Word origins and definitions

We use different languages worldwide to communicate with each other. Every so often we wonder where a word came from. How did a particular word start being used as a common word worldwide and where did it actually originate from. So to find this out we will explore the world of languages and origin of words in this article. This article will cover websites which will let you know the origin of a word.

The study of origin of a word is known as Etymology. You will find that often there are popular tales behind the origin of a word. Most of these tales are just tales and not true, but knowing how the word came into being is equally interesting. So let’s look at these websites to know the origin of words below.

Online Etymology Dictionary

Online etymology dictionary explains you the origin of words and what they meant along with how they would have sounded years back. You would see a date beside each word. This date represents the earliest evidence of this word being used in some sort of written manuscript. Now you can either search for a word you are looking for by typing it in the search box given at the top of the page, otherwise you can browse the words alphabetically. The website has a huge collection of words in it. You can go through the words and find out there origins and meanings as well.

Word Origins by English Oxford Living Dictionaries

Word Origins by English Oxford Living Dictionaries is a good website to know about a words origin. You can check out origin of a word or a phrase. You can search for the word or a phrase you are looking for or can even browse the page to know origin of different words. The website apart from this has a dictionary, thesaurus, grammar helper, etc. As this app has a dictionary, it proves to be a good source for knowing the origin of a word. You can see trending words when you scroll down the page. You can also subscribe to the newsletter on this website to receive updates regarding new words, phrases, etc.

Wordorigins.org

The website Wordorigins.org will let you know the origin of words and phrases. The website has a big list of words which you can go through, or even search for a particular word that you are looking for. The website also has a blog and discussion forum where people can discuss there views. You can login and become a member of the website so you receive regular updates from the website. You can either start browsing words by going to the big list words tab, or by searching for a word. The big list of words is in alphabetical order and there are about 400 words in here. Each word has a interesting story or folklore related to it.

Words of the World

Words of the World is a website which lets you watch videos to let you know the origin of a word. The website explains which language a word originated from through a video. The home page of the website will have a list of words for which you can see a video explaining how the word originated. The words on the home page are given in the format as shown in the screenshot above, but they can also be turned into a neat list if you like. The website is supported by the University of Nottingham and thus is a trusted source.

Learning Nerd

Learning Nerd is another website which has a section on English etymology resources. The website lists references to origin of words like there are word origin dictionaries listed, words with Greek and Latin roots are under a different category, words originating from around the world can be found under international words, and then there is a section for miscellaneous words. You can also play etymology quizzes and listen to etymology podcasts as well. The website itself doesn’t have much information about word origins but will redirect you to another website for your word needs.

Learn That Word

Learn That Word is another website which lists root words and prefixes. The website is pretty basic and a list of words can be seen right on the first page. The words are listed alphabetically, so you can even jump to a word that you are looking for easily. The website will list the root word, its meaning, its place of origin, and then definition and examples. This can be seen in the screenshot above.

These are the websites I found which let you know the origin of a word. Go through them and let me know which one you liked most. If you think there is a website which could be included in this article then leave a comment below.

The etymology of a word refers to its origin and historical development: that is, its earliest known use, its transmission from one language to another, and its changes in form and meaning. Etymology is also the term for the branch of linguistics that studies word histories.

What’s the Difference Between a Definition and an Etymology?

A definition tells us what a word means and how it’s used in our own time. An etymology tells us where a word came from (often, but not always, from another language) and what it used to mean.

For example, according to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the definition of the word disaster is «an occurrence causing widespread destruction and distress; a catastrophe» or «a grave misfortune.» But the etymology of the word disaster takes us back to a time when people commonly blamed great misfortunes on the influence of the stars.

Disaster first appeared in English in the late 16th century, just in time for Shakespeare to use the word in the play King Lear. It arrived by way of the Old Italian word disastro, which meant «unfavorable to one’s stars.»

This older, astrological sense of disaster becomes easier to understand when we study its Latin root word, astrum, which also appears in our modern «star» word astronomy. With the negative Latin prefix dis- («apart») added to astrum («star»), the word (in Latin, Old Italian, and Middle French) conveyed the idea that a catastrophe could be traced to the «evil influence of a star or planet» (a definition that the dictionary tells us is now «obsolete»).

Is the Etymology of a Word Its True Definition?

Not at all, though people sometimes try to make this argument. The word etymology is derived from the Greek word etymon, which means «the true sense of a word.» But in fact the original meaning of a word is often different from its contemporary definition.

The meanings of many words have changed over time, and older senses of a word may grow uncommon or disappear entirely from everyday use. Disaster, for instance, no longer means the «evil influence of a star or planet,» just as consider no longer means «to observe the stars.»

Let’s look at another example. Our English word salary is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary as «fixed compensation for services, paid to a person on a regular basis.» Its etymology can be traced back 2,000 years to sal, the Latin word for salt. So what’s the connection between salt and salary?

The Roman historian Pliny the Elder tells us that «in Rome, a soldier was paid in salt,» which back then was widely used as a food preservative. Eventually, this salarium came to signify a stipend paid in any form, usually money. Even today the expression «worth your salt» indicates that you’re working hard and earning your salary. However, this doesn’t mean that salt is the true definition of salary.

Where Do Words Come From?

New words have entered (and continue to enter) the English language in many different ways. Here are some of the most common methods.

• Borrowing
  The majority of the words used in modern English have been borrowed from other languages. Although most of our vocabulary comes from Latin and Greek (often by way of other European languages), English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages around the world. Here are just a few examples:
  futon (from the Japanese word for «bedclothes, bedding»)
• hamster (Middle High German hamastra)
• kangaroo (Aboriginal language of Guugu Yimidhirr, gangurru , referring to a species of kangaroo)
• kink (Dutch, «twist in a rope»)
• moccasin (Native American Indian, Virginia Algonquian, akin to Powhatan mäkäsn and Ojibwa makisin)
• molasses (Portuguese melaços, from Late Latin mellceum, from Latin mel, «honey»)
• muscle (Latin musculus, «mouse»)
• slogan (alteration of Scots slogorne, «battle cry»)
• smorgasbord (Swedish, literally «bread and butter table»)
• whiskey (Old Irish uisce, «water,» and bethad, «of life»)
• Clipping or Shortening
  Some new words are simply shortened forms of existing words, for instance indie from independent; exam from examination; flu from influenza, and fax from facsimile.
• Compounding
  A new word may also be created by combining two or more existing words: fire engine, for example, and babysitter.
• Blends
  A blend, also called a portmanteau word, is a word formed by merging the sounds and meanings of two or more other words. Examples include moped, from mo(tor) + ped(al), and brunch, from br(eakfast) + (l)unch.
• Conversion or Functional Shift
  New words are often formed by changing an existing word from one part of speech to another. For example, innovations in technology have encouraged the transformation of the nouns network, Google, and microwave into verbs.
• Transfer of Proper Nouns
  Sometimes the names of people, places, and things become generalized vocabulary words. For instance, the noun maverick was derived from the name of an American cattleman, Samuel Augustus Maverick. The saxophone was named after Sax, the surname of a 19th-century Belgian family that made musical instruments.
• Neologisms or Creative Coinages
  Now and then, new products or processes inspire the creation of entirely new words. Such neologisms are usually short lived, never even making it into a dictionary. Nevertheless, some have endured, for example quark (coined by novelist James Joyce), galumph (Lewis Carroll), aspirin (originally a trademark), grok (Robert A. Heinlein).
• Imitation of Sounds
  Words are also created by onomatopoeia, naming things by imitating the sounds that are associated with them: boo, bow-wow, tinkle, click.

Why Should We Care About Word Histories?

If a word’s etymology is not the same as its definition, why should we care at all about word histories? Well, for one thing, understanding how words have developed can teach us a great deal about our cultural history. In addition, studying the histories of familiar words can help us deduce the meanings of unfamiliar words, thereby enriching our vocabularies. Finally, word stories are often both entertaining and thought provoking. In short, as any youngster can tell you, words are fun.

Becoming Interested in the Origin of Words

Words, like facts, are difficult to remember out of context.  Remembering is greatly
facilitated when you have a body of information with which to associate either a word
or a fact.  For words, interesting origins or histories will help provide a context. 
For example, a hippopotamus is a «river horse,» from the Greek hippos, meaning «horse,» and potamos, meaning «river.»

Indiana is called the Hoosier state, and its people Hoosiers.  Why?  In the early days, the pioneers were gruff in manner; when someone knocked
at the front door, a pioneer’s voice would often boom, «Who’s yere?»

If you were offered a Hobson’s choice, would you know what was meant?  Thomas Hobson owned a livery stable in seventeenth-century
England.  He loved his horses, and to prevent any one horse from being overworked,
he hired them out in turn, beginning with stall number one.  Customers had to take
the horses they were given.  Thus Hobson’s choice means no choice at all. (Pauk, p. 314)

Etymology is the study of the origins of words.  The English language is living and growing. 
Although many of our words have been part of our language for many years, new words
are added all the time.  Following are various ways our language is influenced.

• Derived from Foreign Words — English, in many cases, has been commonly expanded by incorporating foreign words
  into it.  Most of our language has ancient Anglo-Saxon or Latin origins.  Other languages
  have also added to our vocabularies.

• Additions through Technology & Products — Our words often reflect current interests, trends, and innovations.  One of the
  most recent contributors to our language has been computer technology, which has created
  words such as bytes, monitor, and disk.

  Another way new words come into our language is through the development of products. 
  Some examples include: Kleenex, Walkman, Scotch tape, Xerox, and Linoleum.

• People’s Names — sometimes when a person invents or introduces something, that thing becomes associated
  with the person’s name.  The person, through time, is forgotten while the name lives
  on in our language.  Examples include:

  • mesmerize — F.A. Mesmer, an Austrian doctor and hypnotist.
  • sideburns — an American English alteration of burnsides, Ambrose E. Burnside, a Union general.

• Words from Letters — The initials for the names of things may actually come to replace the names.  The
  initials become the words that represent the thing, concept, or group.  The following
  are examples of words that have developed from initials.

  • TV — TeleVision
  • DWI — Driving While Intoxicated
  • COD — Cash On Delivery
  • ZIP — Zone Improvement Plan

• Word Histories — Some words also have interesting histories.  Learning the stories behind the meanings
  is a good way to learn those words.  The following examples will give you an idea
  of how history can affect language.

  • footman — It was once thought to bring bad luck if a person stepped on the door threshold
    when entering a house.  Rich people hired a servant to stand at their doors.  His
    job was to guard against a guest’s stepping on the threshold.  The guard became known
    as a footman.
  • hooker — A synonym for prostitute.  The term became popular during the Civil War.  The women
    involved were camp followers.  General «Fighting Joe» Hooker approved their presence
    in order to boost the morale of his men.

One of the consequences of the
French influence is that the vocabulary of English is, to a certain
extent, divided between those words which are Germanic(mostly West
Germanic, with a smaller influence from the North Germanic branch)
and those which are «Latinate» (Latin-derived, either
directly from Norman French or other Romance languages).

Numerous sets of statistics
have been proposed to demonstrate the origins of English vocabulary.
None, as yet, is considered definitive by most linguists.

A
computerised survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter
Oxford Dictionary
(3rd ed.) was published in Ordered
Profusion
by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff (1973) that estimated the
origin of English words as follows:

Influences
in English vocabulary

Langue
d’oïl,
including French and Old Norman: 28.3%

Latin,
including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24%

Other
Germanic languages (including words directly inherited from Old
English): 25%

Greek:
5.32%

No
etymology given: 4.03%

Derived
from proper names: 3.28%

All
other languages contributed less than 1% (e.g. Arabic-English
loanwords)

A
survey by Joseph M. Williams in Origins
of the English Language
of 10,000 words taken from several thousand business letters gave
this set of statistics:

French
(langue d’oïl), 41%

«Native»
English, 33%

Latin,
15%

Danish,
2%

Dutch,
1%

Other,
10%

However, 83% of the 1,000
most-common, and all of the 100 most-common English words are
Germanic.

Dutch
origin words

Apartheid
— from apartheid
(via Afrikaans) (=»separateness») (meaning: racial
segregation)

Boom
— from boom
(=»tree»); cognate to English «beam», German
«baum»

Booze
— from Middle Dutch busen
(=»to drink in exess»).

Boss
-from baas

Brooklyn
-called after the town of Breukelen near Utrecht

Cruise
-from (door)kruisen
(=»to cross»)

Drill
(verb) -from Middle Dutch dril,
drille
and in modern Dutch drillen

Freight
— from vracht

Golf
-from kolf
(=»bat, club», but also a game played with these)

Harlem
— called after the city of Haarlem near Amsterdam

Iceberg
-probably from Dutch ijsberg (literally ice
mountain).

Landscape
-from landschap

Leak
— possibly from Middle Dutch lekken
(=»to drip, to leak» )

Loafer
-from loper
(=»walker»)

Patroon
— from patroon
(=»patron»)

Plug
— from plugge,
originally a maritime term.

Poppycock
-from pappekak
(=dialect for «soft dung»)

Rover
— from rover
(= «robber»)

Rugsack
— from rugzak
(= «a back worn bag»)

Santa
Claus — from Middle Dutch Sinterklaas
(=»Saint Nicholas»), bishop of Asia Minor who became a
patron saint for children. (Dutch and Flemish feast celebrated on the
6th of December, the fest of Sint
Nikolaas
is celebrated in November)

Skate
— to skate  from schaats.
The noun was originally adopted as in Dutch, with ‘skates’ being the
singular form of the noun; due to the similarity to regular English
plurals this form was ultimately used as the plural while ‘skate’ was
derived for use as singular.»

Slim
— «thin, slight, slender,» from Dutch slim «bad, sly,
clever,» from M.Du. slim «bad, crooked,»

Smelt
— from smelten
(=»to melt»)

Snack
— perhaps from Middle Dutch snakken
(=»to long» (snakken
naar lucht=»to
gasp for air») originally «to eat»/»chatter»)

Split
— from Middle Dutch splitten

Still
life — from Dutch stilleven

Stove
— from Middle Dutch stove
(=»heated room»). The Dutch word stoof,
pronounced similarly, is a small (often wooden) box with holes in it.
One would place glowing coals inside so it would emanate heat, and
then put one’s feet on top of it while sitting (in a chair) to keep
one’s feet warm.

Tattoo
(military term)  -from taptoe
(=literally «close the tap»). So called because police used
to visit taverns in the evening to shut off the taps of casks.

Trigger
— from trekker
(Trekken =»to pull»)

Tulip
— from tulp

Waffle
-from wafel

Wagon
-from Middle Dutch wagen,
waghen
(=»cart, carriage, wagon»)

Yacht
— from jacht
(=originally «hunt»)

Yankee
-from Jan
Kees,
a personal name, originally used mockingly to describe pro-French
revolutionary citizens, with allusion to the small keeshond dog, then
for «colonials» in New Amsterdam (Note: this is not the
only possible etymology for the word yankee. For one thing, the
Oxford English Dictionary has quotes with the term from as early as
1765, quite some time before the French Revolution

Words
describing the navy, types of ships, and other objects or activities
on the water are often from Dutch origin. Yacht
(jacht)
and cruiser
(kruiser)
are examples.

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