Word that formed creation

Ancient and Modern #220

Display Title: Word that formed creation, earth and sea and sky First Line: Word that formed creation, earth and sea and sky Tune Title: NOEL NOUVELET Author: Marty Haugen (b. 1950) Meter: 11 11 10 11 Scripture: Genesis 1; John 1:1-14; Ephesians 1:3-14 Date: 2013 Subject: Church Year | Easter; Creation | ; Easter | ; God | Love of; Holy Spirit | inspiration of; Music and Song | ; Other Saints and Festivals | St John the Evangelist; Renewal | ; The Third Sunday of Easter | Year A

Ancient and Modern #220

4594790

4594790

4594790

2.2

4594790

• Detailed Description

SA choir, SATB choir, keyboard accompaniment, C instrument 1, C instrument 2, handbells — Early intermediate
Noel Nouvelet. Composed by Marty Haugen. Arranged by Marty Haugen. Eastertide, Easter Sunday. Celebration Series. Tune Name: Noël Nouvelet. Sacred. Octavo. With guitar chord names. 8 pages. GIA Publications #3545. Published by GIA Publications (GI.G-3545).

Item Number: GI.G-3545

10-13 Handbells. .

AddtoCart Print

19884253

Customers Who Bought Word That Formed Creation / Now the Green Blade Rises Also Bought:

Top Selling Choral Sheet Music

• $14.95
  $14.20

  [RUB1,158.86]

• $15.00
  $14.25

  [RUB1,162.94]

• $11.95
  $11.35

  [RUB926.27]

• $15.00
  $14.25

  [RUB1,162.94]

• $15.00
  $14.25

  [RUB1,162.94]

See Similar Sheet Music and Digital Downloads

New
words in different notional classes appear also as a result of
various non-patterned ways of word creation. The two main types of
non-patterned word-creation are: I. Various
ways of transformation of a word-form into a word usually referred to
as lexicalisation
and II. Shortening
which consists in substituting a part for a whole. Shortening
comprises essentially different ways of word creation. It involves 1.
transformation
of a word-group into a word, and 2.
a
change of the word-structure resulting in a new lexical item, i.e.
clipping.

I.
Lexicalisation.
Due to various semantic and syntactic reasons the grammatical flexion
in some word-forms, most often the plural of nouns, as in, e.g. the
nouns arms,
customs, colours, loses
its grammatical meaning and becomes isolated from the paradigm of the
words arm,
custom, look. As
a result of the re-interpretation of the plural suffix the word-form
arms,
customs developed
a different lexical meaning ‘weapons’ and ‘import duties’
respectively. This led to a complete break of semantic links with the
semantic structure of the words arm,
custom

¹
See
‘Word-Formation’, §
13, p.
123,

187

and
thus to the appearance of new words with a different set of
grammatical features. It must be noted that there is no unanimity of
opinion on whether all such items should be viewed as new words or
only as new meanings. Different approaches to the problem are
connected with the border-line between polysemy and homonymy¹
and
many individual cases are actually open to doubt.

Essentially
the same phenomenon of lexicalisation is observed in the transition
of participles into adjectives. The process is also known as
adjectivisation.
It may be illustrated by a number of adjectives such as tired,
devoted, interesting, amusing, etc.
which are now felt as homonymous to the participles of the verbs to
tire, to marry, etc.

Lexicalisation
is a long, gradual historical process which synchronically results in
the appearance of new vocabulary units.

II.
Shortening.
Distinction should be made between shorten-” ing which results in
new lexical
items and a specific type of shortening proper only to written speech
resulting in numerous graphical
abbreviations
which are only signs representing words and word-groups of high
frequency of occurrence in various spheres of human activity as for
instance, RD
for
Road
and
St
for
Street
in
addresses on envelopes and in letters; tu
for
tube,
aer for
aerial
in
Radio Engineering literature, etc. English graphical abbreviations
include rather numerous shortened ‘ variants of Latin and French
words and word-groups, e.g.: i.e. (L. id est)
— ‘that
is’; R.S.V.P.
(Fr.
— Repondez
s’il vous plait)
— ‘reply
please’, etc.

Graphical
abbreviations are restricted in use to written speech, occurring only
in various kinds of texts, articles, books, advertisements, letters,
etc. In reading, many of them are substituted by the words and
phrases that they represent, e.g. Dr.
=
doctor,
Mr.=mister, Oct.= October, etc.;
the abbreviations of Latin and French words and phrases are usually
read as their English equivalents. It follows that graphical
abbreviations cannot be considered new lexical vocabulary units.

It
is only natural that in the course of language development some
graphical abbreviations should gradually penetrate into the sphere of
oral intercourse and, as a result, turn into self-contained lexical
units used both in oral and written speech. That is the case, for
instance, with a.m. [‘ei’em]
— ‘in
the morning, before noon’; p.m. [‘pi:’em]
— ‘in
the afternoon’; S.O.S.
[‘es
‘ou ‘es] (=Save Our Souls)
— ‘urgent
call for help’, etc.

1.
Transformations
of word-groups into words involve different types of lexical
shortening: ellipsis or substantivisation, initial letter or syllable
abbreviations (also referred to as acronyms), blendings, etc.

Substantivisation
consists in dropping of the final nominal member of a frequently used
attributive word-group. When such a member of the word-group is
dropped as, for example, was the case with a
documentary film the
remaining adjective takes on the meaning and all the syntactic
functions of the noun and thus develops into a new

¹
See ‘Semasiology’, §
36, p.
42;
‘Various
Aspects…’,
§ 12, p.
194
— 195, 188

word
changing its class membership and becoming homonymous to the
existing
adjective. It may be illustrated by a number of nouns that appeared
in this way, e.g. an
incendiary goes
back to an
incendiary bomb, the finals to
the
final examinations, an editorial to
an
editorial article, etc.
Other more recent creations are an
orbital (Br.
‘a
highway going around the suburbs of a city’), a
verbal (‘a
verbal confession introduced as evidence at a trial’), a
topless which
goes to three different word-groups and accordingly has three
meanings: 1)
a
topless dress, bathing suit, etc., 2)
a
waitress, dancer, etc. wearing topless garments, 3)
a
bar, night-club featuring topless waitresses or performers.

Substantivisation
is often accompanied by productive suffixation as in, e.g., a
one-winger from
one-wing plane, a
two-decker from
two-deck
bus or
ship;
it
may be accompanied by clipping and productive suffixation, e.g.
flickers
(coll.)
from
flicking
pictures, a smoker from
smoking
carriage, etc.

Acronyms
and letter
abbreviations
are lexical abbreviations of a phrase. There are different types of
such abbreviations and there is no unanimity of opinion among
scholars whether all of them can be regarded as regular vocabulary
units. It seems logical to make distinction between acronyms and
letter abbreviations. Letter abbreviations are mere replacements of
longer phrases including names of well-known organisations of
undeniable currency, names of agencies and institutions, political
parties, famous people, names of official offices, etc. They are not
spoken or treated as words but pronounced letter by letter and as a
rule possess no other linguistic forms proper to words. The following
may serve as examples of such abbreviations: CBW
=
chemical
and biological warfare, DOD
=
Department
of Defence (of the USA), 1TV
=
Independent
Television, Instructional Television, SST
=
supersonic
transport, etc. It should be remembered that the border-line between
letter abbreviations and true acronyms is fluid and many letter
abbreviations in the course of time may turn into regular vocabulary
units. Occasionally letter abbreviations are given ‘pronunciation
spelling’ as for instance dejay
(=
D.J.
=
disc
jokey), emce
(=
M.C.
=
master
of ceremonies) in which case they tend to pass over into true
acronyms.

Acronyms
are regular vocabulary units spoken as words. They are formed in
various ways:

1) from
the initial letters or syllables of a phrase, which may be pronounced
differently a) as a succession of sounds denoted by the constituent
letters forming a syllabic pattern, i.e. as regular words, e.g. UNO
[‘ju:nou]
=
United
Nations Organisations; NATO
[‘neitou]
=
North
Atlantic Treaty Organisation, UNESCO
[ju:’neskou];
laser
[‘leisa]
=
= light
amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; radar
[‘reidэ]
=
=radio
detection and ranging; BMEWS
[‘bi:mju:z]
=
Ballistic
Missile Early Warning System; b) as a succession of the alphabetical
readings of the constituent letters as in, e.g., YCL
[‘wai’si:’el]
=
Young
Communist League; BBC
[‘bi:’bi:’si:]
= British
Broadcasting Corporation; MP
[’em’pi:] =
Member
of Parliament; SOS
[‘es’ou’es]
=
Save
Our Souls.

189

1. Acronyms
   may be formed from the initial syllables of each word
   of
   the phrase, e.g. Interpol
   =
   inter/national
   pol/ice; tacsatcom
   =
   Tactical
   Satellite Communications: Capcom
   =
   Capsule
   Communicator (the person at a space flight centre who communicates
   with the astronauts during a space flight).

2. Acronyms
   may be formed by a combination of the abbreviation of the first or
   the first two members of the phrase with the last member undergoing
   no change at all, e.g. V-day
   =
   Victory
   Day; H-bomb
   =
   = hydrogen
   bomb; g-force
   =
   gravity
   force, etc.

All
acronyms unlike letter abbreviations perform the syntactical
functions of ordinary words taking on grammatical inflexions, e.g.
MPs
(will
attack huge arms bill), M.P’s
(concern
at .
. .). They
also serve as derivational bases for derived words and easily
collocate with derivational suffixes as, e.g. YCLer
(=
member
of the YCL); MPess
(=
woman-member
of Parliament); radarman,
etc.

Вlendings
are the result of conscious creation of words by merging irregular
fragments of several words which are aptly called “splinters.” ¹
Splinters
assume different shapes
— they
may be severed from the source word at a morpheme boundary as in
transceiver
(=transmitter
and receiver), transistor (=
transfer
and resistor) or at a syllable boundary like cute (from execute)
in
electrocute, medicare (from
medical
care), polutician
(from pollute
and
politician)
or
boundaries of both kinds may be disregarded as in brunch
(from
breakfast
and
lunch),
smog
(from
smoke
and
fog),
ballute
(from
baloon
and
parachute),
etc.
Many blends show some degree of overlapping of vowels, consonants and
syllables or echo the word or word fragment it replaces. This device
is often used to attain punning effect, as in foolosopher
echoing
philosopher;
icecapade (=
spectacular
shows on ice) echoing escapade;
baloonatic (=
baloon
and lunatic).

Blends are coined not
infrequently in scientific and technical language as a means of
naming new things, as trade names in advertisements. Since blends
break the rules of morphology they result in original combinations
which catch quickly. Most of the blends have a colloquial flavour.

2.
Clipping
refers
to the creation of new words by shortening a word of two or more
syllables (usually nouns and adjectives) without changing its class
membership. Clipped words, though they often exist together with the
longer original source word function as independent lexical units
with a certain phonetic shape and lexical meaning of their own. The
lexical meanings of the clipped word and its source do not as a rule
coincide, for instance, doc
refers
only to ‘one who practices medicine’, whereas doctor
denotes
also ‘the higher degree given by a university and a person who has
received it’, e.g. Doctor
of Law, Doctor of Philosophy. Clipped
words always differ from the non-clipped words in the emotive charge
and stylistic reference. Clippings indicate an attitude of
familiarity on the part of the user either towards the object denoted
or towards the audience, thus clipped words are characteristic of

¹
See
V.
Adams. An
Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation, L., 1973.
190

colloquial
speech. In the course of time, though, many clipped words find their
way into the literary language losing some of their colloquial
colouring. Clippings show various degrees of semantic dissociation
from their full forms. Some are no longer felt to be clippings, e.g.
pants
(cf. pantaloons), bus (cf. omnibus), bike (cf. bicycle), etc.
Some of them retain rather close semantic ties with the original
word. This gives ground to doubt whether the clipped words should be
considered separate words. Some linguists hold the view that in case
semantic dissociation is slight and the major difference lies in the
emotive charge and stylistic application the two units should be
regarded as word-variants (e.g. exam
and
examination,
lab and
laboratory,
etc.).¹

Clipping
often accompanies other ways of shortening such as substantivisation,
e.g. perm
(from
permanent
wave), op
(from
optical
art), pop
(from
popular
music, art, singer, etc.),
etc.

As
independent vocabulary units clippings serve as derivational bases
for suffixal derivations collocating with highly productive neutral
and stylistically non-neutral suffixes -ie,
-er, e.g.
nightie
(cf. nightdress), panties, hanky (cf. handkerchief). Cases
of conversion are not infrequent, e.g. to
taxi, to perm, etc.

There do not seem to be any
clear rules by means of which we might predict where a word will be
cut though there are several types into which clippings are
traditionally classified according to the part of the word that is
clipped:

1. Words
   that have been shortened at the end—the
   so-called apocope,
   e.g. ad
   (from
   advertisement),
   lab
   (from
   laboratory),
   mike
   (from
   microphone),
   etc.

2. Words
   that have been shortened at the beginning—the
   so-called aphaeresis,
   e.g. car
   (from
   motor-car),
   phone
   (from
   telephone),
   copter
   (from
   helicopter),
   etc.

3. Words
   in which some syllables or sounds have been omitted from the
   middle—the
   so-called syncope,
   e.g. maths
   (from
   mathematics),
   pants
   (from
   pantaloons),
   specs
   (from
   spectacles),
   etc.

4. Words
   that have been clipped both at the beginning and at the end, e.g.
   flu
   (from
   influenza),
   tec
   (from
   detective),
   fridge
   (from
   refrigerator),
   etc.

It must be stressed that
acronyms and clipping are the main ways of word-creation most active
in present-day English. The peculiarity of both types of words is
that they are structurally simple, semantically non-motivated and
give rise to new root-morphemes.

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

• #

  01.03.2016250.37 Кб459.doc
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #

What is Word Formation?

Word formation process is subject of morphology where we learn how new words are formed. In linguistics, word formation process is the creation of a new word by making changes in existing words or by creating new words. In other words, it refers to the ways in which new words are made on the basis of other words.

Different Forms of Word Formation

Word Formation process is achieved by different ways to create a new word that includes; coinage, compounding, borrowing, blending, acronym, clipping, contraction, backformation, affixation and conversion.

Compounding

Compounding is a type of word formation where we join two words side by side to create a new word. It is very common type of word formation in a language. Some time we write a compound word with a hyphen between two words and some time we keep a space and sometime we write them jointly. All these three forms are common in all languages.

Common examples of word compounding are:

·         Part + time = part-time

·         Book + case = bookcase

·         Low + paid = low-paid

·         Door + knob = doorknob

·         Finger + print = fingerprint

·         Wall + paper = wallpaper

·         Sun + burn = sunburn

·         Text + book = textbook

·         Good + looking = good-looking

·         Ice + cream = Ice-cream

Borrowing

In word formation process, borrowing is the process by which a word from one language is adapted for use in another language. The word that is borrowed is called a borrowing, a loanword, or a borrowed word. It is also known as lexical borrowing. It is the most common source of new words in all languages.

Common Examples of borrowed words in English language are:

·         Dope (Dutch)

·         Croissant (French)

·         Zebra (Bantu)

·         Lilac (Persian)

·         Pretzel (German)

·         Yogurt (Turkish)

·         Piano (Italian)

·         Sofa (Arabic)

·         Tattoo (Tahitian)

·         Tycoon (Japanese)

Blending

Blending is the combination of two separate words to form a single new word. It is different from compounding where we add two words side by side to make a new word but in blending we do not use both words in complete sense but new/derived word has part of both words e.g. word smog and fog are different words and when we blend them to make a new word, we use a part of each word to make a new word that is smog. We took first two letters from first word (sm) from smoke and last two (og) from fog to derive a new word smog.

Some more examples of blending are:

·         Smoke + murk=smurk

·         Smoke + haze= smaze

·         Motel (hotel + motor)

·         Brunch (breakfast + lunch )

·         Infotainment ( information + entertainment)

·         Franglais ( French + English)

·         Spanglish (Spanish + English )

.

Abbreviations

Abbreviation is a process where we create a new word by making a change in lexical form of a word keeping same meaning. There are three main types of abbreviations.

1.    Clipping / Shortening / Truncation

2.    Acronyms / Initialism

3.    Contraction

Clipping / Shortening / Truncation

Clipping is the type of word formation where we use a part of word instead of whole word. This form of word formation is used where there is a long/multi-syllable word and to save time we use a short one instead of that long word e.g. the word advertisement is a long word and we use its short form ad (ads for plural form) instead of whole word.

Here are some examples of clipping:

·         Ad from advertisement

·         Gas from gasoline

·         Exam from examination

·         Cab from cabriolet

·         Fax from facsimile

·         Condo from condominium

·         Fan from fanatic

·         Flu from Influenza

·         Edu from education

·         Gym from gymnasium

·         Lab from laboratory

Acronyms / Initialism

An acronym is a word or name formed as an abbreviation from the initial letters in a phrase or a multi syllable word (as in Benelux). The initials are pronounced as new single words. Commonly derived word are written in upper case e.g. NATO.

Some common examples of acronyms are:

·         CD is acronym of compact disk

·         VCR is acronym of  video cassette recorder

·         NATO is acronym of North Atlantic Treaty Organization

·         NASA is acronym of National Aeronautics and Space Administration

·         ATM is acronym of  Automatic Teller Machine

·         PIN is acronym of Personal Identification Number

Some time the word is written in lower case (Initial letter capital when at start of sentence)

·         Laser is acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

·         Scuba is acronym of  Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

·         Radar  is acronym of Radio Detecting And Ranging

Contraction

A contraction is a word formed as an abbreviation from a word. Contractions are abbreviations in which we omit letters from the middle of a word or more than one words.

Some common contractions are below:

·         Dr is from Doctor.

·         St is from Saint.

·         He’s from He is.

·         I’ve is from I have.

Affixation

Affixation is the word formation process where a new word is created by adding suffix or prefix to a root word. The affixation may involve prefixes, suffixes, infixes. In prefixes, we add extra letters before root word e.g. re+right to make a new word rewrite. In suffix, we add some extra letters with a base/root word e.g. read+able. In infixes, the base word is changed in its form e.g. the plural of woman is women that creates new word “women”.

1.    Prefixes: un+ plug = unplug

2.    Suffixes: cut + ie = cutie

3.    Infixes: man + plural = men

Zero-derivation (Conversion)

Zero-derivation, or conversion, is a derivational process that forms new words from existing words. Zero derivation, is a kind of word formation involving the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form, which is to say, derivation using only zero. Zero-derivation or conversion changes the lexical category of a word without changing its phonological shape. For example, the word ship is a noun and we use it also as a verb. See below sentences to understand it.

1.    Beach hotel has a ship to enjoy honeymoon.

2.    Beach hotel will ship your luggage in two days.

In first sentence, the word ship is a noun and in second sentence the word ship (verb) is derived from the action of ship (noun) that transports luggage, so the word ship (verb) has meaning of transportation.

Backformation

Backformation is the word formation process where a new word is derived by removing what appears to be an affix. When we remove last part of word (that looks like suffix but not a suffix in real) from a word it creates a new word.

Some very familiar words are below:

·         Peddle from peddler

·         Edit from editor

·         Pea from pease

Coinage / Neologism

It is also a process of word formation where new words (either deliberately or accidentally) are invented. This is a very rare process to create new words, but in the media and industry, people and companies try to surpass others with unique words to name their services or products.

Some common examples of coinage are: Kodak, Google, Bing, Nylon etc.

Eponyms

In word formation process, sometime new words are derives by based on the name of a person or a place. Some time these words have attribution to a place and sometime the words are attributes to the things/terms who discover/invent them. For example, the word volt is electric term that is after the name of Italian scientist Alessandro Volta.

Some common examples of eponyms are:

·         Hoover: after the person who marketed it

·         Jeans: after a city of Italy Genoa

·         Spangle: after the person who invented it

·         Watt: after the name of scientist James Watt

·         Fahrenheit:  after the name of German scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit