and readers are starting to recognize it as your aesthetic.

Get clear on who you are and who you want to attract with your design, look and feel and stick with your decision.

Directly after tea all the boys paid a visit to the shed; the door was securely locked, as also was the one leading into Locker‘s Lane, and it seemed impossible for the Philistines to carry out their evil designs upon the fireworks.

The first of Charlemagne‘s grand designs, the territorial security of the Gallo—Frankish and Christian dominion, was accomplished.

The Lucanians and Bruttians defeat and slay Alexander of Epirus, his ambitious designs in Italy having been betrayed. 331.

In Clevelanda city on the southern shore of Lake Erie, with a population about equal to that of Edinburghthere is a street some five or six miles in length and five hundred feet in width, bordered on each side with a double row of arching trees, and with handsome stone houses, of sufficient variety and freedom in architectural design, standing at intervals of from one to two hundred feet along the entire length of the street.

R114389, 6Jul53, A. M. Clifford (A) CLIFFORD, HELEN M. Introduction to reinforced concrete design.

he, for example, among the ancients, who said of certain great souls that all the orders of heaven were called together to fancy a fine destiny for them, and that illustrious nation who wrote that the eternal mind was wrapt in deep contemplation, and big with the vast design, when it conceived such a genius as Cardinal Hippolito d’Este.

They then laid a wager, that if Iachimo did not succeed in this wicked design, he was to forfeit a large sum of money; but if he could win Imogen‘s favour, and prevail upon her to give him the bracelet which Posthumus had so earnestly desired she would keep as a token of his love, then the wager was to terminate with Posthumus giving to Iachimo the ring, which was Imogen‘s love—present when she parted with her husband.

This last arrangement was made seemingly without any hostile design, but rather in furtherance of a plan to pass as much time as circumstances would allow, on board the stranded vessel.

It was because he felt the strongest internal conviction of this animating truth, that, while Heaven blesses a man with health sufficient to pursue a benevolent and magnanimous design, the vigour of his mind, and most probably his powers of doing good, will be proportioned to the firmness of his faith, and the sincerity of his virtue.

To evince that the philosophy of Plato possesses this preeminence; that its dignity and sublimity are unrivaled; that it is the parent of all that ennobles man; and, that it is founded on principles, which neither time can obliterate, nor sophistry subvert, is the principal design of this Introduction.

Then, fixing his gaze, not upon Lanyard, but upon the point of a pencil with which his incredibly thin fingers traced elaborate but empty designs upon the blotter, he opened his lips, hemmed in warning that he was about to speak, and seemed tremendously upset to find that Liane was inconsiderately forestalling him.

We allude to the bold and artful designs of imposture, and particularly medical imposture.

So he should for the murder; but for the self—confession, which is Stevenson‘s ultimate design, no time or place could have been better.

The royal family had hardly returned to St. Cloud, when a man named Rotondo was apprehended in the inner garden, who confessed that he had made his way into it with the express design of assassinating Marie Antoinette, a design which was only balked by the fortunate accident of a heavy shower which prevented her from leaving the house; and a week or two afterward a second plot was discovered, the contrivers of which designed to poison her.

A short, pointed iron tool; used to punch ornamental designs in brass ornaments, especially bracelets and leglets.

Be commerce then thy sole design; Keep that, and all the world is thine.

Still, when the scheme was settled, even the library became more a matter of panelling and internal fittings than of structural design.

The original magnificent design remained unmodified until 1513; but on Julius‘ death, his testamentary executors, the Cardinals Santiquatro and Aginense and the Duke of Urbino, reduced to six the number of statues that were to form the decoration, and reduced from ten thousand to six thousand ducats the sum to be employed on it.

Illustrated with Numerous Designs.

An honourable gentleman seemed to think that there may be some possibility of this, and perhaps there may hereafter, when the king of Prussia‘s views are known, and the part he shall resolve to act; but Saxony is certainly now too much exposed to, and cannot fail to be alarmed at his growing power; at the great augmentation of his armies, and the secret and vast designs which he seems to meditate.

The roomas are the major part of themis richly carpeted with hand—made «Deventers« of artistic design and colour blend.

Cæsar once expressed to some of his friends his conviction that Brutus was capable of harboring a murderous design, but he added that as he, Cæsar, could not live much longer, Brutus would wait, and not be guilty of such a crime.

That he was concerting such farther measures as may disappoint all dangerous designs forming to the prejudice of the house of Austria, which might make it necessary for him to enter into still larger expenses for maintaining the Pragmatick sanction.

No wonder you kept this folly a secret from me until you had accomplished your nefarious designs.

She knew that Livius was keeping watch on her, and how he did it, having shrewdly guessed that a present of eight matched litter- bearers was too extravagant not to mask ulterior designs.