Word processor computer science

Word Processing

Andrew Prestage, in Encyclopedia of Information Systems, 2003

V. Types of Word Processors

Word processors are either character based or contain a GUI. Character-based word processors do not display documents exactly as they will appear on the printed page. Some character-based word processors, however, include a “preview” capability, allowing the user to preview documents as they will appear on the printed page. This useful feature allows the user to verify that the appearance of the document matches the desired expectations.

The arrival of popular GUIs such as the Macintosh and Windows operating systems led to a change in the way word processors handled fonts. Word processors offering a GUI allow the user to see the document on the computer’s display screen exactly as it will appear after it is printed. In other words, with a GUI word processor what you see is what you get (known as the acronym WYSIWYG).

Word processor types range from simple text editors to full-featured applications. As the name implies, a simple text editor contains very limited capabilities such as the ability to enter, store for later retrieval, modify, and print text. In addition to these basic capabilities, a full-featured word processor permits users to use sophisticated text enhancement tools, check spelling and grammar, incorporate drawing tools, and perform sorting and mail merge operations. The following subsections explore examples of each of these types of word processors.

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End-User Computing Tools

Jose Stigliano, Marco Bruni, in Encyclopedia of Information Systems, 2003

III.A. Word Processors

Word processors are tools specifically designed to process textual information, that is, information consisting primarily of words in arbitrary arrangements called documents. Word processors typically read input entered by the user through the keyboard, process the text according to the commands given by the user, and create a file containing the user’s application such as a letter, office memo, or report. Word processors support the task of writing, letting end users create, edit, store, search, and retrieve documents containing formatted text and graphics. This text, which has been produced with a word processor, provides an example of the formatting capabilities of the tool.

A variety of tasks can be automated using standard built-in functions: replacing a string of text throughout the document, generating a table of contents, or merging the text of a letter with a list of addressees for mailing purposes. These functions perform the relevant task in response to commands issued by the user. However, for tasks that need to be repeated often, issuing a command each time can be too time consuming; macros help automate the execution of repetitive tasks.

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Positive Technology, Computing, and Design: Shaping a Future in Which Technology Promotes Psychological Well-Being

Andrea Gaggioli, … Rafael A. Calvo, in Emotions and Affect in Human Factors and Human-Computer Interaction, 2017

Active Integration

Currently, consumers buy particular word processors and email systems, not because they will support any aspect of their well-being, but because these systems help achieve their goals, complete their tasks and work.

Calvo and Peters (2014) have argued that consumers will seek future technologies that support health and well-being. This is likely to occur in the same way they currently seek healthy foods not just for sustenance or even pleasure, but as a way to live healthy and meaningful lives.

Well-being can be actively integrated into technology by designing to actively support components of well-being in an application that has a different overall goal. We need techniques that allow designers to assess the impact that different choices have on the determinant factors of well-being. A number of fields within computing can contribute to measuring this impact. For example, affective computing, the discipline that studies how computers can detect and process human emotions is increasingly part of design considerations in health and education (Riva et al., 2015a). Currently, most approaches to measure psychological well-being require interrupting users to ask about their state of mind. These interruptions are needed for the sake of measuring but themselves can be disengaging and obtrusive. Affective computing techniques can be used to reduce the amount of questioning and self-reporting by automating some of the emotion detection. Furthermore, being able to detect emotions will allow computer interfaces to better adapt to users’ states of mind and better engage, since emotional states are a most important aspect of psychological well-being.

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Four Easy Data Hiding Exercises

Michael Raggo, Chet Hosmer, in Data Hiding, 2013

Hiding Data in Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word remains the predominant word processor standard. In fact, many people using a Mac also use Microsoft Word as their word processor. Therefore it serves us well to begin our exploration by investigating the many ways in which data can be hidden within your standard Microsoft Word document.

Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 and 2010 provide a variety of ways to hide data within the document. These include comments, personal information, watermarks, invisible content, hidden content, and custom XML data. Using the Hidden Text font options provides an easy yet amazingly effective way to hide data. First, type a standard document, and additionally input the data you’d like to hide (see Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1. Inputting Data into a Microsoft Word Document to be Hidden

Then highlight the content you’d like to hide, and right-click and choose Font. You will notice in newer version of Microsoft Word a new checkbox labeled “Hidden.” By selecting Hidden and then Save, you will notice that the highlighted text will be hidden from normal viewing (see Figures 2.2 and 2.3).

Figure 2.2. Using the Hidden Option in Microsoft Word

Figure 2.3. Microsoft Word Document after Hiding the Second Sentence

By default, hidden text is also not printed when printing the document. In order for an average user to know if there is hidden text they would need to go to File, Options, and select Display. Selecting the “Hidden Text” checkbox will enable formatting marks to alert a user to hidden text, and “Print Hidden Text” to determine if there is any hidden text (see Figure 2.4).

Figure 2.4. Microsoft Word Display Options for Identifying Hidden Text

Another way to identify hidden text is to use the Inspect Document option in File => Info => Check for Issues => Inspect Document. The Inspect Document is actually a great way to identify a variety of metadata hidden within the document such as authors, comments, and possibly other personal identifiable information (PII). In addition it can be used to identify hidden text (see Figure 2.5).

Figure 2.5. Using Document Inspector to Find Hidden Text and Other Metadata

Select Inspect to have the Document Inspector identify the metadata and create a report of results. In this example, the Document Inspector correctly identifies the Hidden Text and allows the user to remove it if they desire. The interesting thing here is that most people never check for the existence of Hidden Text and therefore have no idea it’s there (see Figure 2.6).

Figure 2.6. Document Inspector Identified Hidden Text in the Document

It is important to note that the only Hidden Text identified is text hidden using the Font dialog box. For example, if text is hidden from viewing using the white text on the white background, the Document Inspector will not identify this hidden text.

The ability to hide data in the document is practical if you want to print two versions of the same document, one with the hidden data and one without. This is common for PowerPoint presentations when an individual may print the slides for the audience and print the slides with notes for the presenter.

There are a variety of other things that can be hidden within Microsoft Word 2010 Properties section, including tags, author’s name, comment, etc. (see Figure 2.7).

Figure 2.7. Microsoft Word Properties and Metadata

In addition, the Properties drop-down allows access to the Advanced Properties where customs fields may be added as well (see Figure 2.8).

Figure 2.8. Custom Tab in Microsoft Word Advanced Properties

It’s important to note that these are not displayed in the main Properties view, and therefore must be viewed by manually opening the Custom Tab in the Advanced Properties window.

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UX Design Guidelines

Rex Hartson, Partha S. Pyla, in The UX Book, 2012

22.8.3 Automation Issues

Automation, in the sense we are using the term here, means moving functions and control from the user to the internal system functionality. This can result in not letting users do something the designers think they should not do or something that the designers did not think about at all. In many such cases, however, users will encounter exceptions where they really need to do it.

As an analogy, think of a word processor that will not let you save a document if it has anything marked as a spelling or grammatical error. The rationale is easy: “The user will not want to save a document that contains errors. They will want to get it right before they save it away.” You know the story, and cases almost always arise in which such a rationale proves to be wrong. Because automation and user control can be tricky, we phrase the next guideline about this kind of automation guardedly.

Avoid loss of user control from too much automation

The following examples show very small-scale cases of automation, taking control from the user. Small though they may be, they can still be frustrating to users who encounter them.

Example: Does the IRS know about this?

The problem in this example no longer exists in Windows Explorer, but an early version of Windows Explorer would not let you name a new folder with all uppercase letters. In particular, suppose you needed a folder for tax documents and tried to name it “IRS.” With that version of Windows, after you pressed Enter, the name would be changed to “Irs.”

So, in slight confusion, you try again but no deal. This had to be a deliberate “feature,” probably made by a software person to protect users from what appeared to be a typographic error, but that ended up being a high-handed grasping of user control.

Example: The John Hancock problem

Figure 22-62 shows part of a letter being composed in an early version of Microsoft Word and exhibiting another example of automation that takes away user control.

Figure 22-62. The H. John Hancock problem.

Let us just say that a user named H. John Hancock was observed typing a business letter, intending to sign it at the end as:

H. John Hancock

Sr. Vice President

Instead he got:

H. John Hancock

I.

Mr. Hancock was confused about the “I” so he backed up and typed the name again but, when he pressed Enter again, he got the same result. At first he did not know what was happening, why the “I” appeared, or how to finish the letter without getting the “I” there. At least for a few moments, the task was blocked and Mr. Hancock was frustrated.

Being a somewhat experienced user of Word, his composition of text going back to some famous early American documents, he eventually determined that the cause of the problem was that the Automatic Numbered List option was turned on as a kind of mode. At least for this occasion and this user, the Automatic numbered list option imposed too much automation and not enough user control.

That the user had difficulty understanding what was happening is due to the fact that, for this user, there was no indication of the Automatic numbered list mode. In fact, however, the system did provide quite a helpful feedback message in response to the automated action it had taken, via the “status” message of Figure 22-63, displayed at the top of the window.

Figure 22-63. If only Mr. Hancock had seen this

(screen image courtesy of Tobias Frans-Jan Theebe).

However, Mr. Hancock did not notice this feedback message because it violated the assessment guideline to “Locate feedback within the user’s focus of attention, perhaps in a pop-up dialogue box but not in a message or status line at the top or bottom of the screen.”

Help the user by automating where there is an obvious need

This section is about automation issues, but not all about avoiding automation. In some cases, automation can be helpful. The following example is about one such case.

Example: Sorry, off route; you lose!

No matter how good your GPS system is, as a human driver you can still make mistakes and drive off course, deviating from the route planned by the system. The Garmin GPS units are very good at helping the driver recover and get back on route. It recalculates the route from the current position immediately and automatically, without missing a beat. Recovery is so smooth and easy that it hardly seems like an error.

Before this kind of GPS, in the early days of GPS map systems for travel navigation, there was another system developed by Microsoft, called Streets and Trips. It used a GPS receiver antenna plugged into a USB port in a laptop. The unit had one extremely bad trait. When the driver got off track, the screen displayed the error message, Off Route! in a large bright red font.

Somehow you just had to know that you had to press one of the F, or function, keys to request recalculation of the route in order to recover. When you are busy contending with traffic and road signs, that is the time you would gladly have the system take control and share more of the responsibility, but you did not get that help. To be fair, this option probably was available in one of the preference settings or other menu choices, but the default behavior was not very usable and this option was not discovered very easily.

Designers of the Microsoft system may have decided to follow the design guideline to “keep the locus of control with the user.” While user control is often the best thing, there are times when it is critical for the system to take charge and do what is needed. The work context of this UX problem includes:

The user is busy with other tasks that cannot be automated.

It is dangerous to distract the user/driver with additional workload.

Getting off track can be stressful, detracting further from the focus.

Having to intervene and tell the system to recalculate the route interferes with the user’s most important task, that of driving.

Another way to interpret these twin guidelines about automation is to keep the user in control at higher task levels, where the user has done the initial planning and is driving to get somewhere. But take control from the user when the need is obvious and the user is busy.

This interpretation of the two guidelines means that, on one hand, the system does not insist on staying on this route regardless of driver actions, but quietly allows the driver to make impromptu detours. This interpretation also means that, on the other hand, the system should be expected to continue to recalculate the route to help the driver eventually reach his or her destination.

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Analysis of quantitative and qualitative data

Kirsty Williamson, Amanda Bow, in Research Methods for Students, Academics and Professionals (Second Edition), 2002

1 Transcribe the data

This simply means to type the notes or interview tapes into a word processor making the information much more accessible and easier to analyse. In some cases, researchers have been known to analyse straight from the tapes. However, this is not recommended as it makes it very difficult to re-check easily what was said, and to categorise the data. Transcribing the data into a word processor also means that researchers can easily use computer software programs such as NVivo. If you are using NVivo or another analysis package, you would put your data into NVivo and print it out after you have finished transcribing it.

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CPUs

Marilyn Wolf, in High-Performance Embedded Computing (Second Edition), 2014

2.4.2 Superscalar processors

Superscalar processors issue more than one instruction per clock cycle. Unlike VLIW processors, they check for resource conflicts on the fly to determine what combinations of instructions can be issued at each step. Superscalar architectures dominate desktop and server architectures. Superscalar processors are not as common in the embedded world as in the desktop/server world. Embedded computing architectures are more likely to be judged by metrics such as operations per watt rather than raw performance.

A surprising number of embedded processors do, however, make use of superscalar instruction issue, though not as aggressively as do high-end servers. The embedded Pentium processor is a two-issue, in-order processor. It has two pipes: one for any integer operation and another for simple integer operations. We saw in Section 2.3.1 that other embedded processors also use superscalar techniques.

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Introduction

William J. Buchanan BSc, CEng, PhD, in Software Development for Engineers, 1997

29.7 File types

Most files created have a certain purpose; for example documents from a word processor, spread-sheets, text files. The filename extension adds extra information about what type of file it is. Common filename extensions are given in Table 29.5.

Table 29.5. Example file extensions

File extension File type File extension File type
.ASC ASCII Text .PAS Pascal file
.BAK Backup File .PCX Picture file
.BAT DOS Batch File .PRN Print File
.C C language File .SYS System File
.COM DOS Program File .TXT Text File
.EXE DOS Executable program .WK1 123 Ver 1/2 File
.HLP Help File .WK3 1–2–3 Ver 3 File
.OVL Overlay File used by program .TMP Temporary File

Test run 29.10 shows a sample DOS listing. Notice that this directory contains System Files (.SYS), DOS Commands (.COM and .EXE), Text Files (.TXT) and Help Files (.HLP). The other typical files include Basic Language Files (.BAS), Initialization Files (.INI) and Listings (.LST). Programs with the .COM, .EXE or .BAT extension can be executed.

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Brainstorming

Chauncey Wilson, in User Experience Re-Mastered, 2010

Analysis Techniques

Listing Ideas

All the ideas from a brainstorming session can be listed in a spreadsheet, word processor, or specialized tools like PathMaker® or Inspiration. If you have numbered the items sequentially as they were generated, your list would be chronological. To facilitate recall days, weeks, or even months later when you look through this list, you can annotate the list with clarifications and brief explanation of any unusual terms or abbreviations.

Grouping Ideas from Brainstorming

Affinity diagramming, a method for organizing data by similarity, can be used to reveal groups of related items. The number of groups that emerge from an affinity diagramming is sometimes used as a measure in brainstorming research.

Voting on Brainstorming Ideas

A group can vote on which brainstorming items should be considered further by placing adhesive dots or ink marks on the items, by removing the items from the master list, or voting online using tools like Excel, Google Spreadsheet, or SurveyMonkey.

Criteria-Based Evaluation

Criteria-based evaluation uses a decision matrix to choose the top ideas from brainstorming. The people charged with choosing which ideas will be considered further rate or rank each idea against a list of criteria like cost, ease of programming, novelty, and generality. The ratings/rankings for each idea are averaged, the ideas are sorted by the average value, and the top rated/ranked ideas are chosen for consideration (see Table 4.3). Criteria-based evaluation can be done with online survey tools if you want to expand the process of choosing the top ideas beyond the brainstorming participants.

Table 4.3. A Decision Matrix for a Criterion-Based Approach to Choosing the Best Ideas from Brainstorming

Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Criterion 3 Criterion N Sum Mean Rating/Ranking Top Ideas
Idea 1
Idea 2
Idea 3
Idea 4
Idea ….
Idea N

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Brainwriting

Chauncey Wilson, in Brainstorming and Beyond, 2013

2.6.2 Analysis Techniques

2.6.2.1 Listing Ideas

All the ideas from a brainstorming session can be listed in a spreadsheet, word processor, or specialized tools like PathMaker® or Inspiration. If you have numbered the items sequentially as they were generated, your list would be chronological. To facilitate recall, days, weeks, or even months later when you look through this list, you can annotate the list with clarifications and brief explanations of any unusual terms or abbreviations.

2.6.2.2 Grouping Ideas from Brainwriting

Affinity diagramming can be used to organize ideas into related groups. See Chapter 1 for some details on affinity diagramming.

2.6.2.3 Rating or Ranking Brainwriting Ideas

The process of brainwriting focuses on generating ideas. For some purposes, you may want to prioritize ideas against specific criteria. One simple approach you can use for prioritizing data is to apply a simple criterion (or a few criteria) to each idea and eliminate the ideas that don’t meet the criterion. A criterion would include the word “should”, for example, “the idea should be compatible with the existing user interface,” “the idea should not extend the schedule,” “the idea should be easily learned,” and “the idea should minimize errors.” You might do something like rate each idea on a 0-to-5 scale where 0 means “does not meet the criterion at all” and 5 is “meets the criterion quite well.” Once the brainwriting team has chosen items to be investigated further, individuals or team could be assigned to examine the costs and benefits of chosen items or assigned to evaluate them on specific dimensions (costs, benefits to the users, time to implement, and so on).

The nominal group rating technique described in Chapter 1 on brainstorming is sometimes used after a brainwriting session as a method for prioritizing the ideas that emerged. The facilitator would ask each member of the brainwriting team to rate privately all the ideas as a 1 (low), 2 (medium), or 3 (high). The ideas with the highest average rating would get the highest priority.

2.6.2.4 Decision Matrix

A decision matrix (sometimes called a “prioritization matrix”) uses the ideas from brainwriting and a set of criteria for rating the ideas. Some software products include a “decision matrix” where the ideas are listed on one axis and the criteria on another axis (Table 2.4). Participants would rate each item according to how well the item meets the criteria. This assumes that you are reasonably sure of the criteria for deciding which ideas to carry forward. Criteria that you might use in this table include:

Table 2.4. Layout of a Prioritization Matrix

Idea/Criteria Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Criterion 3 Criterion … Criterion N Sum Mean Rating
Idea 1
Idea 2
Idea 3
Idea 4
Idea …
Idea n

Cost

Skill required to implement the idea (you might have a great idea, but now the personnel to implement the idea)

Technical feasibility

Consistency with existing products

Time to code

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

WordPerfect, a word processor first released for minicomputers in 1979 and later ported to microcomputers, running on Windows XP

A word processor (WP)[1][2] is a device or computer program that provides for input, editing, formatting, and output of text, often with some additional features.

Early word processors were stand-alone devices dedicated to the function, but current word processors are word processor programs running on general purpose computers.

The functions of a word processor program fall somewhere between those of a simple text editor and a fully functioned desktop publishing program. However, the distinctions between these three have changed over time and were unclear after 2010.[3][4]

Background[edit]

Word processors did not develop out of computer technology. Rather, they evolved from mechanical machines and only later did they merge with the computer field.[5] The history of word processing is the story of the gradual automation of the physical aspects of writing and editing, and then to the refinement of the technology to make it available to corporations and Individuals.

The term word processing appeared in American offices in early 1970s centered on the idea of streamlining the work to typists, but the meaning soon shifted toward the automation of the whole editing cycle.

At first, the designers of word processing systems combined existing technologies with emerging ones to develop stand-alone equipment, creating a new business distinct from the emerging world of the personal computer. The concept of word processing arose from the more general data processing, which since the 1950s had been the application of computers to business administration.[6]

Through history, there have been three types of word processors: mechanical, electronic and software.

Mechanical word processing[edit]

The first word processing device (a «Machine for Transcribing Letters» that appears to have been similar to a typewriter) was patented by Henry Mill for a machine that was capable of «writing so clearly and accurately you could not distinguish it from a printing press».[7] More than a century later, another patent appeared in the name of William Austin Burt for the typographer. In the late 19th century, Christopher Latham Sholes[8] created the first recognizable typewriter although it was a large size, which was described as a «literary piano».[9]

The only «word processing» these mechanical systems could perform was to change where letters appeared on the page, to fill in spaces that were previously left on the page, or to skip over lines. It was not until decades later that the introduction of electricity and electronics into typewriters began to help the writer with the mechanical part. The term “word processing” (translated from the German word Textverarbeitung) itself was created in the 1950s by Ulrich Steinhilper, a German IBM typewriter sales executive. However, it did not make its appearance in 1960s office management or computing literature (an example of grey literature), though many of the ideas, products, and technologies to which it would later be applied were already well known. Nonetheless, by 1971 the term was recognized by the New York Times[10] as a business «buzz word». Word processing paralleled the more general «data processing», or the application of computers to business administration.

Thus by 1972 discussion of word processing was common in publications devoted to business office management and technology, and by the mid-1970s the term would have been familiar to any office manager who consulted business periodicals.

Electromechanical and electronic word processing[edit]

By the late 1960s, IBM had developed the IBM MT/ST (Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter). This was a model of the IBM Selectric typewriter from the earlier part of this decade, but it came built into its own desk, integrated with magnetic tape recording and playback facilities along with controls and a bank of electrical relays. The MT/ST automated word wrap, but it had no screen. This device allowed a user to rewrite text that had been written on another tape, and it also allowed limited collaboration in the sense that a user could send the tape to another person to let them edit the document or make a copy. It was a revolution for the word processing industry. In 1969, the tapes were replaced by magnetic cards. These memory cards were inserted into an extra device that accompanied the MT/ST, able to read and record users’ work.

In the early 1970s, word processing began to slowly shift from glorified typewriters augmented with electronic features to become fully computer-based (although only with single-purpose hardware) with the development of several innovations. Just before the arrival of the personal computer (PC), IBM developed the floppy disk. In the early 1970s, the first word-processing systems appeared which allowed display and editing of documents on CRT screens.

During this era, these early stand-alone word processing systems were designed, built, and marketed by several pioneering companies. Linolex Systems was founded in 1970 by James Lincoln and Robert Oleksiak. Linolex based its technology on microprocessors, floppy drives and software. It was a computer-based system for application in the word processing businesses and it sold systems through its own sales force. With a base of installed systems in over 500 sites, Linolex Systems sold 3 million units in 1975 — a year before the Apple computer was released.[11]

At that time, the Lexitron Corporation also produced a series of dedicated word-processing microcomputers. Lexitron was the first to use a full-sized video display screen (CRT) in its models by 1978. Lexitron also used 514 inch floppy diskettes, which became the standard in the personal computer field. The program disk was inserted in one drive, and the system booted up. The data diskette was then put in the second drive. The operating system and the word processing program were combined in one file.[12]

Another of the early word processing adopters was Vydec, which created in 1973 the first modern text processor, the «Vydec Word Processing System». It had built-in multiple functions like the ability to share content by diskette and print it.[further explanation needed] The Vydec Word Processing System sold for $12,000 at the time, (about $60,000 adjusted for inflation).[13]

The Redactron Corporation (organized by Evelyn Berezin in 1969) designed and manufactured editing systems, including correcting/editing typewriters, cassette and card units, and eventually a word processor called the Data Secretary. The Burroughs Corporation acquired Redactron in 1976.[14]

A CRT-based system by Wang Laboratories became one of the most popular systems of the 1970s and early 1980s. The Wang system displayed text on a CRT screen, and incorporated virtually every fundamental characteristic of word processors as they are known today. While early computerized word processor system were often expensive and hard to use (that is, like the computer mainframes of the 1960s), the Wang system was a true office machine, affordable to organizations such as medium-sized law firms, and easily mastered and operated by secretarial staff.

The phrase «word processor» rapidly came to refer to CRT-based machines similar to Wang’s. Numerous machines of this kind emerged, typically marketed by traditional office-equipment companies such as IBM, Lanier (AES Data machines — re-badged), CPT, and NBI. All were specialized, dedicated, proprietary systems, with prices in the $10,000 range. Cheap general-purpose personal computers were still the domain of hobbyists.

Japanese word processor devices[edit]

In Japan, even though typewriters with Japanese writing system had widely been used for businesses and governments, they were limited to specialists who required special skills due to the wide variety of letters, until computer-based devices came onto the market. In 1977, Sharp showcased a prototype of a computer-based word processing dedicated device with Japanese writing system in Business Show in Tokyo.[15][16]

Toshiba released the first Japanese word processor JW-10 in February 1979.[17] The price was 6,300,000 JPY, equivalent to US$45,000. This is selected as one of the milestones of IEEE.[18]

Toshiba Rupo JW-P22(K)(March 1986) and an optional micro floppy disk drive unit JW-F201

The Japanese writing system uses a large number of kanji (logographic Chinese characters) which require 2 bytes to store, so having one key per each symbol is infeasible. Japanese word processing became possible with the development of the Japanese input method (a sequence of keypresses, with visual feedback, which selects a character) — now widely used in personal computers. Oki launched OKI WORD EDITOR-200 in March 1979 with this kana-based keyboard input system. In 1980 several electronics and office equipment brands entered this rapidly growing market with more compact and affordable devices. While the average unit price in 1980 was 2,000,000 JPY (US$14,300), it was dropped to 164,000 JPY (US$1,200) in 1985.[19] Even after personal computers became widely available, Japanese word processors remained popular as they tended to be more portable (an «office computer» was initially too large to carry around), and become necessities in business and academics, even for private individuals in the second half of the 1980s.[20] The phrase «word processor» has been abbreviated as «Wa-pro» or «wapuro» in Japanese.

Word processing software[edit]

The final step in word processing came with the advent of the personal computer in the late 1970s and 1980s and with the subsequent creation of word processing software. Word processing software that would create much more complex and capable output was developed and prices began to fall, making them more accessible to the public. By the late 1970s, computerized word processors were still primarily used by employees composing documents for large and midsized businesses (e.g., law firms and newspapers). Within a few years, the falling prices of PCs made word processing available for the first time to all writers in the convenience of their homes.

The first word processing program for personal computers (microcomputers) was Electric Pencil, from Michael Shrayer Software, which went on sale in December 1976. In 1978 WordStar appeared and because of its many new features soon dominated the market. However, WordStar was written for the early CP/M (Control Program–Micro) operating system, and by the time it was rewritten for the newer MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), it was obsolete. Suddenly, WordPerfect dominated the word processing programs during the DOS era, while there was a large variety of less successful programs.

Early word processing software was not as intuitive as word processor devices. Most early word processing software required users to memorize semi-mnemonic key combinations rather than pressing keys such as «copy» or «bold». Moreover, CP/M lacked cursor keys; for example WordStar used the E-S-D-X-centered «diamond» for cursor navigation. However, the price differences between dedicated word processors and general-purpose PCs, and the value added to the latter by software such as “killer app” spreadsheet applications, e.g. VisiCalc and Lotus 1-2-3, were so compelling that personal computers and word processing software became serious competition for the dedicated machines and soon dominated the market.

Then in the late 1980s innovations such as the advent of laser printers, a «typographic» approach to word processing (WYSIWYG — What You See Is What You Get), using bitmap displays with multiple fonts (pioneered by the Xerox Alto computer and Bravo word processing program), and graphical user interfaces such as “copy and paste” (another Xerox PARC innovation, with the Gypsy word processor). These were popularized by MacWrite on the Apple Macintosh in 1983, and Microsoft Word on the IBM PC in 1984. These were probably the first true WYSIWYG word processors to become known to many people.
Of particular interest also is the standardization of TrueType fonts used in both Macintosh and Windows PCs. While the publishers of the operating systems provide TrueType typefaces, they are largely gathered from traditional typefaces converted by smaller font publishing houses to replicate standard fonts. Demand for new and interesting fonts, which can be found free of copyright restrictions, or commissioned from font designers, occurred.

The growing popularity of the Windows operating system in the 1990s later took Microsoft Word along with it. Originally called «Microsoft Multi-Tool Word», this program quickly became a synonym for “word processor”.

From early in the 21st century Google Docs popularized the transition to online or offline web browser based word processing, this was enabled by the widespread adoption of suitable internet connectivity in businesses and domestic households and later the popularity of smartphones. Google Docs enabled word processing from within any vendor’s web browser, which could run on any vendor’s operating system on any physical device type including tablets and smartphones, although offline editing is limited to a few Chromium based web browsers. Google Docs also enabled the significant growth of use of information technology such as remote access to files and collaborative real-time editing, both becoming simple to do with little or no need for costly software and specialist IT support.

See also[edit]

  • List of word processors
  • Formatted text

References[edit]

  1. ^ Enterprise, I. D. G. (1 January 1981). «Computerworld». IDG Enterprise. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Waterhouse, Shirley A. (1 January 1979). Word processing fundamentals. Canfield Press. ISBN 9780064537223. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Amanda Presley (28 January 2010). «What Distinguishes Desktop Publishing From Word Processing?». Brighthub.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  4. ^ «How to Use Microsoft Word as a Desktop Publishing Tool». PCWorld. 28 May 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  5. ^ Price, Jonathan, and Urban, Linda Pin. The Definitive Word-Processing Book. New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1984, page xxiii.
  6. ^ W.A. Kleinschrod, «The ‘Gal Friday’ is a Typing Specialist Now,» Administrative Management vol. 32, no. 6, 1971, pp. 20-27
  7. ^ Hinojosa, Santiago (June 2016). «The History of Word Processors». The Tech Ninja’s Dojo. The Tech Ninja. Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  8. ^ See also Samuel W. Soule and Carlos Glidden.
  9. ^ The Scientific American, The Type Writer, New York (August 10, 1872)
  10. ^ W.D. Smith, “Lag Persists for Business Equipment,” New York Times, 26 Oct. 1971, pp. 59-60.
  11. ^ Linolex Systems, Internal Communications & Disclosure in 3M acquisition, The Petritz Collection, 1975.
  12. ^ «Lexitron VT1200 — RICM». Ricomputermuseum.org. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  13. ^ Hinojosa, Santiago (1 June 2016). «The History of Word Processors». The Tech Ninja’s Dojo. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  14. ^ «Redactron Corporation. @ SNAC». Snaccooperative.org. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  15. ^ «日本語ワードプロセッサ». IPSJコンピュータ博物館. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  16. ^ «【シャープ】 日本語ワープロの試作機». IPSJコンピュータ博物館. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  17. ^ 原忠正 (1997). «日本人による日本人のためのワープロ». The Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. 117 (3): 175–178. Bibcode:1997JIEEJ.117..175.. doi:10.1541/ieejjournal.117.175.
  18. ^ «プレスリリース;当社の日本語ワードプロセッサが「IEEEマイルストーン」に認定». 東芝. 2008-11-04. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  19. ^
    «【富士通】 OASYS 100G». IPSJコンピュータ博物館. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
  20. ^ 情報処理学会 歴史特別委員会『日本のコンピュータ史』ISBN 4274209334 p135-136

The capability to create documents using a word processor is known as word processing. It can also refer to advanced shorthand techniques, which are sometimes utilized in specialized situations with a typewriter that has been customized. These were primarily intended for typists, especially in organizations where other employees would provide handwritten notes to be transcribed into documents for printing and then returned for inspection.
Different word processors are available today; some are proprietary, such as Microsoft Word, StarOffice Writer, WordPerfect Office, and others are open source, such as Openoffice.org Writer, etc.

How to open MS Word in Windows?

In Windows 8/above:

Step 1: Press Windows + C to open the search bar

Step 2: Type MS Word & click on the MS Word version you are having in your system. MS Word window will pop up.

In Windows 7 or below:

Step 1: Go to the program section in the windows start menu.
Step 2: Go to MS Office & click on it. A drop-down list is seen
Step 3: Click on MS Word & the MS Word window will pop up.

Creating a New Document in MS Word

Once your MS Word Window pops up, you can create & save the file by:

Step 1: Click on the Microsoft button on the top left.

Step 2: Click on New, a new Document window will pop up.

Step 3: Click on Create & a new document will be created

Note: Shortcut for New: Ctrl + N

How to Save a document or give a Name to a new document created?

Step 1: Click on the Microsoft icon

Step 2: Click On SaveAs button.

Step 3: Click on Word Document & a new Window for save as will pop up

Step 4: Select the drive (by clicking on it: Example: Local Drive (D)) in which you want to save the document
Then your driver will open up, select the folder in which you want to save the document (Example: img folder here) & then give the required name to your document (Example: Doc3 here)

Your document is created & saved with the provided name.

Note: Shortcut for save: Ctrl +s

How to print a document through an attached printer?

Step 1: Click on the Microsoft icon

Step 2: Click On Print & a window for Print & Preview the document will pop up.

Step 3: Click on Print. Then a window for Print will pop up.

Step 4: Select the printer by which you want to take out a print of the document. Select the page range (Print of all or some or current page) & the number of copies you want.

Step 5: Click on OK. You will get a print of your document.

Note: Shortcut for print is Ctrl + P.

MS Word Window

MS Word Window has the following components:

(i) Title Bar: Shows the name/title given by you to the current document. If the user does not save the document by any name, the default name given by MS Word appears in this bar.

(ii) Menu Bar: Contains menu items like Margins, views, page layout, etc.

(iii) Office Button: MS Office button on the left-most top.

(iv) Formatting Toolbar: Have tools like Bold, Italic, Underline, Font shape & size, etc. to format your data.

(v) Ribbon: To provide an easy & quick user interface we have ribbon in MS Word. Depending on what you’re doing in Word, Excel, or another Office software, the Ribbon varies.

(vi) Scrollbars: To scroll your document up or down.

(vii) Zoom Slider: To zoom in or zoom out your document
(viii) View Buttons: Provides different views of your document like Print view, full-screen view, web layout view, etc.
(ix) Quick Access Toolbar: To quickly save your document on clicking the save button, or to redo or undo the last work done.
(x) Work Window: The area where you can actually word, write data, including images, etc,

Sample Questions

Question 1. What will you do for closing a document?

Answer:

The procedure is as follows:
Step 1. Go to Office Button 
Step 2. Click on close (last option in the list).

Question 2. Give shortcuts to create, print, close & save a document.

Answer:

1. Ctrl +N – Create a New Document- 
2. Ctrl + S – Save a Document
3. Alt + F4 – Close a Document.
4. Ctrl + P – Print a Document.

Question 3. How to Open MS Word in Windows 7?

Answer:

The Steps to open MS Word are as follows:
Step 1. Click on Start icon on the screen.
Step 2. Choose All Programs
Step 3. Select Microsoft Office
Step 4. Click on Microsoft Word.

Question 4. What are different Alignments available in MS Word? 

Answer:

The appearance and direction of the paragraph’s edges are determined by alignment. Types of alignment are:
1. Left Alignment: The text was aligned uniformly along the left margins.
2. Right Alignment: The text was aligned uniformly along the right margins.
3. Center Alignment: The text is aligned evenly with the center of the page.
4. Justified Alignment: The text was aligned evenly with both the left and right margins.

Question 5. How to use Save as option in MS Word? 

Answer:

The steps for using Save As :
Step 1. Click on Office button on the left top
Step 2. Choose Save As Option under it.
Step 3. Save As Dialog box pops up
Step 4. Select the location to save as your document & provide a new name
Step 5. Click on Save

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Microsoft Word

Sometimes abbreviated as WP, a word processor is a software program capable of creating, storing, and printing typed documents. Today, the word processor is one of the most frequently used software programs on a computer, with Microsoft Word being a popular choice.

Word processors can create multiple types of files, including text files (.txt), rich text files (.rtf), HTML files (.htm & .html), and Word files (.doc & .docx). Some word processors can also be used to create XML files (.xml).

Overview of Word

In a word processor, you are presented with a blank white sheet as shown below. The text is added to the document area and after it has been inserted formatted or adjusted to your preference. Below is an example of a blank Microsoft Word window with areas of the window highlighted.

Microsoft Word document diagram

Features of a word processor

Unlike a basic plaintext editor, a word processor offers several additional features that can give your document or other text a more professional appearance. Below is a listing of popular features of a word processor.

Note

Some more advanced text editors can perform some of these functions.

  • Text formatting — Changing the font, font size, font color, bold, italicizing, underline, etc.
  • Copying, cutting, and pasting — Once text is entered into a document, it can be copied or cut and pasted in the current document or another document.
  • Multimedia — Insert clip art, charts, images, pictures, and video into a document.
  • Spelling and Grammar — Checks for spelling and grammar errors in a document.
  • Adjust the layout — Capable of modifying the margins, size, and layout of a document.
  • Find — Word processors give you the ability to quickly find any word or text in any size of the document.
  • Search and Replace — You can use the Search and Replace feature to replace any text throughout a document.
  • Indentation and lists — Set and format tabs, bullet lists, and number lists.
  • Insert tables — Add tables to a document.
  • Word wrap — Word processors can detect the edges of a page or container and automatically wrap the text using word wrap.
  • Header and footer — Being able to adjust and change text in the header and footer of a document.
  • Thesaurus — Look up alternatives to a word without leaving the program.
  • Multiple windows — While working on a document, you can have additional windows with other documents for comparison or move text between documents.
  • AutoCorrect — Automatically correct common errors (e.g., typing «teh» and having it autocorrected to «the»).
  • Mailers and labels — Create mailers or print labels.
  • Import data — Import and format data from CSV, database, or another source.
  • Headers and footers — The headers and footers of a document can be customized to contain page numbers, dates, footnotes, or text for all pages or specific pages of the document.
  • Merge — Word processors allow data from other documents and files to be automatically merged into a new document. For example, you can mail merge names into a letter.
  • Macros — Setup macros to perform common tasks.
  • Collaboration — More modern word processors help multiple people work on the same document at the same time.

Examples and top uses of a word processor

A word processor is one of the most used computer programs because of its versatility in creating a document. Below is a list of the top examples of how you could use a word processor.

  • Book — Write a book.
  • Document — Any text document that requires formatting.
  • Help documentation — Support documentation for a product or service.
  • Journal — Keep a digital version of your daily, weekly, or monthly journal.
  • Letter — Write a letter to one or more people. Mail merge could also be used to automatically fill in the name, address, and other fields of the letter.
  • Marketing plan — An overview of a plan to help market a new product or service.
  • Memo — Create a memo for employees.
  • Report — A status report or book report.
  • Résumé — Create or maintain your résumé.

Examples of word processor programs

Although Microsoft Word is popular, there are other word processor programs. Below is a list of some popular word processors in alphabetical order.

  • Abiword.
  • Apple iWork — Pages.
  • Apple TextEdit — Apple macOS included word processor.
  • Corel WordPerfect.
  • Dropbox Paper (online and free).
  • Google Docs (online and free).
  • LibreOffice -> Writer (free).
  • Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Word.
  • Microsoft WordPad.
  • Microsoft Works (discontinued).
  • SoftMaker FreeOffice -> TextMaker (free).
  • OpenOffice -> Writer (free).
  • SSuite -> WordGraph (free).
  • Sun StarOffice (discontinued).
  • Textilus (iPad and iPhone).
  • Kingsoft WPS Office -> Writer (free).

Word processor advantages over a typewriter

See our typewriter page for a listing of advantages a computer with a word processor has over a typewriter.

Computer acronyms, Doc, Microsoft Word, Software terms, Untitled, Word processing, Word processor terms, WordStar, Write

Chapter: 11th Computer Science : Chapter 6 : Word Processor Basics ( OpenOffice Writer)

Word processor is a computer software to create, edit, manipulate, transmit, store and retrieve a text document.

Introduction to Word Processor

Word processor is a computer software to create, edit, manipulate, transmit, store and retrieve a text document. The above said activities are called as “Word Processing”. In other words, Word processing is an activity carried out by a computer with suitable software to create, edit, manipulate, transmit, store and retrieve text documents.

There are lots of word processing software available as proprietary source as well as open source. The familiar word processing packages are given in the following Table.

Tamil Word Processors

Tamil openoffice writer, Tamil LibreOffice Writer, Kamban 3.0, Mentamizh2017 – These are familiar word processors exclusively for Tamil Language. Microsoft also provides full Tamil interface to its office suits.

In this chapter, you are going to learn about OpenOffice Writer word pro cess or.

Study Material, Lecturing Notes, Assignment, Reference, Wiki description explanation, brief detail

11th Computer Science : Chapter 6 : Word Processor Basics ( OpenOffice Writer) : Introduction to Word Processor |

Word processing is the composition, editing, formatting and sometimes printing of any sort of written material. Word processing is most commonly accomplished using computer application software designed specifically for these tasks.[1]

This lesson introduces word processing and helps learners prepare for the IC3 Key Applications certification exam.

Objectives and Skills[edit | edit source]

Objectives and skills for the word processing portion of IC3 certification include:

Objectives[2]

  • Be able to format text and documents including the ability to use automatic formatting tools
  • Be able to use word-processing tools to automate processes such as document review, security and collaboration

Skills[3]

  • Organizing data: Tables, lists
  • Layout: Page layout, spacing, indent text

Readings[edit | edit source]

  1. Wikipedia: Word Processing
  2. Wikipedia: WordStar
  3. Wikipedia: Microsoft Word
  4. Wikipedia: WordPad
  5. Wikipedia: WordPerfect

Multimedia[edit | edit source]

  1. YouTube: Word Processing
  2. YouTube: Word 2016 Tutorial: Getting Started the Right Way
  3. YouTube: Google Docs Basics
  4. YouTube: Apple Pages 5 Tutorial for macOS — Quick Start

Activities[edit | edit source]

  1. Complete one or more of the following tutorials:
    • GCFLearnFree: Google Documents
    • GoFree: LibreOffice Writer
    • GCFLearnFree: Microsoft Word 2016

Lesson Summary[edit | edit source]

  • Word processing is the phrase used to describe using a computer to create, edit, and print documents. Of all computer applications, word processing is the most common.[4]
  • There are many types of word processors including, but not limited to, Apple Pages, Google Docs, Libre Office Writer, and Microsoft Word.[5]
  • Word processing was one of the earliest applications for the personal computer in office productivity and was the most popular application on home and personal computers until the World Wide Web rose to prominence in the mid-1990s.[6]
  • The word processor was a stand-alone office machine in the 1960s, combining the keyboard text-entry and printing functions of an electric typewriter, with a recording unit, either tape or floppy disk (as used by the Wang machine) with a simple dedicated computer processor for the editing of text.[7]
  • Word processors have a variety of uses and applications within the business world, home, education, journalism, publishing, and the literary arts. Within the business world, word processors are extremely useful tools. Typical uses include legal documents, reports, letters and letterhead, and memos.[8]

Key Terms[edit | edit source]

alignment
Positioning text or numbers to specified margin and tab settings.[9]
automatic spelling checker and corrector
Program that compares words in the text against an on-line dictionary, flagging items not found in the dictionary and offering alternative spellings and a means of correcting the errors.[10]
balloon
A rounded text box appearing in the space to the right of the document, containing a comment or a tracked change.[11]
collaborative editing
Allowing multiple users to work on the same document.[12]
copying or cutting
Taking an existing item in a document and creating a duplicate in a new location in the document.[13]
footer
Appears at the bottom of every page in a document that can contain one or more lines of text.[14]
hard page break
A page break created by the user in order to force a page break in a certain place.[15]
header
The area that appears at the top of every page in a document that can contain one or more lines of text.[16]
landscape
the page orientation in which the text runs parallel to the wide edge of the paper.[17]
margin
The white space between the edge of the page and where the text can be placed in your document.[18]
search and replace
Moving directly to specified words or parts of words within a document and replacing them with different words or word portions.[19]
soft page break
A page break made automatically by the word processing program when the current page is full.[20]
portrait
the page orientation in which the text runs parallel to the narrow edge of the paper.[21]
undo
The command that reverses the last actions that you performed in a document..[22]

Assessments[edit | edit source]

  • Quizlet: Word Processing with Microsoft Word
  • Quizlet: Word Processing Vocabulary
  • Quizlet: Word Processing, Word Processing
  • Proprofs: Wordprocessing Glossary
  • Word Processing Key Terms

See Also[edit | edit source]

  • Introduction to Computers
  • Microsoft Office/Word
  • Wikipedia: Productivity software#Office suite

References[edit | edit source]

  1. Wikipedia: Word processor
  2. IC3 GS4 Key Applications
  3. IC3 GS4 Key Applications Skills Measured
  4. Webopedia: Word Processing
  5. Wikipedia: List of word processors
  6. Wikipedia: Word processor
  7. Wikipedia: Word processor
  8. Wikipedia: Word processor
  9. https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Align-text-left-center-or-right-3e8efc0d-85fe-4afd-b9b8-525de12aad4d
  10. UMD Department of Computer Science: Standard Features of Word Processors
  11. IC3/word processing
  12. Wikipedia: Word Processor
  13. UMD Department of Computer Science: Standard Features of Word Processors
  14. Word Processing Terminology
  15. IC3/word processing
  16. Word Processing Terminology
  17. IC3/word processing
  18. Word Processing Terminology
  19. UMD Department of Computer Science: Standard Features of Word Processors
  20. IC3/word processing
  21. IC3/word processing
  22. Word Processing Terminology

Word Processing

Topic: Word Processing

Class: SSS Two

Definition of Terms

Word Processing: Word processing means using the computer to create, edit, and print document.

Word processor: A word processor is an electronic device or computer software application, which performs the task of composition, editing, formatting, and printing of documents.

Text Document: Text document is something written, printed, or online document that presents data in the form of an articles, letter, memorandum, report, etc.

Examples of Word Processors

There are many word processing software packages available today, such as WordStar, MS-word, Corel WordPerfect, WordPad, Notepad, WPS writer, etc

Application Areas of Word processing Software

i. Offices

ii. Publishing

iii. Journalism

iv. Education

v. Articles

Steps Involved in Loading Microsoft Word

There are two ways of loading Microsoft word:

a. If the icon of the package is on desktop, double click on it for it to open

b. If the icon is not on the desktop, follow the step below:

i. Click the Start Button

ii. Click on all program

iii. Select and click Microsoft office

iv. Select and click Microsoft Word

MS-Word Processing Environment


The word window is made up of many components that are displayed onscreen at the start of the program such as:

a. Title bar: The title bar is the top part of the window displaying MS Word. It displays the name of the active document.

b. Menu bar: The menu bar contains commands for word operation. E.g Home, Insert, view, insert, page layout, etc

c. Status bar: bottom of the window it displays the status of the document

d. Toolbar: Toolbar serves as short cuts for common commands such as save, print, new, open, undo, etc.

e. Work space: it is the area where actual word processing is done.

f. Formatting toolbar: This toolbar contains shortcut to the commands used for formatting text. You can change your word or line paragraph to bold, italic or underline,

Facilities Available in a Word Processor

a. Type document: the Keyboard is used to type a document. You type a document by pressing the relevant keys on the keyboard in order to arrive at the desired word.

b. Edit document: This is the ability to change text by adding, deleting and rearranging letters, words, sentences and paragraph.

c. Store document: Word processor gives the opportunity of accessing a previously saved file or document either on the computer or on external storage facility.

d. Move, copy and paste: A word, line or text, paragraph, page or diagram can be moved from one document to another. It could be also be within a document that for one line to the other. It can also be from one application packages to the other, e.g., from CorelDraw to Microsoft Word.

Features of a Word Processor

Word processor varies considerably, but all word processors support the following basic features:

Insert text: Allows you to insert text anywhere in the document

Delete text: Allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or passages.

Cut and paste: Allows you to remove a section of text from one place in a document and insert it somewhere else

Copy: Allows you to duplicate a section of text

Page size and Margins: allows you to define various page size and margins.

Search and replace: Allows you to search for a particular word or phrase and also replace one group of characters with another everywhere that first group appears.

Word wrap: The word processor automatically moves to the next line when you have filled one line with text.

Headers, footers, and page numbering: Allows you to specify customized headers and footers the word process will display at the top and bottom of every page

Font Specification: Allows you to change font attributes within a document.

Spell Checker: A utility that allows you to check the spelling of words. It will highlight any word that it does not recognize

Thesaurus: Allows you to search for synonyms without leaving the word processor

WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get): With WYSIWYG, a document appears the display screen exactly as it will look when printed. ETC

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