Word stress in new english - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

Word
Stress/Accent:

In ME and
NE word stress acquired greater
positions freedom
and greater role in word
derivation.

Recessive
tendency – stress
in loan-words moved closer
to the beginning of the word
(e.g. in French words the stress is usually placed on the ultimate or
pen-ultimate syllable, but the stress in the words of the French
origin that penetrated into English has moved to the beginning of the
word).

E.g. ME
vertu
[ver’tju:]
– NE virtue
[‘vз:t∫ə]

Rhythmic
tendency
– regular alternation
of stressed and unstressed syllables
(3 or more) that creates rhythm and has led to the appearance of the
secondary
stress.

E.g. ME
diso’beien
– NE
,diso’bei

Vowels

English
vowels proved to be more changeable than consonants. Long vowels
proved to be more changeable than short ones.

Middle English

The changes that occurred to
vowels in ME were as follows:

Quantitative:

Reduction
– weakening
and disappearance
of unstressed vowels. As far as the stress was mainly on the root the
vowels in prefixes and suffixes got weak and underwent reduction. In
unstressed position only two
vowels
were left – [ə] and [i]. They had never been contrasted.

E.g. ME
tale
[‘ta:lə],
body
[‘bodi]

In NE sound
[ə] (schwa) was dropped
at the end
of the words but the letter
e was left
in spelling to show the length
of the preceding vowel.

Shortening
– all
long vowels became short before
consonant clusters
(NB!!
except
[ld,
nd, mb] – before
these clusters vowels remained long or if a vowel was short it became
long)

E.g.

Other Consonant Clusters
OE	ME
fīftiζ	fifty (fifty)
fēdde	fedde (fed)
wīsdom	wisdom (wisdom)

Lengthening
(12^th
– 13^th
c.) – short
vowels became long:

before
clusters [ld,
nd, mb];
in
2-syllable words, only
to [e,
o, a] in
open
stressed syllable

E.g.

Clusters [ld, nd, mb]	2-syllable words
OE	ME	OE	ME
cild	chīld (child)	mete	mēte (meat)
findan	fīnden (find)	open	ōpen (open)
climban	clīmben (climb)	talu	tāle (tale)

Qualitative:

The system of vowels in ME
were no longer symmetrical as it was in OE

Short Vowels

[y]
changed
to [i]
e.g.
OE hyll
– ME hill
(hill);
[æ]
changed
to [a]
e.g.
OE wæs
– ME was
(was).

As a result:

Long Vowels

[ỹ]
changed
to [ī];
[ǽ]
fell
together with [έ];
[ā]
changed
to [ō]
e.g.
OE stān
–
ME sto[o:]ne
(stone).

As a result:

	close	open
ī	ū	ē	ō	έ	ǿ

New Diphthongs

OE diphthongs turned into
monophthongs:

OE Diphth.	ME Sounds	OE	ME
ĭě/īē 	i	līehtan	lighten (lighten)
ĕŏ/ēō 	e	heorte	herte (heart)
ĕă/ēā 	æ	ēast	eest (east)

New
diphthongs appeared due
to vocalisation
of
[j],
[γ] and
[w].
These consonants
turned into vowels
([i],
[u] and
[u]
respectively) and became the glides of the new diphthongs:

i-glides	OE	ME	u-glides	OE	ME
[ei]	weζ[j]	wey[i] (way)	[iu]	—	—
[ai]	mæζ[j]	may[i] (may)	[au]	laζ[γ]u	law[u]e [‘lauə] (low)
[oi] (in French loan-words)		boy, toy	[ou]	cnāw[w]an	know[u]en [‘knouən] (know)

New
English

Great
Vowel Shift
– the change that happened in the 14^th
– 16^th
c. and
affected all
long monophthongs + diphthong [au].
As a result these vowels were:

diphthongized;
narrowed (became more
closed);
both diphthongized and
narrowed.

ME Sounds	NE Sounds	ME	NE
[i:] 	[ai]	time [‘ti:mə]	time[teim]
[e:] 	[i:]	kepen[‘ke:pən]	keep[ki:p]
[a:] 	[ei]	maken[‘ma:kən]	make[meik]
[o:]  	[ou] [u:]	stone[‘sto:nə] moon[mo:n]	stone[stoun] moon[mu:n]
[u:] 	[au]	mous[mu:s]	mouse[maus]
[au] 	[o:]	cause[‘kauzə]	cause [ko:z]

This shift
was
not followed by spelling changes,
i.e. it was not reflected in written form. Thus the Great Vowel Shift
explains many modern rules of reading.

Short Vowels

ME Sounds

NE Sounds

[a] 



[æ]

[o] after [w]!!

that [at]

man [man]

was [was]

water
[‘watə]

that [ðæt]

man [mæn]

was [woz]

water
[‘wotə]

[u]


[Λ]

hut [hut]

comen
[cumen]

hut [hΛt]

come
[cΛm]

There were exceptions though, e.g. put,
pull, etc.

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

Источник

MIDDLE ENGLISH: CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM Word Stress In OE stress as a rule was on the 1 -st syllable of the word, rarely on the second syllable.

That is the prefix or the root were stressed but the suffixes and endings were unstressed. Word stress in OE was fixed. It didn’t move in inflection and rarely in derivation.

In ME period the word stress acquired greater positional freedom and began to play a more important role in word derivation. These changes were connected with the assimilation of the loan words (especially from French).

When they first appeared in the English language they probably retained their original stress – on the ultimate syllable. This kind of stress couldn’t be preserved for long.

The loan words were assimilated and the stress moved closer to the beginning of the word. M. E. vertu [vqr’tj. H] NE virtue [‘v. Wt. Sq]

Vowel Changes Unstressed vowels: In Early ME the pronunciation of unstressed syllables became increasingly indistinct. In OE there were 5 short vowels in an unstressed position [e, I, a, o, V]

Late ME had only 2 vowels: [q] and [i] OE fiscas – ME fishes [‘f. ISqz] OE rison – ME risen [‘r. Izqn]

The occurrence of only two vowels [q] and [i] in unstressed final syllables is an important mark of ME.

It distinguishes ME on the one hand from OE with its greater variety of unstressed vowels, and, on the other hand, from New English when ME final [q] was dropped.

The final [q] disappeared in Late ME but it continued to be spelt as e. In the London dialect of Chaucer’s time it was unstable. It could be easily missed out before the following initial vowel or when required by rhythm.

When the ending e survived only in spelling, it was understood as means of showing the length of the vowel in the preceding syllable and was added to the

words which did not have this ending before: OE stan – ME stoon, stone

But new unstressed vowels appeared in borrowed words or developed from stressed ones, as a result of various changes: e. g. vocalization of [r] writer [er] [q] actor [or] [q]

Stressed Vowels: Stressed vowels changed in quality and in quantity. Not a single OE monophthong or diphthong remained unchanged in the course of history.

Long vowels were the most changeable and historically unstable. They had a strong tendency to become narrower and to diphthongize, but short vowels displayed a reverse trend – towards greater openness.

Quantitative Changes: In OE quantity was the main basis of correlation in the vowel system: short vowels were opposed to long ones.

Vowel length was an inherited feature as OE short vowels developed from PG short vowels. In late OE and Early ME vowel length began to depend on phonetic condition.

1. Short vowels were lengthened before ld, nd, mb unless followed by a third consonant (the 9 -th c. ) OE wild > ME wild [w. Jld]

2. All other groups of two or more consonants made the preceding long vowels short (11 -th c. ). OE cepte > ME kepte [‘keptq]

3. Short vowels became long in open syllables (mainly [e], [a], [o]) (12 -th – 13 -th c. ) OE open > ME open [‘Lpqn] OE namu > ME name [‘n. Rmq]

Qualitative Changes: 1. OE [y], [y: ] disappeared in ME merging with various sounds in different dialects: In Kentish [e] [e: ] South-West, west Midlands [u] [H]

OE fyllan > ME Kentish fellen (to fill) West Midland fullen 1. [fyllqn] and South western 2. [fullqn] East Midland fillen and Northern

2. OE [R] was narrowed to [L] (all long monophthongs became closer) [R] > [L] in all the dialects except the Northern group

OE stan > ME stoon, stone [‘st. Ln(q)] (stone) Northern stan(e) ME [L] must have been a more open vowel than long [o: ] inherited from OE

3. OE short [x] > ME back [a] e. g. OE þxt > ME that [a] OE earm > ME arm [a] OE blacu > ME blak [a]

Diphthongs One of the most important sound changes of the Early ME period was the loss of OE diphthongs and the growth of new ones. OE diphthongs were contracted to monophthongs:

OE [e. Q] > ME [F: ] east > eest (east) OE [e. Q] > ME [a] earm > arm (arm)

[eo] [e: ] [e] [io] [J] [I] [io] deop > deep [e: ] (deep); ceosan > chesen [‘Ce: zqn] (choose) heorte > herte (heart)

As a result of these changes the vowel system lost two sets of diphthongs, long and short. A new set of diphthongs developed from some sequence of vowels and consonants due to the vocalization of OE [j] and [ɣ].

These sounds between and after vowels changed into [i] and [u] formed diphthongs together with the preceding vowels. E. g. OE dx. Z > ME day [da. I]

These changes gave rise to two sets of diphthongs with i – glides and u – glides.

System of vowels in Late Middle English

Evolution of Consonants English consonants were far more stable than vowels.

The most important developments in the history of English consonants were the development of affricates and sibilants. In OE there were no affricates and no sibilants except [s, z].

The new type of consonants developed from OE palatal plosives [k’, g’] and from [sk’]. The three new phonemes were [C], [G], [S] (in writing — ch, tch, g, dg, sh, sch)

Loss of Consonants In OE long consonants were opposed to short. In Late ME long consonants were shortened and the opposition through quantity was lost.

Initial h was dropped before r, l, n. OE hrin. Z > ME ring (ring) OE hlaford > ME loverd (lord)

Before w h remained in the North where OE hw > quh or qwh. In the South h was dropped before w. OE hwxt > ME North quhat South what

V was dropped before consonants: OE hxfde > ME had

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Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:

1 слайд

MIDDLE ENGLISH:
CHANGES IN PHONETIC SYSTEM

Word Stress

In OE stress as a rule was on the 1-st syllable of the word, rarely on the second syllable.
2 слайд

That is the prefix or the root were stressed but the suffixes and endings were unstressed. Word stress in OE was fixed. It didn’t move in inflection and rarely in derivation.
3 слайд

In ME period the word stress acquired greater positional freedom and began to play a more important role in word derivation. These changes were connected with the assimilation of the loan words (especially from French).
4 слайд

When they first appeared in the English language they probably retained their original stress – on the ultimate syllable. This kind of stress couldn’t be preserved for long.
5 слайд

The loan words were assimilated and the stress moved closer to the beginning of the word.
M.E. vertu [vqr’tjH]  NE virtue [‘vWtSq]
6 слайд

Vowel Changes
Unstressed vowels:

became increasingly indistinct
in OE there were 5 short vowels in an unstressed position [e, I, a, o, V]
7 слайд

Late ME had only 2 vowels: [q] and [i]
OE fiscas – ME fishes [‘fISqz]
OE rison – ME risen [‘rIzqn]
8 слайд

The occurrence of only two vowels [q] and [i] in unstressed final syllables is an important mark of ME.
9 слайд

It distinguishes ME on the one hand from OE with its greater variety of unstressed vowels, and, on the other hand, from New English when ME final [q] was dropped.
10 слайд

The final [q] disappeared in Late ME but it continued to be spelt as e. In the London dialect of Chaucer’s time it was unstable. It could be easily missed out before the following initial vowel or when required by rhythm.
11 слайд

When the ending e survived only in spelling, it was understood as means of showing the length of the vowel in the preceding syllable and was added to the
12 слайд

words which did not have this ending before:
OE stan – ME stoon, stone
13 слайд

But new unstressed vowels appeared in borrowed words or developed from stressed ones, as a result of various changes:
e.g. vocalization of [r]
writer [er]  [q]
actor [or]  [q]
14 слайд

Stressed Vowels:

Stressed vowels changed in quality and in quantity. Not a single OE monophthong or diphthong remained unchanged in the course of history.
15 слайд

Quantitative Changes:

In OE quantity was the main basis of correlation in the vowel system: short vowels were opposed to long ones.
16 слайд

Vowel length was an inherited feature as OE short vowels developed from PG short vowels. In late OE and Early ME vowel length began to depend on phonetic condition.
17 слайд

1. Short vowels were lengthened before ld, nd, mb unless followed by a third consonant (the 9-th c.)
OE wild > ME wild [wJld]
18 слайд

2. All other groups of two or more consonants made the preceding long vowels short (11-th c.)
OE cepte > ME kepte [‘keptq]
19 слайд

3. Short vowels became long in open syllables (mainly [e], [a], [o]) (12-th – 13-th c.)
OE open > ME open [‘Lpqn]
OE namu > ME name [‘nRmq]
20 слайд

Qualitative Changes:

1. OE [y], [y:] disappeared in ME merging with various sounds in different dialects:
In Kentish [e] [e:]
South-West, west Midlands [u] [H]
21 слайд

OE fyllan > ME Kentish fellen
(to fill)
West Midland fullen 1. [fyllqn]
and South western 2. [fullqn]

East Midland fillen
Northern
22 слайд

2. OE [R] was narrowed to [L] (all long monophthongs became closer)
[R] > [L] in all the dialects except the Northern group
23 слайд

OE stan > ME stoon, stone [‘stLn(q)]
(stone)
Northern stan(e)

ME [L] must have been a more open vowel than long [o:] inherited from OE
24 слайд

3. OE short [x] > ME back [a]
e.g. OE þxt > ME that [a]
OE earm > ME arm [a]
OE blacu > ME blak [a]
25 слайд

Diphthongs

One of the most important sound changes of the Early ME period was the loss of OE diphthongs and the growth of new ones.
26 слайд

Diphthongs> monophthongs
OE diphthongs were contracted to monophthongs:
OE [eQ] > ME [F:] east > eest (east)
OE [eQ] > ME [a] earm > arm (arm)
27 слайд

[eo]
[eo] [e:] [e]
[io] [J] [I]
[io]
deop > deep [e:] (deep);
ceosan > chesen [‘Ce:zqn] (choose)
heorte > herte (heart)
28 слайд

the vowel system lost two sets of diphthongs, long and short.
a new set of diphthongs developed from some sequence of vowels and consonants due to the vocalization of OE [j] and [g].
29 слайд

These sounds between and after vowels changed into [i] and [u] and formed diphthongs together with the preceding vowels:
E.g. OE dxZ > ME day [daI]
30 слайд

two sets of diphthongs
These changes gave rise to two sets of diphthongs with i – glides and u – glides.
31 слайд

System of vowels in Late Middle English
32 слайд

Evolution of Consonants

English consonants were far more stable than vowels.
33 слайд

The new type of consonants developed from OE palatal plosives [k’, g‘, g’] and from [sk’]. The three new phonemes were [C], [G], [S] (in writing — ch, tch, g, dg, sh, ssh, sch)
34 слайд

Loss of Consonants

 In OE long consonants were opposed to short. In Late ME long consonants were shortened and the opposition through quantity was lost.
35 слайд

 Initial h was dropped before r, l, n.

OE hrinZ > ME ring (ring)
OE hlaford > ME loverd (lord)
36 слайд

 Before w h remained in the North where OE hw > quh or qwh.
 In the South h was dropped before w.

OE hwxt > ME North quhat
South what
37 слайд

 V was dropped before consonants:

OE hxfde > ME had

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Тест по Новой истории Латинской Америки

Учебник: «Всеобщая история. Новейшая история», Юдовская А.Я., Баранов П.А., Ванюшкина Л.М. и др./Под ред. Искендерова А.А.
Тема: Глава 3. Азия, Африка и Латинская Америка в XIX — начале ХХ в.

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