Word processing applications uses

Word processing software helps you manipulate a text document and create or edit a text document.

  • Best 15 Word Processing Software Examples

    • 1. Microsoft Word

    • 2. iWork Pages

    • 3. OpenOffice Writer

    • 4. WordPerfect

    • 5. FocusWriter

    • 6. LibreOffice Writer

    • 7. AbiWord

    • 8. WPS Word

    • 9. Polaris Docs

    • 10. Writemonkey

    • 11. Dropbox Paper

    • 12. Scribus

    • 13. SoftMaker FreeOffice TextMaker

    • 14. Zoho Docs Writer

    • 15. Google Docs

  • Conclusion

A quality word processing software can also provide output options such as printing or exporting a text document into other formats.

Without word processing software, you would have difficulty processing paragraphs, pages, and even papers.

Not many people know that early word processing software was standalone devices, but word processors come as lightweight software that’s easy to install with technological advancements.

Another great advantage of word processing software is that it allows you to store documents electronically, display them across screens, or fully modify documents before printing them.

Even though word processing software isn’t complex to learn, it might take a bit of time to learn how to take full advantage of the software with so many functions.

Also, keep in mind that some word processing software comes from the office bundle that includes other processing software.

In this article, you’ll learn more about word processing software and see 15 of the best examples.

Whether you’re a writer, editor, or only need quality word processing software to prepare your documents pre-printing, at least one of these 15 software will be a good pick!

Even though most word processing software has similar features and offers similar benefits, the small but significant differences between these word processing software examples can make a huge difference for personal use.

1. Microsoft Word

The most known word processing software is Microsoft Word, and chances are high you’ve used it at least on one occasion to process or create text documents.

Word is the most known word processing software because the creator of Windows creates it and it often comes integrated with the Windows operating system.

However, Word is also known for the benefits it offers. Improved search and navigational experience combined with the ability to work with others simultaneously are just some of the benefits.

Along with that, Word gives you the ability to access, share, and work on your documents from almost anywhere.

With plenty of options to create, edit, and process text, Word also has additional visual effects, turning text into diagrams, and combining visual aspects into text documents.

Instant help when creating documents is another great integration that especially helps writers. Exporting and having document flexibility is helpful when producing specific documents for your studies or work, and it’s just one of many benefits of Word.

2. iWork Pages

iWork Pages is a must-have word processing software for Apple users. Even though Microsoft Word is available for macOS, iWork is a great native alternative that helps Apple users process, create, and work with word documents.

iWork Pages was previously known as AppleWorks, and it is part of the official Apple iWork suite.

Not only Pages can help you create documents, but they can also help you to collaborate with others efficiently, create animated documents from your data, and even build interactive charts from your text.

What’s great about Pages is that it comes with built-in help and sample formulas, so you don’t always have to create a document from scratch. Instead, you can use templates or benefit from function suggestions to improve the way you work.

With over 30 spreadsheet templates, you won’t have to create text documents from scratch unless you enjoy creating your work from scratch. Templates can help you spend less time formatting and creating the basics of your document and yet leave you with more time to focus on your text.

3. OpenOffice Writer

Among the paid word processing software, there are a couple of free gems such as OpenOffice.

OpenOffice is a free and open productivity suite that includes Writer, the perfect software for word processing.

Whether you’re trying to draft a quick letter or working on complex text documents (maybe even writing a book), the writer is a reliable and fully equipped word processing software to handle all needed tasks.

What’s great about Writer is that it is very easy to use, so you won’t have to spend hours learning the ins and outs of the software to take full advantage of it.

Instead, you will be able to focus on producing documents of all types and letting Writer help you along the way.

With built-in features such as AutoCorrect or AutoComplete, you can quickly write your documents without having to worry about making mistakes.

Along with these two features, OpenOffice Writer comes with a table of contents, references, multi-page display, and notes to help you annotate and review documents, as well as create well-structured text documents.

Lastly, exporting isn’t going to be a problem since Writer can help you export your text document into other formats such as HTML, PDF, or even .odt.

Also, keep in mind that OpenOffice provides templates you can download and use with Writer to make your drafts easier.

4. WordPerfect

WordPerfect is described as the Microsoft Office alternative. It is an all-in-one suite that focuses on productivity and efficiency when working with digital documents (especially text documents).

Inside the WordPerfect Office, you will have access to a neat and efficient word processor that can help you quickly draft new documents, create letters or brochures, write resumes, and even start writing a book.

What’s so special about WordPerfect is that it supports collaboration with about 60 file formats, so you can import and export documents from any third-party software.

With the help of Reveal Codes, WordPerfect provides seamless formatting after you import documents from any source.

And if you’re looking to “spice up” your text documents, you can do so easily with the help of built-in PDF forms into this powerful and versatile word processing software.

5. FocusWriter

If you spend a lot of time writing documents in your word processing software, and yet you find it hard to concentrate and focus on the words, FocusWriter is a great pick.

FocusWriter is a very simple word processing software that utilizes a versatile interface hidden away from the most important part of the software. This way, you can focus on the page and text, and whenever you need to use any integrated feature, all you have to do is swipe your cursor across the edges to open the hidden menu.

With integrated features such as timers, alarms, daily goals, fully customizable themes, and even the ability to use typewriter sound effects, this word processing software will help you stay on track and get things done.

Along with these features, FocusWriter has optional features such as live statistics, spell-checking, and even the ability to use FocusWriter in 20 different languages.

These features aim to improve the user experience and make word processing tasks fun and more productive since you can set your own goals.

This is a word processing software that adds improved features that aren’t very common among its competitors.

6. LibreOffice Writer

When you are a very organized person and need word processing software that will match this, LibreOffice Writer is worth trying.

LibreOffice Writer is a modern word processing software that ensures you can edit any document quickly with the help of integrated features.

Therefore, Writer is good enough for doing quick and simple edits. Still, it’s also more than enough to finish books, edit many content pages, add diagrams, and even feature indexes into your documents.

The user interface is very neat and even though there are many features they’re hidden away so you can focus on the most important aspect of word processing: the text.

7. AbiWord

When you require a very similar word processing software to Word, and yet you’re on a budget, AbiWord is a good choice.

AbiWord is compatible with the latest operating systems and interface-wise, it is very similar to Microsoft Word. Even though it’s not the “prettiest” word processing software, it has everything you might need to get the work done efficiently, and it won’t cost you a penny.

With compatibility to work with all standard text documents, AbiWord also allows you to share your documents with others easily or even merge your letters directly with your email.

Even though AbiWord might not have all features other word processing software include, AbiWord is built on the extensible plugin architecture, so you can always find plugins to include features you might be missing.

On top of that, I should mention that AbiWord is available in 30 different languages, and it is still getting updates so that you won’t be relying on an outdated version.

8. WPS Word

WPS offers a suite similar to Microsoft Office that includes three components: the Word, Excel, and Presentation.

Word is a word processing software that is highly compatible with almost all compatible document formats, and it is even compatible with all operations systems.

Creating documents from scratch with Word is very simple, and yet with standard formatting tools everyone is familiar with, editing documents is even easier.

On top of that, Word includes many extras that are rarely found in other word processing software, such as hundreds of document templates. Therefore, if you don’t feel like creating documents from scratch, basing your documents on pre-existing templates can save you a lot of time and work.

Combining media with text is highly possible, and viewing multiple documents simultaneously improves efficiency when working with multiple documents.

With collaboration tools, password protection for chosen documents, and automatic spell-checking tools, you can easily get your work done without worrying about accuracy.

9. Polaris Docs

Polaris Office is a combination of tools that includes Docs, a highly versatile version that’s very similar to a combination of Microsoft Word and Google Docs.

It’s a very versatile word processing software that allows you to work on your documents wherever you are.

Not only is it available as computer software, but it also has a dedicated web browser version and even the app version suitable for Android and iOS smartphones.

Collaboration is guaranteed with such versatility, and when it comes down to getting the work done, Polaris Docs supports all types of documents, including sheets, slides, and more.

Saved documents can be worked on in groups, meaning that more than one person can edit the document in real-time. And if you ever decide to collaborate on a document with someone, you can invite them with a link and keep the communication open with an integrated chat in the Polaris Docs.

Feature-wise, Polaris Docs is packed with the most standard features you would expect from a word processing software, and yet the main improvement is the way you can collaborate with others and work on the same document in real-time.

10. Writemonkey

If you search for a word processing document that will leave you on your own with your words and yet will hide all functionalities in a very minimalistic and simple interface, Writemonkey makes a great choice.

Writemonkey might look like a coding interface at first, but it is a stripped-down word processing software that helps you focus on your writing.

Of course, Writemonkey is also ideal for making quick edits and even reading.

This is probably one of the lightest and smallest word processing software that is very easy to install and even easier to get used to.

What’s also great is that you have full control over the interface to customize it to your needs. On top of that, you can set timed writing or even feature a visual progress bar to make your writing work feel like a breeze.

And if you ever end up missing something in Writemonkey, you can always introduce third-party upgrades to this word processing software via plugins.

11. Dropbox Paper

When you need a versatile, reliable, and quick word processing software that’s perhaps web-based, Dropbox Paper is worth considering.

Dropbox Paper is a lightweight web-based word processing software that allows simple editing and collaboration between teams.

With Dropbox Paper, you can create documents from scratch or import existing documents to easily track any edits or changes made by your team members. On top of that, with this light word processing software, you can keep everything organized, ensure feedback is properly given, and even improve your documents.

You can do almost everything in Dropbox Paper that you would do in other word processing software. However, Paper can also serve as a co-editing software.

Whether you’re trying to improve communication in your team, improve collaboration between team members, or you’re writing a book with your partner, Paper is the place to stay productive, organized, and efficient.

12. Scribus

If you require professional word processing software to handle your business/work documents or edit and prepare your book for publishing, Scribus is a great choice.

Even though it’s a bit different from standard word processing software, Scribus allows you to choose one of the designed layouts, set your typesetting, and even improve your written documents with professional-looking quality images.

With Scribus, you can also create animations that you can place directly inside your document, or you can turn your text documents into interactive PDF presentations.

On top of that, the creation of forms or questionnaires is very simple. With OpenType support, you can now edit your existing documents with advanced features such as advanced typography.

While Scribus is a great fit for simple editing and personal documents, it excels at creating magazine covers, newspaper front pages, preparing the books for publishing, and even manufacturing artwork.

It might not be the standard word processing software most people are looking for, but it will fit professional needs easily for a very fair price.

13. SoftMaker FreeOffice TextMaker

When you need a simple word processing software, SoftMaker FreeOffice is a great stepping stone that won’t cost you anything, and yet it includes almost everything you might need for personal or business use.

In the FreeOffice, you will get TextMaker included. TextMaker is a small but efficient word processing software that allows you to create all types of documents and edit existing documents that you can easily import.

What’s unique about TextMaker is that it doesn’t only focus on written documents. Instead, it also offers great features for processing words on graphics. Therefore, you can use TextMaker to create great text for your images, logos, or even banners.

With many different fonts, styles, and even wrapping options, TextMaker will make all your graphics look professional and attractive yet easy to read.

Since TextMaker can import almost all types of documents, you can also export your work in the most standard formats, such as Word DOC and DOCX. However, what’s also great about TextMaker is that it allows you to create PDF files from your documents.

You can even create an EPUB eBook with the help of TextMaker, which is a great feature, considering that SoftMaker provides the TextMaker for free.

14. Zoho Docs Writer

Zoho Docs Writer is a perfect example of an online word processing software that is easy to use and easy to access. Yet, in return, you will get very reliable and advanced features you can use on any of your documents.

The writer allows you to focus on your words in a distraction-free interface, yet you can work with others in an effortless document sharing.

With the most standard features, you would expect a word processing software packed in the interface you can access via the web browser and even get unlimited versions of your document.

These versions help you compare differences and find differences after collaboration with others.

One of the most advanced yet convenient features is publishing your documents directly (if you are a content creator).

If not, Zoho Docs Writer can help you electronically sign documents and even fill out PDF forms (or edit PDFs) without a problem.

15. Google Docs

Suppose you are not a fan of standalone word processing documents or don’t consider your computer reliable enough for your work. In that case, Google Docs is one of the most reliable web-based word processing software than most others in this space that you can get your hands on.

Along with the Sheets, Slides, and Forms, Docs allows you to not only create documents from scratch or import and edit existing documents, but it also allows you to store all your documents in the cloud for free.

You can easily access your documents from any device, as long as you’re signed in to your Google account, and yet you will easily get used to the functionality and features of the Docs.

On top of that, Docs is very flexible, so you can export them in many different formats just the way you can import documents. However, one thing to keep in mind is that you will need an internet connection at all times to access your documents or work on them.

Conclusion

Even though Microsoft Word is one of the most known word processing software globally, there is much other software that is as good and worth giving it a try.

One couldn’t do without quality word processing software, but you even get the chance to find the one that will fit your needs the most with so many choices.

Even though each one of these is similar, there are differences in the interface, functionality, and even features that the software provides.

With that being said, you can easily choose according to your needs and purpose, which I highly recommend!

Tom loves to write on technology, e-commerce & internet marketing.
Tom has been a full-time internet marketer for two decades now, earning millions of dollars while living life on his own terms. Along the way, he’s also coached thousands of other people to success.

By Louise Balle

Updated September 28, 2017

A word processor is an application that allows you to type in, edit, format, save, and print text. The text shows on screen the same or very similar to how it will appear in hard copy format. Word processors are commonly used by students, writers, authors, desktop publishing professionals and layout artists. Before you purchase a word processor, try several out. Some can be downloaded for free, and other can be downloaded for a trial period.

Microsoft Word

One of the most well-known and widely used word processing applications on the market is Microsoft Word. Word has more than 90 percent of the word processing market and more than 450 million users. Microsoft Corp. first released this program to the market in 1989, and since then there have been a number of upgrades to the software. Word can be purchased as part of the Microsoft Office suite of programs, which include Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook and Publisher. Word can be used to format text and build layout documents.

WordPerfect

WordPerfect is a word processing application from Corel Corp.. WordPerfect was popular in the early 1990s. It is best for writing simple essays and articles. Though it isn’t used as much today, WordPerfect is compatible with Microsoft Word, meaning that you can open and edit WordPerfect files in the Word program, then save them as WordPerfect files again. WordPerfect also can be used for formatting and laying out documents.

Lotus Word Pro

If you use Lotus Notes or Lotus 1-2-3—common in corporate environments—Lotus Word Pro is an ideal program for your word processing needs. This program works in concert with Lotus applications to allow you to create and distribute formatted text documents. It is produced and distributed by IBM Corp. Lotus Word Pro is also compatible with Microsoft Word and ideal for writing reports, memos and proposals.

iWork Pages

Pages is a word processing program offered by Apple Incorporated, so if you own a Mac computer this might be the ideal option for your needs. It is a part of Apple’s iWork suite of programs. Pages allows you to perform basic word processing functions—writing and formatting—as well as more complex graphical layout actions. You can open and save Pages files in Microsoft Word.

And the Rest

There are dozens of word processors on the market. Other lesser-known word processors include OpenOffice Writer, Adobe InCopy, AbiWord, Microsoft Works and Scrivener. A growing number of online word processors are available and include Google Docs and Microsoft Office Web Apps.

Word Processing refers to the act of using a computer to create, edit, save and print documents. One example of a Word Processor is Microsoft Word, but other word processing applications are also widely used. Examples include: Microsoft Works Word Processor, Open Office Writer, Word Perfect and Google Drive Document..

How do you create a word processing document?

To create a new blank document:

  1. Click the Microsoft Office button.
  2. Select New. The New Document dialog box appears.
  3. Select Blank document under the Blank and recent section. It will be highlighted by default.
  4. Click Create. A new blank document appears in the Word window.

What is word processes?

: the production of typewritten documents (such as business letters) with automated and usually computerized typing and text-editing equipment. Other Words from word processing Example Sentences Learn More about word processing.

Is Google Docs a word processing document?

Google Docs is an online word processor that lets you create and format documents and work with other people.

Is Microsoft Word a word processing software?

Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983, under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.

What are the types of word processing software?

Examples of word processor programs

  • Abiword.
  • Apple iWork – Pages.
  • Apple TextEdit – Apple macOS included word processor.
  • Corel WordPerfect.
  • Dropbox Paper (online and free).
  • Google Docs (online and free).
  • LibreOffice -> Writer (free).
  • Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Word.

What are examples of word processing software?

Two of the most widely used examples of word processing software are Microsoft Word and Google Docs. Both Word and Google Docs provide the business writer with the formatting tools needed to create professional documents.

How many types of word processing software are there?

3 types

What is word processing package?

Word processing packages are software programs used to create, edit and view documents on a computer. Two popular word processors are Microsoft Word and Pages for Mac.

What is word processing and its advantages?

Advantages of word processors 1) It is faster and easier than writing by hand. 2) You can store documents on your computer, which you cannot do on a typewriter. 4) There are more formatting choices with a word processor (the spelling, grammar and language tools). 5) You can print copies of your documents.

What are the word processing skills?

Basic Word Processing Skills:

  • add text.
  • enter text.
  • format text: font, style, size, and color.
  • adjust line spacing.
  • insert and format WordArt.
  • insert and format clip art or picture file.
  • modify the text wrap of an object.
  • draw and format shapes.

What is word processing features?

Features of a word processors A word wrap which automatically starts a new line if there is insufficient room at the hand margin. Availability of different fonts, character sizes and styles. Text paragraph and page formatting eg text alignment, indenting, page number etc.

What is word processing give two examples?

A word processor, or word processing program, does exactly what the name implies. It processes words. It also processes paragraphs, pages, and entire papers. Some examples of word processing programs include Microsoft Word, WordPerfect (Windows only), AppleWorks (Mac only), and OpenOffice.org.

Why is word processing important?

Furthermore, word processing benefits the environment by reducing the amount of paperwork needed to perform daily tasks (e.g., archiving, sending out letters, sending meeting agendas). By sending documents via a secured email, the cost of postage and paper waste are reduced significantly.

What are 3 advantages of word processing software?

Advantages of Word Processing

  • Quality : It produces error free documents.
  • Storage of Text : We can take any number of copies with word processor.
  • Time Saving : We can get any number of copies of document in future without retyping.
  • Security : We can protect the documents in word processing by giving passwords.

What is another word for word processing?

In this page you can discover 14 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for word processor, like: editor, text editor, data processor, word processing program, word processing system, wordpad, notepad, spell check, word processing, clarisworks and null.

What is word processing advantages and disadvantages?

The disadvantages include the fact that a computer is needed, it may have too many options, requires computer skills, may be expensive and is prone to virus attacks. Below are some details regarding the advantages and disadvantages of a word processor.

What are the uses of word processing?

Some of the functions of word processing software include:

  • Creating, editing, saving and printing documents.
  • Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document.
  • Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or italicizing.
  • Creating and editing tables.

What are the disadvantages of Word?

Answer. What Are Some Disadvantages of Using Microsoft Word? As of 2014, some disadvantages of Microsoft Word include the unfamiliar new Ribbon interface, too many options that can be very confusing, cost, vulnerability to virus attacks, and large files due to meta information getting saved alongside Word files.

What is the disadvantage of word processor?

If you want to write something down quickly, it can take more time to switch the computer on, open the word processor and set up the document. Sometimes pen and paper is faster.

How has word processing affected writing?

The word processor has turned the process of writing into something that is “extremely malleable” (Bolter, p. 32). Prior to the word processor, writing was a progression of constant revisions. Now that is not to say that revisions no longer take place but as discussed earlier, making edits is a much easier task.

What are the components of word processor?

MS- Word Window Elements

  • Title bar.
  • Menu Bar.
  • Toolbars.
  • Workspace.
  • Status Bar.
  • Scroll Bars.
  • Scroll Box.
  • Task Pane.

How do you format a document?

On the Home tab or under the Format tab on the Menu bar, under Styles, select a style and click your desired style. You can also click the Modify button on the Styles tab to create your own style. By default, Word applies a paragraph style (for example, Heading 1) to the entire paragraph.

How will you open a document?

To Open an Existing Document from Text Editor

  1. Choose Open from the File menu. The Open a File dialog box lists files and folders in your current folder.
  2. Select the name of the document you want to open, or type the document name in the Enter file name field.
  3. Press Return or click OK. Note –

What is the shortcut key to open a document?

Ctrl Key

  1. Press Ctrl + C or Shift + F2 to copy selected text to the clipboard.
  2. Press Ctrl + X to cut selected text to the clipboard.
  3. Press Ctrl + V to paste text from clipboard.
  4. Press Ctrl + Z to undo the last action.
  5. Press Ctrl + Y to redo the last action.
  6. Press Ctrl + N to new document.
  7. Press Ctrl + O to open a document.

What are two ways to open a document?

There are two main ways to open a file:

  1. Find the file on your computer and double-click it. This will open the file in its default application.
  2. Open the application, then use the application to open the file. Once the application is open, you can go to the File menu at the top of the window and select Open.

Word processing software is designed so users can create, format, save and print text documents. Word processing is creating, editing, customizing, and printing documents using a word processor such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs.

In this guide, you will learn:

  • How to define word processing and word processor
  • How to create word processing documents using word-processing software
  • How to compare two word documents using a word processing program
  • And lot’s more

If you are ready, let’s explore the content.

CHAPTER 1:

WORD PROCESSING BASICS

In this chapter, I will take you through the meaning of basic terms relating to word processing software. You will learn the meaning of word processing, word processors, word processing software, and text processor.

Let’s get started at once.

What is word processing?

Word processing entails creating, editing, manipulating, storing, sharing, and printing of documents using dedicated software such as Zoho Writer.

It allows a user to create documents that look like the format and style of a typewriter. Word processing software can be used to save, share or print a physical copy of a document.

For example, a business Sales Rep could create a sales report in a Word Processing Program. The sales rep could edit it, save it to a drive, or share it over the internet with colleagues. A word processor can also be used to create a résumé, memo, letter, or invoice.  

In general, a word-processing application can produce a wide variety of documents rapidly and at a relatively low cost.

Word processing is one of the earliest and most commonly used types of computer software. In fact, word processing software is often cited as a major factor in the launch of the personal computer industry. This software did a great job of automating processes that had previously been performed by a typewriter. Word processors helped bring personal computers into the households of regular people, rather than just businesses.

What is a word processor?

A Word processor is a device or computer software that allows users to create, edit, and print documents. It has additional features other than a text processor, that enables you to write text, manipulate, store, and print it.

Word processors allow users to create a wide variety of documents with editing and formatting capabilities to demonstrate their power. It has additional features that allow contents such as a table, pictures, charts, and clipart to be added to a document.

In a word processor, text can be inserted, edited, moved, copied, or deleted within a document. You can use its formatting feature to modify the appearance of selected text in numerous ways. Most word processors also give you the ability to check your spelling and grammar with built-in dictionaries and other tools to assist you in your writing.

Today’s word processors reflect their history as digital typewriters. They display a sheet of paper on the screen, which captures user input from the keyboard. Unlike a manual typewriter, electronic word processing is much faster and more flexible.

What is a text processor?

A text processor is a device or computer program used in creating and manipulating text. Text processors are not as sophisticated as word processors; hence they are incapable of formatting texts. Text processors create sequences of texts which enable computers to easily extract and analyze sequences of texts for analysis.

Text processors are commonly used in computers to create computer commands. Examples include notepad and sublime which help in the creation and modification of electronic texts.

Text processing is the automation method that involves the creation and modification of texts. It is the process of analyzing and sorting unstructured text to gain valuable insights. Text processing deals with text processing utilities while word processing deals with text editing utilities.

Also, text processing operates on raw data and is more independent from proprietary techniques, unlike word processing. Therefore, text processing is done with the help of a shell command or a text editor such as TextEdit, Brackets, and Notepad++.

What is word processing software?

Word processing software is designed to allow users to create, edit, manipulate, save and print text. They provide features that will enable you to enter text by typing, copying, deleting, and performing various types of formatting. Some of the functions of word processing software include:

  • Creating, editing, saving, and printing documents.
  • Copying, cutting, pasting, and deleting text within documents.
  • Formatting text using tools such as font type, bold, underline, or italics.
  • Creating, editing, and formatting tables.
  • Inserting elements from other software, such as illustrations or photographs.
  • Correcting spelling and grammar.
  • Sharing and collaboration with team members.

Word processing software also contains features to make it easier for you to perform repetitive tasks. Commands such as mail merge and macros will help you perform common repetitive tasks to save time. A typical word processing software example is OpenOffice Writer.

How to open a word processing file

How you open a word processing file depends on the type of word processor used to create the file. Many times, the type of word processor determines the file format used to save it.

For example, Microsoft Word processing program saves with the file formats: .doc and .docx. However, you can save word processed documents in different file formats such as pdf, odt, txt, and rtf.

Apple Pages saves its word-processed documents in .pages. However, it supports files in the following formats: .rtf, .txt, .doc, and .docx. Similarly, Google docs can create files in the following formats: .txt, .rtf, .odt, .docx, and .epub.

This means that popularly used word processors are capable of opening most word processor files. So, if you saved your file in any of the file formats, you can open it with OpenOffice or Google Docs.

Let’s illustrate how to open a word processing file. To open a word document, keywords.docx saved on your local drive, in Google Docs, do the following.

  1. Visit Google Docs. (Note: You must have a Google account)
  2. On the Start a new document window, select Blank.

google docs window

  1. On the New document window, select File and click on Open from the File menu. The Open dialog box appears.

upload document from local drive to google drive

  1. On the Open dialog window, click on the Upload tab, and select the Select a file from your device button.
  2. On the Browse dialog box, browse through your device and locate a file to upload.

select a file to upload to google drive

  1. Select the file [keywords.docx], and click the Open button. The file uploads to your Google Drive.
  2. On the File menu, click Open.
  3. On the Open dialog window, select the My Drive tab.

select a file to open in Google docs

  1. Locate the file in your drive and select it. Then click the Open button. The file opens in Google Docs.

Importance of word processing software

Why is word processing important? Why is it virtually in all household computers? Word processing offers a better alternative to handwriting and typewriter when creating documents. Let’s look at some of the benefits of word-processing software.

  1. Word processing software is important because it easily detects and corrects typing errors as you type your document. It uses the autocorrect feature to identify and correct errors easily.
  2. Word processing helps in the digitization of information. It makes the creation, storage, copying, sharing, and retrieval of information easy.
  3. Word processors help users to work efficiently and accurately. You can easily create and organize a document by using spelling and grammar and other features to eliminate errors.
  4. Today’s word processors allow you to save different versions of a document. They also allow you to compare them in the future so you can select your preferred version.
  5. The features of word documents help us create standard and beautiful-looking documents. With formatting features, documents can look elegant and attractive, unlike a manual typewriter.
  6. Electronic word processing software helps us save business supply costs. Instead of using up pens and paper daily, we can create and transmit documents electronically. This contributes to significant savings in overall business expenses.
  7. Mail merge and macros help us automate some activities and make work faster and more efficient. Hence, productivity is enhanced using a word processor.

There’s quite a lot you can do with word processing software these days. But before the advent of word processing software, how did people create and edit documents? This will lead us to chapter 2.

CHAPTER 2:

HISTORY OF WORD PROCESSOR

In chapter 1, you discovered that a word processor is a word processing software used to create and edit text. In this chapter, you will discover the origin of word processors.

Let’s explore!

The precursor to word processing

Word processing did not develop out of computer technology. It evolved from the needs of writers rather than those of mathematicians, but it later merged with the computer field. Word processing started with the gradual automation of the physical aspects of writing and editing. Later, technology was refined to make it available to individual and corporate users.

Historically, there are four (4) types of word processors namely; mechanical, electronic, standalone, and software. Word processors were designed by combining existing technologies with emerging ones to develop standalone equipment. Gradually, the concept of word processing, which evolved from data processing was integrated into the computer system.

Mechanical word processing

Before the advent of mechanical word processing, manual writing was the order of the day. People started using ink and paper to create documents way back in 2000BC. During this period, the Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, and Hebrews were using papyrus and parchment papers.

The first major advancement from manual writing to mechanical word processing was the invention of the typewriter. During this period, different versions of the typewriter were invented, some with success and some without success.

Henry Mill was the first to be credited with the invention of the typewriter in the 18th century. However, his version of the typewriter was not successful. By 1867, Christopher Latham Scholes invented the first successful typewriter.

Scholes’s invention has a major drawback. Instead of printing on the upper side of the roller, it prints on the underside. The implication was that the typist could not see his work until he finishes. Acceptance of this typewriter was slow due to some drawbacks. But a series of improvements were made:

  • The shift key was added in 1878. Typists can then type upper-case and lower-case letters with the same key.
  • Printing on the upper side of the roller was made possible in 1880. Typists can see their work as they type rather than when they finish.
  • The tab key was added in 1897. This made it possible for typists to set margins.

After these changes, the typewriter gained acceptance in the corporate world. By 1900, portable models were created, thus making typewriting available to both individuals and corporations.

Electronic word processing

To improve on the mechanical typewriter, the electric typewriter was invented. The first was patented by Thomas Edison in 1972. However, a workable model was introduced in the 1920s.

By the 1930s, IBM introduced the IBM Electromatic which improved typing speed and made word processing more efficient. Due to the great improvement, the machine gained wide acceptance in the business world.

A major step towards modern word processing came when the Schultz company introduced the repetitive typewriter. This typewriter was able to store information automatically for later retrieval. This made it possible to reproduce multiple identical copies of a document without the use of carbon papers or photocopiers.

In 1961 IBM introduced the Selectric typewriter, which replaced the standard movable carriage and individual type strikers with a revolving typeball. Also, IBM released the MT/ST (Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter) in 1964. The MT/ST combined the features of the Selectric with a magnetic tape drive. Magnetic tape was the first reusable storage medium for typed information.

With the tape, information could be stored, replayed, corrected, and reprinted as many times as needed. You can also erase information on the tape and reuse it for other projects. This development marked the beginning of word processing as it is known today.

IBM first used the term word processing to market their MT/ST machine as a word processing machine. The term was coined by the IBM Engineer, Ulrich Steinhilper in the 1950s. He translated the term from the German word textverabeitung to define the act of typing. But IBM redefined it to describe electronic ways of handling a standard set of office activities. These activities include composing, revising, printing, and filing written documents.

Standalone word processing machines

In the 1970s, word processing shifted from typewriting to computer-based with CRT screens when IBM developed the floppy disks. The first was introduced in the 1970s by Linolex systems. The technology included a floppy disk, software, and a microprocessor.

Lexitron corporation also developed a word processing microcomputer with a CRT monitor and 5 ¼ floppy diskette. The diskette later became the standard for early personal computers. With the introduction of video display units, the text could be entered and corrected without having to produce a hard copy. This means that printing can be delayed until the writer is satisfied with the document.

In 1973, Vydec introduced the first text processor known as Vydec Word Processing System. The machine was the first to allow the creation and editing of multipage documents without changing storage receptacles.

Other standalone machines include the data secretary by Redactron corporation and a CRT-based system by Wang Laboratories. The Wang system has all the characteristics of today’s word processors and was affordable to organizations. It became the basis for other CRT-based word processors. Hence, word processors were referred to as CRT-based machines.

Word processing software

The invention of personal computers marked the beginning of the word-processing software. This was made possible by the advent of disk programs which enhanced the development packages for use with personal computers. Also, the separation of the software from the hardware opened up the field of word processing to individuals.

The first word processing program for personal computers was Electric Pencil, from Michael Shrayer Software. It went on sale in December 1976. By 1978, WordStar was introduced. Because of its many new features, it soon dominated the market. WordStar was written for the early CP/M (Control Program – Micro) operating system.

The era of MS-DOS saw the rise of WordPerfect and Microsoft Word. They replaced WordStar as the main word processing program during this era.

In the late 1980s, word processing shifted to the WYSIWYG (What-you-see-is-what-you-get) and GUI (Graphic User Interface) approach. These were pioneered by the Xerox Alto computer and Bravo word processing program, and Xerox PARC with the Gipsy word processor.

The true WYSIWYG made known to people came when Apple Macintosh and IBM PC were released in 1983 and 1984 respectively. Apple came with MacWrite and IBM PC came with Microsoft Word. Word processing is now one of the most common general applications for personal computers.

When Windows operating system became popular in the 1990s, Microsoft Word’s popularity also grew with it. Today, Microsoft Word has become synonymous with what is called a word processor or word processing software.

Today, there is different word processing program including desktop applications, mobile apps, and cloud-based word processors. These word processors have similar terms common to them. This will lead us to chapter three.

CHAPTER 3:

WORD PROCESSING TERMINOLOGY

Almost all word processing programs share a similar vocabulary. Whether you are using Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, or Google Docs, you will encounter the same terms when working with them.

In this chapter, we shall identify popularly used word processing terminology. Let’s quickly catch up on the terms!

General terms

These are terms that are generally used in word processing. They are not commands but provide relevant information to computer users.

Application: Used in place of a program, hence, you can say a word processing application or a word processing program.

Caps lock: It is turned on when you want to type text in CAPITAL LETTERS or UPPER CASE. A light will appear on your keyboard when the caps lock is on. Press the Caps Lock key to turn it on or off.

Cursor: This is the insertion point of an item in a document. The cursor is a flashing vertical bar on the screen that indicates where entered text or objects will be placed in the document.

Dialog box: This is a boxed window that lists options. It usually appears when some specified commands such as SAVE AS, PAGE SETUP, etc., are issued.

Document: This is a file that contains text, image, table, etc., created using a word processing program. Files created with a word processor are referred to as a document.

Editing: This is the process of making changes or corrections in a document. It includes alterations to the text itself, moving or copying items to other locations, and applying formatting options to the document itself and items within it.

File extension: When a file is created with an application, it usually has two parts – the filename and the extension. The user adds the filename while the application adds the extension. The file extension is usually used to determine the program that creates a file. Examples of file extensions are .doc, .docx, .rtf, .page, etc.

Formatting: The process of formatting a document involves specifying how the document will look in its final form on the screen and when printed. Common formatting options include the font, font size, color, alignment, spacing, margins, and other properties.

Highlighting: Also called selecting. This is the act of choosing an item or group of text in a document. Before you can format an object or text, you need to first highlight such object or text. Changes to be made (deleting, formatting, etc) will only affect the selected items.

Menu bar: The menu bar appears at the top of some word processing application windows. It contains a listing of the main commands in the form of text. Menu items that are common among multiple applications include File, Edit, View, and Help. When you click on one of these items, additional options appear in a drop-down menu on the screen.

Paragraph: A new paragraph is created each time you press the ENTER key on the keyboard. A paragraph can be made up of several lines of text, a single item, or nothing.

Ribbon: Ribbon was introduced in Microsoft Word 2007 to replace the menu bar. The ribbon contains tabs and icons representing the commands to be executed in a document. These commands are handy and easier to use when compared with the menu bar.

Ruler: The rulers appear at the top and left side of a word document within the word processing window. They are used to show the position of margins, tabs, and the document.

Scroll bar: Sometimes you cannot see your entire document. The scroll bars are used to scroll up or down the screen or sideways. Scrolling is like moving a sheet of paper up or down so that you can see more of it. You can use the scroll arrows or the scroll bars on the right and bottom of your window.

Template: A template is a starting point for a document that contains initial formatting options, settings, colors, layout, and placeholders.

Toolbar: A toolbar consists of buttons that provide a shortcut way of performing a commonly used function. Microsoft Word 2007 introduced the concept of quick-access toolbar. You can customize the content of your toolbar.

Word wrap: Word wrap enables a word processor to create a multiline without you pressing the ENTER key. Whenever the cursor reaches the end of a margin it automatically jumps to the next line.

Editing terms

These are terms that relate to the commands for creating and editing documents in word processors.

Autocorrect: This feature is used to correct common typographic errors and misspelled words as you are typing. You can turn it on or off. You can also customize the words to be corrected.

Clipboard: The clipboard is a temporary holding area the computer uses for any item that has been copied or cut. When an item such as text is placed on the clipboard, it can then be pasted elsewhere in the document. Items will stay on the clipboard until they are deleted or erased.

Copy: Used to duplicate items in a document or in other documents. Copied items are placed on the clipboard until it is pasted.

Cut: This is used to move a text or object in the document or to other documents. Cut items are placed on the clipboard until it is pasted.

Find and replace: This allows you to search for a particular word or phrase and replace the same with a specified one.

Indentation: Indent is the space between the margin of the page and the text. Most word processors allow for both left and right indentation. A common use of indention is called “first line indent”. Here the first line of a paragraph is indented and the remaining lines of text lie directly against the left margin.

Paste: Copy or cut usually place the item on the clipboard. The paste is the process of taking the items on the clipboard and placing them in the current location of the insertion point.

Spelling and grammar: This utility is used to check for proper spelling and grammar as you create and edit a document. These utilities may run automatically and alert you to errors as you type using its built-in dictionaries. You can also run the spell check manually when you finished creating your document.

Tab stops: Tabs are used to control the placement of text on a page. Tab stops can be set within the ruler at the top of the word processing window. You can also set the type of the tab. Tab types include left, right, centered, and decimal. The tab type controls how the text will be aligned if it is forced to that tab stop. When the tab key is pressed on the keyboard, the cursor will move to the next tab stop location.

Table: A table is a collection of text, data, or other items that are arranged in columns and rows.

Undo and redo: Undo command is used to reverse the last action (or series of actions) that you have performed in a document. Redo does the reverse of undoing. When using the Undo and Redo commands, each item must be reversed sequentially.

Formatting terms

These are word-processing terms that help in manipulating and customizing the text in a word processing document.

Alignment: Alignment refers to the way text is arranged in the document between the margins. We have right, left, and center alignment. Justify is a type of alignment that flush the text both to the left and the right margins.

Font: A font is a set of letters and numbers of one particular typeface. The font includes not only the typeface but other characteristics such as font size and emphasis.

Footer: The footer is an area that appears at the bottom of every page in a document that can contain one or more lines of text. It is popularly used to insert the page number on each page.

Header: This is an area that appears at the top of every page in a document that can contain one or more lines of text. It can be used to insert a page number of document information.

Line spacing: Line spacing refers to the amount of white space between lines of text in a paragraph. You can choose any single, double, or 1.5 line spacing.

Margin: The margin is the white space between the edge of the page and where text or other items can be placed in your document. You can adjust the margin to increase or decrease it when working with a word processing application.

Orientation: This defines the layout of a document. A document could appear in a portrait or landscape orientation. Portrait orientation is where the height of the page is greater than the width. Landscape orientation has a greater width than height.

Page break: This is used to specify the point at which one page or section ends and another begins. You can manually insert a page break at a specific location.

Paper size: This is used to specify the page layout area or the workspace while working on a document. It is also used to determine the size of the paper a document will be printed on. There are different paper sizes in a word processor to be chosen from, including legal, letter, A4, etc.

Paragraph spacing: Paragraph spacing refers to the amount of white space that is left between paragraphs when the enter key is hit. Unlike line spacing, paragraph spacing does not affect the amount of space between lines of text, but instead, between one paragraph and the next. You can set the space before and after a paragraph.

Mailing terms

These are terms that relate to data and mailing automation in word processing.

Mail merge: Mail merge is a word processing automation that combines database software, word processors, and some e-mail programs. It is used to send the same email content to multiple recipients. Mail merge takes a standard form of e-mail and populates it with the personal information of the recipients.

Wizard: A wizard is an interactive feature in a word processor that will walk you step-by-step through a specialized process. A Wizard is specifically included in Microsoft Word for mail merging. The Mail Merge wizard provides assistance when creating letters and mailing labels from a list of names and addresses.

Printing terms

These are word processing terminology that defines the commands used to set up and print a document.

Page setup: A tool that allows you to customize the size and layout of your printable word document. The parameters to define include the paper size, margins, page orientation, and quality of print.

Print preview: Print Preview is a feature that shows you the prototype of your printed document on the screen. It displays how your document will look on a piece of paper if it were to be printed.

Print: Print is the command that enables you to print your finished document from a printer. There are features included in the print dialog box that will help you specify the print quality.

There are other terms that may not have been included in this terminology. You can encounter them in the course of using each of the word processing software. This leads us to chapter 4 where we will identify some word processing software examples.

CHAPTER 4:

In chapter 3 we discussed the terminology of word processing programs. These terms are applicable to all word processing software in the market.

In this chapter, we shall explore common word-processing software examples used by individuals and businesses.

Microsoft word

Microsoft Word is one of the most popular word-processing software examples in use today. It has a lot of features that made it the choice of many when it comes to creating and editing documents.

Mirosoft word

Microsoft word is developed by Microsoft corporation and has different versions for Mac, Windows, Android, and IOS devices. Also, you can subscribe to Microsoft 365 for the cloud version with OneDrive storage.

Microsoft Word has improved search and navigational experience. Also, you can easily collaborate with a team and work with others simultaneously are just some of the benefits. Along with that, Word gives you the ability to access, share, and work on your documents from almost anywhere.

Word also has additional visual effects, turning text into diagrams, and combining visual aspects into text documents. Some of the key features include:

  • Provision of templates for resumes and forms.
  • Reading documents with the read mode, PDF, letters, and scripts on your mobile device.
  • It enables you to save a document as a PDF file.
  • You can share your file with others and collaborate with your team.
  • Supporting editing with rich formatting.
  • Managing permission for documents
  • Creating comments in the documents.

Price: Depends on the version. The cost for 1 pc is about $166.66. Microsoft 365 personal is about $64.28 per annum and $6.43 per month.

Google docs

Google Docs is an online application that helps you to create and edit documents. It is a free word processor that is part of the G-suite applications. You can use the software to create letters, memos, reports, and other documents.

Google docs

Google docs has lots of free templates you can choose to create different types of word documents. It contains numerous fonts and images. You can use the application to create and make changes in files anywhere at any time. Some of its features are:

  • Creating and editing word documents
  • Lots of free templates
  • You can share documents online using Google Drive
  • You can convert Word docs to Google Docs
  • Accessible from a Phone, tablet, or computer.
  • You can make changes in the document in real time.
  • It offers chat and comment in the capability.
  • You can convert Google Doc files to Word files or vice versa.
  • You can search quotes, text, and images in the Google Doc Android app.
  • Supported platforms: Web, iOS, Android, and Mac.

Price: Free

Apple Pages

Apple pages is a word processing software developed by Apple computers. It is a word processor shipped with apple devices; it also allows users to create documents online.

Apple Pages

Some of its features include:

  • Beautiful and colorful photo card templates that allow you to create different documents.
  • Mail merge feature for sending a batch mailing to multiple recipients.
  • Screen view which makes it easier to view, read and edit documents on iPhone devices.
  • Language translation is made easier within your document.
  • Use scribble to turn handwritten words into text
  • Play YouTube and Vimeo videos right in Pages, without the need to open a web browser. Simply add a link, and play your web video inside your document or book.
  • Easily record, edit, and play audio directly on a page.
  • Add elegance to your mathematical equations using LaTeX or MathML notation.
  • Edit shared documents while offline, and your changes will automatically upload when your accounts are online again.

Price: Free

Corel Wordperfect

WordPerfect is one of the oldest word processing software. Developed by Corel, WordPerfect is a legendary word processor that so many uses to create documents, letters, brochures, resumes, and more. With the compatibility of over 60 file formats, including Microsoft, and powerful Reveal Codes, document control has never been easier.

WordPerfect download

The basic features of WordPerfect include:

  • The WordPerfect eBook Publisher supports EPUB format which provides compatibility with eBook devices, such as Kobo, Nook, and Sony Reader.
  • Includes Oxford concise dictionary for spelling check
  • You can open, edit, and save the latest Microsoft Office file formats in each WordPerfect Office 2021 application.
  • Have quick access to vital document statistics in WordPerfect, such as word count, character count, line count, and more.
  • Improved file stability when working on a file, opening a file, or saving a file directly to a server.
  • Import pdf files into the WordPerfect application and smoothly edit them with built-in pdf functionality.
  • Perform multiple find-and-replace actions with ease.
  • The Mail Merge Expert makes it simple to associate a data source and create mail for multiple recipients.

Price: WordPerfect Office Standard 2021 at $249.99

LibreOffice writer

LibreOffice is a powerful and free office suite. It is a successor to OpenOffice.org, used by millions of people around the world. It has a clean interface and feature-rich tools that help you unleash your creativity and enhance your productivity.

Download LibreOffice

LibreOffice includes several applications that make it the most versatile Free and Open-Source office suite on the market. Its word processor is known as LibreOffice Writer. Writer has all the features you need from a modern, full-featured word processing and desktop publishing tool.

It’s simple enough for a quick memo, but powerful enough to create complete books with contents, diagrams, indexes, and more. It has the following features:

  • It has full word processing features to allow you to create and edit different kinds of documents.
  • It is compatible with a wide range of document formats such as Microsoft Word, Open Document Format, etc.
  • You can export your document in pdf format
  • It has extensions that allow you to get more features and document templates from its website.
  • With an autocorrect dictionary, you can correct errors as you type.
  • Use the mail merge wizard to easily create mail for multiple recipients.

Price: Free

Zoho writer

Zoho Writer is a free ad powerful cloud-based word processing software in use by many. Because it is cloud-based, it can be used across all devices. It can also be used to collaborate with teammates in real time.

Explore Zoho writer

With Zoho writer, you can create elegant, inspiring documents for free. Let’s consider some of its features.

  • Easy to get started with any device. Simply visit Zoho writer and register with your email address.
  • Write across all devices from every location.
  • Write and edit documents with teammates in real time.
  • Save your documents in pdf and MS Word document formats.
  • Collaborate on content and post it directly to your WordPress or Blogger pages.
  • Contextual grammar, readability, and style suggestions.
  • Document automation and sign collection capabilities along with Zoho CRM integration.

Price: Free

WPS office writer

WPS Office writer is an example of word processing software that is available for all devices. You can download it for your PC, tablet, or mobile phone.

explore WPS office

WPS Office enables you to edit and manage Writer, Presentation, Spreadsheet, and PDF with others at the same time. It is fully compatible with Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS and supports 47 file formats and 46 languages.

Key features of this productivity program:

  • Work anywhere on any available device
  • Available on multiple platforms including Mac, Windows, Linus, Android, and IOS
  • WPS Office writer supports 15 file formats including .doc, .docx, and multiple languages.
  • It also has cloud service for easy two-way document sync across all platforms and devices.
  • Built-in applications provide you with superior features such as file format conversion, text extraction, long image output, watermark, and annotation.
  • Thousands of free and premium templates to meet your document creation needs.
  • Exclusive and excellent themes created by professional art designers to meet diverse aesthetic pursuits.

Price: Free for WPS standard. WPS premium starts at $29.99 per year.

Polaris docs

Polaris Office is a combination of tools that includes Polaris Docs. Polaris docs is a versatile word processor that is similar to the combination of Microsoft Word and Google Docs. It has versions for Windows, Mac, IOS, and Android.

Polaris Office Docs

The Polaris web office provides solutions to view and edit various document formats such as word, sheet, slides, and HWP. You can apply and deploy document viewer editing services easily with any server environment or technology.

Polaris docs is a very versatile word processing software that allows you to work on your documents wherever you are. These are some of its key features:

  • It allows multiple users to access the document from different platforms, such as PCs or mobile clients.
  • Can be used for real-time writing and editing and collaboration
  • Provides support and collaborative editing for office documents such as Word, Sheet, and Slide documents
  • Provides real-time document coediting with teammates. A URL link can be sent to the invitee for collaborative works and permission for editing granted.
  • Unified communication channels such as email, instant chat, and phone. It helps to minimize cumbersome feedback and emailing while maximizing work efficiency.

Price: Free. Polaris Office Smart $39.99/ year; Polaris Office Pro $59.99/ year. Download for Mac and Windows for 1 Pc at $79.99. Download for IOS at $39.99.

Scribus

Scribus is a free and open-source desktop publishing software. It is specially designed for typesetting, layout, and presentation of files. This app can also create PDFs and forms.

Scribus window

Though it’s a bit different from standard word processing software, you can choose one of the designed layouts. You can also set up your page, and even improve your written documents with professional-looking quality images.

With Scribus, you can also create animations that you can place directly inside your document. You can also turn your text documents into interactive PDF presentations. Basic features include:

  • Support for a user-friendly interface.
  • Support publishing features like color management and PDF creation.
  • Vector drawings capabilities
  • Supports documentation creation tools like LaText, Lilypond, etc.
  • You can import or export a huge number of files to Scribus.
  • Supports platforms like Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, PC-BSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and Haiku.

Price: Free

FocusWriter

FocusWriter is a simple, distraction-free writing environment. It utilizes a hide-away interface that you access by moving your mouse to the edges of the screen. With this feature, you can focus on the page and text. Whenever you need to use any integrated feature, simply swipe your cursor across the edges to open the hidden menu.

FocusWriter window

It’s available for Linux and Windows and has been translated into many different languages. Its key features are:

  • TXT, basic RTF, and essential ODT file support
  • Timers, alarms, and daily goals
  • Fully customizable themes and sessions
  • Has optional features like typewriter sound effects, live statistics, spell-checking, multi-document support, and a portable mode
  • Can be translated into over 20 languages

Price: Free

There are other examples of word processing software that cannot be explicitly discussed in this guide. However, you can try apps like FreeOffice TextMaker, Dropbox Paper, Grammarly, ProWritingAid, Scrivener, etc., to create a document.

This leads us to chapter 5 where we shall illustrate how to create a document.

CHAPTER 5:

CREATE WORD PROCESSING DOCUMENTS

In this chapter, I’ll show you how to create documents using word processing software. You can choose any of the above word processing software examples and create the same documents.

I’ll also show you how to compare two word documents using any of the software described above.

Now it’s time to start working with word processing software.

Examples of word processing documents

You can create different kinds of files using a word processor. For ease and elegance, you can use a built-in template in any of your selected word processor.

Examples of documents you can create with a word processing software include: memo, letter, newsletter, reports, brochure, resume, etc.

To create a document, you can start with a template or a blank document. Virtually all the cloud-based word processors have elegant templates to get started.

How to make a program in word

If you have an upcoming event, you can quickly create a program for such an event in a word processor. Depending on the nature of the program, you can use a template to speed up creation.

In this illustration, we shall use Microsoft Word template to make a program. Let’s begin with the following steps.

  1. Open Microsoft Word in the backstage view and select New. (Please, ensure that you are connected to the internet)
  2. On the search for templates box, type program, and press ENTER.

search for a template in MS Word

  1. On the search result window, select any of the program templates and click on Create. The template will download. After downloading, it will open with the template.

Edit template in MS word

  1. On the open template, make every necessary changes you want.
  2. After the necessary changes are made, share or print the document and share it with your audience.

Create a booklet in word

A booklet is a small book that has less than 50 pages. It is usually created like a book with a book cover and handles a topic or subject.

Let’s create a booklet in Microsoft Word. You can start with a blank word document or use a template. Using a template is usually easier than starting with a blank document. Follow these steps to create a booklet in Microsoft Word using a blank document.

  1. Open Microsoft Word and select Blank document in the Backstage View.
  2. In the Microsoft Word window, click the Layout tab and select Margins from the Page Setup group.

Setup margins in ms word

  1. Select Custom Margins… from the Margins dropdown menu to open the Page Setup dialog box.

setup margins

  1. In the Page Setup dialog box, do the following:
    • Set the margins appropriately. The default can do it. However, add a few inches in the Gutter box. This will create binding space on the inside.
    • Under Pages, in the Multiple pages box, select Book fold item from the list.
    • Select the Paper tab and select A4 paper size. Then click OK.
  2. Start entering text and images in the pages of your newly configured booklet document. When you are done with your writing and formatting, print your work.
  3. To print your booklet, do the following:
    • Select Print from File, or press CTRL+P on the keyboard. The print dialog window appears.
    • Change Print One Sided to Manually Print on Both Sides.
    • Load paper to printer and test run the printing by printing a few pages then flip the sheets. If both sides of the sheets are printed correctly, then continue with your booklet printing.

Print a booklet in Word manually

  1. Share or distribute your booklet to your audience.

Compare two word documents

You can compare two versions of a document to see how they differ. Though it might be tedious, especially for a long document. However, word processing software provides tools that make it easy and efficient.

In this section, I will show you how to compare two documents with Google Docs word processor.

  1. Ensure that the two documents you want to compare are uploaded to your Google drive. (See how to upload a file from your local drive)
  2. Open Google Docs and select one of the documents you want to compare in the Start a new document window.

Open document to compare in Google docs

  1. In the Open Document window, select the Tools menu. From the dropdown list, select Compare Documents.

select docs to compare in Google docs

  1. The compare documents dialog box opens.

compare docs dialog box

  1. In the compare documents window, under Select, the comparison document, select My Drive.
  2. From the dialog that appears, select the second document you want to compare. Click the Compare button.
  3. When Google Docs is done, a dialog box appears telling you that the Comparison is ready. Click the Open button to view the differences.

Compared documents and differences

  1. The comparison document opens with a suggestion box informing you on what to do. Accept the suggestion or reject it.

In Microsoft Word, you will select Review > Compare. Then, select the two documents to be compared in a dialog box that appears.

Compared documents revisions in MS Word

Review the two documents and track the changes made to the compared document.

Conclusion

I hope you found this word processing guide useful and easy to apply. Below are resources that will help you get started if you want to deepen your knowledge of Microsoft Word.

Before that, I will love to hear from you: which of the chapters do you appreciate most? Which of the word processing software most appeals to you? Looking at Microsoft Word alternatives, which one software among many would you prefer?

Whichever, please, let me know what you think by leaving a comment below.

Practice Resources

What is Microsoft Word: A Practical Overview

Creating Documents in MS Word

Paragraph Formatting in a Word Document

Inserting and Formatting Text in Word Document

Creating and Formatting Tables in Microsoft Word

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    Word Processing Software :
    The word “word processor” means it processes words with pages and paragraphs. Word processors are of 3 types which are electronic, mechanical, and software.

    The word processing software is used to apply the basic editing and design and also helps in manipulating the text to your pages whereas the word processor, is a device that provides editing, input, formatting, and output of the given text with some additional features.

    It is a type of computer software application or an electronic device. In today’s generation, the word processor has become the word processing software or programs that are running on general-purpose computers.

    Examples or Applications of a Word Processing Software :
     

    • Wordpad
    • Microsoft Word
    • Lotus word pro
    • Notepad
    • WordPerfect (Windows only),
    • AppleWorks (Mac only),
    • Work pages
    • OpenOffice Writer

    Features :
     

    1. They are stand-alone devices that are dedicated to the function.
    2. Their programs are running on general-purpose computers
    3. It is easy to use
    4. Helps in changing the shape and style of the characters of the paragraphs
    5. Basic editing like headers & footers, bullets, numbering is being performed by it.
    6. It has a facility for mail merge and preview.

    Functions :
     

    • It helps in Correcting grammar and spelling of sentences
    • It helps in storing and creating typed documents in a new way.
    • It provides the function of Creating the documents with basic editing, saving, and printing of it or same.
    • It helps in Copy the text along with moving deleting and pasting the text within a given document.
    • It helps in Formatting text like bold, underlining, font type, etc.
    • It provides the function of creating and editing the formats of tables.
    • It helps in Inserting the various elements from some other types of software.

    Advantages :
     

    • It benefits the environment by helping in reducing the amount of paperwork.
    • The cost of paper and postage waste is being reduced.
    • It is used to manipulate the document text like a report
    • It provides various tools like copying, deleting and formatting, etc.
    • It helps in recognizing the user interface feature
    • It applies the basic design to your pages
    • It makes it easier for you to perform repetitive tasks
    • It is a fully functioned desktop publishing program
    • It is time-saving.
    • It is dynamic in nature for exchanging the data.
    • It produces error-free documents.
    • Provide security to our documents.

    Disadvantages :
     

    • It does not give you complete control over the look and feel of your document.
    • It did not develop out of computer technology.

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    Word Processing

    Andrew Prestage, in Encyclopedia of Information Systems, 2003

    I. An Introduction to Word Processing

    Word processing is the act of using a computer to transform written, verbal, or recorded information into typewritten or printed form. This chapter will discuss the history of word processing, identify several popular word processing applications, and define the capabilities of word processors.

    Of all the computer applications in use, word processing is by far the most common. The ability to perform word processing requires a computer and a special type of computer software called a word processor. A word processor is a program designed to assist with the production of a wide variety of documents, including letters, memoranda, and manuals, rapidly and at relatively low cost. A typical word processor enables the user to create documents, edit them using the keyboard and mouse, store them for later retrieval, and print them to a printer. Common word processing applications include Microsoft Notepad, Microsoft Word, and Corel WordPerfect.

    Word processing technology allows human beings to freely and efficiently share ideas, thoughts, feelings, sentiments, facts, and other information in written form. Throughout history, the written word has provided mankind with the ability to transform thoughts into printed words for distribution to hundreds, thousands, or possibly millions of readers around the world. The power of the written word to transcend verbal communications is best exemplified by the ability of writers to share information and express ideas with far larger audiences and the permanency of the written word.

    The increasingly large collective body of knowledge is one outcome of the permanency of the written word, including both historical and current works. Powered by decreasing prices, increasing sophistication, and widespread availability of technology, the word processing revolution changed the landscape of communications by giving people hitherto unavailable power to make or break reputations, to win or lose elections, and to inspire or mislead through the printed word.

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    Computers and Effective Security Management1

    Charles A. Sennewald, Curtis Baillie, in Effective Security Management (Sixth Edition), 2016

    Word Processing

    Word processing software can easily create, edit, store, and print text documents such as letters, memoranda, forms, employee performance evaluations (such as those in Appendix A), proposals, reports, security surveys (such as those in Appendix B), general security checklists, security manuals, books, articles, press releases, and speeches. A professional-looking document can be easily created and readily updated when necessary.

    The length of created documents is limited only by the storage capabilities of the computer, which are enormous. Also, if multiple copies of a working document exist, changes to it should be promptly communicated to all persons who use the document. Specialized software, using network features, can be programmed to automatically route changes to those who need to know about updates.

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    Globalization

    Jennifer DeCamp, in Encyclopedia of Information Systems, 2003

    II.D.2.c. Rendering Systems

    Special word processing software is usually required to correctly display languages that are substantially different from English, for example:

    1.

    Connecting characters, as in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Hindi, and Hebrew

    2.

    Different text direction, as in the right-to-left capability required in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and Hindi, or the right-to-left and top-to-bottom capability in formal Chinese

    3.

    Multiple accents or diacritics, such as in Vietnamese or in fully vowelled Arabic

    4.

    Nonlinear text entry, as in Hindi, where a vowel may be typed after the consonant but appears before the consonant.

    Alternatives to providing software with appropriate character rendering systems include providing graphic files or elaborate formatting (e.g., backwards typing of Arabic and/or typing of Arabic with hard line breaks). However, graphic files are cumbersome to download and use, are space consuming, and cannot be electronically searched except by metadata. The second option of elaborate formatting often does not look as culturally appropriate as properly rendered text, and usually loses its special formatting when text is added or is upgraded to a new system. It is also difficult and time consuming to produce. Note that Microsoft Word 2000 and Office XP support the above rendering systems; Java 1.4 supports the above rendering systems except for vertical text.

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    Text Entry When Movement is Impaired

    Shari Trewin, John Arnott, in Text Entry Systems, 2007

    15.3.2 Abbreviation Expansion

    Popular word processing programs often include abbreviation expansion capabilities. Abbreviations for commonly used text can be defined, allowing a long sequence such as an address to be entered with just a few keystrokes. With a little investment of setup time, those who are able to remember the abbreviations they have defined can find this a useful technique. Abbreviation expansion schemes have also been developed specifically for people with disabilities (Moulton et al., 1999; Vanderheiden, 1984).

    Automatic abbreviation expansion at phrase/sentence level has also been investigated: the Compansion (Demasco & McCoy, 1992; McCoy et al., 1998) system was designed to process and expand spontaneous language constructions, using Natural Language Processing to convert groups of uninflected content words automatically into full phrases or sentences. For example, the output sentence “John breaks the window with the hammer” might derive from the user input text “John break window hammer” using such an approach.

    With the rise of text messaging on mobile devices such as mobile (cell) phones, abbreviations are increasingly commonplace in text communications. Automatic expansion of many abbreviations may not be necessary, however, depending on the context in which the text is being used. Frequent users of text messaging can learn to recognize a large number of abbreviations without assistance.

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    Case Studies

    Brett Shavers, in Placing the Suspect Behind the Keyboard, 2013

    Altered evidence and spoliation

    Electronic evidence in the form of word processing documents which were submitted by a party in litigation is alleged to have been altered. Altered electronic evidence has become a common claim with the ability to determine the changes becoming more difficult. How do you know if an email has been altered? What about a text document?

    Case in Point

    Odom v Microsoft and Best Buy, 2006

    The Odom v Microsoft and Best Buy litigation primarily focused on Internet access offered to customers in which the customers were automatically billed for Internet service without their consent. One of the most surprising aspects of this case involved the altering of electronic evidence by an attorney for Best Buy. The attorney, Timothy Block, admitted to altering documents prior to producing the documents in discovery to benefit Best Buy.

    Investigative Tips: All evidence needs to be validated for authenticity. The weight given in legal hearings depends upon the veracity of the evidence. Many electronic files can be quickly validated through hash comparisons. An example seen in Figure 11.4 shows two files with different file names, yet their hash values are identical. If one file is known to be valid, perhaps an original evidence file, any file matching the hash values would also be a valid and unaltered copy of the original file.

    Figure 11.4. Two files with different file names, but having the same hash value, indicating the contents of the files are identical.

    Alternatively, Figure 11.5 shows two files with the same file name but having different hash values. If there were a claim that both of these files are the same original files, it would be apparent that one of the files has been modified.

    Figure 11.5. Two files with the same file names, but having different hash values, indicating the contents are not identical.

    Finding the discrepancies or modifications of an electronic file can only be accomplished if there is a comparison to be made with the original file. Using Figure 11.5 as an example, given that the file having the MD5 hash value of d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e is the original, and where the second file is the alleged altered file, a visual inspection of both files should be able to determine the modifications. However, when only file exists, proving the file to be unaltered is more than problematic, it is virtually impossible.

    In this situation of having a single file to verify as original and unaltered evidence, an analysis would only be able to show when the file was modified over time, but the actual modifications won’t be known. Even if the document has “track changed” enabled, which logs changes to a document, that would only capture changes that were tracked, as there may be more untracked and unknown changes.

    As a side note to hash values, in Figure 11.5, the hash values are completely different, even though the only difference between the two sample files is a single period added to the text. Any modification, no matter how minor, results in a drastic different hash value.

    The importance in validating files in relation to the identification of a suspect that may have altered a file is that the embedded metadata will be a key point of focus and avenue for case leads. As a file is created, copied, modified, and otherwise touched, the file and system metadata will generally be updated.

    Having the dates and times of these updates should give rise to you that the updates occurred on some computer system. This may be on one or more computers even if the file existed on a flash drive. At some point, the flash drive was connected to a computer system, where evidence on a system may show link files to the file. Each of these instances of access to the file is an opportunity to create a list of possible suspects having access to those systems in use at each updated metadata fields.

    In the Microsoft Windows operating systems, Volume Shadow Copies may provide an examiner with a string of previous versions of a document, in which the modifications between each version can be determined. Although not every change may have been incrementally saved by the Volume Shadow Service, such as if the file was saved to a flash drive, any previous versions that can be found will allow to find some of the modifications made.

    Where a single file will determine the outcome of an investigation or have a dramatic effect on the case, the importance of ‘getting it right’ cannot be overstated. Such would be the case of a single file, modified by someone in a business office, where many persons had common access to the evidence file before it was known to be evidence. Finding the suspect that altered the evidence file may be simple if you were at the location close to the time of occurrence. Interviews of the employees would be easier as most would remember their whereabouts in the office within the last few days. Some may be able to tell you exactly where other employees were in the office, even point the suspect out directly.

    But what if you are called in a year later? How about 2 or more years later? What would be the odds employees remembering their whereabouts on a Monday in July 2 years earlier? To identify a suspect at this point requires more than a forensic analysis of a computer. It will probably require an investigation into work schedules, lunch schedules, backup tapes, phone call logs, and anything else to place everyone somewhere during the time of the file being altered.

    Potentially you may even need to examine the hard drive of a copy machine and maybe place a person at the copy machine based on what was copied at the time the evidence file was being modified. When a company’s livelihood is at stake or a person’s career is at risk, leave no stone unturned. If you can’t place a suspect at the scene, you might be able to place everyone else at a location, and those you can’t place, just made your list of possible suspects.

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    When, How, and Why Do We Trust Technology Too Much?

    Patricia L. Hardré, in Emotions, Technology, and Behaviors, 2016

    Trusting Spelling and Grammar Checkers

    We often see evidence that users of word processing systems trust absolutely in spelling and grammar checkers. From errors in business letters and on resumes to uncorrected word usage in academic papers, this nonstrategy emerges as epidemic. It underscores a pattern of implicit trust that if a word is not flagged as incorrect in a word processing system, then it must be not only spelled correctly but also used correctly. The overarching error is trusting the digital checking system too much, while the underlying functional problem is that such software identifies gross errors (such as nonwords) but cannot discriminate finer nuances of language requiring judgment (like real words used incorrectly). Users from average citizens to business executives have become absolutely comfortable with depending on embedded spelling and grammar checkers that are supposed to autofind, trusting the technology so much that they often do not even proofread. Like overtrust of security monitoring, these personal examples are instances of reduced vigilance due to their implicit belief that the technology is functionally flawless, that if the technology has not found an error, then an error must not exist.

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    Establishing a C&A Program

    Laura Taylor, Matthew Shepherd Technical Editor, in FISMA Certification and Accreditation Handbook, 2007

    Template Development

    Certification Packages consist of a set of documents that all go together and complement one another. A Certification Package is voluminous, and without standardization, it takes an inordinate amount of time to evaluate it to make sure all the right information is included. Therefore, agencies should have templates for all the documents that they require in their Certification Packages. Agencies without templates should work on creating them. If an agency does not have the resources in-house to develop these templates, they should consider outsourcing this initiative to outside consultants.

    A template should be developed using the word processing application that is the standard within the agency. All of the relevant sections that the evaluation team will be looking for within each document should be included. Text that will remain constant for a particular document type also should be included. An efficient and effective C&A program will have templates for the following types of C&A documents:

    Categorization and Certification Level Recommendation

    Hardware and Software Inventory

    Self-Assessment

    Security Awareness and Training Plan

    End-User Rules of Behavior

    Incident Response Plan

    Security Test and Evaluation Plan

    Privacy Impact Assessment

    Business Risk Assessment

    Business Impact Assessment

    Contingency Plan

    Configuration Management Plan

    System Risk Assessment

    System Security Plan

    Security Assessment Report

    The later chapters in this book will help you understand what should be included in each of these types of documents. Some agencies may possibly require other types of documents as required by their information security program and policies.

    Templates should include guidelines for what type of content should be included, and also should have built-in formatting. The templates should be as complete as possible, and any text that should remain consistent and exactly the same in like document types should be included. Though it may seem redundant to have the exact same verbatim text at the beginning of, say, each Business Risk Assessment from a particular agency, each document needs to be able to stand alone and make sense if it is pulled out of the Certification Package for review. Having similar wording in like documents also shows that the packages were developed consistently using the same methodology and criteria.

    With established templates in hand, it makes it much easier for the C&A review team to understand what it is that they need to document. Even expert C&A consultants need and appreciate document templates. Finding the right information to include the C&A documents can by itself by extremely difficult without first having to figure out what it is that you are supposed to find—which is why the templates are so very important. It’s often the case that a large complex application is distributed and managed throughout multiple departments or divisions and it can take a long time to figure out not just what questions to ask, but who the right people are who will know the answers.

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    Speech Recognition

    John-Paul Hosom, in Encyclopedia of Information Systems, 2003

    I.B. Capabilities and Limitations of Automatic Speech Recognition

    ASR is currently used for dictation into word processing software, or in a “command-and-control” framework in which the computer recognizes and acts on certain key words. Dictation systems are available for general use, as well as for specialized fields such as medicine and law. General dictation systems now cost under $100 and have speaker-dependent word-recognition accuracy from 93% to as high as 98%. Command-and-control systems are more often used over the telephone for automatically dialing telephone numbers or for requesting specific services before (or without) speaking to a human operator. Telephone companies use ASR to allow customers to automatically place calls even from a rotary telephone, and airlines now utilize telephone-based ASR systems to help passengers locate and reclaim lost luggage. Research is currently being conducted on systems that allow the user to interact naturally with an ASR system for goals such as making airline or hotel reservations.

    Despite these successes, the performance of ASR is often about an order of magnitude worse than human-level performance, even with superior hardware and long processing delays. For example, recognition of the digits “zero” through “nine” over the telephone has word-level accuracy of about 98% to 99% using ASR, but nearly perfect recognition by humans. Transcription of radio broadcasts by world-class ASR systems has accuracy of less than 87%. This relatively low accuracy of current ASR systems has limited its use; it is not yet possible to reliably and consistently recognize and act on a wide variety of commands from different users.

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    Prototyping

    Rex Hartson, Pardha Pyla, in The UX Book (Second Edition), 2019

    20.7 Software Tools for Making Wireframes

    Wireframes can be sketched using any drawing or word processing software package that supports creating and manipulating shapes. While many applications suffice for simple wireframing, we recommend tools designed specifically for this purpose. We use Sketch, a drawing app, to do all the drawing. Craft is a plug-in to Sketch that connects it to InVision, allowing you to export Sketch screen designs to InVision to incorporate hotspots as working links.

    In the “Build mode” of InVision, you work on one screen at a time, adding rectangular overlays that are the hotspots. For each hotspot, you specify what other screen you go to when someone clicks on that hotspot in “Preview mode.” You get a nice bonus using InVision: In the “operate” mode, you, or the user, can click anywhere in an open space in the prototype and it highlights all the available links. These tools are available only on Mac computers, but similar tools are available under Windows.

    Beyond this discussion, it’s not wise to try to cover software tools for making prototypes in this kind of textbook. The field is changing fast and whatever we could say here would be out of date by the time you read this. Plus, it wouldn’t be fair to the numerous other perfectly good tools that didn’t get cited. To get the latest on software tools for prototyping, it’s better to ask an experienced UX professional or to do your research online.

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    Design Production

    Rex Hartson, Partha S. Pyla, in The UX Book, 2012

    9.5.3 How to Build Wireframes?

    Wireframes can be built using any drawing or word processing software package that supports creating and manipulating shapes, such as iWork Pages, Keynote, Microsoft PowerPoint, or Word. While such applications suffice for simple wireframing, we recommend tools designed specifically for this purpose, such as OmniGraffle (for Mac), Microsoft Visio (for PC), and Adobe InDesign.

    Many tools and templates for making wireframes are used in combination—truly an invent-as-you-go approach serving the specific needs of prototyping. For example, some tools are available to combine the generic-looking placeholders in wireframes with more detailed mockups of some screens or parts of screens. In essence they allow you to add color, graphics, and real fonts, as well as representations of real content, to the wireframe scaffolding structure.

    In early stages of design, during ideation and sketching, you started with thinking about the high-level conceptual design. It makes sense to start with that here, too, first by wireframing the design concept and then by going top down to address major parts of the concept. Identify the interaction conceptual design using boxes with labels, as shown in Figure 9-4.

    Take each box and start fleshing out the design details. What are the different kinds of interaction needed to support each part of the design, and what kinds of widgets work best in each case? What are the best ways to lay them out? Think about relationships among the widgets and any data that need to go with them. Leverage design patterns, metaphors, and other ideas and concepts from the work domain ontology. Do not spend too much time with exact locations of these widgets or on their alignment yet. Such refinement will come in later iterations after all the key elements of the design are represented.

    As you flesh out all the major areas in the design, be mindful of the information architecture on the screen. Make sure the wireframes convey that inherent information architecture. For example, do elements on the screen follow a logical information hierarchy? Are related elements on the screen positioned in such a way that those relationships are evident? Are content areas indented appropriately? Are margins and indents communicating the hierarchy of the content in the screen?

    Next it is time to think about sequencing. If you are representing a workflow, start with the “wake-up” state for that workflow. Then make a wireframe representing the next state, for example, to show the result of a user action such as clicking on a button. In Figure 9-6 we showed what happens when a user clicks on the “Related information” expander widget. In Figure 9-7 we showed what happens if the user clicks on the “One-up” view switcher button.

    Once you create the key screens to depict the workflow, it is time to review and refine each screen. Start by specifying all the options that go on the screen (even those not related to this workflow). For example, if you have a toolbar, what are all the options that go into that toolbar? What are all the buttons, view switchers, window controllers (e.g., scrollbars), and so on that need to go on the screen? At this time you are looking at scalability of your design. Is the design pattern and layout still working after you add all the widgets that need to go on this screen?

    Think of cases when the windows or other container elements such as navigation bars in the design are resized or when different data elements that need to be supported are larger than shown in the wireframe. For example, in Figures 9-5 and 9-6, what must happen if the number of photo collections is greater than what fits in the default size of that container? Should the entire page scroll or should new scrollbars appear on the left-hand navigation bar alone? How about situations where the number of people identified in a collection are large? Should we show the first few (perhaps ones with most number of associated photos) with a “more” option, should we use an independent scrollbar for that pane, or should we scroll the entire page? You may want to make wireframes for such edge cases; remember they are less expensive and easier to do using boxes and lines than in code.

    As you iterate your wireframes, refine them further, increasing the fidelity of the deck. Think about proportions, alignments, spacing, and so on for all the widgets. Refine the wording and language aspects of the design. Get the wireframe as close to the envisioned design as possible within the constraints of using boxes and lines.

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    There
    are many different kinds of applications, all with lots of spiffy
    features.

    Word
    processing
    is the
    application that is used most often and most widely. We will start
    with it to learn about the terms and features that are common to most
    applications, as well as some that are specific to word processing.
    Then we will look at other major applications and what they do.

    Examples
    of word processing programs: Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, Lotus
    WordPro, and Open Office Writer.

    Word Processing

    Word
    processing is the most
    used computer application
    !


    It
    has replaced the typewriter as the main way words are put on paper.
    Documents can be revised and corrected before they are ever printed.
    An existing document can be used as a template,
    or pattern, for a new one. So the user doesn’t have to recreate
    standard documents from scratch each time. This is a major time-saver
    and helps keep things consistent.

    Purpose:

    • To
      produce documents

    Main
    advantage:

    • Can
      easily change what has been done

    • Can
      reuse existing documents as a template

    Steps to produce a document

    • Create

    • Edit

    • Format

    • Print

    • Save
      (often!!)

    Let’s
    look at the terms involved in these steps more closely.

    Most of
    these terms also apply to the other standard applications, so we will
    not redefine them for all.

    reate

    You
    create
    a document when you open a blank document and enter text.

    Features/Terms:

    Word
    wrap —

    Automatically
    wrapping the text to the next line so it all fits within the
    screen’s width.

    Change the size of the screen and the text
    moves to fit in the space.

    Cursor

    Symbol
    for where text will appear like:

    Enter
    text-

    Ttype
    new text

    Scrolling —

    Moving
    document around within window

    Select

    Highlight
    text, usually by dragging. Commands and keystroke combinations
    will apply to the selected material.

    Edit

    Make
    changes

    Cut

    Remove
    selection from document and store temporarily on the Clipboard,
    which is a section of computer memory. The Windows Clipboard can
    hold only one thing at a time. The Office Clipboard from Office XP
    and later versions can hold many items.

    Copy

    Duplicate
    selection onto Clipboard

    Paste

    Place
    contents of the Clipboard at cursor location

    Undo

    Reverses
    whatever change you just made

    Some
    programs will only «undo» the last change.

    Others
    keep a list and can undo more, depending on how many changes the
    program tracks.

    Insert

    Add
    text at location without overwriting existing text

    Overwrite

    Typing
    overwrites existing text, replacing whatever characters were there
    already

    Delete

    Remove
    text (not saved anywhere)

    Search

    Look
    for specific word(s) or character(s) in the document

    Replace

    Can
    replace specific word(s) or character(s) with stated text

    Template

    Document
    that serves as a pattern for a new document

    Thesaurus 

    Looks
    for synonyms for selected word

    Spelling check —

    Looks
    for spelling errors

    Grammar check —

    Looks
    for grammar/style errors (of limited help)

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    Goals

    • Students will recognize the major types of word processing programs.
    • Students will discriminate the types of problems that are best solved
      with various types of word processors.
    • Students will recognize the major tools that are available in word
      processor application programs.
    • Students will use a text editor to create and modify a simple ASCII
      text file.
    • Students will use a high end word processing program to practice
      common text formatting problems.

    Prereqs

    • Comfort with the keyboard and mouse
    • Experience with the STAIR process for solving problems
    • Familiarity with principles of data encoding
    • Familiarity with differences between hardware and software
    • Understanding of the attributes of RAM
    • Familiarity with operating systems, file names and directories

    Discussion

    Word processing is one of the most common applications for computers
    today. It would be difficult to spend a day in a modern office or
    university without coming into contact with a word processing program.
    Most people have had some contact with word processing. We shall
    examine the concept in some detail, so you will be familiar with a
    number of levels of word processing software applications, the types
    of tools such programs make available to you, and so you will know
    what kinds of problems are best solved with this type of program.

    How Word Processors Work

    The advantages of word processing programs can best be illustrated by
    thinking of some of the disadvantages of typewriters. When we use a
    typewriter to create a document, there is a direct connection between
    the keys and the paper. As soon as you press a key on the keyboard,
    there is an impact on the paper, and the document has been modified.
    If you catch a mistake quickly, you can fix it with correction tape or
    white-out. If your mistake is more than one character long, it is
    much harder to fix. If you want to add a word, move a
    paragraph, or change the margins, you have to completely retype the
    page. Sometimes this necessitates changes on other pages as well. A
    one word change could lead to retyping an entire document.

    Word processing is a type of software that focuses on the ability to
    handle text. The computer does this by assigning each letter of the
    alphabet and each other character on the keyboard a specific numeric
    code. These numeric codes are translated into computer machine language,
    and stored in the computer’s memory. Because the information is in memory,
    it is very easy to change and manipulate. This is the key to the
    success of word processing.

    Example

    Information in memory can be moved very quickly and easily. If we
    want to change a word in a document, what happens in the computer is
    something like this:

    Imagine Darlene has started out her resume with the following word:

    REUME
    

    Obviously she has forgotten a letter. If she were using a typewriter,
    the page would be trashed, and she would have to start over. Since
    this is a word processor, Darlene can manipulate the memory containing
    codes for the word «REUME» and add the «S» to it. When she tries, the
    following things happen:

    She moves her cursor to the spot in the text where she wants the S to
    show up. The «cursor» is a special mark on the screen that indicates
    at which place in the document the computer is currently focused. In this
    case, Darlene wants to put an S between the E and the U. Her word
    processor won’t let her put the cursor between two letters (although
    some will), so she puts it on the U.

    By moving the cursor, Darlene is telling the program to move around in
    memory as well. When she place her cursor on the U on the screen, she
    is telling the program to point to the corresponding spot in the
    computer’s memory. The computer is now concentrating on the memory
    cell that contains the code for the character «U».

    She checks to be sure she is in insert mode (more on that later),
    and she types the letter «S».

    When Darlene does this, the computer shifts all the letters one memory
    cell to the right, and inserts the code for the S in its proper
    place.

    Word processors and RAM

    It sounds like a lot is happening. That’s true, but computers do all
    these things so quickly that it seems instantaneous to us. You don’t
    really have to know exactly where the stuff is in memory, or how it
    gets moved around. The important thing to understand is that all the
    information in your document is stored in some kind of digital
    format in the computer’s memory. When you modify a document, you are really
    modifying the computer’s memory. A word processing program handles
    all the messy memory manipulation, so all you have to do is concentrate
    on writing your paper.

    RAM (Random Access Memory), where all the action is happening, has
    one serious drawback. It only lasts as long as the computer is receiving
    electrical power. Obviously this will cause some problems, because you
    can’t just carry a computer around to show people your documents.
    (Imagine the extension cord!) You also might run into some serious
    problems if your computer were suddenly hit by a monsoon or something,
    and you lost electrical power. In short, you cannot count on RAM memory
    alone.

    Word processing programs (as well as almost every type of program) are
    designed to allow you to copy your information. Computer scientists
    refer to the information your program is using as data. The data in
    RAM can easily be duplicated to floppy disks or a hard drive. This is
    called saving. Copying the data from RAM to a printer is called
    printing. You can also copy data from other places to RAM. Copying the data
    from the disk is referred to as loading the data. You might already
    know what saving and printing are. We don’t mean to insult you by
    telling you again. We just want to illustrate that it all boils down
    to copying binary information to and from RAM.

    Types of Word Processing Programs

    There are many flavors of word processing programs. Different
    programs are better for different types of jobs. One common problem
    is deciding which program you will use to do a certain type of job.
    It is important to know your options.

    Text Editors

    The simplest programs that do word processing are known as text
    editors. These programs are designed to be small, simple, and cheap.
    Almost every operating system made has at least one built in text
    editor. Most text editors save files in a special format called
    ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange — Whew!)
    ASCII is a coding convention that almost all computers understand.
    Each letter is assigned a numeric value that will fit in eight digits
    of binary notation. «a» is 97 in ASCII, and «A» is 65. All the
    numeric digits, and most punctuation marks also have numeric values in
    ASCII. You certainly don’t need to memorize all the codes, (That’s
    the text editor’s job.) but you should recognize the word « ASCII».
    The biggest advantage of this scheme is that almost any program
    can read and write ASCII text.

    Text editors can be wonderful programs. The biggest advantage is the
    price. There is probably already one or more installed on your
    computer. You can find a number of text editors for free on the
    Internet. Text editors are generally very easy to learn. Since they don’t
    do a lot of fancy things, they are generally less intimidating than
    full fledged word processor packages with all kinds of features.
    Finally, text editors are pretty universal. Since they almost all use
    the ASCII standard, you can read a text file written on any text
    editor with just about any text editor. This is often not the case
    when using fancier programs.

    The ability to write ASCII text is the biggest benefit of text
    editors. ASCII is also the biggest disadvantage of most text editors.
    It is a very good way of storing text information, but it has no way
    of handling more involved formatting. Text editors generally do not
    allow you to do things like change font sizes or styles, spell
    checking, or columns. (If you don’t know what those things are, stay
    tuned. We will talk about them later in this chapter.)

    Text editors aren’t all simple, though. Text editors are actually the
    workhorses of the computing world. Most computer programs and web
    pages are written with specialized text editors, and these programs
    can be quite involved. You won’t need to learn any hard-core text editors
    for this class, but you may end up learning one down the road.

    If all you want to do is get text written, and you aren’t too
    concerned about how fancy it looks, text editors are fine. (In fact,
    this book was written entirely in emacs, a unix-based text editor.)

    Common text editor programs:

    • Windows: Notepad
    • Macintosh: SimpleText
    • Linux: vi, emacs
    • Multi-platform: notepad++, jedit, synedit, many more

    Integrated Packages

    Frequently these software packages are included when a person buys a
    new computer system. An integrated package is a huge program that
    contains a word processor, a spreadsheet, a database tool, and other
    software applications in the same program. (Don’t worry if you don’t
    know what a spreadsheet or a database is. We’ll get there soon
    enough!) An integrated application package is kind of like a «Swiss
    army knife» of software.

    The advantages of an integrated package derive from the fact that all
    the applications are part of the same program, and were written by the
    same company. It should be relatively easy to use the parts of an
    integrated package together. These programs tend to be smaller, older
    versions of larger programs, so they might be less complicated to use.
    Since they were presumably written together, they should all have the
    same general menu structure, and similar commands. (The command to
    save a file would be the same set of keystrokes in all the programs,
    for example.) Integrated packages are often designed with casual
    users in mind. This might make them easier to use than more robust
    programs. The word processor built into an integrated package is
    probably more powerful than a typical text editor. Integrated
    packages are often already installed on new computers, so they might
    not cost you any more than the original purchase price of the
    computer. The word processor on an integrated package will almost
    certainly give you some features you would not expect to find on plain
    text editors.

    Integrated packages have some disadvantages. With the advent of
    graphic user interfaces and modern operating systems, programs have
    become more and more standard even if they were written by completely
    different companies. Almost every program for Windows uses Alt-F-S to
    save, for example. Also, as in the Swiss army knife analogy, the
    programmers had to make some compromises in order to make all the
    applications fit in one program. A Swiss army knife does contain a
    saw, but if you had to cut down a tree, wouldn’t you rather use a real
    saw? The programs in an integrated package are usually stripped down
    or older versions of the company’s high end software. They certainly
    have fewer features, and might be less friendly. Word processing
    programs that are part of integrated packages generally have their own
    special code for storing text information, although they can usually
    read and write ASCII as well. (However, if you choose to save in
    ASCII, you cannot save all the special formatting commands).

    Common Integrated Packages:

    • Microsoft Works
    • Lotus Works
    • Claris Works

    Today the trend is to package all the high-level programs together, so
    MS-Office and OpenOffice.org both contain fully-featured Word
    Processors, Databases, Spreadsheets, and more.

    High-End Word Processors

    Word processing programs have evolved a great deal from the early
    days of computing. A modern word processing program can do many
    things besides simply handling text.

    Since the early ’90s, most word processors feature a WYSIWYG
    interface. WYSIWYG (pronounced «whizeewig») stands for «What You See
    Is What You Get.» This means that the screen will look reasonably
    like the printed document. This feature is important because the
    real strength of word processors is in the formatting they allow.
    Formatting is the manipulation of characters, paragraphs, pages, and
    documents. Most of the word processor features we will discuss below
    are various ways of formatting the text, or changing the way it looks
    on the page. Formatting was possible before WYSIWYG, but it required
    more imagination from the writer, because you couldn’t see the effects
    of the formatting until you printed out the document.

    Modern word processors also are designed to have numerous features for
    advanced users. Since a large portion of most people’s computer time
    is spent with a word processing program, it is important that these
    programs have features to make editing documents easier. Some of the
    additional features that one can expect to find on a modern word
    processor are spelling and grammar checkers, ability to handle
    graphics, tables, and mathematical formulas, and outline editors. The
    word processing market is a very competitive one, and the major
    software companies are always competing to have the word processor
    with the most advanced features available.

    Software companies are also interested in making their programs as
    easy to learn as possible. With this goal in mind, most word
    processors come with tutorial programs, extensive on-line help, and
    clear menus.

    These full featured word processors sound wonderful, and they are.
    You might wonder if they have any drawbacks. Of course they do.
    Word processing programs as have been described often cost hundreds of
    dollars. The cost seems prohibitive for something that doesn’t even
    have a physical presence! Many of the features of full-fledged
    word processors are not needed by casual users. Sometimes the sheer
    number of unneeded features can be intimidating. Using a full-power
    word processor just to write a couple of letters a week is like
    killing flies with a chain saw. You simply might not need that much
    power to do the job properly. High end word processing programs
    almost always save documents in special proprietary codes rather than
    as ASCII code. This means the programs can save all the special
    formatting that ASCII cannot handle (like font sizes, columns,
    graphics, and so on.) It also means that if you write a document in
    WordPerfect, you may not be able to read it in Word. Even
    different versions of the same program might not be able to read each
    other’s documents directly. There are ways you can work around this
    problem, but you should know it exists.

    High-end Word Processing Packages:

    • WordPerfect
    • Microsoft Word
    • OpenOffice.org Write

    Ironically, there is now a trend away from WYSIWYG towards
    «semantic markup.» The idea is not to put all the formatting details
    in place, but to explain the meaning of the text in the document. The
    actual markup of each meaning is defined in a separate document. For
    example, here’s the semantic markup of this paragraph:

    <p class = "update">
    Ironically, there is now a trend away from WYSIWYG towards
    "semantic markup."  The idea is not to put all the formatting details
    in place, but to explain the meaning of the text in the document. The
    actual markup of each meaning is defined in a separate document.  For
    example, here's the semantic markup of this paragraph:
    </p>
    

    In another part of the document I describe how to format «updates»:

      .update {
        border: 1px black solid;
        background-color: #FFFFCC;
        padding-left: .5em;
      }
    

    It’s completely OK if you don’t understand any of the code. The
    important idea is how markup can be separated from meaning.

    Desktop Publishing

    Another classification of programs you should know about has an
    uncertain future. These programs are called desktop publishing
    applications. Desktop publishing takes text that has already been
    created, and applies powerful formatting features to that text.
    Traditionally, applications that allowed the integration of text and
    graphics, and allowed the development of style sheets were thought of
    as desktop publishing. Such a program makes it easy to create other
    kinds of documents rather than just plain pages. With a desktop
    publisher, there are already style sheets developed to help you create
    pamphlets, cards, signs, and other types of documents that you wouldn’t
    be able to create on a typewriter.

    The higher end word processing programs give you most of the features
    you could want in a desktop publishing program. It is possible to do
    many of the same things. Desktop Publishers are still very popular in
    certain specialty fields (graphic arts, printing, and publishing,) but
    the effects can be duplicated with skillful use of a word processing
    program.

    Common Desktop Publishing programs:

    • Pagemaker
    • Microsoft Publisher

    Sign / Banner Programs

    Another level of desktop publishing that has become very popular is
    the advent of specialty printing programs such as «The Print Shop» or
    «Print Master +». These programs are designed specifically to help the
    user create signs, banners, and greeting cards. They are very easy to
    use, and much less expensive than full-feature desktop publishing
    applications, but again the effects can be duplicated with a higher
    end word processor.

    How Do You Choose Which Word Processor You Use?

    As always, the critical question is: «What kinds of problems are you
    trying to solve?» For most beginners, the lower end word processor
    that came with their computer is a fine start. If it does what you
    need, and you are happy with it, don’t spend money unnecessarily.
    Many people find that if they do a lot of writing, they begin to yearn
    for the features of a more powerful word processing program. As you
    gain experience, you will find a favorite program and learn its
    commands and idiosyncrasies well. You will find if you concentrate on
    the concepts, that all word processors of a certain level are pretty
    much the same, although the exact layout and command structure may
    differ. You will also probably discover if you do a lot of writing
    with the computer that you have several programs you use
    interchangeably. A skilled computer user often chooses the program to
    solve a specific problem much like a golfer chooses a different club
    for each type of shot. Sometimes a text editor is sufficient, and
    sometimes only the best, most powerful, and most expensive program
    will do the job properly. Learning what is best for you is part of
    the process.

    Layout of Word Processors

    Word processing programs of any type usually share the most basic
    features. They universally reserve most of the screen for the text
    being edited. Most word processing programs also contain a
    menu structure with most of the programs commands available in a
    hierarchical organization scheme. Many word processors have graphic
    toolbars with icons representing the most critical commands. Almost
    all such programs have scroll bars or some other mechanism for
    allowing the user to move around in large documents. All word
    processors also have a cursor, which is usually a small box or line,
    which shows the user where in the document she is currently typing.

    Commands Available In Most Word Processing Programs:

    Different types of word processing programs will have different
    commands available. Generally, text editors have the fewest commands.
    More complex programs often start with the same types of commands and
    add to them. Commands may be available in a number of ways; by
    locating them on the menu system, by looking up shortcut keys, or by
    pressing an icon on a graphic tool bar. If in doubt, utilize the
    on-line help to locate the command you want.

    File Handling Commands

    Any level of text editor or word processor will have commands to save,
    load, and print your text. These commands are so frequent that you
    will usually see many ways to invoke them.

    Save Document
    Allows you to save your document onto some kind of disk.
    If you have already saved this document at least once, it will save
    the document to the same drive, directory, and file name you used last
    time. Saving a document really means making a copy of the codes in
    memory that represent the document, and copying those codes onto a
    disk file. If you have never given this document a name, a Save
    command often acts like a Save As. (see below) You might also look for
    a Write command, a picture of a disk, or a Save As command.
    Save As…
    Often you will see this command in addition to a save command. There
    is a subtle difference between the two commands. Save As {it always}
    asks you for the name and location of your file. Most of the time,
    the Save command does not ask for this information. If the Save
    command does not know what to call the file (because you have never
    saved it before) it will automatically invoke a Save As. The only
    time you absolutely must use a Save As is when you want to load a
    file, make some changes to it, and save it as a NEW file with a
    DIFFERENT name. If you use the Save command, the new changes will be
    written on top of the old document. With Save As, you can force the
    changed document to be in a new file. This really doesn’t happen very
    much. Many people spend their whole lives using nothing but Save.
    Load or Open
    You will almost always see a command that allows you to open or load a
    document. These terms usually mean the same thing. You will usually
    get some sort of a dialog box asking you for the directory and file
    name of a text document, and the program goes to the disk, grabs the
    file, and loads it into the editing area of the screen. (Actually, it
    loads the file into memory, and then shows a copy of the memory onto
    the screen.)
    Print
    A print command takes the document and copies it to the printer.
    Obviously, for this to work, you must have a printer attached to your
    machine. There are occasional variations to this command. You might
    get a dialog box that asks you which pages to print, how many copies you
    want, which printer you want to use (if more than one is set up on
    your computer), and so on. You might also see a Print Preview command
    that shows a picture of what the page will look like when printed.
    This is especially useful when you are using a program that does not
    support WYSIWYG.

    Editing Commands and Block Manipulation

    There are a number of commands you will find on nearly any word
    processor that enable you to manipulate text in special ways.
    Frequently you will find these commands on an Edit menu. The editing
    commands are based on a concept called block manipulation.

    Block manipulation simply means taking a «chunk» of text and marking
    it in some way so it can be treated as one unit. Once a block of text
    is marked as such, it can be deleted or manipulated easily.

    Marking a Block
    Many modern programs allow you to mark a block of text with the mouse.
    Simply point the mouse at the beginning of the text you want to mark,
    hold down the mouse button, and drag to the end of the block. You
    will probably see the text you have dragged over change color. Some
    programs put highlighted text in inverse video. Many programs also
    allow you to select text with the Shift key and the arrow keys in
    combination. This is sometimes more precise than the mouse
    techniques. Some older programs require you to move the cursor to the
    beginning of the text, mark it as the beginning of a block, move to
    the end of the text you want to manipulate, and mark it as the end of
    the block. Learn how your program does it. It is worth the effort.
    Copying a Block
    You will usually find some kind of command called Copy. It only works
    after you have marked a block of text. Copy by itself doesn’t do
    anything on the screen, but it is still a very important command.
    What it does is to take the block of text and make a copy of it in a
    special part of memory called the clipboard (or sometimes the buffer).
    The copy command does not change the original text; it just places a
    copy of the text in the clipboard.
    Cutting a Block
    Cutting is very similar to copying. You must start by marking a block
    of text. When you activate a cut command, the original block will
    disappear. It isn’t gone forever, though. A copy of it has been made
    in the clipboard.
    Pasting a Block
    The paste command doesn’t make much sense until you have cut or copied
    a block of text into the clipboard. The paste command copies the
    contents of the clipboard into the document at whatever point the
    cursor was sitting when the paste command was activated.
    How Block Manipulation Works
    These commands really need to be used together to be useful. Which
    ones you use depend on the kind of problem you are trying to solve.
    If you had to write «I will not talk out in class» 100 times, you
    might write the phrase once, mark it as a block, copy it, and then
    paste it 99 times.

    If you have written a document and realize that the last line really
    belongs at the beginning of the document, you might mark the line you
    want to move as a block, cut the block move the cursor to the
    beginning of the document, and activate the paste command.

    Formatting Commands

    Another set of commands are found less frequently on text editors, but
    are common on higher-level word processors. These commands are for
    formatting various elements of a document. You may find a format
    menu. Many of these commands also are available on toolbars.

    Formatting a Character

    A character is one letter or other symbol. There are many ways to
    format characters in word processing programs. It is possible to make
    characters bold, italic, underlined, or perhaps some other attribute.
    Not all word processors will do all these things, but most will do
    bold, italic, and underline. Often you activate the command by
    choosing it from a menu, clicking on a toolbar icon, or activating a
    key sequence. Once you have started the command, anything you type
    will be typed in that style. When you want to go back to standard
    letters, you activate the same command again. Commands that turn off
    and on like this are called toggles, because they are reminiscent of
    toggle switches. Many word processors allow you to enter the text
    without any format, then to select a set of characters as a block
    (like you did to copy and paste), then to activate the command.
    Experiment with your word processor to see how it works.

    Word processors that feature WYSIWYG frequently support the use of
    fonts. A font is defined in computing as a combination of a special
    character set and type size. In the typewriter world, you were pretty
    much stuck with the size and style of letters the typewriter came
    with. Some of the later typewriters had the characters on a ball you
    could change, but you still had very little control of exactly how the
    letters looked. In a modern word processing application, you have a
    great deal of control. You can choose different type faces that look
    like script, handwriting, Old English, or whatever. After you have
    chosen a basic look for your letters, you can choose what size the
    letters are.

    Fonts are measured by typesetters in points. 72.25 points is
    equivalent to an inch. Most standard text is 10 points. A newspaper
    headline might be 200 points. You may be able to control other
    attributes of each letter, such as its color, a shadow, and other advanced
    features.

    Formatting Paragraphs}

    Most writing is organized into paragraphs. These divisions make a
    document easier to read. There are ways you can control how
    paragraphs look on the screen. You can control how your program
    handles indention. You can often force the computer to indent the
    first line of every paragraph automatically. You can also frequently
    control the line spacing inside the paragraph, the amount of spacing
    between paragraphs, and the justification.

    Justification refers to how the text is lined up between the margins.
    Most documents created with a typewriter or word processor are
    left-justified. That means that the left margin is lined up perfectly, but
    the right margin is a little ragged. The computer keeps track of the
    right margin for you when you use a word processor, so you don’t have
    to press the «Enter» key at the end of every line (in fact you
    shouldn’t press «Enter» at the end of every line. The only time you
    should press «Enter» is when you want to end a paragraph!) The
    automatic process the computer uses to send text to the next line is
    called word wrap. If you want to have the right margin line up
    cleanly, but let the left one be a little ragged (Maybe as you type
    the return address and date of a business letter) you can choose a
    right justify command. If you look at books and magazines, you will
    see that both the right and left columns are justified. Many word
    processors will allow you to justify both margins. This works by
    adjusting the amount of space between letters and words so the margins
    work out perfectly. The computer does it automatically when you ask
    it to do so. Another form of justification is centering. When you
    center a line, you tell the program to give it equal left and right
    margins, regardless of the length of the line. Centering is useful
    for headlines, but is often distracting when used for body text.

    The other major element of a document is the page. There are some
    page formatting commands you should be able to find in any word
    processor as well. You will probably have some way to adjust the
    margins of the page. Note that there are top and bottom margins, as
    well as left and right margins.

    You can also frequently find some kind of header/footer command.
    Headers and footers are special areas at the top and bottom,
    respectively, of the page. These areas are not used for regular text,
    but reserved for special things like a title at the top of every page,
    page numbers, and footnotes. You will have to experiment a little
    to see how your word processor handles these features, but they are
    well worth learning. You will never go back to the old way of writing
    footnotes once you have mastered using footers to automate the
    process.

    One more page formatting command you might find useful is page
    orientation. Many word processors allow you to choose how information
    is printed on the page. The «up and down» orientation we are used to
    seeing on typewritten documents is called portrait mode. (If you
    think about painted portraits, they are usually up-and-down rectangles.)
    When your document is printed «sideways» it is referred to as landscape
    mode. (Landscape paintings are often oriented in this way.)

           __________
           |  ___   |       ________________
           | /o o  |       |              |
           ||  L  | |       |    /WWW     |
           ||___/| |       |  /          |
           |    /  |       |/            |
           |_/_____|       |______________|
           Portrait             Landscape
             mode                 mode
    

    Most of the time you should use portrait mode, but sometimes landscape
    mode is appropriate, especially when you are doing something special
    like tables, graphics, or fancy desktop publishing.

    Commands Found in More Advanced Programs

    High-End Formatting Tools

    There are a few more elaborate formatting tools generally found
    only in the higher end word processors. These tools border on desktop
    publishing, and allow you better control of your document. You
    probably won’t use them every day, but they are wonderful when you
    need them.

    Tables
    On a typewriter, creating a table required judicious use of the TAB
    key and very careful planning. Most advanced word processors allow
    you to create tables very easily. You can usually select the number
    of rows and columns, change the size and format of rows and columns,
    and easily copy and paste specific cells. The table tool is worth
    learning.
    Columns
    Sometimes you will want to have a page formatted into two or more
    vertical columns. This was quite tedious on a typewriter, but there
    is usually some kind of tool to make column creation easier on a
    modern word processor.
    Lists
    You will frequently find tools for making lists. Lists can have
    automatic numbering (like an outline) or each list item might have a
    small icon marking, called a bullet. Most modern word processing
    programs have some kind of tool to make list management easier.
    Graphics
    Most high-end word processing programs enable you to incorporate
    graphics into text documents with relative ease. Often they
    incorporate small painting programs so you can generate your own
    graphics as well. To make graphics and text easier to work with, many
    word processing programs include frames, which are boxes on the screen
    that can hold text and graphics. When you mix text and graphics on a
    page, you may want to investigate frames in the on-line help so you can
    have more control over how the text and graphics interact.

    Composition Tools

    Many word processors have other advanced features that help a writer
    with the mechanics of writing properly. These tools can be
    instrumental in avoiding common writing mistakes.

    Spell Checking
    A spell checker is a program that looks at a document and compares
    each word in the document to an electronic dictionary. If it finds
    the word in the dictionary, it moves on to the next word. If it does
    not find the word, it stops and asks the user for guidance. Good
    spell checkers try to guess what word the user was trying to type and
    make suggestions. Even if you are a very good speller, you should get
    in the habit of running your materials through a spell checker. It is
    a quick and relatively painless way to keep typos from marring your
    paper.

    Keep in mind that spelling checkers are not perfect, and they cannot
    catch every mistake. The following poem excerpt points out the
    problem:

    				Ode To The Spell Checker
    
                                 I have a spelling checker. 
                                  It came with my PC. 
                              It plane lee marks four my revue, 
                               Miss steaks aye can know sea. 
                                Eye ran this poem threw it, 
                                Your sure reel glad two no. 
                               Its vary polished in it's weigh, 
                                My checker tooled me sew. 
    
        

    (This poem can be found in its entirety at:
    http://selma.ucd.ie/~pdurkin/Jokes/spellcheck.html It is attributed
    to Jerry Zar, the Dean of the Graduate School, NW Ill. U)

    Grammar Checkers
    There are also tools available on most high end word processors that
    will check your grammar for common mistakes. Grammar checkers are
    wonderful at catching mechanical problems like incomplete sentences
    and subject-verb agreement. Grammar tends to be more subjective
    than spelling, so the advice of a grammar checker might or might not
    be useful to you. It is worth running to check your mistakes, but it
    will never replace the lessons you learned from your English teachers
    or a skilled editor. When grammar checkers first came on the market,
    a reporter tried testing the Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln.
    The program gave the speech extremely poor marks. Many people
    consider it to be one of the most beautiful passages of American
    English ever. Use a grammar checker if you have one, but also use
    your judgment.
    Outline Editors
    These features allow you to organize your thoughts in outline format.
    The advantage is that you can choose to see only your main ideas or
    headings, and have all the text hidden. This feature allows you to
    move the main headings around and all the text associated with the
    headings will automatically move appropriately. If you are going to
    do term papers or other serious writing, you should investigate this
    feature.

    Vocabulary/Important Ideas

    Word Processing
    A type of software that specializes in handling text. Word processing
    programs typically contain commands for handling and formatting text
    documents.
    Insert/Overwrite Modes
    Most word processors allow you to choose one of these modes. When you
    are in {bf insert} mode, any text you type is inserted into the
    document at the cursor position. {it Overwrite} mode also types text
    at the cursor position, but it writes over the top of existing text,
    much like a typewriter with correcting tape. Most experienced word
    processor users prefer insert mode for most of their work.
    Text Editors
    A classification of word processing software characterized by its low
    cost, ready availability, tendency to work only in ASCII format, and
    inability to do high-powered formatting.
    ASCII
    American Standard C}ode for Information
    Interchange. A standard convention used to encode text, numbers, and
    common punctuation in numeric format so they can be stored in a
    computer’s memory. Nearly all computers and programs can work with
    some form of ASCII. Text editors are designed especially to work with
    ASCII-based documents.
    Integrated Packages
    Programs that contain all the major applications within one «super
    application». These programs are useful, but often lack some of the
    more advanced features of full-fledged application packages.
    WYSIWYG
    What You See is What You Get.
    A capability often found on higher-level word processing
    programs. The screen mimics the output of the printer, so the typist
    can see pretty much what the final output of the document will be.
    Proprietary
    The term {it proprietary} is frequently used when discussing software to
    denote a certain idea that is particular to a specific brand of
    software. When a program uses a proprietary scheme to save word
    processing documents, for example, other programs may not be able to
    read these documents without some kind of translation.
    Desktop Publishing
    A classification of word processing software that concentrates on
    incorporation of graphics, powerful formatting, and development of
    complex styles including newsletters, signs, and pamphlets.
    Style Sheet
    In desktop publishing, a template that specifies how a certain type of
    document will be created. Style sheets are used to define a uniform
    look and feel for documents of the same general type. For example, a
    company might issue a standard style sheet for intra-corporation
    memoranda. Many high-end word processors incorporate this feature.
    Sometimes style sheets are referred to as templates.
    Scroll Bars
    Horizontal or vertical bars which indicate the cursor position in a
    document. Usually scroll bars can be used with the mouse to
    facilitate moving through the document.
    Cursor
    A small mark on the screen, usually a rectangle, underline, or
    I-shaped design. The cursor indicates the exact position within the document
    (and memory) where any commands and typing will be executed.
    Save
    The Save command saves a document without prompting for the file
    name, unless the file has never been saved before. If this is the
    case, it invokes a Save As command instead.
    Save As
    This command always prompts for a file name. It is used when
    you want to save the changes to file without changing the file already
    saved on the disk.
    Load (or Open)
    This command prompts the user for a file name, then loads the document
    into the application.
    Print
    A print command is used to send a copy of the document to the
    printer.
    Print Preview
    This command is especially useful in non-WYSIWYG environments. It
    allows you to see a preview of the document exactly as it will be
    printed. It is often a good idea to invoke this command before you
    print a document, to be sure it will turn out exactly as you plan.
    Block Manipulation
    The process of defining a section of text so it can be copied, pasted,
    or otherwise manipulated as one unit.
    Copy
    A copy command takes a block of text and copies it to a memory
    buffer without removing the original text. Used to it
    duplicate sections of a document.
    Cut
    This command copies a block of text to a memory buffer, and removes
    the original text from the document. Used to {it move} sections of a
    document.
    Paste
    This command takes the block of text last placed in the buffer by a
    cut or copy command, and inserts it into the document at the current
    cursor position.
    Formatting
    The process of defining how a document will look. Formatting can
    occur at the character level, as well as at the paragraph and page
    level.
    Character Attributes
    The special modifications to letters, such as {bf boldface} and {it
    italic}
    Font
    The combination of character set and size that defines how an
    individual character looks. Most word processing packages allow the
    user to choose from many fonts.
    Toggle
    A command is referred to as a {it toggle} if repeated execution of
    the command causes something to switch between two modes. Insert
    and Overwrite modes are good examples of toggles. Often character
    attributes are also considered toggles.
    Point
    A point is a type setter’s measurement of character size. Officially,
    there are 72.25 points to an inch.
    Justification
    The way the lines of text are arranged on the page. The usual options
    are left-justified, right-justified, centered, and both-justified.
    Left-Justified
    The text is lined up so that the left margin is even. The right
    margin will not be even in left-justified text.
    Right-Justified
    The text is lined up so that the left margin is ragged, but the right
    margin is even. Often used to line up dates and return addresses on
    business letters.
    Both-Justified
    The text is lined up so that both the left and right margins are lined
    up, as in a newspaper or magazine.
    Centered
    The text is lined up with an equal distance from the left and right
    margins. Usually used in headlines.
    Word Wrap
    A behavior of word processing programs which automatically moves words
    too large to fit the current line onto a new line. Eliminates the
    need to press «return» at the end of each line.
    Headers, Footers
    Special areas at the top and bottom of word processing documents.
    These sections are reserved for information that will appear on {it
    each page} of the document. Usually page numbers, document name, or
    document author will be in the header/footer area. The footer is
    also useful for holding footnotes.
    Landscape Mode
    Documents in this mode print the long part of the page horizontally, as
    in a landscape painting.
    Portrait Mode
    Documents in this mode print the long part of the page vertically,
    as in a portrait painting.
    Table
    A section of a document organized into rows and columns. Higher-end
    word processors often have a number of tools to help make tables
    easier to create and manage.
    Column
    Vertical separation of text into two or more sections. Newspapers and
    newsletters are often arranged in columns. High-end word processing
    programs and desktop publishing programs usually include some tools to
    make column manipulation easier.
    Spell Checker
    A feature of higher-end word processing programs that compares each
    word in a document to a dictionary of proper spellings. Most spell
    checkers «guess» which word the user was trying to type and give the
    user some guesses to choose from.
    Grammar Checker
    A feature in word processing programs that checks a document for
    common grammatical errors. Grammar checkers can also grade documents
    for readability and complexity. Sometimes grammar checkers are
    separate programs.
    Outline Editors
    A feature or program that easily enables the user to create and
    manipulate outlines. Most of these programs allow you to hide the
    body text so you can see and modify the subject headings. The
    associated body text is automatically moved with the appropriate heading.

    Summary

    Word processing programs are a type of software that make
    it easier to create and modify text documents. Word Processing
    applications are organized into a number of categories according to
    their complexity: Simple programs that manipulate ASCII are called
    Text Editors. More complex programs that feature formatting commands
    are called Word Processors. Some word processors are included in
    integrated application packages, which also feature other application
    programs. Such packages are convenient, but may not have all the
    features of larger programs. Full-featured word processing programs
    contain many options for formatting text and documents. They also
    might contain special utilities for more complex formatting and
    composition. Desktop publishing programs are designed for more
    complex formatting, especially the integration of text and graphics.

    Most word processing programs contain the same types of commands,
    although the exact ways to access these commands may vary. You will
    almost always see file handling commands, including commands to Load,
    Save, Save As, and Print. Frequently, you will also see commands for block
    manipulation, including Copy, Cut, and Paste. More advanced programs
    may contain special commands for formatting characters and paragraphs,
    as well as other commands to deal with tables, columns, and lists.
    The fanciest word processing programs may also contain commands to
    assist with composition, such as spelling and grammar checkers and
    outline editors.

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