The terms ‘connotation’ and ‘denotation’ refer to ways of describing the meaning of words. While the former refers to the positive or negative association that the words carry, the latter is the literal definition or the dictionary meaning of the word. Penlighten will help you understand the positive and negative connotation of words.
“Without knowing the force of words, it is impossible to know more.”
― Confucius
Kind, gentle words can leave an indelible mark on one’s mind, while harsh, cruel words can break deep bonds, turning a friend into a foe. So, how does one place words into the category of kind or harsh words? Well, in order to differentiate between the two, one needs to be aware of their connotation. The term ‘connotation’ refers to the emotional implication or association of the word. It is essential to comprehend not only what a word means, but also what a word suggests. Words can have a positive or negative connotation. Using words with a positive connotation can certainly have a beneficial effect on one’s relationships. The connotative meaning of the word is based on the emotional association with the word. Some words could even be neutral. They might be bereft of any positive or negative connotation. However, one needs to be mindful about the context in which it is used. Though the denotation of two synonyms might be the same, their connotations can be positive or negative. So, being aware of the dictionary meaning of a word does not suffice. There’s a huge scope for misinterpretation, if one unknowingly uses a word with a negative connotation.
Positive Connotation Vs. Negative Connotation
Basically, the power or the effect a word can have on people can be linked to the connotation or the emotional association that is ascribed to a word. Euphemism is the use of milder words in place of words that might be considered harsh, rude, or offensive. It is a way of conveying the meaning with gentler words, so as to avoid being rude. If you wish to inform your friend about an irritating habit of his or hers, you can use the words that have a favorable or positive connotation.
Neutral Connotation | Positive Connotation | Negative Connotation |
Smell | Fragrance | Stench |
Store | Save | Hoard |
Persistent | Persevering | Stubborn |
Inactive | Laid-back | Lazy |
Thin | Slender | Skinny |
Young | Youthful | Childish |
Economical |
Thrifty |
Miserly |
Unusual | Exceptional | Strange |
Inexpensive | Economical | Cheap |
Connotations | |
Positive | Negative |
Aroma | Stench |
Timid | Cowardly |
Assertive | Pushy |
Bold | Brash |
Strong-willed/Determined | Stubborn |
Curious | Nosy |
Thrifty | Stingy |
Thin | Scrawny |
Plump | Fat |
Frugal | Cheap |
Slender | Skinny |
Debate | Argument |
Youthful | Immature |
Relaxed | Lazy |
Focused | Obsessed |
Smile | Smirk |
Weird | Bizarre |
Energetic | Hyperactive |
Examples of Positive and Negative Connotation
While the dictionary meaning or the denotation of a word will remain the same, the connotation can vary.
The sandwich is soggy.
She is pushy.
This dress is overpriced.
Get rids of those eggs; the stench is overwhelming.
Please turn off the radio; I can’t concentrate with the intense music playing.
The coffee is too strong for my liking.
She’s always comes with crazy ideas.
She is very curious, and wants to learn new things.
Her assistant seems to be crafty.
She is stingy.
The music is deafening.
On a concluding note, one must have a basic understanding about the connotation of words. If you look into a thesaurus, you will come across various synonyms for a word. Though the denotation of these words might be somewhat similar, their connotation could be neutral, positive, or negative. Those who unconsciously use words with a negative connotation are most likely to get caught up in difficult situations. So, make sure that you pay close attention to your choice of words. History has ample evidence of battles being waged due to lack of control over one’s tongue; such is the power of words.
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A connotation is the implied or suggested meaning of a word. It is contrasted to denotation, which is the word’s literal meaning.
A connotation is often used to describe the emotional associations that a word evokes. Generally, we have three types of connotations-positive, neutral and negative.
For example:
- Positive connotation: The word “home” might have positive connotations of safety and comfort
- Neutral connotation: The word “house” might have a neutral connotation. It’s an objective way of describing where you live.
- Negative connotation: The word “prison” might have negative connotations of confinement and punishment. So, a teenager colloquially saying “My house is a prison” to refer to their house is giving their house a negative connotation.
In many cases, the connotations of a word will be determined by its cultural context. For example, the word “witch” might have very different connotations in a culture that reveres witches than in a culture that persecutes them.
Denotation | Negative Connotation | Neutral Connotation | Positive Connotation |
---|---|---|---|
A smell | Stench | Scent | Aroma |
Loud music | Rabble | Music | Beats |
A muscular person | Brutish | Muscular | Strong |
A confident person | Arrogant | Self-assured | Confident |
Rich people | The 1% | Wealthy | Self-Made |
Someone who saves money | Stingy | Frugal | Thrifty |
A failing student | Stupid | Failing | Uninspired |
A young dog | Mutt | Dog | Puppy! |
Cold weather | Freezing | Cold | Cozy |
An argument | Clash | Disagreement | Debate |
Boss giving commands | Bossy | Assertive | Leader |
Apolitical people | Ignorant | Uninterested | Nonaligned |
A popular person | Socialite | Friend | |
An introvert | Hostile | Quiet | Self-sufficient |
Space | Confinement | Area | Landscape |
A person who’s happy with their achievements | Smug | Pleased | Proud |
Smart person | Nerd | Smart | Genius |
Good student | Teacher’s pet | Studious | Superstar |
Used Car | Rust bucket | Used | Pre-loved |
Young Adults | Brat | Adolescent | Youthful |
A well-organized person | Control freak | Organized | Prepared |
Positive Connotations
- Helpful – This word has positive connotations of someone who is always giving their time. Another person may see a ‘helpful’ person as ‘a people pleaser’ which is a negative way to frame it.
- Amazing – This word suggests that the person is very impressive or even surprisingly so!
- Self-Confident – This word has positive connotations of assurance and belief in oneself. If you called the same person ‘arrogant’, then you’ll be framing them more negatively.
- Caring – This word suggests that the person is kind and concerned for others. Generally, we think of a caring person positively.
Negative Connotations:
- Lazy – This word has negative connotations of someone being unproductive and unmotivated. That person might think this negative connotation is unfair and would describe themselves as just ‘tired’ or ‘unmotivated’.
- Stupid – This word has negative connotations of someone being unintelligent or lacking common sense. A more positive word for this person might be ‘street smart, not academic’ or ‘struggling with school’.
Neutral Connotations:
- Disinterested – A person who is disinterested might be framed more negatively (“They’re a boring person!”) or positively (“The class is just not stimulating!”). Or, you can stay objective and just say that they’re disinterested.
- Baby – If you don’t like babies, you might call them ‘brats’; if you like them, you might call them ‘Cherubs’, but if you don’t want to provide a connotation, you can just call it a ‘baby’.
Using Connotations in Writing
When you’re writing, try to be aware of the connotations of the words you’re using. It will help you to more effectively frame your subjects and narrative.
The connotations of a word can add layers of meaning to your writing and help to create the desired tone and atmosphere.
For example, let’s say you’re writing a letter to your boss asking for a raise.
You might want to avoid using any words with negative connotations, as this could make you seem unprofessional or ungrateful, which might prevent you from getting the raise you want.
On the other hand, if you’re writing a love letter, you might want to use words with positive connotations to create a romantic mood.
Conclusion
Connotations are the emotional associations that a word evokes. They can be positive, negative, or neutral, depending on the word you use.
When you’re writing, it’s important to be aware of the connotations of the words you’re using in order to create the desired tone or atmosphere in your piece.
If you’re writing a fiction piece, focus on the connotations you write about various characters to see how you’re positioning each character for the reader.
Chris Drew (PhD)
Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education.
Connotation is the use of a word to propose a dissimilar link than its accurate meaning, which known as denotation. For example, pink is a color, but it is also a word used to describe a feeling of shyness or happiness, as in: “She’s feeling pink.”
Connotations can be positive, negative, or neutral. Authors generally use dissimilar connotations to insert many layers of meaning into a word, phrase, or passage. Take this sentence, for example: “The dog is fat.” It has neutral connotations because it simply a statement of fact. However, the same sentence is rewritten as “The dog is chubby” has negative connotations. the word “chubby” implies the dog has a careless owner who doesn’t care.
Now let us work on the types of connotation.
Three types of Connotations in writing:
- Positive connotation. Words that conjure a favorable emotional response. For example, when relating someone ambitious as a “go-getter” or someone who is lively and curious as “youthful.”
- Negative connotation. When a negative connotation is made, it presents the person or a thing in an opposed light. Using the examples above, the same ambitious person might be described as an “overachiever”. while the curious person might be referred to as “childish.”
- Neutral connotation. When a word says what it means with a neutral point of view, and no attached positive or negative. The statement, “He is ambitious” suggests a person works hard and strives to achieve. without judgment on whether ambition is a good or a bad thing.
We should also understand why connotation in writing is important.
Importance of Connotation for Author
Connotation is an important part of the author’s word choice. Words carry weight and can, individually and together, create a certain tone for a sentence, passage, scene, or entire story. it can also be used to:
- Write a multidimensional text. Connotation is useful in creating imagery. For example, the description “He was dressed like an animal” gives the reader a better visual sense of someone’s dress and sense of style than simply saying, “He was messy.” We have 5 types of imagery in English literature where connotations are really useful.
- Develop characters. Readers visualize a story based on the descriptions a writer provides. If a character is described with positive connotations, readers will like them more.
- Draw emotion out of language. Connotation draws emotion out of language, for both the writer and reader.
Examples of Positive, Negative and Neutral Connotations
Following are some examples of connotations:
Negative | Neutral | Positive |
Arrogant | Self-assured | Confident |
Strange | Different | Unique |
Stench | Scent | Aroma |
Naive | Inexperienced | Fresh |
Obsessed | Highly Interested | Infatuated |
Fearful | Hesitant | Cautious |
Old | Senior | Experienced |
Pushy | Insistent | Assertive |
Lazy | Laidback | Relaxed |
Skinny | Thin | Fit |
Mushy | Sentimental | Sweet |
Hyperactive | Active | Energetic |
Now’s now summarize everything what we have learned using an easy-to-understand image.
Quick Links
What is Connotation?
Connotations are meanings and interpretations that do not particularly associate with the literal meaning of the words but have an added layer of meanings. These meanings are often derived from emotional or incidental relations with the words concerned. Colours are often implied as having certain attributes or representing particular unrelated emotions or feelings and that is one of the most common connotations. Blue is characterized to be representing sadness or red for desire.
Types of Connotations
There are a few types of connotations used in the English language depending on the kind of emotions or preset associations already engraved in people’s minds. Let’s see what these types of connotations are listed below —
Positive Connotations
Ulterior meanings that are positive in essence are the positive connotations. Good associations with any word make them categorized under this label. For example, “Affordable” almost always refers to a minimal price point that is manageable for the buyer but has a welcoming association with the socioeconomic state of people.
Negative Connotations
The words become automatically associated with something negative for primarily the feelings they arouse. To give an example, affordable things can be called “Cheap” which has a negative additional meaning of being average in quality.
Neutral Connotations
Words with additional meanings that do not have particularly positive or negative associations are neutral connotations. These meanings are often the closest to literal meanings of the words. Carrying on with the example, “Inexpensive” is an adjective used to refer to something that is not expensive. It has the same meaning as affordable and cheap but has neither very positive nor very negative connotations.
Positive |
Neutral |
Negative |
Indulgent |
Pre-occupied |
Obsessive |
Gentle |
Timid |
Cowardly |
Interested |
Curious |
Nosy |
Bold |
Confident |
Brash |
Inexpensive |
Affordable |
Cheap |
Strong-willed |
Fervent |
Stubborn |
Dynamic |
Energetic |
Hyperactive |
Thrifty |
Calculative |
Miserly |
Sentimental |
Soft |
Mushy |
Stylish |
Well-dressed |
Faddish |
In-shape |
Thin |
Scrawny |
Content |
Satisfied |
Smug |
Vintage, Antique |
Old |
Decrepit |
Connotations in Use
Connotative meanings are often used in various situations and ways in speech. Some connotations are harder to pick out than others but we use them every day in different aspects of our lives. Let’s discuss a few of these sectors where connotations are used with the greatest effect and frequency.
Connotations in Everyday Speech
There are many connotative terms and phrases we use in our everyday speech without even realizing that we are using connotations. Using it or listening to it being used left and right makes these connotations stick and places them in our daily use vocabulary. One good example is —
Monday Blues
“Monday” here is not any other day of the week and “Blue” is not the colour of the sky. This phrase is used heavily to refer to the sadness of already having passed the weekend in regions of the world where Saturdays and Sundays are natural weekends and “Monday” marks the start of a new workweek. “Blues” are used to refer to the “Sadness” drawn mostly from the colour’s literary associations.
Connotations In Literature
With the liberty of literary devices like metaphor, simile and imagery, literature is the best sphere to test your skills of using connotations and assigning them as authors and readers. To name one —
Sheep
In the classic, Animal Farm, George Orwell assigns societal connotations to the animals on the farm. “Sheep” referred to the portion of the society that is comfortable with just following others’ lead and lacking the urge to take a stand drawn from the animals’ gentle characteristics to be obedient farm animals who calmly follow their shepherd. People have been called “Sheep” for their timid submissive tendencies numerous times by authors and poets and that is the negative connotation added to the word itself.
Connotations In Media
News and social media exposures require the use of connotations and certain set of wordings to be very calculative since it depends directly on the effect they will have on the readers and writers in most cases.
If the writer decides to use a headline it will determine how their words will affect the readers but if the headline is given to them by their editor that often dictates the wording the entire article will have as well as how the readers will receive that. The two headlines below can exemplify this matter adequately-
Terrorist Attack Kills 21 at UK School
The word “Terrorist” involuntarily paints a picture of an individual dressed in Arab-style clothing complete with a red-white checkered headscarf in the mind of most readers. The politics behind Islamophobia comes into play in this case where this very precise negative association is generated by the use of this word across various media platforms. So, unless the news reporter wants to draw on that imagery, they would stay away from this particular wording.
School Shooting Kills 21 in England
“School Shooting” lacks any such politicized connotations yet delivers the news very effectively. “Shooting” is a negative action and it refers to the exact act of firing a gun at someone without any added layer of meaning. It has a neutral connotation and the news writer here is calling a spade a spade.
Ever wonder why a word could have so many meanings attached to it? The definition of connotative meaning, or connotation, has to do with the socially acquired value of words. In other words, connotative meaning explains the extra meaning of words that goes beyond the dictionary definition.
Connotative meaning and connotation synonym
The definition of connotative meaning is also known as associated meaning, implied meaning, or secondary meaning. Associated meaning is the meaning that becomes attached to a word because of its use but is not part of the core sense of the word.
The opposite of connotative meaning is denotative meaning, which is the literal meaning of the word.
Each individual has a different association with a word based on their personal feelings and background, which means that connotative meaning is a cultural or emotional association to a word or phrase. The word ‘baby’ has a literal, or denotative, meaning. A baby is an infant. But if a grown man is called a ‘baby’, the connotation is negative; he is acting like a child.
Tip: the ‘con’ in the word ‘connote’ comes from the Latin for ‘in addition’. So the connotation of the word is ‘extra’ to the main meaning.
Connotation examples: connotative words
Connotation is a meaning in addition to the definitional meaning you find in a dictionary. Because of this, it is not always easy to interpret the meaning of a word based on the word’s literal meaning alone.
For example, when we use the word ‘dinner’, there is a range of possible connotations. Aside from the dictionary definition (‘a meal’), there are associated meanings that we would claim as connotative meanings:
- For one person, dinner is a time of joy, togetherness, conversation or debate, and laughter.
- For another person, dinner evokes feelings of loneliness, conflict, or silence.
- For a third, it evokes memories of kitchen aromas and certain childhood foods. The word ‘dinner’ has a range of connotations based on individual experiences.
Fig. 1 The connotative meaning of dinner could be either positive or negative.
Here’s another example of connotative meaning. If we call someone rich we can use a number of different words: loaded, privileged, wealthy, affluent. These words all have the literal meaning of rich. However, connotative words introduce negative and positive meanings that inform the reader about how an individual views a rich person.
Negative connotation, positive connotation, neutral connotation
There are three types of connotative meanings: positive, negative, and neutral. The classification is based on what kind of response the word generates.
- Positive connotation carries favourable associations.
- Negative connotation carries unfavourable associations.
- Neutral connotation carries neither favourable nor unfavorable associations.
Compare the sentences below and see if you can feel the different tones each connotation provokes:
- Tom is an extraordinary guy.
- Tom is an unusual guy.
- Tom is a weird guy.
If you think extraordinary implies positive emotions, unusual implies a neutral value, and weird gives negative associations, you’d be correct!
Here are some examples of the different types of connotative words:
Positive connotation | Neutral connotation | Negative connotation |
unique | different |
peculiar |
interested | curious | nosy |
extraordinary | unusual | weird |
determined | strong-willed | stubborn |
employ | use | exploit |
Connotative meanings are not only classified according to the positive / negative / neutral value a word or phrase has. Instead, there are certain forms of connotative meaning we must look at to understand the many emotional and cultural associations involved in connotative meaning.
Forms of connotative meaning
Forms of connotative meaning were first offered by Dickens, Hervey and Higgins (2016).
Forms of Connotative Meaning | Explanation | Example |
Associative Meaning | The overall meaning which has expectations associated with the individual. | A nurse is commonly associated with the female gender, which has meant society has adopted male nurse to counteract the feminine association with the word nurse. |
Attitudinal Meaning | The part of an overall meaning of an expression that is influenced by a more widespread attitude to the individual. |
The derogatory term ‘pigs’ is assigned to police officers. It is implied that the speaker or writer dislikes police officers in general by referring to the collective as pigs rather than a dislike for a particular police officer. |
Affective Meaning |
The additional meaning of the word is conveyed by the tonal register, which includes vulgar, polite, or formal. Politeness itself carries a meaning according to how a speaker addresses other individuals or learned behaviours such as holding doors open. |
Can you think of a difference between UK and US speaker’s idea of politeness? |
Allusive meaning | When an expression evokes an associated saying or quotation in a certain way. This shows that the meaning of the saying becomes part of the overall meaning of the expression. | When an author unconsciously refers to other novels in its title, or if the title of their book involves an allusion: Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932) alludes to Shakespeare’s The Tempest (1611). |
Reflected Meaning | This is a function of polysemy, and involves the existence of two or more denotative meanings for one word. |
If we were to refer to a person as a rat: Advice — a person who betrays their friend. Rat — the image of a dirty animal. |
Geographical Dialect-related Meaning | The speech variety in regions or geographic borders and the meanings we attach to an individual’s accent or dialect. | If we know what a Yorkshire or Scottish accent sounds like, we can understand that an individual is from Yorkshire or Scotland. We also associate stereotypical values with the individual’s character or personality. |
Temporal dialect-related meaning | This is another speech variety that tells us when the speaker is from. |
An example includes Shakespeare’s plays, which tell us that his speakers are from the sixteenth century and have a specific attitude towards sixteenth-century politics and religion. |
Emphasis (emphatic meaning) | This involves effect/affect in language and literature. |
Emphasis is found in devices such as parallelism, alliteration, rhyme, exclamation marks in writing, metaphor, and emphatic particles including ‘so’. (That’s so funny!) |
Connotative meaning in literature
Writers often use various connotative meanings, such as emphasis, to create multiple layers of meaning in a story. Connotation is found in figurative language which is any word or phrase used that has different meanings from the literal meaning.
Figurative language involves figures of speech such as metaphors, similes, metonymy, and personification. Let’s look at some examples of figures of speeches which have non-literal, or connotative meanings, in Literature.
Metaphor
Metaphor directly refers to one thing as another thing to express the similarities between them.
«Hope» is the thing with feathers —
That perches in the soul —
And sings the tune without the words —
And never stops — at all —
— ‘»Hope» is The Thing with Feathers‘ by Emily Dickinson (1891).
In this poem, the literal meaning of hope is used. However, hope is referred to as a feathered entity that is perched in the human soul and constantly singing. In other words, Dickinson gives the word hope a connotative meaning. The thing then has emotional meaning in addition to its literal meaning.
Simile
Simile compares two things using connecting words such ‘as’ or ‘like’ to make the comparisons.
O my Luve is like a red, red rose
That’s newly jump in June;
O my Luve is like the melody
That’s sweetly played in tune
— ‘A Red, Red Rose‘ by Robert Burns (1794).
Burns compares the narrator’s love to a red rose that is freshly sprung in June and to a beautiful tune being played. Love is described as something beautiful, vivid, and soothing, like a rose. The connecting words ‘like’ help to add additional and emotional meaning to the red, red roses.
Metonymy
Metonymy refers to a replacement of a thing by the name of something closely associated with it.
When I consider how my light is spent,
Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent
— ‘Sonnet XIX‘ by John Milton (1652).
This requires some background information. By 1652, Milton had become totally blind. The poem can be interpreted as Milton replacing the word ‘sight’ with my light. The sonnet reflects how the speaker faces both the physical and psychological challenges brought about by his blindness, for as a writer and translator he depended on his sight. As a poem about faith, how can Milton use his talents to serve God? Can he totally achieve an enlightened path without his sight?
Personification
Personification is the use of human characters to represent abstract ideas, animals, or inanimate things.
Earth trembl’d from her entrails, as again
In pangs, and Nature gave a second groan,
Sky lowe’r’d, and muttering Thunder, some sad drops
Wept at completing the mortal Sin
Original.
— ‘Paradise Lost‘ by John Milton (1667).
In ‘Paradise Lost’, Milton portrays Nature as if it had human qualities or characteristics. Nature, thunder, and sky are given extra associated meaning because they cannot literally weep about mortal sin. The poem describes Nature as having the human trait of being able to weep. This suggests an emotional association with the image of a weeping nature.
Connotation and denotation
Connotative meaning is the opposite of denotative meaning, but how different are they? What happens if a writer uses denotation instead of connotative meaning to describe a scene? To answer these questions, let’s start with the meaning of denotation.
Denotative meaning
Denotative meaning is the literal definition of a word. Unlike connotative meaning, it does not involve cultural or emotional associations to a word or phrase. Because of this, denotative meaning is also often called the literal meaning, explicit meaning, or dictionary definition.
Denotative vs. connotative meaning in writing
Now we know the difference between the two terms, let’s use our knowledge for writing purposes!
Let’s say we are writing a scene about a man who has just arrived in Hollywood. What do you think about when you hear the word ‘Hollywood’?
- Hollywood has a denotative meaning because it is a literal place in Los Angeles.
- Hollywood also has a connotative meaning because we associate the word Hollywood with the film industry.
The man could be returning to Hollywood, his home. Or, he could be an aspiring actor who hopes to ‘make-it-big’ in Hollywood.
Fig. 2 — The connotative meaning of Hollywood is associated with the film industry.
The connotative meanings a word carries can be different for different people, and we must watch out for implied or extra meanings in literature and everyday language.
Connotative Meaning — Key takeaways
- The definition of connotative meaning is that it explains the “extra”, associated, implied, or secondary meaning of a word.
- Examples of words that have connotative meanings include ‘rich’, ‘baby’, and ‘dinner’.
- Types of connotative meaning include positive, negative, and neutral.
- Forms of connotative meaning include associative, attitudinal, affective, reflected, geographical dialect-related, temporal dialect-related, and emphasis.
- Connotative meaning in literary devices appears in metaphors, similes, metonymys, and personification.
- The difference between connotative and denotative meaning in writing depends on the tone and setting of the story.