Word puzzle is the study of life

12643. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Biology means the study of life and it is the science which investigates all living things. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning A___________. Farming would not have developed if they had not begun to understand that animals could produce food like milk and eggs.

The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and understood the part that insects and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The ancient Mesopotamians even kept animals in B___________. The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the world around them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, C___________.

Modern biology really began in the 17th century. At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in Holland, invented the microscope and William Harvey, in England, described the circulation of blood. The microscope allowed scientists to discover bacteria, D___________. And new knowledge about how the human body works allowed others to find more effective ways of treating illnesses.

In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics E___________. At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology-natural selection as the basis of evolution.

In the 20th century, biologists began to recognize how plants and animals live and pass on their genetically coded information to the next generation. Since then, partly because of developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology, F___________.

1) which made a very important contribution to the study of botany
2) which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine
3) who were very dangerous
4) that is such an important part of biology today
5) which led to an understanding of the causes of disease
6) what were the earliest zoological gardens
7) which is an area of ever-growing knowledge

Задание №6430.
Чтение. ЕГЭ по английскому

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A — F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 — 7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя.

Biology means the study of life and it is the science which investigates all living things. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning ___ (A). Farming would not have developed if they had not begun to understand that animals could produce food like milk and eggs.

The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and understood the part that insects and pollen played in the life cycle of plants. The ancient Mesopotamians even kept animals in ___ (B). The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the world around them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, ___ (C).

Modern biology really began in the 17th century. At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in Holland, invented the microscope and William Harvey, in England, described the circulation of blood. The microscope allowed scientists to discover bacteria, ___ (D). And new knowledge about how the human body works allowed others to find more effective ways of treating illnesses.

In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics ___ (E). At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology-natural selection as the basis of evolution.

In the 20th century, biologists began to recognize how plants and animals live and pass on their genetically coded information to the next generation. Since then, partly because of developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology, ___ (F).

1. who were very dangerous
2. that is such an important part of biology today
3. which made a very important contribution to the study of botany
4. which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine
5. what were the earliest zoological gardens
6. which led to an understanding of the causes of disease
7. which is an area of ever-growing knowledge

Решение:
Пропуску A соответствует часть текста под номером 4.
Пропуску B соответствует часть текста под номером 5.
Пропуску C соответствует часть текста под номером 3.
Пропуску D соответствует часть текста под номером 6.
Пропуску E соответствует часть текста под номером 2.
Пропуску F соответствует часть текста под номером 7.

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Источник: ЕГЭ-2018, английский язык: 30 тренировочных вариантов для подготовки к ЕГЭ. Е. С. Музланова

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ENGLISH-11                                                                                                                   OVERALL

TEST

I. LISTENING

Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Соотнесите говорящих и утверждения a — g. Одно утверждение в списке лишнее. Вы услышите высказывания два раза.

a) Everyone travels for learning.

b) Travelling can help to begin the personal changes.

c) Travel broadens the mind, doesn’t it?

d) The best thing about travelling is communication with people.

e) Travel can change your mind about the places.

f) Travelling is the best teacher.

g) There is no place like home.

Говорящий	1	2	3	4	5	6
Утверждение

II. READING

1. Заполните пропуски в тексте 1 — 6 частями предложений A — G. Одна часть в списке лишняя.

The study of life

Biology means the study of life and it is the science that investigates all living things. Even in the days before recorded history, people knew and passed on information about plants and animals. Prehistoric people survived by learning 1) ______. Farming would not have developed if they had not begun to understand that animals could produce food like milk and eggs.

The ancient Egyptians studied the life cycle of insects and understood the part that they played in the life cycle of plants. The Mesopotamians even kept animals in «ancient zoos» 2) ______. The ancient Greeks, too, were greatly interested in understanding the world around them. Aristotle recorded his observations of plants and animals, and his successor, Theophrastus, wrote the first books on plant life, 3) ______.

Modern biology really began in the 17th century. At that time, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, in Holland, invented the microscope and William Harvey, in England, described the circulation of blood. The microscope allowed scientists to discover bacteria, 4) ______. And new knowledge about how the human body works allowed others to find more effective ways of treating illnesses. In the middle of the 19th century, unnoticed by anyone else, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel, created his Laws of Inheritance, beginning the study of genetics 5) ______. At the same time, while travelling around the world, Charles Darwin was formulating the central principle of modern biology-natural selection as the basis of evolution.

In the 20th century, biologists began to recognize how plants and animals live and pass on their genetically coded information to the next generation. Since then, partly because of developments in computer technology, there have been great advances in the field of biology, 6) ______.

A) who were very dangerous

B) that is such an important part of biology today

C) which had been the basis for the study of botany

D) which plants were good to eat and which could be used for medicine

E) which led to an understanding of the causes of disease

F) which were the earliest zoological gardens

G) which is an area of ever-growing knowledge

2. Прочитайте текст и выберите подходящий вариант для завершения предложений 1 — 7.

My school life

In the United Kingdom compulsory education ends at the age of sixteen. However, many students stay on and complete two more years. For some (and I include myself in this category) school just becomes a habit, something you don’t want to give up as it is so familiar to you. School is your world and you know nothing else and so you just keep on going.

Imagine my feelings when sixth form was over and there were no more classes to complete! Instead of feeling a sense of joy and relief I panicked — what was I, Jack McHall, to do? The logical and the best option was to go to university and continue my studies there, so that is, of course, what I did.

Unfortunately, the end of secondary education in the U.K. is not marked by any sense of celebration, like in other countries, for example, like the USA where students graduate at the age of 18 and have a fancy ball. (In the UK you have to wait until you finish college or university before you can have that privilege). In the UK you just ‘finish school!’ The lucky ones have a respectable collection of qualifications to their name as souvenirs; the unlucky ones may have slipped through the net somehow and end up going back to education at a later date when they feel more like studying. Education is more than qualifications, I admit that. But they are what count at the end of the day.

Ask anyone what they remember most about school and they’d probably say the teachers. They are what makes education a humanistic experience and, therefore, are the most memorable: the good ones, the bad ones, the kindest ones, the most generous ones… I was sad to leave them all, but I always was far too nostalgic.

School dinners, as for me, are remembered for a lot of wrong reasons: the long queues, the fat dinner ladies, the tasteless food. Thank goodness, they have introduced healthy eating plans in schools! Pupils are luckier nowadays!

Principally, school is all about belonging to a certain community and sitting in and making a contribution. I remember difficult times in the year, trying to find time for musical productions and athletics competitions. I wanted to do everything and make my school proud. What was more – an athlete or a musician? I was both, and a scholar too; an ‘all-rounder’, I suppose you could say. Luckily, I was able to rely on my natural ability to get me through the exams and didn’t have to spend too much time studying. I just listened to my teachers and got through that way. I thank them, really I do.

So, it will come as no surprise to you to find out that I became a teacher after I finished university. I couldn’t get enough of school and so I stayed there! But this time it’s different. Now I can give something back to society. I face many challenges everyday but keep going.

1) When Jack completed sixth form he

a) felt relaxed.

b) started working.

c) went on to further education.

d) took a break from studying.

2) In the UK students have special celebration

a) earlier than in the USA.

b) when they finish school.

c) at the age of 18.

d) on completion of university.

3) In paragraph 3 «slipped through the net» means that some students

a) did not have many qualifications.

b) got a good number of qualifications.

c) were lucky at school.

d) left school later.

4) According to Jack, school dinners

a) were a pleasant experience.

b) are remembered by all students.

c) are bad for you.

d) are better now than before.

5) Jack had difficulty at school

a) deciding what to be.

b) combining the activities.

c) studying for exams.

d) listening to teachers.

6) Jack had returned to school because

a) he wanted to serve the people.

b) school was everything to his children.

c) it was the easiest way to live.

d) he had little experience of education.

7) When Jack says he «couldn’t get enough of school» in the last paragraph, he means that

a) he was tired of it.

b) he really liked it.

c) he found it entertaining.

d) he was afraid to leave.

III. GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY

1. Измените слова в скобках так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию предложений.

1) If I (BE) to London, I would have visited Hyde Park.

2) Your way to live is (IMPRESSIVE) than mine.

3) During the current trip he (ASK) to tell his story every day.

4) While she (LISTEN) to the radio, her cat run away.

5) My brother is fond of (BUY) old manuscripts.

6) These (WOMAN) were great scientists.

7) Nobody has seen the (RESTORE) statue yet.

2. Измените слова в скобках так, чтобы они лексически соответствовали содержанию предложений.

1) We will discuss all (GLOBE) problems.

2) He is afraid of federal (INVESTIGATE).

3) The editor had rejected my work so I had to (WRITE) the article.

4) She speaks Japanese (RARE).

5) These devices can be used together because of their (COMPATIBLE).

6) Broadway is full of (BELEIVE) performances.

3. Выберите подходящие варианты для заполнения пропусков.

TV for all

After more than fifty years of television, it might seem only obvious to conclude that it is here to stay. There have been many objections to it during this time but it’s still 1) ______ us.

Did it cause eyestrain? Was the screen bombarding us with radioactivity? Did the advertisements 2) ______ special messages, persuading us to buy more? Did children turn to violence through watching it, either because so many programmes taught them how to shoot, rob, and 3) ______? Or did it simply create a passive audience, drugged by glamorous serials and silly situation 4) ______. On the other hand, did it increase anxiety by sensationalising the news and filling 5) ______ living rooms with war and political problems?

All in all, television proved to be the all-purpose scapegoat and object to hate for the second half of the century, criticized for 6) ______, but above all, watched by everyone. It doesn’t matter how much we blamed it, were bored by it, or felt that it took us 7) ______ from the old paradise of family conversation and hobbies such as collecting stamps, we never turned it off. We staring at the screen, aware that our own tiny reflection was in it if we looked carefully.

1) a) of                         b) from                         c) with                 d) out

2) a) contain                 b) having                         c) of                         d) take

3) a) help                         b) be happy                 c) look for                 d) kill

4) a) perhaps                 b) comedies                 c) programme         d) often

5) a) our                         b) us                                 c) ourselves         d) we

6) a) nothing                 b) everything                 c) anything         d) something

7) a) on                         b) in                                 c) up                         d) away

IV. WRITING

Рассмотрите фотографию, которую прислали в редакцию одной из газет. Какую бы вы написали статью под данным заголовком? Объём письменного высказывания — не менее 15 предложений.

ENGLISH-11                                                                                                          OVERALL

TEST

TEACHER’S PAPER

Текст для аудирования

Speaker 1

I’ve learnt from first-hand experience what winter is like, I’ve seen places I’ve heard of or learnt about at school, places I’ve read about in books or seen in the movies. Now I know what it’s like to travel by air, sea and rail and, of course, by road. I can say I’ve interacted with people in Europe, Asia, North America, South America and in the Middle East. I have tried their life and I have seen all the wonders of the world. And I would say that travelling helped me to get more experience and more knowledge about the world we live in than education could give me.

Speaker 2

Lots of people believe that travel broadens the mind. In fact, it can sometimes confirm people in their own prejudices. A friend of mine went to Cyprus and when he came back, he complained bitterly that he could not find English food and everything was so foreign! If one travels with that kind of attitude, this person never learns anything about other places and people. Today many people travel not in order to learn or broaden their mind, but to «have a good time» and usually on their terms. I think travel can broaden the mind; but only when there’s room in it to expand.

Speaker 3

I’ve just got back from a trip to Japan and what I learned by just being there is more than I’ve ever learned on the Internet. There are so many opinions and I found that whatever people had to say about Japan was radically different from my own experience there. Talking to some locals, I rethink my position on this country. Travel lets you see other people’s lives, cultures, customs and traditions from different parts of the world with fresh look. I admit that people who never leave their countries are narrow-minded and ignorant.

Speaker 4

I don’t feel the need to travel anywhere as much I did when I lived in Europe. Canada has a lot of the things I’m looking for: beautiful scenery, quiet places, no beaches full of people with horrible accents demanding fish and chips, nice weather in the summer. I don’t like hot places, so there isn’t really anything I’m missing. I love my house and I don’t like leaving. Seriously, I love hanging on the sofa. My life’s pretty full these days, so when I have the chance to do nothing, I’m as happy as a child.

Speaker 5

I feel sad for those people who have never travelled outside of their own hometown. There’s a whole world of different cultures to meet out there, ninety-nine per cent of which you can’t have by just sitting in the living room in front of the TV. When you travel to other countries you can see, feel and touch other ways of living. Some places will shock you, others will please you, but you will never be untouched by experiencing other cultures. You will then appreciate your own life and see it in a different way. You learn and start thinking and perhaps it will change you forever.

Speaker 6

I’ve been lucky enough to work all around the world and I have to say it has enlightened me in so many ways. The thing for me is that you have to meet people. Why travel if you’re just going to hang out with the same people? For me, learning how other people think, what they do, what’s important for them and how they live is the “mind-expanding“ side of travel that I enjoy. It’s useful because it puts into question all of the habits and beliefs that you take for granted, and shows us that all lifestyles and points of view are equally valid.

ENGLISH-11                                                                                                                               OVERALL

TEST

TEACHER’S PAPER

ОТВЕТЫ И БАЛЛЫ

I. LISTENING

Каждый верный ответ – 2 балла. Всего – 12 баллов.

Всего за раздел «LISTENING» – 12 баллов.

II. READING

Задание 1

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 6 баллов.

Задание 2

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 7 баллов.

Всего за раздел «READING» – 13 баллов.

III. GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY

Задание 1

1) had been                         4) was listening                 7) restored

2) more impressive                 5) buying

3) is asked                                 6) women

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 7 баллов.

Задание 2

1) global                                 3) rewrite                        5) compatibility                

2) investigation                         4) rarely                          6) unbelievable

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 6 баллов.

Задание 3

Каждый верный ответ – 1 балл. Всего – 7 баллов.

Всего за раздел «GRAMMAR&VOCABULARY» – 20 баллов.

IV. WRITING

Эссе оценивается по структуре, содержанию и языковому оформлению из максимума в 15 баллов.

ИТОГО: 60 баллов

Перевод баллов в оценку:

54 — 60 баллов – “5”               18 — 39 баллов – “3”

40 — 53 балла – “4”              менее 18 баллов – “2”

2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A Dana has been very successful recently.

B Ken is going to tell Dana some important information.

C Dana is looking for the job at the moment.

D Dana’s promotion came through quite unexpectedly.

E Dana didn’t get a raise in her salary.

F Ken is getting married in two weeks.

G Dana is surprised to hear that her friend is getting married.

Вы услышите рассказ популярной американской певицы о её карьере. В заданиях 3—9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3

The narrator says she started to write songs
1) when she was ten.
2) because she could not talk.
3) because it was the best way to express her feelings.
Ответ: .

4

According to the narrator,
1) she could afford to have a recording studio.
2) her family was not well off.
3) she bought Christmas presents for her friends.
Ответ: .

5

The narrator returned to Texas because
1) her apartment burnt down.
2) she had got several college music scholarships.
3) a friend told her about the American Idol audition in Dallas.
Ответ: .

6

Looking back on the show, the narrator says that
1) few people really believed she could win.
2) the members of the crew were not at all supportive.
3) everyone was supporting her.
Ответ: .

7

The narrator thinks that
1) she ought to become thinner.
2) she could serve as a role model for young girls.
3) girls should not live up to their idols.
Ответ: .

8

The narrator dreams of
1) touring the world.
2) having a permanent relationship.
3) staying single.
Ответ: .

9

The narrator considers herself
1) to be a celebrity.
2) practical and sensible.
3) honest and sincere.
Ответ: .

Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ

10

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A. Young children have a genetic ability to learn language. They come into the world as eager learning machines, and language acquisition is a major aspect of this learning. How children actually learn language is not entirely clear, however. Most linguists believe that they do it primarily by listening to and trying to communicate with adult speakers. Initially, this means that they copy the way adults use words and grammar.

B. Learning a second or third language is easier in early childhood than later. It is particularly important to learn correct pronunciation as young as possible. At any age, learning by constant contact with native speakers in their own society is the quickest and the most effective method. It is superior to taking foreign language classes because it forces you to concentrate on it all of the time.

C. Learning a second language can be affected by the patterns of the first language. There can be some blending of phonemes. For instance, most Americans who learn French in high school or college pronounce French words with a distinctive American accent. Grammar can also be affected. English speakers who learn both French and Spanish sometimes combine grammatical rules of both when speaking either of them.

D. Until just a few years ago, language study was limited to the classroom or personal tutor, or home study by book. In the last few decades technology has given us a much needed audio option — first vinyl records, then cassettes and CDs. Now technology has given us a new format — the Internet. Options to learn a language by Internet are still limited but the potential is not.

E. What is important when learning a language? If you have the desire and persistence, time is the only factor that you may have to work with. How much time you can devote to learning will play a role in how quickly you can learn the language. Just remember how exciting it will be and how rewarding you will feel at the accomplishment.

F. Rather than have businessmen, diplomats, scientists and tourists from every country learning all the major languages that they want to learn or need to learn, Esperantists would have everyone just learn one second language — Esperanto. Then everyone could communicate with everyone, everywhere. The major ‘national’ languages could keep their special characteristics for anyone who wanted to learn them. This is the essence of the ‘Esperanto Movement’.

G. More than half of the world’s 7,000 languages are expected to die out by the end of the century, often taking with them irreplaceable knowledge about the natural world. When a species dies out, sometimes fossils can be found, remains uncovered. But when a human language disappears, there’s rarely any key left behind. Each loss becomes a linguistic black hole, where an entire way of knowing the world disappears.

11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

A constitution may be defined as the system of fundamental principles according to A ____________. A good example of a written constitution is the Constitution of the United States, formed in 1787.

The Constitution sets up a federal system with a strong central government. Each state preserves its own independence by reserving to itself certain well-defined powers such as education, taxes and finance, internal communications, etc. The powers B ____________ are those dealing with national defence, foreign policy, the control of international trade, etc.

Under the Constitution power is also divided among the three branches of the national government. The First Article provides for the establishment of the legislative body, Congress, and defines its powers. The second does the same for the executive branch, the President, and the Third Article provides for a system of federal courts.

The Constitution itself is rather short, it contains only 7 articles. And it was obvious in 1787 C ____________. So the 5th article lays down the procedure for amendment. A proposal to make a change must be first approved by two-thirds majorities in both Houses of Congress and then ratified by three quarters of the states.

The Constitution was finally ratified and came into force on March 4, 1789. When the Constitution was adopted, Americans were dissatisfied D ____________. It also recognized slavery and did not establish universal suffrage.

Only several years later, Congress was forced to adopt the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, E ____________. They guarantee to Americans such important rights and freedoms as freedom of press, freedom of religion, the right to go to court, have a lawyer, and some others.

Over the past 200 years 26 amendments have been adopted F ____________. It provides the basis for political stability, individual freedom, economic growth and social progress.

1. which are given to a Federal government
2. because it did not guarantee basic freedoms and individual rights
3. but the Constitution itself has not been changed
4. so it has to be changed
5. which a nation or a state is constituted and governed
6. which were called the Bill of Rights
7. that there would be a need for altering it

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

That summer an army of crickets started a war with my father. They picked a fight the minute they invaded our cellar. Dad didn’t care for bugs much more than Mamma, but he could tolerate a few spiders and assorted creepy crawlers living in the basement. Every farm house had them. A part of rustic living, and something you needed to put up with if you wanted the simple life.

He told Mamma: ‘Now that we’re living out here, you can’t be jerking your head and swallowing your gum over what’s plain natural, Ellen.’ But she was a city girl through and through and had no ears when it came to defending vermin. She said a cricket was just a noisy cockroach, just a dumb horny bug that wouldn’t shut up. No way could she sleep with all that chirping going on! Then to prove her point she wouldn’t go to bed. She drank coffee and smoked my father’s cigarettes and she paced between the couch and the TV. Next morning she threatened to pack up and leave, so Dad drove to the hardware store and hurried back. He squirted poison from a jug with a spray nozzle. He sprayed the basement and all around the foundation of the house. When he had finished, he told us that was the end of it.

But what he should have said was: ‘This is the beginning’. For the next fourteen days Mamma kept finding dead crickets in the clean laundry. She’d shake out a towel or a sheet and a dead black cricket would roll across the linoleum. Sometimes the cat would corner one, and swat it around like he was playing hockey, then carry it away in his mouth. Dad said swallowing a few dead crickets wouldn’t hurt as long as the cat didn’t eat too many.

Soon live crickets started showing up in the kitchen and bathroom. Mamma freaked because she thought they were the dead crickets come back to haunt, but Dad said they were definitely a new batch, probably coming up on the pipes. He fetched his jug of poison and sprayed beneath the sink and behind the toilet and all along the baseboard until the whole house smelled of poison, and then he sprayed the cellar again, and then he went outside and sprayed all around the foundation leaving a foot-wide moat of poison.

For a couple of weeks we went back to finding dead crickets in the laundry. Dad told us to keep a sharp look out. He suggested that we’d all be better off to hide as many as we could from Mamma. I fed a few dozen to the cat who I didn’t like because he scratched and bit for no reason. I hoped the poison might kill him so we could get a puppy. Once in a while we found a dead cricket in the bathroom or beneath the kitchen sink. A couple of weeks later, when both live and dead crickets kept turning up, Dad emptied the cellar of junk. He borrowed Uncle Burt’s pickup and hauled a load to the dump. Then he burned a lot of bundled newspapers and magazines which he said the crickets had turned into nests.

He stood over that fire with a rake in one hand and a garden hose in the other. He wouldn’t leave it even when Mamma sent me out to fetch him for supper. He wouldn’t leave the fire, and she wouldn’t put supper on the table. Both my brothers were crying. Finally she went out and got him herself. And while we ate, the wind lifted some embers onto the wood pile. The only gasoline was in the lawn mower fuel tank but that was enough to create an explosion big enough to reach the house. Once the roof caught, there wasn’t much anyone could do.

After the fire trucks left, I made the mistake of volunteering to stay behind while Mamma took the others to Aunt Gail’s. I helped Dad and Uncle Burt and two men I’d never seen before carry things out of the house and stack them by the road. In the morning we’d come back in Burt’s truck and haul everything away. We worked into the night and we didn’t talk much, hardly a word about anything that mattered, and Dad didn’t offer any plan that he might have for us now. Uncle Burt passed a bottle around, but I shook my head when it came to me. I kicked and picked through the mess, dumb struck at how little there was to salvage, while all around the roar of crickets magnified our silence.

(Adapted from ‘The Cricket War’ by Bob Thurber)

12

A cricket is

Ответ: .

13

Mamma threatened to pack up and leave because
1) she had smoked all cigarettes.
2) she had not got used to rustic living.
3) she could not put up with crickets.
4) she was a city girl through and through.
Ответ: .

14

After Dad had sprayed the basement and all around the foundation of the house,
1) the family were constantly coming across dead crickets.
2) the family kept seeing live crickets everywhere.
3) the dead crickets came back to haunt.
4) all crickets disappeared.
Ответ: .

15

The narrator fed the cat with crickets because
1) the cat was hungry.
2) he would like to have another pet.
3) he wanted to hide crickets from Mamma.
4) Dad told him to do it.
Ответ: .

16

Dad borrowed Uncle Burt’s pickup
1) to fight with crickets.
2) to bring new furniture to the cellar.
3) to throw away newspapers and magazines.
4) to get rid of rubbish.
Ответ: .

17

The house caught fire because
1) Dad left a garden hose near the fire.
2) the wind lifted some papers onto the wood pile.
3) the fuel tank had gone off.
4) there wasn’t much anyone could do.
Ответ: .

18

The narrator was surprised
1) that Dad didn’t offer any plan.
2) when the bottle came to him.
3) that crickets were all around.
4) that there was not much to save from the fire.
Ответ: .

Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.

Обратите внимание, что по правилам ЕГЭ ответы нужно писать без пробелов и других знаков, например, правильный ответ ‘have done’ нужно будет записать как ‘havedone’, иначе ваш ответ не засчитается.

September Mood in England

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26—31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26—31.

Junk Food

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32—38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32—38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

The Changing World of Computers

Computers are rapidly changing the way we do things. For a technology that is still relatively new, their 32____ on the business and consumer sector has been incomprehensible. As if it was not sufficient to own one computer, many people nowadays have a few of them. We think we need a desktop computer, a laptop computer, and a bunch of little computers in our phones and music players, even 33____ they actually do the same thing. Now that everybody has their desktops and laptops, and we are all able to 34____ the Internet anytime we want to, our world has turned into a virtual playground. We can now connect with our foreign neighbours in a matter of seconds, 35____ of how far away they are from us. It’s as if we no longer have borders in this highly digital world of ours.

Desktops have always been a great option, but the problem with them is that they are not mobile. They have all the 36____ of other computers, but it can be annoying at times to have to sit in the same spot while working. For businesses and personal offices, desktop computers are still the favoured option because of their power. But when people have to be connected while travelling, the need for laptops really becomes apparent. The main advantage of laptops is the ability to communicate with people no 37____ where you are. Our society has been converted into one that has to have all the latest gadgets. Some people even 38____ down on others if they still have last year’s model of some gadget. Those people will always be behind the curve just because of how fast technology is advancing now.

32

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33

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34

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35

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36

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37

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38

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Ваш результат: пока 0.

Is Biology just a school subject? – Биология – просто школьный предмет?
No! It’s a fascinating study of life! – Нет! Это увлекательное исследование жизни!
Appendix 1. School English. Page 164-166

Ex. 1 In which of the following situations can you use your knowledge of Biology? Say how. В каких из следующих ситуаций мы можем использовать знания биологии? Как?

Practically in all those situations the knowledge of Biology can be useful. Практически во всех этих ситуациях знание биологии может быть полезно.

• when we plant flowers or vegetables? — We need to know what soils are good for the plant, how often we should water it, etc. — когда мы сажаем цветы или овощи? — Мы должны знать, какие почвы хороши для растения, как часто мы должны поливать его, и т.д.

• when we cook meals? — We should know how to cook food to preserve vitamins. – когда мы готовим еду? Нам следует знать как приготовить еду сохранив витамины.

• when we choose a pet to adopt? — We need to know how to take care of it, what food it eats, how often, what we should do to prevent diseases. – когда мы выбираем домашнего питомца? Нам нужно знать как заботится о нем, что он ест и как часто, что нам следует делать, чтобы предотвратить болезни.

• when we plan our day? — If you know how your biological clock works you can arrange the day in the most efficient way. — когда мы планируем наш день? Если вы знаете как работают наши биологические часы, вы можете организовать день наиболее эффективным образом.

• when we shop for food? — If we know what vitamins, proteins and minerals are in the food we buy, we can have a balanced, healthy diet. – когда мы покупаем продукты? Если мы знаем, какие витамины, белки и минералы содержатся в пище, которую мы покупаем, мы можем иметь сбалансированную, здоровую диету.

• when we choose a career? — People who are interested in Biology often choose jobs that are connected with animals, plants, nature and environment. — когда мы выбираем карьеру? Люди, которые заинтересованы в биологии, часто выбирают профессии, связанные с животными, растениями, природой и окружающей средой.

• when we choose where to go for holiday? — We want to see exotic or unusual animals and plants, but watching them is much more fun if we know something about them, their origin, how they grow and develop. — когда мы выбираем, куда поехать на каникулы? Мы хотим увидеть экзотических животных и растения, но наблюдать за ними куда более интересно, когда ты знаешь что-то о них, об их происхождении, как они растут и развиваются.

• when we choose a place where to live? — We can choose a better place to live if we are able to analyze the environmental situation. — когда мы выбираем место, где жить? Мы можем выбрать лучшее место для жизни, если мы в состоянии проанализировать экологическую ситуацию.

• when you want to find out about the risk of genetic diseases? — If we want to find out about the genetic diseases our ancestors had in order to prevent them in our lives, the knowledge of genes and how they transfer the diseases can help a lot. — если вы хотите узнать о риске генетических заболеваний? Если мы хотим узнать о генетических заболеваниях, которые были у наших предков, чтобы предотвратить их в нашей жизни, знание генов и, как они переносят болезни может очень помочь.

Ex. 2 Match the branches of Biology with their functions. Suggest your own definition of Biology. Сопоставьте ветви биологии с их функциями. Предложите свое собственное определение биологии.

Anatomy — studies the structure of human and animal bodies. — Анатомия — изучает структуру тел человека и животных.

Agriculture — studies how to cultivate land and produce crops. — Сельское хозяйство изучает как возделывать землю и производить посевы.

Botany — studies and classifies plants. – Ботаника изучает и классифицирует растения.

Ecology — studies ecosystems and how people interact with other species, different living beings and inorganic elements. – Экология изучает экосистемы и, как люди взаимодействуют с другими видами различных живых существ и неорганическими элементами.

Zoology — studies animals, their classification, physiology, development, and behaviour. — Зоология — изучает животных, их классификацию, физиологию, развитие и поведение.

Microbiology — studies microscopic organisms (microorganisms, including viruses) and their interactions with other living beings. — Микробиология — изучает микроскопические организмы (микроорганизмы, в том числе вирусы) и их взаимодействия с другими живыми существами.

Cell Biology — studies the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that happen within a living cell. – Клеточная биология (цитология) изучает клетку, как единое целое, и молекулярные и химические взаимодействия, которые происходят в живой клетке.

Genetics — studies genes and heredity. — Генетика — исследования генов и наследственности.

Ex. 3 Find the «tiniest» word in each set of words. Найдите «крошечное» слово в каждом наборе слов.
cell — in both sets – клетка в обоих наборах слов

root — кореньrose bush – розовый куст stem — стебель flower -цветок leaf -лист thorn -шип cell — клетка

finger — палецskin — кожа arm — рука nails — ногти body -тело cell — клетка human being – человеческое существо

Ex. 4 Work in pairs. Read the information and mark the statements below as true or false. Comment on your decision. Работа в парах. Прочитайте информацию и отметьте утверждения, данные ниже как истинные или ложные. Покоментируйте свое решение.

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living beings. The cell was discovered by the British scientist Robert Hooke in 1665. He was the first to see tiny blocks in slices of cork through a microscope. He gave them the name «cells» which means «small rooms» in Latin.
Later, it was discovered that all plants and animals consist of cells. In the l830s German researchers, Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, came to the conclusion that plant cells and animal cells have the same structure and that the cell is the basic unit of any living tissue. Their discovery led to the creation of The Cell Theory which states that:
. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things.
. All cells are basically the same in structure, chemical composition and vital functions.
. All new cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
Every living being has from one to trillions of cells. Tiny amoebas are one celled organisms and a human body contains trillions of cells. Cells form different tissues and organs and therefore have different purposes. For example, blood cells and muscle cells don’t look like each other very much (see picture 1) because their functions are different. However, according to The Cell Theory their structures are quite similar and they consist of the same basic elements.

Клетка – это структурная и функциональная единица всех живых существ. Клетка была обнаружена британским ученым Робертом Гуком в 1665 году. Он был первым, кто увидел крошечные блоки в кусочках пробки с помощью микроскопа. Он дал им название «клетки», что означает «маленькие комнаты» на латыни.
Позже было обнаружено, что все растения и животные состоят из клеток. В l830х немецкие исследователи, Маттиас Шлейден и Теодор Шванн, пришли к выводу, что растительные клетки и клетки животных имеют одну и ту же структуру и, что клетка является основной единицей любой живой ткани. Их открытие привело к созданию кеточной теории, которая гласит, что:
. Клетка является единицей структуры, физиологии и организации в живых организмах.
. Все клетки в основном оинаковы по структуре, химическому составу и жизненно важным функциям.
. Все новые клетки происходят из уже существующих клеток путем деления.
Каждое живое существо имеет от одной до триллионов клеток. Крошечные амебы являются одноклеточными организмами, а человеческое тело содержит триллионы клеток. Клетки образуют различные ткани и органы, и поэтому имеют разные цели. Например, клетки крови и мышечные клетки очень не похожи друг на друга (смотри рисунок 1), потому что их функции различны. Тем не менее, в соответствии с клеточной теорией их структуры очень похожи, и они состоят из тех же основных элементов.

— The structure of plant cells differs a lot from the structure of animal cells. — F — They differ, but we can’t say that they differ a lot, as they have the same structure. Структура растительных клеток сильно отличается от структуры клеток животных. — Они отличаются, но мы не можем сказать, что они сильно отличаются, так как они имеют одинаковую структуру.

— If an organism has only one cell it can still be defined as a living being. — T — Tiny amebas are one celled organism which means that they are living beings. Если организм имеет только одну клетку, он по-прежнему может быть определен как живое существо. — Крошечные амебы являются одноклеточным организмом, это означает что они живые существа.

— The Cell Theory states that epithelial (skin) cells are absolutely identical to osteocyte (bone) cells. — F — They are not absolutely identical. Their structures are similar, but they are different and look different as they perform different functions.- Клеточная Теория гласит, что эпителиальные (кожные) клетки абсолютно идентичны остеоцитарным (костным) клеткам. — Они не являются абсолютно идентичными. Их структуры похожи, но они разные и выглядят по-разному, так как они выполняют различные функции.

Ex. 5 Work in small groups. Discuss the question and present arguments for your point of view. Работа в малых группах. Обсудите вопрос и представьте аргументы для вашей точки зрения.

Does The Cell Theory support Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution¬? – Клеточная теория поддерживает теорию эволюции Ч. Дарвина?

It probably does as it states that all cells, including cells that don’t look like each other, evolved from pre-historic cells. The fact that all cells are basically the same in structure, chemical composition and vital functions says for the Theory of Evolution too.

Вероятно поддерживает, так как она утверждает, что все клетки, в том числе клетки не похожи друг на друга, произошли от доисторических клеток. Тот факт, что все клетки в основном одинаковы по структуре, химическому составу и жизненно важным функциям также говорит в пользу теории эволюции.

Ex. 6 Work in pairs. Read the definitions of four cell elements and find those which are marked in the picture as A, B and C. Say which stands for each letter. Работа в парах. Прочитайте определения четырех клеточных элементов и найти те, которые обозначены на рисунке как A, B и C.

the cell membrane — A клетная мембрана
the cytoplasm — С цитоплазма
the nucleus — В ядро
DNA is not marked. ДНК не обозначено

. The cell membrane covers the whole cell. It is only two molecules thick and acts as a cell barrier. — Клеточная мембрана охватывает всю клетку. Она имеет толщину всего две молекулы и действует как клеточный барьер.

. The nucleus is the cell’s control centre. It regulates the cell’s reactions and reproductive functions. – Ядро является центром управления клетки. Оно регулирует реакции клетки и репродуктивные функции.

. The cytoplasm is the fluid material between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It contains different organelles, proteins, electrolytes, phospholipids, etc. – Цитоплазма — текучий материал между клеточной мембраной и ядром. Она содержит различные органеллы, белки, электролиты, фосфолипиды и т.п.

. DNA is a molecule that carries inherited information. — ДНК – это молекула, которая несет наследуемую информацию.

Ex. 7 Decide where in the picture the fourth element from the exercise above should be marked. Read the second part of the article and find out if you are right or not. Решите, где на картинке четвертый элемент из упражнения, данного выше.

DNA should be marked in the nucleus — ДНК должна быть отмечена в ядре.

Since the 1950’s, cell biology has focused on DNA and its informational features. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid contains the genetic information and is responsible for heredity. Normally DNA does not exist as a single molecule but a pair of molecules which are tightly wound and form a double spiral. The DNA molecule is very long — when unwound, it measures about five centimetres! Amazing, but these huge molecules are cleverly packed in a tiny nucleus, which can only be seen through an electronic microscope.
The DNA molecule consists of segments. The segments which store the genetic information are called genes. Scientists are still uncertain about the number of genes each person has — the numbers vary from 20,000 up to 100,000! When a new organism is coming into existence, it inherits genes from the parents. These genes determine the physical, physiological and behavioural characteristics of the new living being.
It’s believed that the information stored in genes can be decoded, and scientists are very enthusiastic about cracking the genetic code. It will enable people to know what the would-be organism is going to be like. Ambitious scientists go further — they mean not only prediction, but the possibility of altering the genetic code for medical or other purposes. Their plan sounds both exciting and scary. What will genetic experiments lead us to?

С 1950-х, клеточная биология была сосредоточена на ДНК и ее информационных возможностях. ДНК, или дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота содержит генетическую информацию, и отвечает за наследственность. Обычно ДНК существует не в виде отдельной молекулы, а пары молекул, которые плотно связаны и образуют двойную спираль. Молекула ДНК очень длинная — когда разматывается, она составляет около пяти сантиметров! Удивительно, но эти огромные молекулы ловко упакованы в крошечном ядре, которое можно увидеть только с помощью электронного микроскопа. Молекула ДНК состоит из сегментов. Сегменты, которые хранят генетическую информацию, называются генами. Ученые до сих пор не уверены в количестве генов у каждого человека — цифры варьируются от 20 000 до 100 000! Когда появляется новый организм, он наследует гены от родителей. Эти гены определяют физические, физиологические и поведенческие характеристики нового живого существа.
Считается, что информация, хранящаяся в генах может быть расшифрована, и ученые с большим энтузиазмом взламывают этот генетический код. Это позволит людям знать, каким будет будущий организм. Амбициозные ученые идут дальше — они имеют в виду не только прогноз, но и возможность изменения генетического кода для медицинских или других целей. Их план звучит одновременно интересно и страшно. К чему приведут нас генетические эксперименты?

Ex. 8 Read the article again and discuss the questions below. Прочитайте статью снова и обсудите вопросы приведенные ниже.

1. What does the DNA molecule look like? You can either describe or draw it. — a long double spiral, consists of segments. – Как выглядит молекула ДНК? Вы можете либо описать либо нарисовать. — Длинная двойная спираль, состоящая из сегментов (отрезков).

2. What kind of information are the genes responsible for? — physical, physiological and behavioural characteristics of a living being. – За какую информацию отвечают гены? — Физические, физиологические и поведенческие характеристики живого существа.

3. Theoretically speaking, is it possible to read and change the genetic code? – yes. — Теоретически, это возможно прочитать и изменить генетический код? — Да.

4. Do you know about any successful experiments in genetics? — genetically modified plants can produce more crops; sheep Dolly was created as a clone, genetically altered mice were created and they are much stronger and healthier than “natural” mice; however, the question is still open. Some people think that those experiments can’t be called successful as nobody knows what they will bring to people — good or harm. — Знаете ли вы, о каких-либо успешных экспериментах в области генетики? Генетически модифицированные растения могут производить больше зерновых культур; овечка Долли была создана как клон, были созданы генетически измененные мыши и они гораздо сильнее и здоровее «естественных» мышей; Однако, вопрос остается открытым. Некоторые люди думают, что эти эксперименты нельзя назвать успешными, так как никто не знает, что они принесут людям — пользу или вред.

5. What do you know about genetically modified food? — Genetic engineering can alter plants in order to make them bigger, their fruit can be tastier, and they can have longer shelf life. — Что вы знаете о генетически модифицированных продуктах питания? Генная инженерия может изменить растения для того, чтобы сделать их больше, их плоды могут быть вкуснее, и они могут иметь длительный срок хранения.

Ex. 9 People argue a lot about the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified food (GM food). What’s your view: should the experiments go on or should they be banned? Люди много спорят о преимуществах и недостатках использования генетически модифицированных продуктов питания (ГМО). Что вы думаете: должны ли эксперименты продолжаться или их следует запретить?

GM food will be quite common in the near future – ГМО будут весьма распространены в ближайшем будущем
it will enable people to… — это позволит людям
everyone will be able to… — каждый сможет
most people think that GM food is unsafe — большинство людей думают, что ГМО небезопасны
eating GM food can lead to unpredictable changes – употребление ГМО в пищу может привести к непредсказуемым изменениям
genetically modified organisms can break / upset the food chain — генетически модифицированные организмы могут сломать / нарушить пищевую цепь
GM crops will feed lots of people who are starving nowadays – сельскохозяйственные культуры ГМО накормят многих людей, которые голодают в настоящее время
GM vegetables and fruit are big, tasty and don’t get rotten for a long time — ГМО овощи и фрукты большие, вкусные и не гниют в течение длительного времени
people can’t do without GM food because the population of the planet is rising — люди не могут обойтись без ГМ-продуктов, потому что население планеты растет
if properly tested, GM food may be safe – если ГМО продукты проверены надлежащим образом, они могут быт безопасны.