Word stress of middle english

3.1. The word stress

In
OE the stress usually fell on the first syllable of the word, rarely
on its second syllable: the prefix or the root of the word could be
stressed while the suffixes and endings were unaccented. Word stress
in OE was fixed: it never moved in inflection and seldom in
derivation.

This
way of word accentuation, characteristic of OE, was considerably
altered in the succeeding periods. The
word accent acquired greater positional freedom and began to play a
more important role in word derivation.
These changes were connected with the phonetic assimilation of
thousands of loan-words adopted during the ME period.

New
accentual patterns are found in numerous ME loan-words from French.
Probably, when they first entered the English language they retained
their original stress – on the ultimate or pen-ultimate syllable.
Gradually, as the loan-words were assimilated, the word stress was
moved closer to the beginning of the word in line with the English
(Germanic) system. In disyllabic words the accent moved to the first
syllable, so that the resulting pattern conformed to the pattern of
native words, e.g. ME vertu
[ver’tju:] became NE virtue
[‘və:ə],
cf. native English shortly,
childish.
The shift can be shown as follows: s’s>’ss (s stands for
«syllable»).

In words of three or more
syllables the shift of the stress could also be caused by the
«rhythmic» tendency, which required a regular alternation
of stressed and unstressed syllables. Under the rhythmic tendency, a
secondary stress would arise at a distance of one syllable from the
original stress. This new stress was either preserved as a secondary
stress or else became the only or the principal stress of the word,
e.g.

ME
recommenden
[reko’mendən] > NE recommend
[rekə’mend]
– ss’ss
> ss’s;

ME
disobeien
[diso’beiən] > NE disobey
[‘diso’bei] – ss’ss
> ‘ss’s;

ME
comfortable
[komfor’tablə]>NE comfortable
[‘kmfətəbl]
– ss:>’sss.

Sometimes
the shifting of the word stress should be attributed not only to the
phonetic tendencies but also to certain morphological factors. Thus
stress was not shifted to the prefixes of many verbs borrowed or
built in Late ME and in Early NE, which accords with the
OE
rule: to keep verb prefixes unstressed, e.g. ME accepten
‘accept’,
engendren
‘engender’,
presenten
‘present’.
Cf. NE verbs befall,
mistake,
forget.
Corresponding nouns sometimes, though not always, received the stress
on the first syllable: NE ‘present
n – pre’sent
v; ‘discord
n
– dis’cord
v. The latter pairs of words show that the role of word accentuation
has grown: word stress performs a phonological function as it
distinguishes a verb from a noun.

Thus, the entire system of
word accentuation has altered. The position of word stress has become
relatively free and its phonological application has widened: it can
be shifted in word derivation, though it is never moved in building
grammatical forms.

    1. Vowels in the unstressed position

All vowels in the
unstressed position changed and became [ə] or [i] unstressed. This
phonetic change had a far-reaching effect upon the system of the
grammatical endings of the English words, which now due to the
process of reduction became homonymous. For example:

  • forms of strong verbs

OE
writan
—
wrāt – writon
–
writen
with
the suffixes –an,
-on, -en
different only in the vowel component became homonymous in ME:

written
–
wrōt
– writen
–
writen

  • forms of nouns

OE nominative
plural a-stem fiscas

ME fisces

genitive
singular fisces

or

OE dative
singular fisce

ME fisce

genitive
plural fisca

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Источник

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress In OE stress as a rule

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress In OE stress as a rule was on the 1 -st syllable of the word, rarely on the second syllable.

That is the prefix or the root were stressed but the suffixes and endings

That is the prefix or the root were stressed but the suffixes and endings were unstressed. Word stress in OE was fixed. It didn’t move in inflection and rarely in derivation.

In ME period the word stress acquired greater positional freedom and began to play

In ME period the word stress acquired greater positional freedom and began to play a more important role in word derivation. These changes were connected with the assimilation of the loan words (especially from French).

When they first appeared in the English language they probably retained their original stress

When they first appeared in the English language they probably retained their original stress – on the ultimate syllable. This kind of stress couldn’t be preserved for long.

The loan words were assimilated and the stress moved closer to the beginning of

The loan words were assimilated and the stress moved closer to the beginning of the word. M. E. vertu [vqr’tj. H] NE virtue [‘v. Wt. Sq]

Vowel Changes Unstressed vowels: In Early ME the pronunciation of unstressed syllables became increasingly

Vowel Changes Unstressed vowels: In Early ME the pronunciation of unstressed syllables became increasingly indistinct. In OE there were 5 short vowels in an unstressed position [e, I, a, o, V]

Late ME had only 2 vowels: [q] and [i] OE fiscas – ME fishes

Late ME had only 2 vowels: [q] and [i] OE fiscas – ME fishes [‘f. ISqz] OE rison – ME risen [‘r. Izqn]

The occurrence of only two vowels [q] and [i] in unstressed final syllables is

The occurrence of only two vowels [q] and [i] in unstressed final syllables is an important mark of ME.

It distinguishes ME on the one hand from OE with its greater variety of

It distinguishes ME on the one hand from OE with its greater variety of unstressed vowels, and, on the other hand, from New English when ME final [q] was dropped.

The final [q] disappeared in Late ME but it continued to be spelt as

The final [q] disappeared in Late ME but it continued to be spelt as e. In the London dialect of Chaucer’s time it was unstable. It could be easily missed out before the following initial vowel or when required by rhythm.

When the ending e survived only in spelling, it was understood as means of

When the ending e survived only in spelling, it was understood as means of showing the length of the vowel in the preceding syllable and was added to the

words which did not have this ending before: OE stan – ME stoon, stone

words which did not have this ending before: OE stan – ME stoon, stone

But new unstressed vowels appeared in borrowed words or developed from stressed ones, as

But new unstressed vowels appeared in borrowed words or developed from stressed ones, as a result of various changes: e. g. vocalization of [r] writer [er] [q] actor [or] [q]

Stressed Vowels: Stressed vowels changed in quality and in quantity. Not a single OE

Stressed Vowels: Stressed vowels changed in quality and in quantity. Not a single OE monophthong or diphthong remained unchanged in the course of history.

Long vowels were the most changeable and historically unstable. They had a strong tendency

Long vowels were the most changeable and historically unstable. They had a strong tendency to become narrower and to diphthongize, but short vowels displayed a reverse trend – towards greater openness.

Quantitative Changes: In OE quantity was the main basis of correlation in the vowel

Quantitative Changes: In OE quantity was the main basis of correlation in the vowel system: short vowels were opposed to long ones.

Vowel length was an inherited feature as OE short vowels developed from PG short

Vowel length was an inherited feature as OE short vowels developed from PG short vowels. In late OE and Early ME vowel length began to depend on phonetic condition.

1. Short vowels were lengthened before ld, nd, mb unless followed by a third

1. Short vowels were lengthened before ld, nd, mb unless followed by a third consonant (the 9 -th c. ) OE wild > ME wild [w. Jld]

2. All other groups of two or more consonants made the preceding long vowels

2. All other groups of two or more consonants made the preceding long vowels short (11 -th c. ). OE cepte > ME kepte [‘keptq]

3. Short vowels became long in open syllables (mainly [e], [a], [o]) (12 -th

3. Short vowels became long in open syllables (mainly [e], [a], [o]) (12 -th – 13 -th c. ) OE open > ME open [‘Lpqn] OE namu > ME name [‘n. Rmq]

Qualitative Changes: 1. OE [y], [y: ] disappeared in ME merging with various sounds

Qualitative Changes: 1. OE [y], [y: ] disappeared in ME merging with various sounds in different dialects: In Kentish [e] [e: ] South-West, west Midlands [u] [H]

OE fyllan > ME Kentish fellen (to fill) West Midland fullen 1. [fyllqn] and

OE fyllan > ME Kentish fellen (to fill) West Midland fullen 1. [fyllqn] and South western 2. [fullqn] East Midland fillen and Northern

2. OE [R] was narrowed to [L] (all long monophthongs became closer) [R] >

2. OE [R] was narrowed to [L] (all long monophthongs became closer) [R] > [L] in all the dialects except the Northern group

OE stan > ME stoon, stone ['st. Ln(q)] (stone) Northern stan(e) ME [L] must

OE stan > ME stoon, stone [‘st. Ln(q)] (stone) Northern stan(e) ME [L] must have been a more open vowel than long [o: ] inherited from OE

3. OE short [x] > ME back [a] e. g. OE þxt > ME

3. OE short [x] > ME back [a] e. g. OE þxt > ME that [a] OE earm > ME arm [a] OE blacu > ME blak [a]

Diphthongs One of the most important sound changes of the Early ME period was

Diphthongs One of the most important sound changes of the Early ME period was the loss of OE diphthongs and the growth of new ones. OE diphthongs were contracted to monophthongs:

OE [e. Q] > ME [F: ] east > eest (east) OE [e. Q]

OE [e. Q] > ME [F: ] east > eest (east) OE [e. Q] > ME [a] earm > arm (arm)

[eo] [e: ] [e] [io] [J] [I] [io] deop > deep [e: ] (deep);

[eo] [e: ] [e] [io] [J] [I] [io] deop > deep [e: ] (deep); ceosan > chesen [‘Ce: zqn] (choose) heorte > herte (heart)

As a result of these changes the vowel system lost two sets of diphthongs,

As a result of these changes the vowel system lost two sets of diphthongs, long and short. A new set of diphthongs developed from some sequence of vowels and consonants due to the vocalization of OE [j] and [ɣ].

These sounds between and after vowels changed into [i] and [u] formed diphthongs together

These sounds between and after vowels changed into [i] and [u] formed diphthongs together with the preceding vowels. E. g. OE dx. Z > ME day [da. I]

These changes gave rise to two sets of diphthongs with i – glides and

These changes gave rise to two sets of diphthongs with i – glides and u – glides.

System of vowels in Late Middle English

System of vowels in Late Middle English

Evolution of Consonants English consonants were far more stable than vowels.

Evolution of Consonants English consonants were far more stable than vowels.

The most important developments in the history of English consonants were the development of

The most important developments in the history of English consonants were the development of affricates and sibilants. In OE there were no affricates and no sibilants except [s, z].

The new type of consonants developed from OE palatal plosives [k', g'] and from

The new type of consonants developed from OE palatal plosives [k’, g’] and from [sk’]. The three new phonemes were [C], [G], [S] (in writing — ch, tch, g, dg, sh, sch)

Loss of Consonants In OE long consonants were opposed to short. In Late ME

Loss of Consonants In OE long consonants were opposed to short. In Late ME long consonants were shortened and the opposition through quantity was lost.

Initial h was dropped before r, l, n. OE hrin. Z > ME

Initial h was dropped before r, l, n. OE hrin. Z > ME ring (ring) OE hlaford > ME loverd (lord)

Before w h remained in the North where OE hw > quh or

Before w h remained in the North where OE hw > quh or qwh. In the South h was dropped before w. OE hwxt > ME North quhat South what

V was dropped before consonants: OE hxfde > ME had

V was dropped before consonants: OE hxfde > ME had

Источник



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Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:

  • MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEMWord StressIn OE stress as a...

    1 слайд

    MIDDLE ENGLISH:
    CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM

    Word Stress

    In OE stress as a rule was on the 1-st syllable of the word, rarely on the second syllable.

  • That is the prefix or the root were stressed but the suffixes and endings wer...

    2 слайд

    That is the prefix or the root were stressed but the suffixes and endings were unstressed. Word stress in OE was fixed. It didn’t move in inflection and rarely in derivation.

  • In ME period the word stress acquired greater positional freedom and began to...

    3 слайд

    In ME period the word stress acquired greater positional freedom and began to play a more important role in word derivation. These changes were connected with the assimilation of the loan words (especially from French).

  • When they first appeared in the English language they probably retained their...

    4 слайд

    When they first appeared in the English language they probably retained their original stress – on the ultimate syllable. This kind of stress couldn’t be preserved for long.

  • The loan words were assimilated and the stress moved closer to the beginning...

    5 слайд

    The loan words were assimilated and the stress moved closer to the beginning of the word.
    M.E. vertu [vqr’tjH]  NE virtue [‘vWtSq]

  • Vowel ChangesUnstressed vowels: became increasingly indistinct in OE ther...

    6 слайд

    Vowel Changes
    Unstressed vowels:

    became increasingly indistinct
    in OE there were 5 short vowels in an unstressed position [e, I, a, o, V]

  • Late ME had only 2 vowels: [q] and [i] OE fiscas – ME fishes ['fISqz] OE riso...

    7 слайд

    Late ME had only 2 vowels: [q] and [i]
    OE fiscas – ME fishes [‘fISqz]
    OE rison – ME risen [‘rIzqn]

  • The occurrence of only two vowels [q] and [i] in unstressed final syllables i...

    8 слайд

    The occurrence of only two vowels [q] and [i] in unstressed final syllables is an important mark of ME.

  • It distinguishes ME on the one hand from OE with its greater variety of unstr...

    9 слайд

    It distinguishes ME on the one hand from OE with its greater variety of unstressed vowels, and, on the other hand, from New English when ME final [q] was dropped.

  • The final [q] disappeared in Late ME but it continued to be spelt as e. In th...

    10 слайд

    The final [q] disappeared in Late ME but it continued to be spelt as e. In the London dialect of Chaucer’s time it was unstable. It could be easily missed out before the following initial vowel or when required by rhythm.

  • When the ending e survived only in spelling, it was understood as means of sh...

    11 слайд

    When the ending e survived only in spelling, it was understood as means of showing the length of the vowel in the preceding syllable and was added to the

  • words which did not have this ending before: OE stan – ME stoon, stone

    12 слайд

    words which did not have this ending before:
    OE stan – ME stoon, stone

  • But new unstressed vowels appeared in borrowed words or developed from stress...

    13 слайд

    But new unstressed vowels appeared in borrowed words or developed from stressed ones, as a result of various changes:
    e.g. vocalization of [r]
    writer [er]  [q]
    actor [or]  [q]

  • Stressed Vowels:Stressed vowels changed in quality and in quantity. Not a s...

    14 слайд

    Stressed Vowels:

    Stressed vowels changed in quality and in quantity. Not a single OE monophthong or diphthong remained unchanged in the course of history.

  • Quantitative Changes:In OE quantity was the main basis of correlation in th...

    15 слайд

    Quantitative Changes:

    In OE quantity was the main basis of correlation in the vowel system: short vowels were opposed to long ones.

  • Vowel length was an inherited feature as OE short vowels developed from PG sh...

    16 слайд

    Vowel length was an inherited feature as OE short vowels developed from PG short vowels. In late OE and Early ME vowel length began to depend on phonetic condition.

  • 1. Short vowels were lengthened before ld, nd, mb unless followed by a third...

    17 слайд

    1. Short vowels were lengthened before ld, nd, mb unless followed by a third consonant (the 9-th c.)
    OE wild > ME wild [wJld]

  • 2. All other groups of two or more consonants made the preceding long vowels...

    18 слайд

    2. All other groups of two or more consonants made the preceding long vowels short (11-th c.)
    OE cepte > ME kepte [‘keptq]

  • 3. Short vowels became long in open syllables (mainly [e], [a], [o]) (12-th –...

    19 слайд

    3. Short vowels became long in open syllables (mainly [e], [a], [o]) (12-th – 13-th c.)
    OE open > ME open [‘Lpqn]
    OE namu > ME name [‘nRmq]

  • Qualitative Changes:1. OE [y], [y:] disappeared in ME merging with various...

    20 слайд

    Qualitative Changes:

    1. OE [y], [y:] disappeared in ME merging with various sounds in different dialects:
    In Kentish [e] [e:]
    South-West, west Midlands [u] [H]

  • OE fyllan > ME Kentish fellen (to fill)...

    21 слайд

    OE fyllan > ME Kentish fellen
    (to fill)
    West Midland fullen 1. [fyllqn]
    and South western 2. [fullqn]

    East Midland fillen
    Northern

  • 2. OE [R] was narrowed to [L] (all long monophthongs became closer) [R] >...

    22 слайд

    2. OE [R] was narrowed to [L] (all long monophthongs became closer)
    [R] > [L] in all the dialects except the Northern group

  • OE stan > ME stoon, stone ['stLn(q)] (stone) Northern...

    23 слайд

    OE stan > ME stoon, stone [‘stLn(q)]
    (stone)
    Northern stan(e)

    ME [L] must have been a more open vowel than long [o:] inherited from OE

  • 3. OE short [x] > ME back [a]  e.g. OE þxt > ME that [a] OE earm > ME arm [a]...

    24 слайд

    3. OE short [x] > ME back [a]
     e.g. OE þxt > ME that [a]
    OE earm > ME arm [a]
    OE blacu > ME blak [a]

  • DiphthongsOne of the most important sound changes of the Early ME period wa...

    25 слайд

    Diphthongs

    One of the most important sound changes of the Early ME period was the loss of OE diphthongs and the growth of new ones.

  • Diphthongs> monophthongsOE diphthongs were contracted to monophthongs: OE [eQ...

    26 слайд

    Diphthongs> monophthongs
    OE diphthongs were contracted to monophthongs:
    OE [eQ] > ME [F:] east > eest (east)
    OE [eQ] > ME [a] earm > arm (arm)

  • [eo] [eo] [e:] [e] [io] [J] [I] [io]...

    27 слайд

    [eo]
    [eo] [e:] [e]
    [io] [J] [I]
    [io]
    deop > deep [e:] (deep);
    ceosan > chesen [‘Ce:zqn] (choose)
    heorte > herte (heart)

  • the vowel system lost two sets of diphthongs, long and short. a new set of...

    28 слайд

    the vowel system lost two sets of diphthongs, long and short.
    a new set of diphthongs developed from some sequence of vowels and consonants due to the vocalization of OE [j] and [g].

  • These sounds between and after vowels changed into [i] and [u] and formed di...

    29 слайд

    These sounds between and after vowels changed into [i] and [u] and formed diphthongs together with the preceding vowels:
    E.g. OE dxZ > ME day [daI]

  • two sets of diphthongsThese changes gave rise to two sets of diphthongs with...

    30 слайд

    two sets of diphthongs
    These changes gave rise to two sets of diphthongs with i – glides and u – glides.

  • System of vowels in Late Middle English

    31 слайд

    System of vowels in Late Middle English

  • Evolution of Consonants English consonants were far more stable than vowels.

    32 слайд

    Evolution of Consonants

    English consonants were far more stable than vowels.

  • The new type of consonants developed from OE palatal plosives [k', g‘, g’] an...

    33 слайд

    The new type of consonants developed from OE palatal plosives [k’, g‘, g’] and from [sk’]. The three new phonemes were [C], [G], [S] (in writing — ch, tch, g, dg, sh, ssh, sch)

  • Loss of Consonants In OE long consonants were opposed to short. In Late M...

    34 слайд

    Loss of Consonants

     In OE long consonants were opposed to short. In Late ME long consonants were shortened and the opposition through quantity was lost.

  •  Initial h was dropped before r, l, n. OE hrinZ > ME ring (ring) OE hlaford...

    35 слайд

     Initial h was dropped before r, l, n.

    OE hrinZ > ME ring (ring)
    OE hlaford > ME loverd (lord)

  •  Before w h remained in the North where OE hw > quh or qwh.  In the South...

    36 слайд

     Before w h remained in the North where OE hw > quh or qwh.
     In the South h was dropped before w.

     OE hwxt > ME North quhat
    South what

  •  V was dropped before consonants: OE hxfde > ME had

    37 слайд

     V was dropped before consonants:

    OE hxfde > ME had

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Слайд 1

MIDDLE ENGLISH:
CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM

Word Stress

In OE stress as

a rule was on the 1-st syllable of the word,

rarely on the second syllable.

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress In OE stress as a

Слайд 2That is the prefix or the root were stressed but

the suffixes and endings were unstressed. Word stress in OE

was fixed. It didn’t move in inflection and rarely in derivation.

That is the prefix or the root were stressed but the suffixes and endings were unstressed. Word

Слайд 3In ME period the word stress acquired greater positional freedom

and began to play a more important role in word

derivation. These changes were connected with the assimilation of the loan words (especially from French).

In ME period the word stress acquired greater positional freedom and began to play a more important

Слайд 4When they first appeared in the English language they probably

retained their original stress – on the ultimate syllable. This

kind of stress couldn’t be preserved for long.

When they first appeared in the English language they probably retained their original stress – on the

Слайд 5The loan words were assimilated and the stress moved closer

to the beginning of the word.
ME vertu [vqr’tjH]  NE

virtue [‘vWtSq]

The loan words were assimilated and the stress moved closer to the beginning of the word.ME vertu

Слайд 6
Vowel Changes
Unstressed vowels:

became increasingly indistinct
in OE there were

5 short vowels in an unstressed position [e, I, a,

o, V]

Vowel Changes Unstressed vowels: became increasingly indistinct in OE there were 5 short vowels in

Слайд 7Late ME had only 2 vowels: [q] and [i]
OE fiscas

– ME fishes [‘fISqz]
OE rison – ME risen [‘rIzqn]

Late ME had only 2 vowels: [q] and [i]OE fiscas – ME fishes ['fISqz]OE rison – ME

Слайд 8The occurrence of only two vowels [q] and [i] in

unstressed final syllables is an important mark of ME.

The occurrence of only two vowels [q] and [i] in unstressed final syllables is an important mark

Слайд 9It distinguishes ME on the one hand from OE with

its greater variety of unstressed vowels, and, on the other

hand, from New English when ME final [q] was dropped.

It distinguishes ME on the one hand from OE with its greater variety of unstressed vowels, and,

Слайд 10The final [q] disappeared in Late ME but it continued

to be spelt as e. In the London dialect of

Chaucer’s time it was unstable. It could be easily missed out before the following initial vowel or when required by rhythm.

The final [q] disappeared in Late ME but it continued to be spelt as e. In the

Слайд 11When the ending e survived only in spelling, it was

understood as means of showing the length of the vowel

in the preceding syllable and was added to the

When the ending e survived only in spelling, it was understood as means of showing the length

Слайд 12words which did not have this ending before:
OE stan –

ME stoon, stone

words which did not have this ending before:OE stan – ME stoon, stone

Слайд 13But new unstressed vowels appeared in borrowed words or developed

from stressed ones, as a result of various changes:
e.g. vocalization

of [r]
writer [er]  [q]
actor [or]  [q]

But new unstressed vowels appeared in borrowed words or developed from stressed ones, as a result of

Слайд 14
Stressed Vowels:

Stressed vowels changed in quality and in quantity. Not

a single OE monophthong or diphthong remained unchanged in the

course of history.

Stressed Vowels: Stressed vowels changed in quality and in quantity. Not a single OE monophthong or

Слайд 15
Quantitative Changes

In OE quantity was the main basis of correlation

in the vowel system: short vowels were opposed to long

ones.

Quantitative Changes In OE quantity was the main basis of correlation in the vowel system: short

Слайд 16Vowel length was an inherited feature as OE short vowels

developed from PG short vowels. In late OE and Early

ME vowel length began to depend on phonetic condition.

Vowel length was an inherited feature as OE short vowels developed from PG short vowels. In late

Слайд 171. Short vowels were lengthened before ld, nd, mb unless

followed by a third consonant (the 9-th c.)
OE wild >

ME wild [wJld]

1. Short vowels were lengthened before ld, nd, mb unless followed by a third consonant (the 9-th

Слайд 182. All other groups of two or more consonants made

the preceding long vowels short (11-th

c.)
OE cepte > ME kepte [‘keptq]

2. All other groups of two or more consonants made the preceding long vowels short

Слайд 193. Short vowels became long in open syllables (mainly [e],

[a], [o]) (12-th – 13-th c.)
OE open > ME open

[‘Lpqn]
OE namu > ME name [‘nRmq]

3. Short vowels became long in open syllables (mainly [e], [a], [o]) (12-th – 13-th c.)OE open

Слайд 20
Qualitative Changes
1. OE y, y: disappeared in ME merging with

various sounds in different dialects:
Kentish e, e:
South-West, West Midlands

u, H
East Midland and Northern i

Qualitative Changes1. OE y, y: disappeared in ME merging with various sounds in different dialects: Kentish

Слайд 21OE fyllan > ME Kentish

fellen
(to fill)

West Midland fullen 1. [fyllqn]
and South western 2. [fullqn]

East Midland fillen
Northern

OE fyllan > ME Kentish fellen

Слайд 222. OE [R] was narrowed to [L] (all

long monophthongs became closer)
[R] > [L] in all the dialects

except the Northern group

2. OE [R] was narrowed to [L] (all long monophthongs became closer)[R] > [L] in

Слайд 23OE stan > ME stoon, stone [‘stLn(q)]
(stone)

Northern stan(e)

OE stan > ME stoon, stone ['stLn(q)] (stone)

Слайд 243. OE short [x] > ME back [a]
 e.g. OE þxt

> ME that [a]

3. OE short [x] > ME back [a] e.g. OE þxt > ME that [a]

Слайд 25
Diphthongs

One of the most important sound changes of the Early

ME period was the loss of OE diphthongs and the

growth of new ones.

Diphthongs One of the most important sound changes of the Early ME period was the loss

Слайд 26Diphthongs> monophthongs
OE diphthongs were contracted to monophthongs:
OE [eQ] > ME

[F:] east > eest (east)
OE [eQ] > ME [a]

earm > arm (arm)

Diphthongs> monophthongsOE diphthongs were contracted to monophthongs:OE [eQ] > ME [F:] east > eest (east)OE [eQ]

Слайд 27[eo]
[eo] [e:] [e]
[io]

[J] [I]

[io]
deop > deep [e:] (deep);
ceosan > chesen [‘Ce:zqn] (choose)
heorte > herte (heart)

[eo][eo] [e:] [e][io]

Слайд 28 the vowel system lost two sets of diphthongs, long

and short.
a new set of diphthongs developed from some

sequence of vowels and consonants due to the vocalization of OE [j] and [g/h].

the vowel system lost two sets of diphthongs, long and short. a new set of diphthongs

Слайд 29These sounds between and after vowels changed into [i] and

[u] and formed diphthongs together with the preceding vowels:
E.g. OE

dxZ > ME day [daI]

These sounds between and after vowels changed into [i] and [u] and formed diphthongs together with the

Слайд 30Two sets of diphthongs
These changes gave rise to two sets

of diphthongs:
i – glides
u – glides

Two sets of diphthongsThese changes gave rise to two sets of diphthongs: i – glides u –

Слайд 31System of vowels in Late Middle English

System of vowels in Late Middle English

Слайд 32
Evolution of Consonants

English consonants were far more stable than vowels.

Evolution of Consonants English consonants were far more stable than vowels.

Слайд 33The new type of consonants developed from OE palatal plosives

[k’, g‘, g’] and from [sk’]. The three new phonemes

were [C], [G], [S] (in writing — ch, tch, g, dg, sh, ssh, sch)

The new type of consonants developed from OE palatal plosives [k', g‘, g’] and from [sk']. The

Слайд 34
Loss of Consonants

 In OE long consonants were opposed to

short. In Late ME long consonants were shortened and the

opposition through quantity was lost.

Loss of Consonants  In OE long consonants were opposed to short. In Late ME long

Слайд 35 Initial h was dropped before r, l, n.

OE hrinZ

> ME ring (ring)
OE hlaford > ME loverd (lord)

 Initial h was dropped before r, l, n.OE hrinZ > ME ring (ring)OE hlaford > ME

Слайд 36 Before w h remained in the North where OE

hw > quh or qwh.
 In the South h

was dropped before w.
 OE hwxt > ME : North quhat
South what

 Before w h remained in the North where OE hw > quh or qwh.  In

Слайд 37 V was dropped before consonants:

OE hxfde > ME had

 V was dropped before consonants:OE hxfde > ME had

Источник

In OE stress as a rule was on the 1-st syllable of the word, rarely on the second syllable.

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

That is the prefix or the root were stressed but the suffixes and endings were unstressed. Word stress in OE was fixed. It didn’t move in inflection and rarely in derivation.

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

In ME period the word stress acquired greater positional freedom and began to play a more important role in word derivation. These changes were connected with the assimilation of the loan words (especially from French).

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

When they first appeared in the English language they probably retained their original stress – on the ultimate syllable. This kind of stress couldn’t be preserved for long.

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

The loan words were assimilated and the stress moved closer to the beginning of the word.
M.E. vertu [ vqr’tjH ]  NE virtue [‘ vWtSq ]

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

6

Слайд 6: Vowel Changes Unstressed vowels:

In Early ME the pronunciation of unstressed syllables became increasingly indistinct. In OE there were 5 short vowels in an unstressed position [ e, I, a, o, V ]

Vowel Changes Unstressed vowels:

Изображение слайда

Late ME had only 2 vowels: [ q ] and [ i ]
OE fiscas – ME fishes [‘ fISqz ]
OE rison – ME risen [‘ rIzqn ]

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

The occurrence of only two vowels [ q ] and [ i ] in unstressed final syllables is an important mark of ME.

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

It distinguishes ME on the one hand from OE with its greater variety of unstressed vowels, and, on the other hand, from New English when ME final [ q ] was dropped.

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

The final [ q ] disappeared in Late ME but it continued to be spelt as e. In the London dialect of Chaucer’s time it was unstable. It could be easily missed out before the following initial vowel or when required by rhythm.

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

When the ending e survived only in spelling, it was understood as means of showing the length of the vowel in the preceding syllable and was added to the

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

words which did not have this ending before:
OE stan – ME stoon, stone

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

But new unstressed vowels appeared in borrowed words or developed from stressed ones, as a result of various changes:
e.g. vocalization of [r]
writer [ er ]  [ q ]
actor [or]  [ q ]

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

14

Слайд 14: Stressed Vowels:

Stressed vowels changed in quality and in quantity. Not a single OE monophthong or diphthong remained unchanged in the course of history.

Stressed Vowels:

Изображение слайда

Long vowels were the most changeable and historically unstable. They had a strong tendency to become narrower and to diphthongize, but short vowels displayed a reverse trend – towards greater openness.

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

16

Слайд 16: Quantitative Changes:

In OE quantity was the main basis of correlation in the vowel system: short vowels were opposed to long ones.

Quantitative Changes:

Изображение слайда

Vowel length was an inherited feature as OE short vowels developed from PG short vowels. In late OE and Early ME vowel length began to depend on phonetic condition.

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

1. Short vowels were lengthened before ld, nd, mb unless followed by a third consonant (the 9-th c.)
OE wild > ME wild [ wJld ]

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

2. All other groups of two or more consonants made the preceding long vowels short (11-th c.).
OE cepte > ME kepte [ ‘ keptq ]

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

3. Short vowels became long in open syllables (mainly [e], [a], [o]) (12-th – 13-th c.)
OE open > ME open [ ‘ Lpqn ]
OE namu > ME name [ ‘ nRmq ]

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

21

Слайд 21: Qualitative Changes:

1. OE [y], [y:] disappeared in ME merging with various sounds in different dialects:
In Kentish [ e ] [ e:]
South-West, west Midlands [ u ] [ H ]

Qualitative Changes:

Изображение слайда

OE fyllan > ME Kentish fellen
(to fill)
West Midland fullen 1. [ f y llqn ]
and South western 2. [ fu llqn ]
East Midland fillen
and Northern

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

2. OE [ R ] was narrowed to [ L ] ( all long monophthongs became closer)
[ R ] > [ L ] in all the dialects except the Northern group

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

OE stan > ME stoon, stone [ ‘ stLn (q )]
(stone)
Northern stan (e)
ME [ L ] must have been a more open vowel than long [ o: ] inherited from OE

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

3. OE short [ x ] > ME back [ a ]
e.g. OE þ x t > ME that [ a ]
OE earm > ME arm [ a ]
OE blacu > ME blak [ a ]

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

One of the most important sound changes of the Early ME period was the loss of OE diphthongs and the growth of new ones. OE diphthongs were contracted to monophthongs :

Diphthongs

Изображение слайда

OE [ eQ ] > ME [ F: ] east > eest (east)
OE [ eQ ] > ME [ a ] earm > arm (arm)

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

[ eo ]
[ eo ] [ e: ] [ e ]
[ io ] [ J ] [ I ]
[ io ]
deop > deep [e:] (deep);
ceosan > chesen [ ‘ Ce:zqn ] (choose)
heorte > herte ( heart )

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

As a result of these changes the vowel system lost two sets of diphthongs, long and short. A new set of diphthongs developed from some sequence of vowels and consonants due to the vocalization of OE [j] and [ɣ].

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

These sounds between and after vowels changed into [ i ] and [ u ] formed diphthongs together with the preceding vowels.
E.g. OE d xZ > ME day [ daI ]

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

These changes gave rise to two sets of diphthongs with i – glides and u – glides.

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

32

Слайд 32: System of vowels in Late Middle English

System of vowels in Late Middle English

Изображение слайда

33

Слайд 33: Evolution of Consonants

English consonants were far more stable than vowels.

Evolution of Consonants

Изображение слайда

The most important developments in the history of English consonants were the development of affricates and sibilants. In OE there were no affricates and no sibilants except [s, z].

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

The new type of consonants developed from OE palatal plosives [k’, g’] and from [ sk ‘]. The three new phonemes were [ C ], [ G ], [ S ] (in writing — ch, tch, g, dg, sh, ssh, sch )

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

36

Слайд 36: Loss of Consonants

 In OE long consonants were opposed to short. In Late ME long consonants were shortened and the opposition through quantity was lost.

Loss of Consonants

Изображение слайда

 Initial h was dropped before r, l, n.
OE hrin Z > ME ring (ring)
OE hlaford > ME loverd (lord)

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

 Before w h remained in the North where OE hw > quh or qwh.
 In the South h was dropped before w.
OE h wx t > ME North quhat
South what

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

39

Последний слайд презентации: MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

 V was dropped before consonants:
OE h x f de > ME had

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress

Изображение слайда

Источник

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