Word rules the world

A word is a thought and an action. The action in not always material sphere, but spiritual as well, so, the word combines in itself visible and hidden image of objects, ideas, dreams with certain evident or imaginary result. A word may demonstrate power and reliability, as well as fear and weakness, a beauty and horror, freedom or prison, open space for living and creativity, or terrible escape for isolation from life as God’s gift. A word survives and destroys, finds and loses, sounds and keeps silence. A word rules knowledge, confidence in speaking, thinking, communicating. A word rules the world.

Teaching English let all those involved to give definitions to the contextual meaning of the words, necessary for using in personal situations of studying, learning, teaching, upbringing, making routine, making scientific research, etc. The correct approach to recognizing “ a word ” as a formula of mental activity through word’s context of a sense, emotion, feeling, knowledge, character, abilities and possibilities in opportunities not omitted, guarantees qualified teaching and learning in unity of personal development and common sense due to using it for prolonged development as a gratitude for unmeasured values of life, assigned being understood.

The correct approach means possessing full information about definition of contextual meaning of the words in directly contextual situations, connected with private ones as strictly personal attitude to the colors, shades and sounds of the words in action. Training «word’s senses», so important to be discovered, understood and used in order to make the process of prolonged learning effective and rational indeed, proposed some interesting exercises should be done previously, in the beginning of solving the definite tasks, the different tasks, the task having much in common or absolutely aparted. The tasks are like these: the students are to give definition to the contextual meaning of the words in situations, according to real or possible ones in well-known spheres of the students’ life (family life, family history, traditions and values; disciplines and lessons, daily routine, sport and entertainment , duties and hobbies, friendship, love); career position after graduation from the University; obligatory professional skills and habits, business organization’ process, public relations ( communication in socium), personal perfection as a developed personality, responsible for own qualified existence and those involved in his(her) sphere of responsibility and caring, close and far ones.

The first step to definition of the word’s meaning as readiness or not to overcoming life hardships and obstacles for the sake of not only surviving but living as intellectual society’s unit- is to give the derivatives and the antonyms of the words. The task is hard enough to be solved easily, that is why such method as a role-play may be very effective in activity of two teams, proposing their variants of definitions, antonyms and derivatives.

The words offered were like these:” to reserve, tolerance, to drift, supercilious, peremptory, irrelevant, sophisticated, vitality, shiftlessness, affected, to repel.” So, in a Pedagogical Experiment (English Learning as Insight and Inspiration) the searching of the words’ meaning’ tied to real situations of studying, daily routine, professional training and outdoor sport, art, … etc. activity- motivated greatly to knowing more and more new lexical units to describe more and more life situation of personal relationship, communication in socium of the native country and abroad. For desired high results of the students future professional serving’ (not less!) the discussion of the antonyms and derivatives of the words mentioned happened to become an alive discussion of relations between representatives of different age-level. The methods of searching the decisions under hard circumstances and the content of the decisions themselves discovered evidently much in common in situations of the generations representatives’ communication. The scheme as matrix of Making Decisions compounded a list of fruitful, effective, emotionally expressive lexical units coloring the language speaking space of the students.

In period of preparation for professional training in engineering field of studying and professional experience the list of lexical units for recognizing as necessary ones in a new field of technical practice have been defined as obligatory and demonstrative. The task announced as” key-question for professional communication organization “was defined like this:” Express the same notion in one word”. This very difficult task inspired the participants of the experiment to searching the necessary equivalent word. Among the offered for thinking over the correct variants there were: to be carried along by circumstances; to cause a feeling of dislike; the use of unnatural manners; allowing no denial or refusal; worldly wise, having nothing to do with the point, to keep back one’s opinion for later use; reluctance to interfere with the freedom of thought or action of others [1, p. 7].

The third task offered to students as a searching method of discovering the vital, alive, simple, prolonged and multicultural (!) way of finding wise and witty decisions in situations of uncertainty was such this: “Study the use of the active vocabulary in these word combinations and sentence; use the same vocabulary in the situations of your own.” This task was very interesting for participants of the experiment. It gave all of them, with different level of English possessing, express their own vision of critical, compound, unplanned and psychologically hard situations and get approval or refuse of the auditorium with explanation rightness or wrong vision of the problem discussed. Each concrete definition item as a list of words was worked out from the position of public speech, when the maim demand to lectors of the role-play command was: “Be logical, convinced, smart and academic, if possible.” The students did their best having described all lines of the lexical units offered. They were like these:

• Peremptory order (demand, command, request, tone);
• A supercilious manner (air, smile, remark, assumption0;
• An irrelevant question (criticism, pause, laugh, joke);
• A sophisticated woman (learner, admirer, writer;
• An affected gesture (manner, pose, laughter);
• To show (need, demand, insist on, tolerance);
• To treat something tolerantly, to be tolerant of different religious views, to be intolerant of smoking [2, p. 32];
• To be shiftless, to hate shiftlessness, to confront shiftlessness and disorder.

Pedagogical experiment demonstrated interested activeness of the participants. The command had chosen the mottoes like these: “It is not right to load around when there is so much work to be done!” and “Reserve your judgement before the matter becomes quite clear”.

The scientists-in the field of languages and literature are sure we have in our language a host of roots as all these nice and bright ones mentioned in a collective team-work of role-playing students. During such an action everyone could convince that words they used have definite personalities and characters. In different situations they can be friendly or hostile, sharp or soft, sweet, sour, discordant, musical, sugary or acrid, etc.

So, the words are tremendous magic secret of our mankind’ mentality and soul. The more we study words, the more keenly aware of words we become. The more English words sound in student auditorium and in teachers professional and friendly club meetings, the more importance English requires as universal method of happy and intellectual penetration through universal knowledge as true eternal Light of sincere communication for people born for Light from the darkness of Eternity. The teachers’ efforts are very valuable accordingly the work with «a word as unique immortal Universe». It is multicultural notion, embodied in cross-cultural space as the only understandable code for surviving and remaining common sense of mankind’s existence for sustainable development of generation. For the sake of WHAT? A very simple truth: «due to» a write word” it is so important to give understanding at the appropriate time. In the appropriate place. Understanding “a word said” means lovely, pure thoughts, born from write words, formed though for good intentions. Misunderstanding, destroying the world of knowledge building and its’ beauty and usefulness creation can be absolutely erased by loveful, pure words and thoughts, giving understanding at the appropriate time.

“Tam facti, quam animi” (На деле так же, как в мыслях).

 Question: Discuss the rules of word formation.

Or, discuss the major rules of word-formation.

Introduction

Word formation rules are very basic concept of linguistic. This is a process of forming new word. All the languages of the world possess some basic rules or processes for building up new words or phrases too. Let us now know the major word-formation rules or processes of the English language.

Derivation

Derivation is one of the fundamental word formation rules in which affixes attach to the base form or root of the word. Affixes are prefixes, infixes and suffixes. Through this process, the grammatical forms of words are changed such as from noun to verb to adjective to adverb, from verb to verb, from adjective to adjective etc.

Examples:

1. Nation – nationalize – national – nationally.
2. Appear – disappear.
3. Moral – immoral.

Back-formation

Back-formation is another compulsory rule of word-formation. In this procedure, affixes are subtracted to create a new word. This rule is vice versa of derivation.

Examples:

1. Donation – donate.
2. Obsessive – obsess.

More Notes of Linguistics

Compounding

The process in which two or more independent words are combined to hatch new word is called compounding rule of word generation.

Examples:

1. Bed + room = Bedroom
2. Note + pad = Notepad
3. In + to = Into
4. Break + up = Breakup

Blending

In blending process, parts of the words are taken to form new word.

Examples:

Europe + Asia = Eurasia

Biographical + picture = Biopic

Smoke + fog = Smog

Clipping

The method in which words are shortened to coin word is called clipping procedure of word formation. Though the words are shortened in this process, the meaning of the words remain unchanged.

Examples:

Examination – Exam

Advertisement – Ad

Mathematics – Math

Photograph – Photo

Abbreviation

Abbreviation means shortened form of words or phrases. Abbreviated words are basically and widely used for writing but some are used in spoken as well.

Examples:

cm – centimeter

km – kilometer

Dr.- doctor

Mr.- mister

Jr. – junior

Acronym

In acronym process, an abbreviation is formed from the initial letters of several words and pronounced as a word. The difference between abbreviation rule of word formation and acronym rule of word formation is that acronym cannot be written in small letter but abbreviation can be written using small and capital letter.

Examples:

UN – United Nations

WB – World Bank

SAARC – The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

Borrowing

Borrowing is the word formation process in which words of foreign languages become the asset of one language.

Examples:

Algebra – Arabic

Near – Sanskrit

Murder – French

Conclusion

Without knowing the basic rules of word formation, nobody can possess prosperity in both of oral and written communication.