Word sandwich come from

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A bologna sandwich
Main ingredients	Bread, meat, cheese, salad vegetables, sauce or savoury spread
Cookbook: Sandwich   Media: Sandwich

A sandwich is a food typically consisting of vegetables, sliced cheese or meat, placed on or between slices of bread, or more generally any dish wherein bread serves as a container or wrapper for another food type.^[1][2][3] The sandwich began as a portable, convenient finger food in the Western world, though over time it has become prevalent worldwide.

In the 21st century there has been considerable debate over the precise definition of sandwich, and specifically whether a hot dog or open sandwich can be categorized as such. In the United States, the Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration are the responsible agencies. The USDA uses the definition, «at least 35% cooked meat and no more than 50% bread» for closed sandwiches, and «at least 50% cooked meat» for open sandwiches.^[4] In Britain, the British Sandwich Association defines a sandwich as «any form of bread with a filling, generally assembled cold», a definition which includes wraps and bagels, but excludes dishes assembled and served hot, such as burgers.^[5]

Sandwiches are a popular type of lunch food, taken to work, school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch. The bread may be plain or be coated with condiments, such as mayonnaise or mustard, to enhance its flavour and texture. As well as being homemade, sandwiches are also widely sold in various retail outlets and can be served hot or cold.^[6][7] There are both savoury sandwiches, such as deli meat sandwiches, and sweet sandwiches, such as a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.

The sandwich is named after its supposed inventor, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich.^[8][9] The Wall Street Journal has described it as Britain’s «biggest contribution to gastronomy».^[10]

History

The modern concept of a sandwich using slices of bread as found within the West can arguably be traced to 18th-century Europe. However, the use of some kind of bread or bread-like substance to lie under (or under and over) some other food, or used to scoop up and enclose or wrap some other type of food, long predates the eighteenth century, and is found in numerous much older cultures worldwide.

The ancient Jewish sage Hillel the Elder is said to have wrapped meat from the Paschal lamb and bitter herbs in a soft matzah—flat, unleavened bread—during Passover in the manner of a modern wrap made with flatbread.^[11] Flat breads of only slightly varying kinds have long been used to scoop or wrap small amounts of food en route from platter to mouth throughout Western Asia and northern Africa. From Morocco to Ethiopia to India, bread is usually baked in flat rounds, contrasting with the European loaf tradition.

During the Middle Ages in Europe, thick slabs of coarse and usually stale bread, called «trenchers,» were used as plates.^[12] After a meal, the food-soaked trencher was fed to a dog or to beggars at the tables of the wealthy, and eaten by diners in more modest circumstances. The immediate culinary precursor with a direct connection to the English sandwich was to be found in the Netherlands of the seventeenth century, where the naturalist John Ray observed^[13][14] that in the taverns beef hung from the rafters «which they cut into thin slices and eat with bread and butter laying the slices upon the butter»—explanatory specifications that reveal the Dutch belegde broodje, open-faced sandwich, was as yet unfamiliar in England.

Initially perceived as food that men shared while gaming and drinking at night, the sandwich slowly began appearing in polite society as a late-night meal among the aristocracy. The sandwich is named after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, an eighteenth-century English aristocrat.^[8][9] It is commonly said that Lord Sandwich, during long sessions of cribbage and other card games at public gambling houses, would order his valet to bring him salt beef between two pieces of toasted bread. He was fond of this form of food because it allowed him to continue gambling while eating, without the need for a fork, and without getting his cards greasy from eating meat with his bare hands. The dish then grew in popularity in London, and Sandwich’s name became associated with it.^[8] The rumour in its familiar form appeared in Pierre-Jean Grosley’s Londres (Neuchâtel, 1770), translated as A Tour to London in 1772;^[15] Grosley’s impressions had been formed during a year in London in 1765.

An alternative is provided by Sandwich’s biographer, N. A. M. Rodger, who suggests Sandwich’s commitments to the Navy, and to politics and the arts, mean the first sandwich was more likely to have been consumed at his desk.

The sandwich’s popularity in Spain and England increased dramatically during the nineteenth century, when the rise of industrial society and the working classes made fast, portable, and inexpensive meals essential.^[16] In London, for example, at least seventy street vendors were selling ham sandwiches by 1850; during that decade sandwich bars also became an important form of eating establishment in western Holland, typically serving liver and salt beef sandwiches.^[17]

In the US, the sandwich was first promoted as an elaborate meal at supper. By the early 20th century, as bread became a staple of the American diet, the sandwich became the same kind of popular, quick meal as was already widespread in the Mediterranean.^[16]

Language

According to the story, following the Earl of Sandwich’s request for beef between two slices of bread, his friends began to order «the same as Sandwich».^[9] The first written usage of the English word appeared in Edward Gibbon’s journal, in longhand, referring to «bits of cold meat» as a «Sandwich».^[18]

Before being known as sandwiches, this food combination seems to have been known as «bread and meat» or «bread and cheese».^[8] These two phrases are found throughout English drama from the 16th and 17th centuries.^[8]

In the US, a court in Boston, Massachusetts, ruled in 2006 that a sandwich includes at least two slices of bread^[1] and «under this definition, this court finds that the term ‘sandwich’ is not commonly understood to include burritos, tacos, and quesadillas, which are typically made with a single tortilla and stuffed with a choice filling of meat, rice, and beans.»^[19] The issue stemmed from the question of whether a restaurant that sold burritos could move into a shopping centre where another restaurant had a no-compete clause in its lease prohibiting other «sandwich» shops.

In Spain, where the word sandwich is borrowed from the English language,^[20] it refers to a food item made with English sandwich bread.^[21] It is otherwise known as a bocadillo. Similar usage applies in other Spanish-speaking cultures, such as Mexico, where the word torta is also used for a popular variety of roll-type sandwiches.

In the UK and Australia, the term sandwich is more narrowly defined than in the US: it usually refers to an item that uses sliced bread from a loaf.^[22] An item with similar fillings but using an entire bread roll cut horizontally in half, is generally referred to as a roll, or with certain hot fillings, a burger. However, hot sliced (not ground) beef between two slices of toasted bread is referred to as a steak sandwich: the sliced loaf bread distinguishes the steak sandwich from a burger.^{[citation needed]}

The verb to sandwich has the meaning «to position anything between two other things of a different character, or to place different elements alternately,»^[23] and the noun sandwich has related meanings derived from this more general definition. For example, an ice cream sandwich consists of a layer of ice cream between two layers of cake or biscuit.^[24] Similarly, Oreos and Custard creams are described as sandwich biscuits (UK/Commonwealth) or sandwich cookies (US) because they consist of a soft filling between the baked layers.^[25] In corporate finance, Dutch Sandwich and Double Irish with a Dutch sandwich refer to schemes for tax evasion.

The word butty, originally referring to a buttered slice of bread,^[26] is common in some northern parts of England as a slang synonym for «sandwich,» particularly to refer to certain kinds of sandwiches including the chip butty, bacon butty, or sausage butty.^[27] Sarnie is a similar colloquialism.^[28] Likewise, the word sanger is used for sandwich in Australian slang.^[29] The colloquial Scottish word piece may refer either to a sandwich or to a light meal, especially one that includes a sandwich. For example, the phrase jeely piece refers to a jam sandwich.^[30]

The colloquial form «sammich» (alternatively, «sammidge») is used in the Southeastern United States.^[31] In Japanese, sando or sandoichi is used.^[32]

Pre-made sandwiches

Sandwiches have been widely sold in cafes, railway stations, pubs and diners since the invention of sliced bread in the 1920s.^[33] Sandwiches kept unwrapped, drying up and edges curling, until they were sold, were widely found in Britain until the 1970s. Cafes and Buffets in railway stations and on trains were notorious, and the term «British Rail sandwich» was often used satirically.

In 1979, the British store chain Marks & Spencer introduced a small range of chilled, pre-made sandwiches sold in wedge-shaped boxes, sealed to keep them fresh.^[33] As they proved popular, a small experiment involving five stores rapidly grew to cover more than one hundred stores. Within a year, the store was looking for ways to manufacture sandwiches at an industrial scale. By the end of the decade, the British sandwich industry had become worth £1bn.^[34] In 2017, the British sandwich industry made and sold £8 billion worth of sandwiches.^[34]

Gallery

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  Sandwich making

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  Sausage, egg and cheese sandwich

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  Smoked salmon-and-cream-cheese sandwiches on pieces of baguette

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  Crustless English sandwiches on a plate

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  Sandwich filled with olives and sliced red tomatoes

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  Cross section of a sandwich

See also

References

External links

• The British Sandwich Association

Where
did the word “sandwich” come from?

The
sandwich,
which is most popular with world-wide eaters, functions as a noun or
a verb and usually prefers to have its name pronounced as SAND
wich.
Besides the more obvious occupation of being something edible between
two or more slices of bread, metaphorically speaking, it also likes
to squeeze in between two other people, places, things, materials,
etc. For example, he is willing to sandwich
in an appointment between two other meetings or
her car was sandwiched
between two other cars in the parking lot.

The
word sandwich
that we use today was born in London during the very late hours one
night in 1762 when an English nobleman, John Montagu (1718-1792), the
Fourth Earl of Sandwich, was too busy gambling to stop for a meal
even though he was hungry. The legend goes that he ordered a waiter
to bring him roast-beef between two slices of bread. The Earl was
able to continue his gambling while eating his snack; and from that
incident, we have inherited that quick-food product that we now know
as the sandwich.
He apparently had the meat put on slices of bread so he wouldn’t
get his fingers greasy while he was playing cards. It’s strange
that the name of this fiend should have gone down in history
connected to such an innocent article of diet.

The
Earl of Sandwich, the sandwich, and the town of Sandwich

The
title, Earl of “Sandwich”, comes from Old English (O.E.) Sandwic,
and literally means “sand village,” “sandy place,” or “place
on the sand.” The old English wic
is a loan word from Latin vicus,
“hamlet”, which also gives us the word vicinity.
The first recorded mention of the town was around 640 CE.

The
family of the Earls of Sandwich has no real connection to the town
itself, only the title. Apparently, the First Earl, Edward Montagu,
originally intended to take the title of the Earl of Portsmouth—this
might have been changed to honor the town of Sandwich, because the
fleet he was commanding in 1660 was lying off the coast of Sandwich,
before it sailed to bring Charles II back to England.

It
is generally thought that neither the town of Sandwich, nor the word
“sandwich” as an item of food, has any reference to each other,
only with John Montagu, who happened to have the title. A sandwich
could just as easily have been called a “portsmouth” if the First
Earl, Edward Montagu, had not changed his mind.

Can
you imagine ordering a “foot long submarine portsmouth,
please” or a “roast beef portsmouth
on rye”? Well, why not?

The
Fourth Earl of Sandwich was considered one of the most immoral men of
his time

John
Montagu is said to have been immoral in both his private and public
life, and gambling was just one of his lesser vices. He was the First
Lord of the Admiralty, incompetent and very corrupt. In fact, it is
very likely that he indirectly contributed to the success of the
American Revolution because of his malfeasance as the chief admiral
of the English navy. According to Jane Polley, “Sandwich managed to
reduce the British Navy to a state of total confusion around the time
that the American Revolution started—a contribution at least as
significant as the munchable lunch.”

The
Earl was a member of a group of Satan Worshippers called “The
Friars of St. Francis of Wycombe,” also known as “The Hell Fire
Club.” He boasted that he specialized in seducing virgins because
he enjoyed “the corruption of innocence, for its own sake.”
Sandwich was the executive officer of the Club and was described as
being “as mischievous as a monkey and as lecherous as a goat.” He
was also called “the most universally disliked man in England.”
According to Daniel Mannix in his The
Hell Fire Club,
“In addition to being anti-religious, Sandwich was violently
anti-democratic. He despised the general public and opposed any
public figure who tried to get a better break for the common man.
Because of his friendship with the King and his control of the
English Navy, Sandwich was one of the most important men of the time
and exerted a profound influence on the destiny of the British
Empire.”

The
11th Earl of Sandwich comments on the Sandwich namesake

In
the July 22, 2003, issue of the International
Herald Tribune,
there was an article titled: “Making bread from a famous name” by
Sarah Lyall in which we learn about the 11th Earl of Sandwich and his
son, Orlando Montagu, setting up a sandwich-selling business known
as, “The Earl of Sandwich.”

Historically
speaking, one Sandwich Earl or another has been in Parliament
continuously since the 1660’s. The most famous Earl of Sandwich was
the fourth one. He was the First Lord of the Admiralty and he
financed the expedition of Captain Cook, who named the Sandwich
Islands after him (later, these islands became present-day Hawaii).
Since the fourth Earl’s all-night gambling session in which he
would not stop to eat and ordered some meat between two pieces of
bread, all of the subsequent Earls of Sandwich have been linked with
sandwiches. In fact, the grandfather of the 11th Earl was referred to
as “Lord Snack.”

In
2001, The
Earl of Sandwich
(the company) began delivering upscale sandwiches, made with fresh
ingredients from small British producers, to businesses across
London. The company also sells sandwiches to Waitrose supermarkets;
the packages bear the family crest. In the autumn of 2003, The Earl
of Sandwich company prepared to embark on its biggest venture yet,
when it opened its first cafe, at Disney World in Florida. It now has
19 US locations as well as one location in Paris, France, and of
course the original location in London. The company is still
expanding.

When
he shops at Waitrose supermarkets, the 11th Earl enjoys buying Earl
of Sandwich sandwiches, each of which bears his family signature. It
would appear that this “upper crust” family is now striving to
make “bread” with its famous name—a nice change from the infamy
of several hundred years ago.

Answer
the following questions:

• What
  is sandwich? Where did it appear?

• Who
  is John Montagu?

• What
  can you tell about the town of Sandwich? Where can we see it?

• What
  is the Hell Fire Club? Why is it so famous?

• What
  other snacks do you know? What is your favorite one?

E
xercise
7

Explain
the meaning of the following words and phrases from the text above.
When can they be used? Give examples of their usage.

Write
all your answers in your workbook.

E
xercise
8

What
do you know about the United States of America? Fill in the map with
American states and their capitals. Learn them by heart.



Write
down American states and their capitals in your workbook. Mark them
on the map.

E
xercise
9

Where
can we find these sites in the USA? What are they?

Write
all your answers in your workbook.

E
xercise
10

Crossword
grid: print out and complete.

Write
all your answers in your workbook.

E
xercise
11

Read
the following article. What do you think about it? Is it true or not?
Why? Prepare your own list of differences between men and women in
form of a presentation.

Write
your list of differences and notes for presentation in your workbook.

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

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Мне кажется, пост о происхождении слова «Сэндвич» должен быть на каждом уважающем себя блоге об английском языке! На моем до сегодняшнего дня его не было, так что  буду исправляться)

К слову сказать, «сэндвич» относится к словам-эпонимам — они обозначают вещи, названные в честь людей, придумавших или впервые использовавших их. Думаю, все знают, что когда-то жил-был один английский граф. И звали его Сэндвич…

История слова «Сэндвич».

На крайнем юго-восточном побережье Англии в 12 милях к северу от Дувра находится город Сэндвич. Когда-то он был важным торговым портом и военно-морской базой, но в XVI в. его гавань затянуло илом.

Четвертый граф Сэндвичский, Джон Монтегю, был самым знаменитым представителем своего рода. В период с 1749 по 1782 г. он был первым лордом адмиралтейства. Его всегда интересовали морские походы, и он активно помогал капитану Джеймсу Куку в его предприятиях. Когда в 1778 г. Кук открыл группу островов в Тихом океане, он назвал их Сэндвичевыми островами. Однако позже эти острова стали называть Гавайскими островами.

Версии происхождения слова «Сэндвич».

Существует несколько версий изобретения сэндвича, но все они связаны с именем этого самого графа Сэндвича.

Одна из них гласит, что граф Сандвич был страстным игроком в карты и частенько часами просиживал за карточным столом в пивных барах Лондона. В 1762 году, принимая участие в карточной баталии, растянувшейся на сутки, Джон Монтэгю проголодался. Но одновременно держать в руках карты и  вилку с ножом невозможно. А азартный граф не хотел прерывать игры ни на минуту. И тогда он обратился к повару с просьбой обжарить парочку кусков хлеба, а между ними положить ростбиф и принести ему. И сделал он так, чтобы не испачкать пальцами карты. Так граф мог и играть, и есть одновременно. Его компаньоны, видя что это классная идея, начали заказывать «the same as Sandwich!» (то же, что у Сэндвича). Так это название и прижилось. А день рождения Джона Монтегю, 3 ноября, стали отмечать как День сэндвича.

Конечно, эта история вряд ли могла  быть правдой, это, скорее — анекдот. Граф Джон Монтэгю по свидетельству современников считал игру в карты глупым и бессмысленным растранжириванием драгоценного времени. А если ещё учесть финансовое положение графа Сэндвича, который обладал весьма ограниченными средствами, то понятно, что денег для азартных игр у него просто не было. Поэтому и существует вторая, более правдоподобная версия появления сэндвича.

Граф  изобрел сэндвич для того, чтобы иметь возможность дешево питаться прямо во время работы над серьезными проектами, чтобы не отнимать у напряженной работы драгоценное время. Ведь он был членом английского парламента, министром иностранных дел и военно-морским министром Британской империии. Он руководил и подготовкой географической кругосветной экспедиции капитана Кука в 1778 году. В результате которой, как я уже говорила выше, были открыты Гавайи.

В 1827 году термин «Сэндвич» впервые упоминается в Северной Америке, он был использован в поваренной книге. С тех пор это блюдо в разных его исполнениях распространилось по всей Америке, и не только.

Разновидности сэндвичей.

• Гамбургер (Hamburger) – это всегда рубленая котлета внутри разрезанной булки (плюс факультативно: кетчуп, майонез, листья салата, маринованный огурец, лук, помидор и др.). Чизбургер, фишбургер, чикенбургер – самые ходовые вариации гамбургера.
• Хот-дог (hot dog ) – сэндвич с сосиской или колбаской. Обычно содержит соус, чаще всего кетчуп и/или горчицу. Также может содержать свежие, маринованные или жареные овощи, зелень, сыр, бекон. Среднестатистический американец съедает в год около 60 хот-догов.
•  сэндвич – подводная лодка (Submarine sandwich) – популярный в США способ начинять продолговатую булку (багет, батон).  Те самые, которые продают в Subway.
• Клубный сэндвич (club sandwich) – треугольное изделие из трех кусков хлеба и двух слоев начинки.
• Сэндвич с арахисовым маслом и желе – традиционно готовят на завтрак североамериканцы. Один ломтик хлеба намазывают арахисовым маслом, другой – желе (обычно виноградным), джемом, мармеладом или повидлом. Арахисовое масло, кстати, та еще гадость!
• Монтекристо» – сэндвич с ветчиной, цыпленком, швейцарским сыром, который сначала обмакивают во взбитое яйцо, а затем обжаривают до золотистой корочки.

И множество других.

The naming goes back a long way- 1726. It was named after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, an 18th-century English aristocrat, although he was neither the inventor nor sustainer of the food. It is said that he ordered his valet to bring him meat tucked between two pieces of bread, and because Montagu also happened to be the Fourth Earl of Sandwich, others began to order «the same as Sandwich!»

The classic answer is that it is named for a habit of the Earl of Sandwich, who when engrossed in games of chance, would not spare time for eating a formal meal, so he would put any meat being served between two slabs of bread and eat that while wagering.
The word sandwich first came from London, when a man named John Montagu when he was to busy gambling even though he was hungry. He told the waiter to get him a piece of roast beef between two pieces of bread, and that was the first sandwich supposedly.

Do we call a sandwich a sandwich because of the 4th Earl of Sandwich? Yes. Was he the first person to come up with the idea? Not at all.

The truth is, we don’t know who invented the sandwich, but it has existed in various forms for thousands of years. One of the earliest known sandwich-eaters was Hillel the Elder, a rabbi and scholar who was born in Babylon and lived in Jerusalem during the first century B.C. The Haggadah, a Jewish text read during the annual Passover Seder, recounts how Hillel made sandwiches using Paschal lamb, bitter herbs and unleavened matzoh bread. In Jewish tradition, during the Seder dinner, participants remember this by creating their own matzoh sandwiches.

Flatbreads have a long history in the Mediterranean region and the Middle East. In particular, the “idea of rolling bread with a filling is very ancient in Turkish culture” says Mary Isin, author of Bountiful Empire: A History of Ottoman Cuisine. During the mid-17th century, the 4th Earl of Sandwich traveled to Turkey and other regions in the Ottoman Empire, which may explain where he allegedly got the idea to ask a club or restaurant server to make him a sandwich back in London.

The Earl of Sandwich Develops His Namesake Snack 

John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich

It’s not clear why the English politician John Montagu, a.k.a. the 4th Earl of Sandwich, became the namesake of the food we call a sandwich. The first known use of the word “sandwich” comes from the diary of the English historian Edward Gibbon. On November 24, 1762, he wrote about seeing men eating “a bit of cold meat, or a Sandwich,” but there is no mention of the earl being the namesake.

Then in the early 1770s, the French travel writer Pierre-Jean Grosley published a gossipy and satirical book called A Tour to London; Or New Observations on England and its Inhabitants. In it, Grosely described a scene at a gambling table:

The word “sandwich” does not appear in Grosely’s book, but many people assumed the scene in the book (which Grosely may have made up) referred to the 4th Earl of Sandwich. In any case, the name—which people like Gibbon were already using—caught on. By at least the mid-19th century, “sandwich” was so common that English-speaking people were using it as a verb to describe the process of placing something in between two other things, as if one were making a sandwich.

Sandwiches Become Popular in America 

<em>A young boy carries a huge multi-tiered ‘Dagwood’ sandwich, named after cartoon character Dagwood Bumstead, from the «Blondie» cartoon strip, 1955.</em>

After English speakers adopted the word “sandwich,” they began coming up with new words and phrases to describe different types, from meaty Sloppy Joes to the layered club sandwich. The first known recipe for a peanut butter and jelly sandwich appeared in 1901 in ​​The Boston Cooking School Magazine of Culinary Science & Domestic Economics. During the 1920s, companies began to mass-manufacture peanut butter in the United States, and targeted children as potential new consumers. This helped make the PB&J a common school lunch.

The po’ boy is another sandwich that gained popularity in the United States in the early 20th century, though its origin is a little more contested. The famous Louisiana sandwich consists of French bread and a hearty filling, often in the form of fried seafood.

Benny and Clovis Martin, who opened a restaurant in New Orleans in the early 1920s, reportedly claimed that they invented the po’ boy sandwich during a 1929 streetcar drivers’ strike, during which they said they gave away free sandwiches to the “poor boys” who were on strike. But there are records of similar sandwiches going back to the mid-19th century, and the po’ boy may have gotten its name prior to the 1929 strike.

As sandwich chain restaurants proliferated in the late 20th century, national rivalries emerged. In 1964, the first Blimpie restaurant opened in Hoboken, New Jersey. The next year, Pete’s Super Submarines—which would later become Subway—opened in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

The two restaurants sold submarine sandwiches, a type of sandwich with many different regional nicknames (sub, hoagie, grinder, hero, etc.) that itself has a contested history. Over the next few decades, the two restaurants sought to corner the submarine sandwich market amid a growing field of similar restaurant chains.