Word prefixes for numbers

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Numeral or number prefixes are prefixes derived from numerals or occasionally other numbers. In English and many other languages, they are used to coin numerous series of words. For example:

  • unicycle, bicycle, tricycle (1-cycle, 2-cycle, 3-cycle)
  • dyad, triad (2 parts, 3 parts)
  • biped, quadruped (2 legs, 4 legs)
  • September, October, November, December (month 7, month 8, month 9, month 10)[A]
  • decimal, hexadecimal (base-10, base-16)
  • septuagenarian, octogenarian (70-79 years old, 80-89 years old)
  • centipede, millipede (around 100 legs, around 1000 legs)

In many European languages there are two principal systems, taken from Latin and Greek, each with several subsystems; in addition, Sanskrit occupies a marginal position.[B] There is also an international set of metric prefixes, which are used in the metric system and which for the most part are either distorted from the forms below or not based on actual number words.

Table of number prefixes in English[edit]

In the following prefixes, a final vowel is normally dropped before a root that begins with a vowel, with the exceptions of bi-, which is bis- before a vowel, and of the other monosyllables, du-, di-, dvi-, tri-, which are invariable.

The cardinal series are derived from cardinal numbers, such as the English one, two, three. The multiple series are based on adverbial numbers like the English once, twice, thrice. The distributive series originally meant one each, two each or one by one, two by two, etc., though that meaning is now frequently lost. The ordinal series are based on ordinal numbers such as the English first, second, third (for numbers higher than 2, the ordinal forms are also used for fractions; only the fraction 1⁄2 has special forms).

For the hundreds, there are competing forms: those in -gent-, from the original Latin, and those in -cent-, derived from centi-, etc. plus the prefixes for 1–9.

The same suffix may be used with more than one series:

primary secondary tertiary quartary quintary sextary — — nonary —
singulary binary ternary, trinary quaternary quinary senary septenary octonary novenary denary
Number Latin prefixes Greek prefixes[C] Sanskrit[B]
prefixes
Cardinal Multiple Distributive Ordinal Cardinal Multiple,
proportional, or
quantitative		 Ordinal
0 nulli- nullesim- meden-, ouden-  — medeproto-, oudeproto- shūnya-
1⁄12 unci-[1]  – For fractions, Greek uses ordinals (i.e. dodecato-)  –
1⁄8 octant-  –  –  – As above; ogdoö–  –
1⁄6 sextant-  –  –  – As above; hecto-  –
1⁄5 quintant-  –  –  – As above; Pempto–  –
1⁄4 quadrant-  –  –  – As above; tetarto–  –
1⁄3 trient-  –  –  – As above; trito–  –
1⁄2 semi-  – demi-[D]  – hemi- («half»)[a]  –  –  –
3⁄4 dodrant-  –  –  –  –  –
1 uni-[b]
sol-[E][c]		 sim-[F] singul- prim- mono- («one», «alone»)[d]
holo- («entire», «full»)[e]
hen-[G] rare		 mono- («one, alone»)
hapax- («once»)
haplo-[G] («single»)
monad- («one of a kind», «unique», «unit»)		 prot-[2][f]

protaio- («[every] first day»)

eka- [3]
1+1⁄4  – quasqui-[g]  –  –  –  –  –  –
1+1⁄2  – sesqui-[h]  –  –  –  –  –  –
2 du- bi-, bis-[i] bin- second- di-, dy-,[4] duo-, dyo- dis-[5] («twice») common
dyakis- («twice») rare
diplo- («double»)
dyad- («two of a
kind»)		 deuter-[6][j]
deuteraio- («[every] second day»)		 dvi-[7]
3 tri-[k] ter- tern-, trin- terti- tri-[l] tris-[8] («thrice») common
triakis- («thrice») rare
triplo- («triple»)
triad- («three of a kind»)		 trit-[9] («third»)[m]
tritaio- («[every] third day») 		tri-[10]
4 quadri-, quadru-[H] quater-[11] quatern-[12] quart-[13] tetra-, tessara- tetrakis- («four times»)
tetraplo- («quadruple»)
tetrad- («four of a kind»)[n]		 tetarto- («fourth»)
tetartaio-
(«[every] fourth day»)		 catur-[14]
5 quinque-[15]  – quin-[16] quint-[17] penta- pentakis-
pentaplo-
pentad-[o]		 pempt-[18]
pemptaio-		 pañca-[19]
6 sexa-[I]  – sen-[20] sext-[21] hexa-[22] hexakis-
hexaplo-
hexad-[p]		 hect-[23]
hectaio-		 ṣaṭ-[24]
7 septem-, septi-[q] septen-[25] septim- hepta-[26][r] heptakis-
heptaplo-
heptad-		 hebdomo- («seventh»)
hebdomaio- («seventh day»)[s]		 sapta-[27]
8 octo-[t]  – octon-[28] octav-[29] octo-[u] octakis-
octaplo-
octad-[v]		 ogdoö-
ogdoaio-		 aṣṭa-
9 novem-[w] noven- nona- ennea-[30] enneakis-
enneaplo-
ennead-		 enat-[31]
enataio-		 nava-
10 decem-, dec-[x] den-[32] decim-[33] deca-[34][y] decakis-
decaplo-
decad-		 decat-[35]
decataio-		 dasha-
11 undec- unden-[36] undecim-[37] hendeca-[38] hendeca/kis/plo/d- hendecat-[39]/o/aio- ekadasha-
12 duodec- duoden-[z] duodecim- dodeca-[40][aa] dodeca/kis/plo/d- dodecat-[41]/o/aio- dvadasha-
13 tredec- treden- tredecim- tria(kai)deca-, decatria-[ab] tris(kai)decakis-,
decatria/kis/plo/d-		 decatotrito-
etc.		 trayodasha-
14 quattuordec- quattuorden- quattuordecim- tessara(kai)deca-, decatettara-, decatessara- tetra(kai)decakis-,
decatetra/kis/plo/d-[ac]		 decatotetarto- chaturdasha-
15 quinquadec-, quindec-[42] quinden-[43] quindecim-[44] pente(kai)deca-, decapente- penta(kai)decakis-,
decapentakis- etc.		 decatopempto- panchadasha-
16 sedec-,[45] sexdec-

(but hybrid hexadecimal)

seden- sedecim- hexa(kai)deca-,
hekkaideca-,
decahex-		 hexa(kai)decakis-,
decahexakis- etc.		 decatohecto- shodasha-
17 septendec- septenden- septendecim- hepta(kai)deca-,
decahepta-		 hepta(kai)decakis-,
decaheptakis- etc.		 decatohebdomo- saptadasha-
18 octodec- octoden- octodecim- octo(kai)deca-,
decaocto-		 octa(kai)decakis-,
decaoctakis- etc.		 decatoogdoö- ashtadasha-
19 novemdec-, novendec- novemden- novemdecim- ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea- ennea(kai)decakis-,
decaenneakis- etc.		 decatoenato- navadasha-
20[J] viginti- vicen-, vigen- vigesim- (e)icosi- eicosa/kis/plo/d-[ad] eicosto- vimshati-
22 duovigint- (e)icosidyo-, dyo(e)icosi- rare[ae] (e)icosidyakis-
(e)icosidiplo-
(e)icosidyad-		 eicostodeutero-  –
24 quattuorvigint- (e)icositettara-, (e)icosikaitettara-
rare		 (e)icositetrakis-
(e)icositetraplo-
(e)icositetrad-[af]		 eicostotetarto- chaturvimshati-
25 quinvigint- (e)icosipente-[ag] (e)icosipentakis-
(e)icosipentaplo-
(e)icosipentad-		 eicostopempto-  –
30 triginti- tricen- trigesim- triaconta- triacontakis- etc.[ah] triacosto- trimshat-
31 untriginti- triacontahen- triacontahenakis-
triacontahenaplo-
triacontahenad-		 triacostoproto-
triacostoprotaio-		  –
40 quadraginti- quadragen- quadragesim- tettaraconta-,
tessaraconta-		 tettaracontakis-,
tessaracontakis- etc.		 tessaracosto- chatvarimshat-
50 quinquaginti-[46] quinquagen-[47] quinquagesim-[48] penteconta-[ai] pentecontakis- etc. pentecosto-[aj] panchashat-
60 sexaginti- sexagen- sexagesim- hexeconta- hexecontakis- etc. hexecosto- shasti-
70 septuaginti-[ak] septuagen- septuagesim-[49] hebdomeconta- hebdomecontakis- etc. hebdomecosto- saptati-
80 octogint- octogen- octogesim- ogdoëconta- ogdoëcontakis- etc. ogdoëcosto- ashiti-
90 nonagint- nonagen- nonagesim- eneneconta- enenecontakis- etc. enenecosto- navati-
100 centi- centen- centesim- hecato(n)- hecatontakis-
hundred times
hecatontaplo-
hundred-multiple
hecatontad-
hundred of a kind
also abbreviated in
hec[aton]tad-		 hecatosto-
hundredth
hecatostaio-
the hundredth day		 shata–
120 viginticenti-  –  – hecaton(e)icosi- hecaton(e)icosakis- etc. hecatostoeicosto-  –
200 ducenti- ducen-, bicenten- ducentesim- diacosia- diacosakis- etc. diacosiosto-  –
300 trecenti- trecen-, tercenten-, tricenten- trecentesim- triacosia- etc. triacosakis-
triacosaplo-
triacosad-		 triacosiosto-  –
400 quadringenti- quadringen-, quatercenten-, quadricenten- quadringentesim- tetracosia- tetracosakis- etc. tetracosiosto-  –
500 quingent-,[50] quincent-[51] quingen-,[52] quingenten-, quincenten- quingentesim-[53] pentacosia- pentacosakis- etc. pentacosiosto-  –
600 sescenti-, sexcenti- sescen-, sexcenten- sescentesim- hexacosia- hexacosakis- etc. hexacosiosto-  –
700 septingenti- septingen-, septingenten-, septcenten- septingentesim- heptacosia- heptacosakis- etc. heptacosiosto-  –
800 octingenti- octingen-, octingenten-, octocenten- octingentesim- octacosia- octacosakis- etc. octacosiosto-  –
900 nongenti- nongen- nongentesim- ennacosi-[54]
derived from
en(n)iacosia-,
a pejoration of
enneacosia-		 enneacosakis- etc. enacosiost-,[55]
alt. spelling
en(n)iacosiost(o)-
a pejoration of
enneacosiosto-		  –
1000 milli- millen- millesim- chili-,[56] kilo- chiliakis-
chiliaplo-
chiliad-		 chiliost-[57] sahasra–
2000 duomilli  –  – dischili-[58] dischiliakis- etc. dischiliosto-  –
3000 tremilli- trischili-[59]  – trischiliost-[60]  –
5000 quinmilli– pentacischili-[61]  –  –  –
10000 decamilli– myria-,[62][al] decakischilia- myriakis-
myriaplo-
myriad-
decakischiliakis- etc.		 myriast-,[63]
decakischiliosto-		 ayuta–
80000 octogintmilli– octacismyri-[64]  –  –  –
105 centimilli– decakismyria-, hecatontakischilia- decakismyriakis-,
hecatontakischiliakis-		 etc. laksha–
106 million-  – hecatommyria-
(see also Mega-)		 hecatommyriakis-
(«a million times»)
hecatommyriaplo-
(million-multiple)
hecatommyriad-
(a million of a kind)		 hecatommyriosto-
(ranked millionth;
also one piece of
a million [fraction] see above in
fractions)
hecatommyriostaio-
(«the millionth day»)		  –
109 billion-  – dis
hecatommyria-		 dis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1012 trillion-  – tris
hecatommyria-		 tris
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1015 quadrillion-  – tetrakis
hecatommyria-		 tetrakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1018 quintillion-  – pentakis
hecatommyria-		 pentakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1020 vingtillion-  – eicosakis
hecatommyria-		 eicosakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1021 sextillion-  – hexakis
hecatommyria-		 hexakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1024 septillion-  – heptakis
hecatommyria-		 heptakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1027 octillion-  – octakis
hecatommyria-		 octakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1030 nonillion-  – enneakis
hecatommyria-		 enneakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1033 decillion-  – decakis
hecatommyria-		 decakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1036 undecillion-  – hendecakis
hecatommyria-		 hendecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1039 duodecillion-  – dodecakis
hecatommyria-		 dodecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1042 tredecillion-  – triskaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 triskaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1045 quattuordecillion-  – tetrakaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 tetrakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1048 quindecillion-  – pentakaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 pentakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1051 sexdecillion-  – hexakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 hexakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1054 septendecillion-  – heptakaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 heptakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1057 octodecillion-  – octakaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 octakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1060 novemdecillion-  – enneakaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 enneakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1063 Vigintillion-  — Icosakis
hectotommyria-		 Icosakis
hectotommyriakis-		 etc.  —
10303 centillion-  – hecatontakis
hecatommyria-		 hecatontakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
103003 millinilion-  – chiliakis
hecatommyria-		 chiliakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1030003 decillinillion / decmilliatillion  – myriakis
hecatommyria-		 myriakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
10300003 centillinillion / centimilliatillion  – decakismyriakis
hecatommyria- and so on —
virtually endless		 decakismyriakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
103000003 Micrillion[65]  — hectotomyriakis hectotommyria- Hectotommyrakis hectatommyria-
Few
(1–20)		 pauci-[am]  – oligo-[an]  –  –  –
Many
(> 1)		 multi-, pluri-[ao]  – poly-[ap] pollakis- (many times)
pollaplo- (multiple)
plethos- (many of a kind)[aq]		 pollosto-
(rank/order of many [manieth])		 bahut–
Examples
  1. ^ e.g. hemisphere
  2. ^ e.g. universe, unilateral
  3. ^ e.g. solo, soliloquy
  4. ^ e.g. monogamy
  5. ^ e.g. holocaust, holography
  6. ^ e.g. proton, protozoa
  7. ^ e.g. quasquicentennial
  8. ^ e.g. sesquicentennial, sesquipedalian
  9. ^ e.g. bireme, bilingual, bipolar, bipartisan
  10. ^ e.g. Deuteron/ium, Deuteronomy
  11. ^ e.g. trireme
  12. ^ e.g. triathlon, Tripolis
  13. ^ e.g. Triton/ium
  14. ^ e.g. tetrahedron
  15. ^ e.g. pentahedron
  16. ^ e.g. hexahedron
  17. ^ e.g. September
  18. ^ e.g. heptathlon
  19. ^ e.g. hebdomas
  20. ^ e.g. October
  21. ^ e.g. octopus
  22. ^ e.g. octahedron
  23. ^ e.g. November
  24. ^ e.g. December
  25. ^ e.g. decathlon, decahedron, decagon
  26. ^ e.g. duodenum
  27. ^ e.g. dodecahedron
  28. ^ e.g. triskaidekaphobia
  29. ^ e.g. tetradecahedron/
    decatetrahedron
  30. ^ e.g. (e)icosahedron
  31. ^ e.g. docosa-hexaenoic acid (a pejoration of dyoicosa-hexanoic)
  32. ^ e.g. (e)icositetragon
  33. ^ e.g. eicosapenta-enoic acid
  34. ^ e.g. triacontahedron
  35. ^ e.g. penteconter
  36. ^ e.g. pentecost
  37. ^ e.g. Septuagint
  38. ^ e.g. myriapoda
  39. ^ e.g. pauciparous
  40. ^ e.g. oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide, oligopoly
  41. ^ e.g. multilingual, multiple, pluripotent, pluricentric
  42. ^ e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymath
  43. ^ e.g. plethora

Occurrences[edit]

  • Numerical prefixes occur in 19th-, 20th-, and 21st-century coinages, mainly the terms that are used in relation to or that are the names of technological innovations, such as hexadecimal and bicycle. Also used in medals that commemorate an anniversary, such as sesquicentennial (150 years), centennial (100 years), or bicentennial (200 years).
  • They occur in constructed words such as systematic names. Systematic names use numerical prefixes derived from Greek, with one principal exception, nona-.
  • They occur as prefixes to units of measure in the SI system. See SI prefix.
  • They occur as prefixes to units of computer data. See binary prefixes.
  • They occur in words in the same languages as the original number word, and their respective derivatives. (Strictly speaking, some of the common citations of these occurrences are not in fact occurrences of the prefixes. For example: millennium is not formed from milli-, but is in fact derived from the same shared Latin root – mille.)

Because of the common inheritance of Greek and Latin roots across the Romance languages, the import of much of that derived vocabulary into non-Romance languages (such as into English via Norman French), and the borrowing of 19th and 20th century coinages into many languages, the same numerical prefixes occur in many languages.

Numerical prefixes are not restricted to denoting integers. Some of the SI prefixes denote negative powers of 10, i.e. division by a multiple of 10 rather than multiplication by it. Several common-use numerical prefixes denote vulgar fractions.

Words containing non-technical numerical prefixes are usually not hyphenated. This is not an absolute rule, however, and there are exceptions (for example: quarter-deck occurs in addition to quarterdeck). There are no exceptions for words comprising technical numerical prefixes, though. Systematic names and words comprising SI prefixes and binary prefixes are not hyphenated, by definition.

Nonetheless, for clarity, dictionaries list numerical prefixes in hyphenated form, to distinguish the prefixes from words with the same spellings (such as duo- and duo).

Several technical numerical prefixes are not derived from words for numbers. (mega- is not derived from a number word, for example.) Similarly, some are only derived from words for numbers inasmuch as they are word play. (Peta- is word play on penta-, for example. See its etymology for details.)

The root language of a numerical prefix need not be related to the root language of the word that it prefixes. Some words comprising numerical prefixes are hybrid words.

In certain classes of systematic names, there are a few other exceptions to the rule of using Greek-derived numerical prefixes. The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, for example, uses the numerical prefixes derived from Greek, except for the prefix for 9 (as mentioned) and the prefixes from 1 to 4 (meth-, eth-, prop-, and but-), which are not derived from words for numbers. These prefixes were invented by the IUPAC, deriving them from the pre-existing names for several compounds that it was intended to preserve in the new system: methane (via methyl, which is in turn from the Greek word for wine), ethane (from ethyl coined by Justus von Liebig in 1834), propane (from propionic, which is in turn from pro- and the Greek word for fat), and butane (from butyl, which is in turn from butyric, which is in turn from the Latin word for butter).

Cardinal Latin series[edit]

  • unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
  • uniped, biped, triped, quadruped,[H] centipede, millipede

Distributive Latin series[edit]

  • unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
  • denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian

Greek series[edit]

  • monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, … triacontad, … hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
  • digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, … enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, … chiliagon, myriagon
  • trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
  • monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod

Mixed language series[edit]

  • pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane,[K] decane, undecane, … icosane
  • binary, ternary, quaternary, quinary, senary, septenary, octal, nonary, decimal, duodecimal, hexadecimal, vigesimal, quadrovigesimal, duotrigesimal, sexagesimal, octogesimal

See also[edit]

  • IUPAC numerical multiplier
  • List of numbers
  • List of numeral systems
  • List of commonly used taxonomic affixes
  • Numerals in English and other languages
  • Names for tuples of specific lengths

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ These months’ prefixes originated with the early Roman 10-month calendar. See Roman Calendar.
  2. ^ a b See Mendeleev’s predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.
  3. ^ The numbering adjectives in Greek are inflectional for grammatical gender (i.e. there is monos [masculine for single/alone], mone [feminine for single/alone] and monon [neuter for single/alone]), grammatical case (i.e. nominative, genitive, etc.) and grammatical number (singular/plural). The prefixes are produced from the default grammatical type (masculine/nominative/singular).
  4. ^ Demi- is French, from Latin dimidium.
  5. ^ sol (sōlus) is more appropriately a Latin root for («only», «oneself»).
  6. ^ sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple.
  7. ^ a b The Greek prefix for ‘one’ is normally mono- ‘alone’. Hen- ‘one’ is only used in compound numbers (hendeka- 11) and a few words like henad (= monad). Haplo- ‘single’ is found is a few technical words such as haploid.
  8. ^ a b The forms related to quattuor «four», like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear. Andrew Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, p. 412, and Carl Darling Buck, Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. In particular, quadri- has the alternate form quadru- before p in some Latin words, such as quadruple.
  9. ^ Sometimes Greek hexa- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex.
  10. ^ For Latinate 21, 22, etc., the pattern for the teens is followed: unvigint-, duovigint-, etc. For higher numbers, the reverse order may be found: 36 is trigintisex-. For Greek, the word kai («and») is used: icosikaihena-, icosikaidi-, pentacontakaipenta-, etc. In these and in the tens, the kai is frequently omitted, though not in triskaidekaphobia. (The inconsistency of triskaidekaphobia with the table above is explained by the fact that the Greek letter kappa can be transliterated either «c» or «k».) In chemical nomenclature, 11 is generally mixed Latin-Greek undeca-, and the 20s are based on -cos-, for example tricos- for 23.
  11. ^ In organic chemistry, most prefixes are Greek but the prefixes for 9 and 11 are Latin.

References[edit]

  1. ^ uncia. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
  2. ^ πρῶτος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  3. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). «एक-«. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
  4. ^ δύο
  5. ^ δίς
  6. ^ δεύτερος
  7. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). «द्वि-«. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
  8. ^ τρίς
  9. ^ τρίτος
  10. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). «त्रि-«. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
  11. ^ «quăter». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  12. ^ «quăterni». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  13. ^ «quartus». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  14. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). «चतुर्-«. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
  15. ^ «quinque». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  16. ^ «quīni». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  17. ^ «quintus». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  18. ^ πέμπτος
  19. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). «पञ्च-«. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
  20. ^ «sēni». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  21. ^ «sextus». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  22. ^ «Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἕξ». www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  23. ^ ἕκτος[dead link]
  24. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). «षट्-«. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
  25. ^ «septēni». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  26. ^ ἑπτά
  27. ^ Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). «सप्त-«. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
  28. ^ «octōni». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  29. ^ «octāvus». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  30. ^ ἐννέα
  31. ^ ἔνατος
  32. ^ «dēni». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  33. ^ «dĕcĭmus». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  34. ^ δέκα
  35. ^ δέκατος
  36. ^ «undēni». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  37. ^ «undĕcĭmus». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  38. ^ ἕνδεκα
  39. ^ ἑνδέκατος
  40. ^ δώδεκα
  41. ^ δωδέκατος
  42. ^ «quindĕcim». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  43. ^ «quindēni». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  44. ^ «quindĕcĭmus». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  45. ^ «sēdĕcim». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  46. ^ «quinquāginta». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  47. ^ «quinquāgēni». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  48. ^ «quinquāgēsĭmus». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  49. ^ «Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, S , septĭfārĭam , septŭāgēsimus». www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  50. ^ «quingenti». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  51. ^ «quincenti». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  52. ^ «quingēni». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  53. ^ «quingentēsĭmus». Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  54. ^ ἐννακόσιοι
  55. ^ ἐνακοσιοστός
  56. ^ χίλιοι
  57. ^ χιλιοστός
  58. ^ δισχίλιοι
  59. ^ τρισχίλιοι
  60. ^ τρισχιλιοστός
  61. ^ πεντακισχίλιοι
  62. ^ μυρίος
  63. ^ μυριαστός
  64. ^ ὀκτακισμύριοι
  65. ^ Wallard, Andrew. «Micrillion». BIPM. Retrieved January 13, 2010.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Bauer-Ramazani, Christine (April 2008). «Prefixes—Amount, Relationship, Judgment, Other Prefixes». Archived from the original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  • Buck, Carl Darling. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin.
  • Chrisomalis, Stephen. «Numerical Adjectives, Greek and Latin Number Prefixes». The Phrontistery. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  • Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195083458.
  • Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.).
Источник

Number Prefixes! Following is a list of commonly used number prefixes in English you should notice to master your English skills.

Greek : Mono-

Latin: uni-

Meaning: 1

Examples: monograph, monomial, universe, uniform, unicorn, monotone

Greek : Di-

Latin: bi–; du–

Meaning: 2

Examples: biology, bilingual, binary, bimonthly, binoculars, duo, düet

Greek : Tri-  

Latin: –tri 

Meaning: 3

Examples: tricycle, triad, triathlon, triangle, tripod, triumvirate, triple

Greek : Tetra- 

Latin: quadri–; quart–

Meaning: 4

Examples: tetrameter, quadriplegic, quadrangle, quadruple, quarter

Greek : Penta-

Latin: quin–

Meaning: 5

Examples: pentameter, pentagon, quintet, quintuplet

Greek : Hexa- 

Latin: sext–

Meaning: 6

Examples: hexagon, hexameter, sextuplet, sextet

Greek : Hepta-    

Latin: septem–; septi–

Meaning: 7

Examples: heptagon, heptameter, heptagon, septuagenarian

Greek : Octo-                  

Latin: octa–; oct–

Meaning: 8

Examples: octagon, octogenarian, octopus, octahedron

Greek : Ennea-                                       

Latin: novem– 

Meaning: 9

Examples: novena

Greek : Deca-                  

Latin: deci–; decem–

Meaning: 10

Examples: decade, decagon, decahedron, decimal

Greek : Hemi-                          

Latin: semi- 

Meaning: Half 

Examples: hemisphere, semicircle, semicolon, semifinal, semiannual

Greek : Poly-                          

Latin: multi– 

Meaning: Many               

Examples: polygon, polygamy, polyester, polymer, polynomial

Greek : Hecto-             

Latin: cent–; cente–

Meaning: 100

Examples: cent, centennial, centurion, centenary, cent

Greek : Kilo- 

Latin: milli-­ ; mille-

Meaning: 1000 

Examples: kilogram, kilometer, kilobyte, milligram

Common Number Prefixes | Image

List of Common Number Prefixes in EnglishPin

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Numeral or number prefixes are prefixes derived from numerals or occasionally other numbers. In English and other European languages, they are used to coin numerous series of words, such as unicycle – bicycle – tricycle, dyad – triad – decade, biped – quadruped, September – October – November – December, decimal – hexadecimal, sexagenarian – octogenarian, centipede – millipede, etc. There are two principal systems, taken from Latin and Greek, each with several subsystems; in addition, Sanskrit occupies a marginal position.[1]
There is also an international set of Metric prefixes, which are used in the metric system, and which for the most part are either distorted from the forms below or not based on actual number words.

Table of number prefixes in English[]

In the following prefixes, a final vowel is normally dropped before a root that begins with a vowel, with the exceptions of bi-, which is bis- before a vowel, and of the other monosyllables, du-, di-, dvi-, tri-, which are invariable.

The cardinal series are derived from cardinal numbers, such as English one, two, three. The multiple series are based on adverbial numbers like English once, twice, thrice. The distributives originally meant one each, two each or one by one, two by two, etc., though that meaning is now frequently lost. The ordinal series is based on ordinal numbers such as English first, second, third. For numbers higher than 2, the ordinal forms are also used for fractions; only the fraction ½ has special forms.

For the hundreds, there are competing forms: those in -gent-, from the original Latin, and those in -cent-, derived from centi- etc. plus the prefixes for 1–9.

Number Latin prefixes Greek prefixes Sanskrit[1]
Cardinal Multiple Distributive Ordinal Cardinal Multiple
1/12 unci-  –  –  –
1/6 sextant-  –  –  –  –  –
1/4 quadrant-  –  –  –  –  –
1/3 trient-  –  –  –  –  –
1/2 semi-  – demi-[2]  – hemi-  –  –
3/4 dodrant-  –  –  –  –  –
1 uni- sim-[3] singul- prim- hen-[4] mono-, haplo-[4] eka-
11/4 quasqui-
11/2 sesqui-
2 du- bi-, bis- bin- second- di-, dy-, duo- dis- dvi-
3 tri- ter- tern-, trin- terti- tri- tris- tri-
4 quadri-,
quadru-[5]		 quater-[6] quatern-[7] quart-[8] tetra- tetrakis- chatur-
5 quinque-[9]  – quin-[10] quint-[11] penta- pentakis- pancha-
6 sexa-[12]  – sen-[13] sext-[14] hexa- hexakis- shat-
7 septem-,
septi-		 septen-[15] septim- hepta- heptakis- sapta-
8 octo-  – octon-[16] octav-[17] ogdo-,
octa-, octo-		 octakis- ashta-
9 novem- noven- nona- ennea- enneakis- navam-
10 decem-, dec- den-[18] decim-[19] deca- decakis- dasham-
11 undec- unden-[20] undecim-[21] hendeca- undecakis- ekadasham-
12 duodec- duoden- duodecim- dodeca- dodecakis- dvadasham-
13 tredec-, etc. triskaideca- tridecakis- trayodasham-
14 quattuordec- tetrakaideca- tetradecakis- chaturdasham-
15 quinquadec-, quindec-[22] quinden-[23] quindecim-[24] pentakaideca- pentadecakis- panchadasham-
16 sedec-,[25]
sexdec- (but hexadecimal[12])		 hexakaideca-,
hexadeca-		 hexadecakis-
17 septendec- heptakaideca-
18 octodec- octakaideca-
19 novemdec-,
novendec-		 enneakaideca-
20* viginti- vicen-,
vigen-		 vigesim- icosa-, icosi-,
eicosa-		 eicosakis-
30 triginti- tricen- trigesim- triaconta-
40 quadraginti- quadragen- quadragesim- tetraconta-
50 quinquaginti-[26] quinquagen-[27] quinquagesim-[28] pentaconta-
60 sexaginti- sexagen- sexagesim- hexaconta-
70 septuaginti- septuagen- septuagesima- heptaconta-
80 octogint- octogen- octogesim- octaconta-  –  –
90 nonagint- nonagen- nonagesim- enneaconta-  –  –
100 centi- centen- centesim- hecato-,
hecatont-		  –  –
200 ducenti- ducen-,
bicenten-		  – diacosioi-  –  –
300 trecenti- trecen-,
tercenten-,
tricenten-		  – triacosioi-  –  –
400 quadringenti- quadringen-,
quatercenten-,
quadricenten-		 tetracosioi-  –
500 quingent-,[29]
quincent-[30]		 quingen-,[31]
quingenten-,
quincenten-		 quingentesim-[32] pentacosioi-  –
600 sescenti-, sexcenti- sescen-,
sexcenten-		 hexacosioi-  –
700 septingenti- septingen-,
septingenten-,
septcenten-		 heptacosioi-  –
800 octingenti- octingen-,
octingenten-,
octocenten-		  – octacosioi-  –  –
900 nongenti- nongen- enneacosioi-  –  –
1000 milli- millen- millesim- chili-  –  –
10,000  – myria-  –  –
Unspecified (more than one) multi-  – poly-  –

Sesqui- is used in Latin combinations for 1½ (sesquicentennial) and quasqui- for 1¼; multi- and poly- are used in Latin and Greek combinations for ‘many’ (multilateral, polygon).

*For Latinate 21, 22, etc., the pattern for the teens is followed: unvigint-, duovigint-, etc. For higher numbers, the reverse order may be found: 36 trigintisex-. For Greek, the word kai (‘and’) is used: icosikaihena-, icosikaidi-, pentacontakaipenta-, etc. In these and in the tens, the kai is frequently omitted, though not in triskaidekaphobia. (The inconsistency of triskaidekaphobia with the table above is explained by the fact that the Greek letter kappa can be transliterated either «c» or «k».)

The same suffix may be used with more than one series:

primary secondary tertiary quartary quintary sextary — — nonary —
singulary binary ternary, trinary quaternary quinary senary septenary octonary novenary denary

In chemical nomenclature, 11 is generally mixed Latin-Greek undeca-, and the 20s are based on -cos-, for example tricos- for 23. Similarly, numerical bases shift systems between binary, trinary, senary and octal, decimal, vigesimal.

Occurrences[]

  • Numerical prefixes occur in 19th-, 20th-, and 21st-century coinages, mainly the terms that are used in relation to or that are the names of technological innovations, such as hexadecimal and bicycle. Also used in medals that commemorate an anniversary, such as sesquicentennial (150 years), centennial (100 years), or bicentennial (200 years).
  • They occur in constructed words such as systematic names. Systematic names use numerical prefixes derived from Greek, with one principal exception, nona-.
  • They occur as prefixes to units of measure in the SI system. See SI prefix.
  • They occur as prefixes to units of computer data. See binary prefixes.
  • They occur in words in the same languages as the original number word, and their respective derivatives. (Strictly speaking, some of the common citations of these occurrences are not in fact occurrences of the prefixes. For example: millennium is not formed from milli-, but is in fact derived from the same shared Latin root – mille.)

Because of the common inheritance of Greek and Latin roots across the Romance languages, the import of much of that derived vocabulary into non-Romance languages (such as into English via Norman French), and the borrowing of 19th and 20th century coinages into many languages, the same numerical prefixes occur in many languages.

Numerical prefixes are not restricted to denoting integers. Some of the SI prefixes denote negative powers of 10, i.e. division by a multiple of 10 rather than multiplication by it. Several common-use numerical prefixes denote vulgar fractions.

Words comprising non-technical numerical prefixes are usually not hyphenated. This is not an absolute rule, however, and there are exceptions (for example: quarter-deck occurs in addition to quarterdeck). There are no exceptions for words comprising technical numerical prefixes, though. Systematic names and words comprising SI prefixes and binary prefixes are not hyphenated, by definition.

Nonetheless, for clarity, dictionaries list numerical prefixes in hyphenated form, to distinguish the prefixes from words with the same spellings (such as duo- and duo).

Several technical numerical prefixes are not derived from words for numbers. (mega- is not derived from a number word, for example.) Similarly, some are only derived from words for numbers inasmuch as they are word play. (Peta- is word play on penta-, for example. See its etymology for details.)

The root language of a numerical prefix need not be related to the root language of the word that it prefixes. Some words comprising numerical prefixes are hybrid words.

In certain classes of systematic names, there are a few other exceptions to the rule of using Greek-derived numerical prefixes. The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, for example, uses the numerical prefixes derived from Greek, except for the prefix for 9 (as mentioned) and the prefixes from 1 to 4 (meth-, eth-, prop-, and but-), which are not derived from words for numbers. These prefixes were invented by the IUPAC, deriving them from the pre-existing names for several compounds that it was intended to preserve in the new system: methane (via methyl which is in turn from the Greek word for wine), ethane (from ethyl coined by Justus von Liebig in 1834), propane (from propionic which is in turn from pro- and the Greek word for fat), and butane (from butyl which is in turn from butyric which is in turn from the Latin word for butter).

Cardinal Latin series[]

  • unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
  • uniped, biped, triped, quadruped,[5] centipede, millipede

Distributive Latin series[]

  • unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
  • quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian

Greek series[]

  • pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane,[33] decane, … icosane
  • monopod, bipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod
  • monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad(e), … triacontad, … hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
  • trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy

See also[]

  • List of numeral systems
  • List of numbers in various languages

Notes[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 See Mendeleev’s predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.
  2. ↑ Demi- is actually French, from Latin dimidium.
  3. ↑ Sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 The Greek prefix for ‘one’ is normally mono- ‘alone’. Hen- ‘one’ is only used in compound numbers (hendeka- 11) and a few words like henad (= monad). Haplo- ‘single’ is found is a few technical words such as haploid.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The forms related to quattuor «four», like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear. Andrew Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, p. 412, and Carl Darling Buck, Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. In particular, quadri- has the alternate form quadru- before p in some Latin words, such as quadruple.
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sometimes Greek hexa- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex.
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  33. ↑ In organic chemistry, the prefix for 9 is Latin rather than Greek

References[]

  • Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
  • Buck, Carl Darling, Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
  • Sihler, Andrew Littleton, A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford University Press 1995 ISBN 0195083458

Further reading[]

  • Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
  • Script error: No such module «citation/CS1».
Источник

December 12, 2019
Prefixes

Numerical Prefixes, Number Prefixes in English

Numerical Prefixes, Number Prefixes in English

Greek Latin Meaning Examples
Mono- uni– 1 monograph, monomial, monotheism, universe, uniform, unicorn, monotone
Di– bi– 
du–		 2 biology, bilingual, binary, bimonthly, binoculars, duo, duet
Tri– –tri 3 tricycle, triad, triathlon, triangle, tripod, triumvirate, triple
Tetra– quadri–quart– 4 tetrameter, quadrilateral, quadriplegic, quadrangle, quadruple, quarter
Penta– quin– 5 pentameter, pentagon, quintet, quintuplet
Hexa– sext– 6 hexagon, hexameter, sextuplet, sextet
Hepta– septem–septi– 7 heptagon, heptameter, heptagon, septuagenarian
Octo– octa– 
oct–		 8 octagon, octogenarian, octopus, octahedron
Ennea– novem– 9 novena
Deca– deci– decem– 10 decade, decagon, decahedron, decimal
Hemi– semi- Half hemisphere, semicircle, semicolon, semifinal, semiannual
Poly– multi– Many polygon, polygamy, polyester, polymer, polynomial
Hecto– cent–cente– 100 cent, centennial, centurion, centenary, cent
Kilo- milli-­ mille- 1000 kilogram, kilometer, kilobyte, milligram

About The Author

lessonsenglish

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Оглавление —> Словообразование —> Структура производных слов —> Структура составных слов —> Префиксы

В английском языке есть немало заимствованных слов. Но помимо слов есть также и заимствованные префиксы и суффиксы. Некоторые латинские и греческие префиксы образуют слова с числами.

1. ОДИН, ЕДИНСТВЕННЫЙ = “MONO-”, “UNI-”;

В русском языке есть много слов с приставкой “МОНО”, которые указывают на единичность и в английском языке такие слова имеют похожее звучание.

Например: монокль, монополия, монотонный, монолог, монолит.

Напишу несколько самых распространенных слов с префиксом “MONO-”.

MONOCHROME = одноцветный, однокрасочный;

MONOCLE = монокль;

MONOCRACY = единовластие, единодержавие;

MONOGAMY = единобрачие;

MONOLOGUE = монолог;

MONOPOLIST = монополист, сторонник системы монополий;

MONOPOLY = монополия;

MONORAIL = монорельсовая железная дорога;

MONOTONE = монотонное чтение, повторение;

MONOTONOUS = монотонный, однообразный, скучный;

В русском языке есть слова с приставкой “УНИ”, которая указывает на единичность.

Например: унификация, универсал, униформа, уникальный, унисон.

Напишу несколько английских слов с префиксом “UNI-”.

UNICORN = единорог;

UNIFICATION = объединение, унификация;

UNIFORM = форменная одежда, униформа;

UNIFORMITY = единообразие;

to UNIFY = объединять, унифицировать;

UNIQUE = единственный в своем роде, уникальный; уникум;

UNISON = унисон, согласие;

UNIT = единица, целое; единица измерения;

UNITY = единство;

UNIVERSE = мир, вселенная, космос;

2. ДВА, ДВАЖДЫ = “BI-”, “DI-”, “DU-”;

В русском языке есть слова с приставкой “БИ-”, которая указывает на число два.

Например: бином, биплан, бифуркация, бицепс, бинокль, биполярный, биссектриса;

Напишу несколько английских слов с префиксом “BI-”.

BICENTENARY = двухсотлетняя годовщина; двухсотлетие;

BICYCLE = велосипед;

BIENNIAL =двухлетний, двухгодичный;

BIFID = разделенный надвое; расщепленный;

to BIFURCATE = раздваиваться, разветвляться;

BIFURCATION = раздвоение, расщепление;

BILATERAL = двусторонний;

BILINGUAL = двуязычный, говорящий на двух языках;

BINARY = двойной, сдвоенный;

BINOCULARS = бинокль;

BIPLAN = биплан;

BISECTION = деление пополам;

В русском языке есть слова с приставкой “ДИ-”, которая указывает на число два.

Например: диптих, диагональ, диалог, диграф;

Напишу несколько английских слов с префиксом “DI-”.

DIAGONAL = диагональ;

DIALOGUE = диалог;

DIAMETER = диаметр, поперечник;

DIARCHY = двоевластие;

DICHROMATIC = двухцветный;

DIGAMY = второй брак;

DIGAMIST = человек, вступивший во второй брак;

DIGRAPH = диграф, две буквы, изображающие один звук;

to DIMIDIATE = делить пополам;

DIMORPHIC = диморфный, могущий существовать в двух формах;

В русском языке есть слова с приставкой “ДУ-”, которая указывает на число два.

Например: дуэль, дуэт, дубликат, диптих, дуализм.

Напишу несколько английских слов с префиксом “DU-”.

DUAL = двойственный;

DUALITY = двойственность;

to DUALIZE  = раздваивать;

DUET = дуэт;

DUEL = дуэль; состязание, борьба;

DUPLEX = двухсторонний, двойной;

DUPLICATE = дубликат, копия;

DUPLICITY = двойственность, двуличность;

3. ТРИ = “TRI- ”;

В русском языке есть слова с приставкой “ТРИ-”, которая указывает на число три.

Например: трио, трилогия, триада, триптих, триплекс.

Напишу несколько английских слов с префиксом “TRI-”.

TRIAD = что-то состоящее из трех частей, предметов; группа из трех человек;

TRIANGLE = треугольник;

TRICHORD = трехструнный музыкальный инструмент;

TRICHOTOMY = деление на три части , на три элемента;

TRICOLOUR = трехцветный флаг;

TRIDENT = трезубец;

TRIENNIAL = трехлетняя годовщина; то, что продолжается три года или случается раз в три года;

TRILATERAL = трехсторонний;

TRILOGY = трилогия;

TRINE = тройной;

TRINITY = святая троица;

TRIO = трио;

TRIPLE = тройной, утроенный;

TRIPLEX = тройной, состоящий из трех частей;

TRIPTYCH = триптих;

to TRISECT = делить на три части;

TRIUNE = триединый;

4. ЧЕТЫРЕ = “QUAD –”, “TETRA-”;

В русском языке есть слова с приставкой “КВАД”, которая указывает на число четыре.

Например: квадрат, квадратный, квадрант.

Напишу несколько английских слов с префиксом “QUAD-”.

QUADRAGENARIAN = сорокалетний;

QUADRAGESIMAL = сорокадневный, длящийся сорок дней 9 особенно о посте);

QUADRANGLE = четырехугольный;

QUADRANT = квадрант, четверть круга; сектор в 90 градусов;

QUADRATE = квадрат, квадратный;

QUADRENNIAL = длящийся четыре года; происходящий раз в четыре года;

QUADRILATERAL = четырехсторонний; четырехугольник;

QUADRIPARTITE = состоящий из четырех частей; разделенный на четыре части;

QUADRUPLE = учетверенное количество;

QUADRUPLICATE = в четырех экземплярах;

Префикс “TETRA-” тоже указывает на число четыре.

Например:

TETRAGON четырехугольник; квадрат;

TETRAGONAL = четырехугольный;

TETRAHEDRON = четырехгранник; тетраэдр;

TETRALOGY = тетралогия;

TETRASTICH = стихотворение из четырех строк;

5. ПЯТЬ = “QUIN-”;

Префикс “QUIN” указывает на число пять.

Например:

QUINARY = пятеричный, состоящий из пяти;

QUINCENTENARY = 500-летний юбилей; 500-летие;

QUINQUAGENARIAN = пятидесятилетний;

QUINQUENNIAL = пятилетний, пятилетие;

QUINT = квинта;

QUINTAN = пятидневный;

QUINTET — квинтет;

QUINTUPLET = пятикратный, состоящий из пяти предметов, частей;

6. ШЕСТЬ = “HEXA”, “SEX-”;

Напишу несколько английских слов с префиксами  “HEXA-” и “SEX-”.

HEXAGON = шестиугольник;

HEXAGONAL = шестиугольный;

HEXAHEDRON = шестигранник;

SEXAGENARIAN = шестидесятилетний; человек в возрасте между 59 и 70 годами;

SEXAGENARY = относящийся к шестидесяти, образующий шестьдесят;

SEXAGESIMAL = шестидесятый, шестидесятая часть;

SEXENNIAL = шестилетний, происходящий каждые шесть лет;

SEXTAN = шестидневный, происходящий на шестой день;

SEXTANT = секстант, шестая часть окружности;

SEXTUPLE = шестикратный;

7. СЕМЬ = “SEPT-”;

Напишу английские слова с префиксом “SEPT-”.

SEPTAN = семидневный;

SEPTANGLE = семиугольный;

SEPTENNIAL = семилетний;

SEPTET = септет;

SEPTILATERAL = семисторонний;

SEPTUAGENARIAN = семидесятилетний; в возрасте между 69 и 80 годами;

SEPTUPLE = семикратный;

8. ВОСЕМЬ = “OCT-”;

Напишу несколько английских слов с префиксом “OCT”.

OCTAGON = восьмиугольник;

OCTAGONAL = восьмиугольный4

OCTAHEDRAL = восьмигранный;

OCTANT = октант (угломерный инструмент); восьмая часть круга; дуга в 45 градусов;

OCTARCHY = правление, осуществляемое восьмью лицами;

OCTAVE = октава;

OCTENIAL = восьмилетний, повторяющийся каждые восемь лет;

OCTOGENARIAN = восьмидесятилетний старик или старуха;

OCTOPUS = осьминог;

OCTUPLE = восьмикратный, восьмеричный;

9. ДЕВЯТЬ = “NONA-”;

Например:

NONAGENARIAN = девяностолетний старик или старуха; человек в возрасте между 89 и 100 годами;

NONARY = группа из девяти;

10. ДЕСЯТЬ = “DEC-”, “DECI-”;

Напишу английские слова с префиксом “DEC-”.

DECADAL = десятилетний;

DECADE = группа из десяти, десяток; десять лет;

DECAGON = десятиугольник;

DECANONAL = десятиугольный;

DECAHEDRAL = десятигранный;

DECALITRE = декалитр;

DECAMETRE = декаметр;

DECANGULAR = десятиугольный;

DECENNARY = десятилетие;

DECENNIAL = десятилетний, повторяющийся каждые десять лет;

Префикс “DECI-” обозначает десятую часть, особенно в метрической системе.

Например:

DECILITRE = децилитр;

DECIMAL = десятичный; десятичная дробь;

DECIMALISM = применение десятичной системы;

to DECIMATE = взимать десятину; казнить каждого десятого;

DECIMETRE = дециметр;

100. СТО = “CENT-”;

Напишу несколько английских слов с префиксом “CENT-”

CENTENARIAN = столетний;

CENTENARY = столетие, столетняя годовщина;

CENTESIMAL = сотый, разделенный на сто частей;

CENTIGRADE = стоградусный, разделенный на сто градусов;

CENTIMETRE = сантиметр;

CENTNER = центнер;

CENTURY = век, столетие;

CENTUPLE = стократный;

1000. ТЫСЯЧА = “KILO-”, “MIL-”;

Напишу английские слова с префиксом “KILO-” .

KILOGRAM = килограмм;

KILOMETRE = километр;

KILOWATT = киловатт;

Префикс “MIL- ” означает одну тысячную или в тысячу раз больше. В русском языке тоже есть слова с приставкой «МИЛЛИ».

Например: миллиметр, миллисекунда, миллионер, миллиард, миллиграмм.

Напишу несколько английских слов с префиксом “MIL-”.

MILLENARY = тысячелетняя годовщина;

MILLENNIAL = тысячелетний;

MILLENNIUM = тысячелетие;

MILLESIMAL = тысячный, тысячная часть;

MILLION = миллион;

MILLIARD = миллиард;

MILLIGRAM = миллиграмм;

MILLIMETRE = миллиметр;

MILLIONAIRE = миллионер;

MILLIONOCRACY = правление, власть миллионеров.

Источник

Prefixes of number

  • outnumber

    • verb be larger in number
    • More ‘outnumber’ Meaning
    • outnumber Associated Words
    • outnumber Prefix/Suffix Words
    • outnumber Related Words

Suffixes of number

  • numbers

    • noun an illegal daily lottery
      numbers racket; numbers game; numbers pool.
    • noun the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt
      Book of Numbers.
    • More ‘numbers’ Meaning
    • numbers Associated Words
    • numbers Prefix/Suffix Words
    • numbers Related Words

  • number

    • noun the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals
      figure.
      • he had a number of chores to do
      • the number of parameters is small
      • the figure was about a thousand
    • noun a concept of quantity involving zero and units
      • every number has a unique position in the sequence
    • More ‘number’ Meaning
    • numbered Associated Words
    • numbered Prefix/Suffix Words
    • numbered Related Words

  • numbering

    • noun a numbered list
      enumeration.
    • verb add up in number or quantity
      amount; total; come; number; add up.
      • The bills amounted to $2,000
      • The bill came to $2,000
    • More ‘numbering’ Meaning
    • numbering Associated Words
    • numbering Prefix/Suffix Words
    • numbering Related Words

  • numberless

    • adjective satellite too numerous to be counted
      unnumbered; unnumerable; innumerable; unnumberable; uncounted; myriad; multitudinous; infinite; innumerous; countless.
      • incalculable riches
      • countless hours
      • an infinite number of reasons
      • innumerable difficulties
      • the multitudinous seas
      • myriad stars
      • untold thousands
    • More ‘numberless’ Meaning
    • numberless Associated Words
    • numberless Related Words

  • numbering

    • noun a numbered list
      enumeration.
    • verb add up in number or quantity
      amount; total; come; number; add up.
      • The bills amounted to $2,000
      • The bill came to $2,000
    • More ‘numbering’ Meaning
    • numberings Associated Words
    • numberings Related Words

Derived words of number

  • outnumber

    • verb be larger in number
    • More ‘outnumber’ Meaning
    • outnumbered Associated Words
    • outnumbered Related Words

  • outnumber

    • verb be larger in number
    • More ‘outnumber’ Meaning
    • outnumbering Associated Words
    • outnumbering Related Words

  • unnumbered

    • adjective satellite too numerous to be counted
      numberless; unnumerable; innumerable; unnumberable; uncounted; myriad; multitudinous; infinite; innumerous; countless.
      • incalculable riches
      • countless hours
      • an infinite number of reasons
      • innumerable difficulties
      • the multitudinous seas
      • myriad stars
      • untold thousands
    • More ‘unnumbered’ Meaning
    • unnumbered Associated Words
    • unnumbered Related Words

  • outnumber

    • verb be larger in number
    • More ‘outnumber’ Meaning
    • outnumbers Associated Words
    • outnumbers Related Words

Ezoic

About Prefix and Suffix Words

This page lists all the words created by adding prefixes, suffixes to the word `number`. For each word, youwill notice a blue bar below the word. The longer the blue bar below a word, the more common/popular the word. Very short blue bars indicate rare usage.

While some of the words are direct derivations of the word `number`, some are not.

You can click on each word to see it’s meaning.

Источник
Short description

: Prefix derived from numerals or other numbers

Numeral or number prefixes are prefixes derived from numerals or occasionally other numbers. In English and many other languages, they are used to coin numerous series of words. For example:

  • unicycle, bicycle, tricycle (1-cycle, 2-cycle, 3-cycle)
  • dyad, triad (2 parts, 3 parts)
  • biped, quadruped (2 legs, 4 legs)
  • September, October, November, December (month 7, month 8, month 9, month 10)[upper-alpha 1]
  • decimal, hexadecimal (base-10, base-16)
  • septuagenarian, octogenarian (70-79 years old, 80-89 years old)
  • centipede, millipede (around 100 legs, around 1000 legs)

In many European languages there are two principal systems, taken from Latin and Greek, each with several subsystems; in addition, Sanskrit occupies a marginal position.[upper-alpha 2] There is also an international set of metric prefixes, which are used in the metric system and which for the most part are either distorted from the forms below or not based on actual number words.

Table of number prefixes in English

In the following prefixes, a final vowel is normally dropped before a root that begins with a vowel, with the exceptions of bi-, which is bis- before a vowel, and of the other monosyllables, du-, di-, dvi-, tri-, which are invariable.

The cardinal series are derived from cardinal numbers, such as the English one, two, three. The multiple series are based on adverbial numbers like the English once, twice, thrice. The distributive series originally meant one each, two each or one by one, two by two, etc., though that meaning is now frequently lost. The ordinal series are based on ordinal numbers such as the English first, second, third (for numbers higher than 2, the ordinal forms are also used for fractions; only the fraction ​1⁄2 has special forms).

For the hundreds, there are competing forms: those in -gent-, from the original Latin, and those in -cent-, derived from centi-, etc. plus the prefixes for 1–9.

The same suffix may be used with more than one series:

primary secondary tertiary quartary quintary sextary — — nonary —
singulary binary ternary, trinary quaternary quinary senary septenary octonary novenary denary
Number Latin prefixes Greek prefixes[upper-alpha 3] Sanskrit[upper-alpha 2]
prefixes
Cardinal Multiple Distributive Ordinal Cardinal Multiple,
proportional, or
quantitative		 Ordinal
0 nulli- nullesim- meden-, ouden-  — medeproto-, oudeproto- shūnya-
​1⁄12 unci-[1]  – For fractions, Greek uses ordinals (i.e. dodecato-)  –
​1⁄8 octant-  –  –  – As above; ogdoö–  –
​1⁄6 sextant-  –  –  – As above; hecto-  –
​1⁄5 quintant-  –  –  – As above; Pempto–  –
​1⁄4 quadrant-  –  –  – As above; tetarto–  –
​1⁄3 trient-  –  –  – As above; trito–  –
​1⁄2 semi-  – demi-[upper-alpha 4]  – hemi- («half»)[lower-alpha 1]  –  –  –
​3⁄4 dodrant-  –  –  –  –  –
1 uni-[lower-alpha 2]
sol-[upper-alpha 5][lower-alpha 3]		 sim-[upper-alpha 6] singul- prim- mono- («one», «alone»)[lower-alpha 4]
holo- («entire», «full»)[lower-alpha 5]
hen-[upper-alpha 7] rare		 mono- («one, alone»)
hapax- («once»)
haplo-[upper-alpha 7] («single»)
monad- («one of a kind», «unique», «unit»)		 prot-[2][lower-alpha 6]

protaio- («[every] first day»)

eka- [3]
​1 1⁄4  – quasqui-[lower-alpha 7]  –  –  –  –  –  –
​1 1⁄2  – sesqui-[lower-alpha 8]  –  –  –  –  –  –
2 du- bi-, bis-[lower-alpha 9] bin- second- di-, dy-,[4] duo-, dyo- dis-[5] («twice») common
dyakis- («twice») rare
diplo- («double»)
dyad- («two of a
kind»)		 deuter-[6][lower-alpha 10]
deuteraio- («[every] second day»)		 dvi-[7]
3 tri-[lower-alpha 11] ter- tern-, trin- terti- tri-[lower-alpha 12] tris-[8] («thrice») common
triakis- («thrice») rare
triplo- («triple»)
triad- («three of a kind»)		 trit-[9] («third»)[lower-alpha 13]
tritaio- («[every] third day») 		tri-[10]
4 quadri-, quadru-[upper-alpha 8] quater-[11] quatern-[12] quart-[13] tetra-, tessara- tetrakis- («four times»)
tetraplo- («quadruple»)
tetrad- («four of a kind»)[lower-alpha 14]		 tetarto- («fourth»)
tetartaio-
(«[every] fourth day»)		 catur-[14]
5 quinque-[15]  – quin-[16] quint-[17] penta- pentakis-
pentaplo-
pentad-[lower-alpha 15]		 pempt-[18]
pemptaio-		 pañca-[19]
6 sexa-[upper-alpha 9]  – sen-[20] sext-[21] hexa-[22] hexakis-
hexaplo-
hexad-[lower-alpha 16]		 hect-[23]
hectaio-		 ṣaṭ-[24]
7 septem-, septi-[lower-alpha 17] septen-[25] septim- hepta-[26][lower-alpha 18] heptakis-
heptaplo-
heptad-		 hebdomo- («seventh»)
hebdomaio- («seventh day»)[lower-alpha 19]		 sapta-[27]
8 octo-[lower-alpha 20]  – octon-[28] octav-[29] octo-[lower-alpha 21] octakis-
octaplo-
octad-[lower-alpha 22]		 ogdoö-
ogdoaio-		 aṣṭa-
9 novem-[lower-alpha 23] noven- nona- ennea-[30] enneakis-
enneaplo-
ennead-		 enat-[31]
enataio-		 nava-
10 decem-, dec-[lower-alpha 24] den-[32] decim-[33] deca-[34][lower-alpha 25] decakis-
decaplo-
decad-		 decat-[35]
decataio-		 dasha-
11 undec- unden-[36] undecim-[37] hendeca-[38] hendeca/kis/plo/d- hendecat-[39]/o/aio- ekadasha-
12 duodec- duoden-[lower-alpha 26] duodecim- dodeca-[40][lower-alpha 27] dodeca/kis/plo/d- dodecat-[41]/o/aio- dvadasha-
13 tredec- treden- tredecim- tria(kai)deca-, decatria-[lower-alpha 28] tris(kai)decakis-,
decatria/kis/plo/d-		 decatotrito-
etc.		 trayodasha-
14 quattuordec- quattuorden- quattuordecim- tessara(kai)deca-, decatettara-, decatessara- tetra(kai)decakis-,
decatetra/kis/plo/d-[lower-alpha 29]		 decatotetarto- chaturdasha-
15 quinquadec-, quindec-[42] quinden-[43] quindecim-[44] pente(kai)deca-, decapente- penta(kai)decakis-,
decapentakis- etc.		 decatopempto- panchadasha-
16 sedec-,[45] sexdec-

(but hybrid hexadecimal)

seden- sedecim- hexa(kai)deca-,
hekkaideca-,
decahex-		 hexa(kai)decakis-,
decahexakis- etc.		 decatohecto- shodasha-
17 septendec- septenden- septendecim- hepta(kai)deca-,
decahepta-		 hepta(kai)decakis-,
decaheptakis- etc.		 decatohebdomo- saptadasha-
18 octodec- octoden- octodecim- octo(kai)deca-,
decaocto-		 octa(kai)decakis-,
decaoctakis- etc.		 decatoogdoö- ashtadasha-
19 novemdec-, novendec- novemden- novemdecim- ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea- ennea(kai)decakis-,
decaenneakis- etc.		 decatoenato- navadasha-
20[upper-alpha 10] viginti- vicen-, vigen- vigesim- (e)icosi- eicosa/kis/plo/d-[lower-alpha 30] eicosto- vimshati-
22 duovigint- (e)icosidyo-, dyo(e)icosi- rare[lower-alpha 31] (e)icosidyakis-
(e)icosidiplo-
(e)icosidyad-		 eicostodeutero-  –
24 quattuorvigint- (e)icositettara-, (e)icosikaitettara-
rare		 (e)icositetrakis-
(e)icositetraplo-
(e)icositetrad-[lower-alpha 32]		 eicostotetarto- chaturvimshati-
25 quinvigint- (e)icosipente-[lower-alpha 33] (e)icosipentakis-
(e)icosipentaplo-
(e)icosipentad-		 eicostopempto-  –
30 triginti- tricen- trigesim- triaconta- triacontakis- etc.[lower-alpha 34] triacosto- trimshat-
31 untriginti- triacontahen- triacontahenakis-
triacontahenaplo-
triacontahenad-		 triacostoproto-
triacostoprotaio-		  –
40 quadraginti- quadragen- quadragesim- tettaraconta-,
tessaraconta-		 tettaracontakis-,
tessaracontakis- etc.		 tessaracosto- chatvarimshat-
50 quinquaginti-[46] quinquagen-[47] quinquagesim-[48] penteconta-[lower-alpha 35] pentecontakis- etc. pentecosto-[lower-alpha 36] panchashat-
60 sexaginti- sexagen- sexagesim- hexeconta- hexecontakis- etc. hexecosto- shasti-
70 septuaginti-[lower-alpha 37] septuagen- septuagesim-[49] hebdomeconta- hebdomecontakis- etc. hebdomecosto- saptati-
80 octogint- octogen- octogesim- ogdoëconta- ogdoëcontakis- etc. ogdoëcosto- ashiti-
90 nonagint- nonagen- nonagesim- eneneconta- enenecontakis- etc. enenecosto- navati-
100 centi- centen- centesim- hecato(n)- hecatontakis-
hundred times
hecatontaplo-
hundred-multiple
hecatontad-
hundred of a kind
also abbreviated in
hec[aton]tad-		 hecatosto-
hundredth
hecatostaio-
the hundredth day		 shata–
120 viginticenti-  –  – hecaton(e)icosi- hecaton(e)icosakis- etc. hecatostoeicosto-  –
200 ducenti- ducen-, bicenten- ducentesim- diacosia- diacosakis- etc. diacosiosto-  –
300 trecenti- trecen-, tercenten-, tricenten- trecentesim- triacosia- etc. triacosakis-
triacosaplo-
triacosad-		 triacosiosto-  –
400 quadringenti- quadringen-, quatercenten-, quadricenten- quadringentesim- tetracosia- tetracosakis- etc. tetracosiosto-  –
500 quingent-,[50] quincent-[51] quingen-,[52] quingenten-, quincenten- quingentesim-[53] pentacosia- pentacosakis- etc. pentacosiosto-  –
600 sescenti-, sexcenti- sescen-, sexcenten- sescentesim- hexacosia- hexacosakis- etc. hexacosiosto-  –
700 septingenti- septingen-, septingenten-, septcenten- septingentesim- heptacosia- heptacosakis- etc. heptacosiosto-  –
800 octingenti- octingen-, octingenten-, octocenten- octingentesim- octacosia- octacosakis- etc. octacosiosto-  –
900 nongenti- nongen- nongentesim- ennacosi-[54]
derived from
en(n)iacosia-,
a pejoration of
enneacosia-		 enneacosakis- etc. enacosiost-,[55]
alt. spelling
en(n)iacosiost(o)-
a pejoration of
enneacosiosto-		  –
1000 milli- millen- millesim- chili-,[56] kilo- chiliakis-
chiliaplo-
chiliad-		 chiliost-[57] sahasra–
2000 duomilli  –  – dischili-[58] dischiliakis- etc. dischiliosto-  –
3000 tremilli- trischili-[59]  – trischiliost-[60]  –
5000 quinmilli– pentacischili-[61]  –  –  –
10000 decamilli– myria-,[62][lower-alpha 38] decakischilia- myriakis-
myriaplo-
myriad-
decakischiliakis- etc.		 myriast-,[63]
decakischiliosto-		 ayuta–
80000 octogintmilli– octacismyri-[64]  –  –  –
105 centimilli– decakismyria-, hecatontakischilia- decakismyriakis-,
hecatontakischiliakis-		 etc. laksha–
106 million-  – hecatommyria-
(see also Mega-)		 hecatommyriakis-
(«a million times»)
hecatommyriaplo-
(million-multiple)
hecatommyriad-
(a million of a kind)		 hecatommyriosto-
(ranked millionth;
also one piece of
a million [fraction] see above in
fractions)
hecatommyriostaio-
(«the millionth day»)		  –
109 billion-  – dis
hecatommyria-		 dis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1012 trillion-  – tris
hecatommyria-		 tris
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1015 quadrillion-  – tetrakis
hecatommyria-		 tetrakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1018 quintillion-  – pentakis
hecatommyria-		 pentakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1020 vingtillion-  – eicosakis
hecatommyria-		 eicosakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1021 sextillion-  – hexakis
hecatommyria-		 hexakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1024 septillion-  – heptakis
hecatommyria-		 heptakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1027 octillion-  – octakis
hecatommyria-		 octakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1030 nonillion-  – enneakis
hecatommyria-		 enneakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1033 decillion-  – decakis
hecatommyria-		 decakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1036 undecillion-  – hendecakis
hecatommyria-		 hendecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1039 duodecillion-  – dodecakis
hecatommyria-		 dodecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1042 tredecillion-  – triskaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 triskaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1045 quattuordecillion-  – tetrakaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 tetrakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1048 quindecillion-  – pentakaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 pentakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1051 sexdecillion-  – hexakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 hexakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1054 septendecillion-  – heptakaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 heptakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1057 octodecillion-  – octakaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 octakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1060 novemdecillion-  – enneakaidecakis
hecatommyria-		 enneakaidecakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1063 Vigintillion-  — Icosakis
hectotommyria-		 Icosakis
hectotommyriakis-		 etc.  —
10303 centillion-  – hecatontakis
hecatommyria-		 hecatontakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
103003 millinilion-  – chiliakis
hecatommyria-		 chiliakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
1030003 decillinillion/Decmilliatillion  – myriakis
hecatommyria-		 myriakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.  –
10300003 centillinillion/centimilliatillion  – decakismyriakis
hecatommyria- and so on —
virtually endless		 decakismyriakis
hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
103000003 Micrillion[65]  — hectotomyriakis hectotommyria- Hectotommyrakis hectatommyria-
Few
(1–20)		 pauci-[lower-alpha 39]  – oligo-[lower-alpha 40]  –  –  –
Many
(> 1)		 multi-, pluri-[lower-alpha 41]  – poly-[lower-alpha 42] pollakis- (many times)
pollaplo- (multiple)
plethos- (many of a kind)[lower-alpha 43]		 pollosto-
(rank/order of many [manieth])		 bahut–
Examples
  1. ↑ e.g. hemisphere
  2. ↑ e.g. universe, unilateral
  3. ↑ e.g. solo, soliloquy
  4. ↑ e.g. monogamy
  5. ↑ e.g. holocaust, holography
  6. ↑ e.g. proton, protozoa
  7. ↑ e.g. quasquicentennial
  8. ↑ e.g. sesquicentennial, sesquipedalian
  9. ↑ e.g. bireme, bilingual, bipolar, bipartisan
  10. ↑ e.g. Deuteron/ium, Deuteronomy
  11. ↑ e.g. trireme
  12. ↑ e.g. triathlon, Tripolis
  13. ↑ e.g. Triton/ium
  14. ↑ e.g. tetrahedron
  15. ↑ e.g. pentahedron
  16. ↑ e.g. hexahedron
  17. ↑ e.g. September
  18. ↑ e.g. heptathlon
  19. ↑ e.g. hebdomas
  20. ↑ e.g. October
  21. ↑ e.g. octopus
  22. ↑ e.g. octahedron
  23. ↑ e.g. November
  24. ↑ e.g. December
  25. ↑ e.g. decathlon, decahedron, decagon
  26. ↑ e.g. duodenum
  27. ↑ e.g. dodecahedron
  28. ↑ e.g. triskaidekaphobia
  29. ↑ e.g. tetradecahedron/
    decatetrahedron
  30. ↑ e.g. (e)icosahedron
  31. ↑ e.g. docosa-hexaenoic acid (a pejoration of dyoicosa-hexanoic)
  32. ↑ e.g. (e)icositetragon
  33. ↑ e.g. eicosapenta-enoic acid
  34. ↑ e.g. triacontahedron
  35. ↑ e.g. penteconter
  36. ↑ e.g. pentecost
  37. ↑ e.g. Septuagint
  38. ↑ e.g. myriapoda
  39. ↑ e.g. pauciparous
  40. ↑ e.g. oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide, oligopoly
  41. ↑ e.g. multilingual, multiple, pluripotent, pluricentric
  42. ↑ e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymath
  43. ↑ e.g. plethora

Occurrences

  • Numerical prefixes occur in 19th-, 20th-, and 21st-century coinages, mainly the terms that are used in relation to or that are the names of technological innovations, such as hexadecimal and bicycle. Also used in medals that commemorate an anniversary, such as sesquicentennial (150 years), centennial (100 years), or bicentennial (200 years).
  • They occur in constructed words such as systematic names. Systematic names use numerical prefixes derived from Greek, with one principal exception, nona-.
  • They occur as prefixes to units of measure in the SI system. See SI prefix.
  • They occur as prefixes to units of computer data. See binary prefixes.
  • They occur in words in the same languages as the original number word, and their respective derivatives. (Strictly speaking, some of the common citations of these occurrences are not in fact occurrences of the prefixes. For example: millennium is not formed from milli-, but is in fact derived from the same shared Latin root – mille.)

Because of the common inheritance of Greek and Latin roots across the Romance languages, the import of much of that derived vocabulary into non-Romance languages (such as into English via Norman French), and the borrowing of 19th and 20th century coinages into many languages, the same numerical prefixes occur in many languages.

Numerical prefixes are not restricted to denoting integers. Some of the SI prefixes denote negative powers of 10, i.e. division by a multiple of 10 rather than multiplication by it. Several common-use numerical prefixes denote vulgar fractions.

Words containing non-technical numerical prefixes are usually not hyphenated. This is not an absolute rule, however, and there are exceptions (for example: quarter-deck occurs in addition to quarterdeck). There are no exceptions for words comprising technical numerical prefixes, though. Systematic names and words comprising SI prefixes and binary prefixes are not hyphenated, by definition.

Nonetheless, for clarity, dictionaries list numerical prefixes in hyphenated form, to distinguish the prefixes from words with the same spellings (such as duo- and duo).

Several technical numerical prefixes are not derived from words for numbers. (mega- is not derived from a number word, for example.) Similarly, some are only derived from words for numbers inasmuch as they are word play. (Peta- is word play on penta-, for example. See its etymology for details.)

The root language of a numerical prefix need not be related to the root language of the word that it prefixes. Some words comprising numerical prefixes are hybrid words.

In certain classes of systematic names, there are a few other exceptions to the rule of using Greek-derived numerical prefixes. The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, for example, uses the numerical prefixes derived from Greek, except for the prefix for 9 (as mentioned) and the prefixes from 1 to 4 (meth-, eth-, prop-, and but-), which are not derived from words for numbers. These prefixes were invented by the IUPAC, deriving them from the pre-existing names for several compounds that it was intended to preserve in the new system: methane (via methyl, which is in turn from the Greek word for wine), ethane (from ethyl coined by Justus von Liebig in 1834), propane (from propionic, which is in turn from pro- and the Greek word for fat), and butane (from butyl, which is in turn from butyric, which is in turn from the Latin word for butter).

Cardinal Latin series

  • unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
  • uniped, biped, triped, quadruped,[upper-alpha 8] centipede, millipede

Distributive Latin series

  • unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
  • denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian

Greek series

  • monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, … triacontad, … hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
  • digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, … enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, … chiliagon, myriagon
  • trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
  • monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod

Mixed language series

  • pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane,[upper-alpha 11] decane, undecane, … icosane
  • binary, ternary, quaternary, quinary, senary, septenary, octal, nonary, decimal, duodecimal, hexadecimal, vigesimal, quadrovigesimal, duotrigesimal, sexagesimal, octogesimal

See also

  • IUPAC numerical multiplier
  • List of numbers
  • List of numeral systems
  • List of commonly used taxonomic affixes
  • Numerals in English and other languages
  • Names for tuples of specific lengths

Notes

  1. ↑ These months’ prefixes originated with the early Roman 10-month calendar. See Roman Calendar.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 See Mendeleev’s predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.
  3. ↑ The numbering adjectives in Greek are inflectional for grammatical gender (i.e. there is monos [masculine for single/alone], mone [feminine for single/alone] and monon [neuter for single/alone]), grammatical case (i.e. nominative, genitive, etc.) and grammatical number (singular/plural). The prefixes are produced from the default grammatical type (masculine/nominative/singular).
  4. ↑ Demi- is French, from Latin dimidium.
  5. ↑ sol (sōlus) is more appropriately a Latin root for («only», «oneself»).
  6. ↑ sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 The Greek prefix for ‘one’ is normally mono- ‘alone’. Hen- ‘one’ is only used in compound numbers (hendeka- 11) and a few words like henad (= monad). Haplo- ‘single’ is found is a few technical words such as haploid.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The forms related to quattuor «four», like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear. Andrew Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, p. 412, and Carl Darling Buck, Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. In particular, quadri- has the alternate form quadru- before p in some Latin words, such as quadruple.
  9. ↑ Sometimes Greek hexa- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex.
  10. ↑ For Latinate 21, 22, etc., the pattern for the teens is followed: unvigint-, duovigint-, etc. For higher numbers, the reverse order may be found: 36 is trigintisex-. For Greek, the word kai («and») is used: icosikaihena-, icosikaidi-, pentacontakaipenta-, etc. In these and in the tens, the kai is frequently omitted, though not in triskaidekaphobia. (The inconsistency of triskaidekaphobia with the table above is explained by the fact that the Greek letter kappa can be transliterated either «c» or «k».) In chemical nomenclature, 11 is generally mixed Latin-Greek undeca-, and the 20s are based on -cos-, for example tricos- for 23.
  11. ↑ In organic chemistry, most prefixes are Greek but the prefixes for 9 and 11 are Latin.

References

  1. ↑ uncia. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
  2. ↑ πρῶτος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  3. ↑ Template:MWSD
  4. ↑ δύο
  5. ↑ δίς
  6. ↑ δεύτερος
  7. ↑ Template:MWSD
  8. ↑ τρίς
  9. ↑ τρίτος
  10. ↑ Template:MWSD
  11. ↑ «quăter». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dquater.
  12. ↑ «quăterni». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dquaterni.
  13. ↑ «quartus». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dquartus.
  14. ↑ Template:MWSD
  15. ↑ «quinque». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquinque1.
  16. ↑ «quīni». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquini.
  17. ↑ «quintus». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dquintus1.
  18. ↑ πέμπτος
  19. ↑ Template:MWSD
  20. ↑ «sēni». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dseni.
  21. ↑ «sextus». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dsextus1.
  22. ↑ «Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἕξ». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e(/c.
  23. ↑ ἕκτος
  24. ↑ Template:MWSD
  25. ↑ «septēni». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dsepteni.
  26. ↑ ἑπτά
  27. ↑ Template:MWSD
  28. ↑ «octōni». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Doctoni.
  29. ↑ «octāvus». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Doctavus.
  30. ↑ ἐννέα
  31. ↑ ἔνατος
  32. ↑ «dēni». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Ddeni.
  33. ↑ «dĕcĭmus». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Ddecimus1.
  34. ↑ δέκα
  35. ↑ δέκατος
  36. ↑ «undēni». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DU%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dundeni.
  37. ↑ «undĕcĭmus». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dundecimus.
  38. ↑ ἕνδεκα
  39. ↑ ἑνδέκατος
  40. ↑ δώδεκα
  41. ↑ δωδέκατος
  42. ↑ «quindĕcim». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquindecim.
  43. ↑ «quindēni». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquindeni.
  44. ↑ «quindĕcĭmus». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquindecimus.
  45. ↑ «sēdĕcim». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dsedecim.
  46. ↑ «quinquāginta». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquinquaginta.
  47. ↑ «quinquāgēni». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquinquageni.
  48. ↑ «quinquāgēsĭmus». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquinquagesimus.
  49. ↑ «Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, S , septĭfārĭam , septŭāgēsimus». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:alphabetic+letter=S:entry+group=34:entry=septuagesimus.
  50. ↑ «quingenti». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquingenti.
  51. ↑ «quincenti». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquincenti.
  52. ↑ «quingēni». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquingeni.
  53. ↑ «quingentēsĭmus». https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquingentesimus.
  54. ↑ ἐννακόσιοι
  55. ↑ ἐνακοσιοστός
  56. ↑ χίλιοι
  57. ↑ χιλιοστός
  58. ↑ δισχίλιοι
  59. ↑ τρισχίλιοι
  60. ↑ τρισχιλιοστός
  61. ↑ πεντακισχίλιοι
  62. ↑ μυρίος
  63. ↑ μυριαστός
  64. ↑ ὀκτακισμύριοι
  65. ↑ Wallard, Andrew. «Micrillion». https://www.bipm.org/en.

Bibliography

  • Bauer-Ramazani, Christine (April 2008). «Prefixes—Amount, Relationship, Judgment, Other Prefixes». https://toefl-prep.pbworks.com/w/page/22323657/Prefixes—Amount,%20Relationship,%20Judgment,%20Other%20Prefixes.
  • Buck, Carl Darling. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin.
  • Chrisomalis, Stephen. «Numerical Adjectives, Greek and Latin Number Prefixes». The Phrontistery. https://phrontistery.info/numbers.html.
  • Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195083458.
  • Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.).
Источник

September 3, 2018
Prefixes

Greek numbers, latin numbers, meanings and examples. Common Number Prefixes;

Common Number Prefixes

Greek Latin Meaning Examples
Mono- uni– 1 monograph, monomial, monotheism, universe, uniform, unicorn, monotone
Di– bi– du– 2 biology, bilingual, binary, bimonthly, binoculars, duo, düet
Tri– –tri 3 tricycle, triad, triathlon, triangle, tripod, triumvirate, triple
Tetra– quadri– quart– 4 tetrameter, quadrilateral, quadriplegic, quadrangle, quadruple, quarter
Penta– quin– 5 pentameter, pentagon, quintet, quintuplet
Hexa– sext– 6 hexagon, hexameter, sextuplet, sextet
Hepta– septem– septi– 7 heptagon, heptameter, heptagon, septuagenarian
Octo– octa– oct– 8 octagon, octogenarian, octopus, octahedron
Ennea– novem– 9 novena
Deca– deci– decem– 10 decade, decagon, decahedron, decimal
Hemi– semi- Half hemisphere, semicircle, semicolon, semifinal, semiannual
Poly– multi– Many polygon, polygamy, polyester, polymer, polynomial
Hecto– cent– cente– 100 cent, centennial, centurion, centenary, cent
Kilo- milli-­ mille- 1000 kilogram, kilometer, kilobyte, milligram

About The Author

englishstudyhere

Источник

Number prefixes are prefixes derived from numbers or numerals. In English and other European languages, they are used to coin numerous series of words, such as unicycle – bicycle – tricycle, dyad – triad – decade, biped – quadruped, September – October – November – December, decimal – hexadecimal, sexagenarian – octogenarian, centipede – millipede, etc. There are two principal systems, taken from Latin and Greek, each with several subsystems; in addition, Sanskrit occupies a marginal position. There is also an international set of SI prefixes, which are used in the metric system, and which for the most part are either distorted from the forms below or not based on actual number words.

Contents

  • 1 Table of number prefixes in English
  • 2 Occurrences
  • 3 Cardinal Latin series
  • 4 Distributive Latin series
  • 5 Greek series
  • 6 Notes
  • 7 References
  • 8 Further reading

Table of number prefixes in English

In the following prefixes, a final vowel is normally dropped before a root that begins with a vowel, with the exceptions of bi-, which is bis- before a vowel, and of the other monosyllables, du-, di-, dvi-, tri-, which are invariable.

The cardinal series are derived from cardinal numbers, such as English one, two, three. The multiple series are based on adverbial numbers like English once, twice, thrice. The distributives originally meant one each, two each or one by one, two by two, etc., though that meaning is now frequently lost. The ordinal series is based on ordinal numbers such as English first, second, third. For numbers higher than 2, the ordinal forms are also used for fractions; only the fraction ½ has special forms.

For the hundreds, there are competing forms: those in -gent-, from the original Latin, and those in -cent-, derived from centi- etc. plus the prefixes for 1–9.

Number Latin prefixes Greek prefixes Sanskrit[1]
Cardinal Multiple Distributive Ordinal Cardinal Multiple
½ semi- demi-[2] — hemi-
1 uni- sim-[3] singul- prim- hen-[4] mono-, haplo-[4] eka-
1¼
1½		 quasqui-
sesqui-
2 du- bi-, bis- bin- second- di-, dy- dis- dvi-
3 tri- ter- tern- terti- tri- tris- tri-
4 quadri-,
quadru-[5]		 quater-[6] quatern-[7] quart-[8] tetra- tetrakis- chatur-
5 quinque-[9] quin-[10] quint-[11] penta- pentakis- pancha-
6 sexa-[12] sen-[13] sext-[14] hexa- hexakis- shat-
7 septem-, septi- septen-[15] septim- hepta- heptakis- sapta-
8 octo- octon-[16] octav-[17] ogdo-,
octa-, octo-		 octakis- ashta-
9 novem- noven- nona- ennea- enneakis- navam-
10 decem-, dec- den-[18] decim-[19] deca- decakis- dasham-
11 undec- unden-[20] undecim-[21] hendeca- undecakis- ekadasham-
12 duodec- duoden- duodecim- dodeca- dodecakis- dvadasham-
13 tredec-, etc. triskaideca- tridecakis- trayodasham-
14 quattuordec- tetrakaideca- tetradecakis- chaturdasham-
15 quinquadec-, quindec-[22] quinden-[23] quindecim-[24] pentakaideca- pentadecakis- panchadasham-
16 sedec-,[25]
sexdec- (but hexadecimal[12])		 hexakaideca-,
hexadeca-		 hexadecakis-
17 septendec- heptakaideca-
18 octodec- octakaideca-
19 novemdec-,
novendec-		 enneakaideca-
20* viginti- vicen-,
vigen-		 vigesim- icosa-, icosi-,
eicosa-		 eicosakis-
30 triginti- tricen- trigesim- triaconta-
40 quadraginti- quadragen- quadragesim- tetraconta-
50 quinquaginti-[26] quinquagen-[27] quinquagesim-[28] pentaconta-
60 sexaginti- sexagen- sexagesim- hexaconta-
70 septuaginti- septuagen- septuagesima- heptaconta-
80 octogint- octogen- octogesim- octaconta-
90 nonagint- nonagen- nonagesim- enneaconta-
100 centi- centen- centesim- hecato-,
hecatont-
200 ducenti- ducen-,
bicenten-		 diacosioi-
300 trecenti- trecen-,
tercenten-,
tricenten-		 triacosioi-
400 quadringenti- quadringen-,
quatercenten-,
quadricenten-		 tetracosioi-
500 quingent-,[29]
quincent-[30]		 quingen-,[31]
quingenten-,
quincenten-		 quingentesim-[32] pentacosioi-
600 sescenti-, sexcenti- sescen-,
sexcenten-		 hexacosioi-
700 septingenti- septingen-,
septingenten-,
septcenten-		 heptacosioi-
800 octingenti- octingen-,
octingenten-,
octocenten-		 octacosioi-
900 nongenti- nongen- enneacosioi-
1000 milli- millen- millesim- chili-
10,000 — myria-

For Latinate 21, 22, etc., the pattern for the teens is followed: unvigint-, duovigint-, etc. For higher numbers, the reverse order may be found: 36 trigintisex-. For Greek, the word kai ‘and’ is used: icosikaihena-, icosikaidi-, pentacontakaipenta-, etc. In these and in the tens, the kai is frequently omitted, though not in triskaidekaphobia. (The inconsistency of triskaidekaphobia with the table above is explained by the fact that the Greek letter kappa can be transliterated either «c» or «k».) Sesqui- is used in Latin combinations for 1½ (sesquicentennial) and quasqui- for 1¼; multi- and poly- are used in Latin and Greek combinations for ‘many’ (multilateral, polygon). In chemical nomenclature, 11 is generally mixed Latin-Greek undec-, and the 20s are based on -cos-, for example tricos- for 23.

Occurrences

  • Numerical prefixes occur in 19th-, 20th-, and 21st-century coinages, mainly the terms that are used in relation to or that are the names of technological innovations, such as hexadecimal and bicycle. Also used in medals that commemorate an anniversary, such as sesquicentennial (150 years), centennial (100 years), or bicentennial (200 years).
  • They occur in constructed words such as systematic names. Systematic names use numerical prefixes derived from Greek, with one principal exception, nona-.
  • They occur as prefixes to units of measure in the SI system. See SI prefix.
  • They occur as prefixes to units of computer data. See binary prefixes.
  • They occur in words in the same languages as the original number word, and their respective derivatives. (Strictly speaking, some of the common citations of these occurrences are not in fact occurrences of the prefixes. For example: millennium is not formed from milli-, but is in fact derived from the same shared Latin root – mille.)

Because of the common inheritance of Greek and Latin roots across the Romance languages, the import of much of that derived vocabulary into non-Romance languages (such as into English via Norman French), and the borrowing of 19th and 20th century coinages into many languages, the same numerical prefixes occur in many languages.

Numerical prefixes are not restricted to denoting integers. Some of the SI prefixes denote negative powers of 10, i.e. division by a multiple of 10 rather than multiplication by it. Several common-use numerical prefixes denote vulgar fractions.

Words comprising non-technical numerical prefixes are usually not hyphenated. This is not an absolute rule, however, and there are exceptions. (For example: quarter-deck occurs in addition to quarterdeck.) There are no exceptions for words comprising technical numerical prefixes, though. Systematic names and words comprising SI prefixes and binary prefixes are not hyphenated, by definition.

Nonetheless, for clarity, dictionaries list numerical prefixes in hyphenated form, to distinguish the prefixes from words with the same spellings (such as duo- and duo).

Several technical numerical prefixes are not derived from words for numbers. (mega- is not derived from a number word, for example.) Similarly, some are only derived from words for numbers inasmuch as they are word play. (Peta- is word play on penta-, for example. See its etymology for details.)

The root language of a numerical prefix need not be related to the root language of the word that it prefixes. Some words comprising numerical prefixes are hybrid words.

In certain classes of systematic names, there are a few other exceptions to the rule of using Greek-derived numerical prefixes. The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, for example, uses the numerical prefixes derived from Greek, except for the prefix for 9 (as mentioned) and the prefixes from 1 to 4 (meth-, eth-, prop-, and but-), which are not derived from words for numbers. These prefixes were invented by the IUPAC, deriving them from the pre-existing names for several compounds that it was intended to preserve in the new system: methane (via methyl which is in turn from the Greek word for wine), ethane (from ethyl coined by Justus von Liebig in 1834), propane (from propionic which is in turn from pro- and the Greek word for fat), and butane (from butyl which is in turn from butyric which is in turn from the Latin word for butter).

Cardinal Latin series

  • unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
  • uniped, biped, triped, quadruped,[5] centipede, millipede

Distributive Latin series

  • unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
  • quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian

Greek series

  • pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane,[33] decane, … eicosane
  • monopod, bipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod
  • monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad(e), … triacontad, … hecatontad, chiliad, myriad

Notes

  1. ^ See Mendeleev’s predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.
  2. ^ Demi- is actually French, from Latin dimidium.
  3. ^ Sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple, and single, singular.
  4. ^ a b The Greek prefix for ‘one’ is normally mono- ‘alone’. Hen- ‘one’ is only used in compound numbers (hendeka- 11) and a few words like henad (= monad). Haplo- ‘single’ is found is a few technical words such as haploid.
  5. ^ a b The forms related to quattuor «four», like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear. Andrew Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, p. 412, and Carl Darling Buck, Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. In particular, quadri- has the alternate form quadru- before p in some Latin words, such as quadruple.
  6. ^ «quăter». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dquater. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  7. ^ «quăterni». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dquaterni. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  8. ^ «quartus». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dquartus. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  9. ^ «quinque». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquinque1. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  10. ^ «quīni». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquini. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  11. ^ «quintus». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dquintus1. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  12. ^ a b Sometimes Greek hexa- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex.
  13. ^ «sēni». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dseni. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  14. ^ «sextus». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dsextus1. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  15. ^ «septēni». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dsepteni. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  16. ^ «octōni». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Doctoni. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  17. ^ «octāvus». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Doctavus. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  18. ^ «dēni». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Ddeni. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  19. ^ «dĕcĭmus». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Ddecimus1. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  20. ^ «undēni». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DU%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dundeni. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  21. ^ «undĕcĭmus». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dundecimus. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  22. ^ «quindĕcim». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquindecim. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  23. ^ «quindēni». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquindeni. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  24. ^ «quindĕcĭmus». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquindecimus. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  25. ^ «sēdĕcim». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dsedecim. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  26. ^ «quinquāginta». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquinquaginta. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  27. ^ «quinquāgēni». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquinquageni. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  28. ^ «quinquāgēsĭmus». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquinquagesimus. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  29. ^ «quingenti». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquingenti. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  30. ^ «quincenti». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquincenti. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  31. ^ «quingēni». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquingeni. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  32. ^ «quingentēsĭmus». http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DQ%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dquingentesimus. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  33. ^ In organic chemistry, the prefix for 9 is Latin rather than Greek

References

  • Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
  • Andrew L. Sihler, A new comparative grammar of Greek and Latin
  • Carl Darling Buck, Comparative comparative grammar of Greek and Latin

Further reading

  • Stephen Chrisomalis. «Numerical Adjectives, Greek and Latin Number Prefixes». The Phrontistery. http://phrontistery.info/numbers.html.
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