Word order in questions german

So you have taken some German grammar lessons online, learned your German vocabulary and can decline articles and pronouns and conjugate verbs. Now all that’s left is stringing everything together into understandable sentences.

But how can you learn to navigate the complicated word order in German?

As it is in English, so it is when speaking German: if the order of the words is too wrong, the meaning of the sentence is lost and all you get is gibberish.

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Why Correct Word Order is Important

Surely if, when learning German, you stick to a simple Subject + Verb + Object sentence, people will understand what you mean, even if it’s not 100% perfect German grammar?

Yes and no. You will probably have trouble balancing vocabulary and grammar in any case, and even an advanced German scholar will sometimes get his cases wrong. And that’s where it gets a little tricky. If you have to choose (and when you are just starting to learn a foreign language, you will), it’s easier to remember word order once than the proper gender of hundreds of words. Get their placement right in the sentence, and most Germans might not even hear that you used the wrong gender or case.

In some cases, word order determines the meaning of a sentence. This is especially true of questions — think of the difference in meaning between the English sentences:

This is a fairytale.

Is this a fairytale?

All the words remain the same, but a change in word order makes the second one into a question, while the first is an assertation.

Also, using a participle right after an auxiliary verb (see further below) is sure to out you as an «Ausländer»! Place your words correctly in a sentence and your German acquaintances are sure to be impressed.

The Right Word Order in German for Main Clauses

Good news for English speakers! In German grammar, the basic sentence structure in a normal main clause is refreshingly like English:

Subject + Verb + Object
«Die Ritterin tötet einen Drachen.»
The female knight kills a dragon.

Also similar to English, the indirect object in German generally comes before the direct object. Where English would say:

The squire gave the (female) knight a lance, German says:
Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
Der Knappe gibt der Ritterin eine Lanze.

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Learn how German and English contrast here.

The Placement of Nouns in German Sentences

This said, the existence of cases in the German language makes word order a bit more fluent than in English, which has confused more than one student of German. For, no matter the word order, the cases will still tell you the noun’s role in the sentence. Generally, this means that a noun can be brought to the beginning of the sentence to emphasise its importance.

Der Knappe gibt der Ritterin eine Lanze.
The squire gives the female knight a lance.
Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object

Eine Lanze gab der Knappe der Ritterin.
A lance is what the squire gave the knight.
Direct Object + Verb + Subject + Indirect Object

Der Ritterin gab der Knappe eine Lanze.
The knight was the one to whom the squire gave the lance.
Indirect Object + Verb + Subject + Direct Object

English sometimes does this, too — in poetry («dark was the night…»). But as you can see from the English translations, English often needs to add a word or two for it to work — you couldn’t say: «The lance gave the squire». You might, of course, say: «The lance the squire gave to noble knight», or «To noble knight the squire a lance did give» — but these are all rather uncommon phrases in modern English speech, and we don’t recommend using them in casual conversation!

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How To Structure German Sentences When Using Pronouns

However, in German sentence structure, things are slightly different with personal pronouns.

If ONLY the indirect (dative) object is a pronoun, the word order remains the same:

Er gibt ihr die Lanze.
Subject + Verb + Indirect Object (pronoun) + Direct Object (noun)
He gives the lance to her.

As you can see, the German word order is slightly different than in English sentences having a pronoun as an indirect object!

However, the accusative pronoun comes before the dative object, even if both are pronouns:

Er gibt sie der Ritterin.
Subject + Direct Object (Pronoun) + Indirect Object (noun)
He gives it to the knight.

Er gibt sie ihr.
Subject + Direct Object (pronoun) + Indirect Object (pronoun)
He gives it to her.

The Place of the Verb in German Main Clauses

You will notice that putting an object in first place does not change the place of the verb in a German sentence. Instead, the subject is shunted to a place behind the verb, leaving the verb always in second place.

Compound Verbs: identifying the place of the auxiliary verbs and the participle

Many German verb tenses rely on the formula:

auxiliary verb (sein or haben) + infinitive or participle

This is similar to several English tenses, such as the continuous tenses, for example (I went vs. I was going).

However, whereas your English lessons at school will have taught you to keep the parts of an English verb together (with the occasional exception of adverbs), German verbs are not as tightly knit. Even in a simple sentence, a German verb can and must be split:

Der Drache hat geschlafen.

The dragon was sleeping.

This subject and verb phrase is simple. However, once we start adding objects, it’s important to remember that while the auxiliary verb remains in second place, the second part of the verb (whether it be an infinitive or a participle) will go to the end of the sentence, no matter what:

Der Ritter hat den Drachen geweckt.

The knight woke the dragon.

Der Ritter hat den Drachen mit einer Tasse Kaffee geweckt.

The knight woke the dragon with a cup of coffee.

Der Ritter hat den Drachen zum Kämpfen um acht Uhr mit einer Tasse Kaffee geweckt.

The knight woke the dragon to fight at eight o’clock with a cup of coffee.

And so on.

This rule applies to regular verbs, irregular verbs, verbs in the past, present or future tense, verbs in the active or in the passive voice — as soon as you have an auxiliary verb, the participle goes to the end of the sentence.

In a verb tense with several auxiliary verbs, the second auxiliary verb goes to the end of the sentence AFTER the participle:

Ich bin getötet worden.

I was killed.

Ich bin von einem Ritter mit einer Lanze getötet worden.

I was killed by a knight with a lance.

The placement of the German verb is one of the most difficult aspects of word order for someone who speaks the English language as their mother tongue. It often makes, not just speaking, but also understanding German difficult. Remember: the rest of the verb is coming! Just wait for it…

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Knowing Where the Adverbs Go When Writing or Speaking German

Once you introduce adverbs, the cosy little place beside the verb becomes even more coveted. In sentences with only direct objects, the adverb always comes directly after the verb:

Subject + Verb + Adverb Direct Object

Der Knappe reicht schnell die Lanze.
The squire quickly hands over the lance.

BUT it comes AFTER the Indirect Object:

Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Adverb + Direct Object

Der Knappe reicht der Ritterin schnell die Lanze.
The squire quickly hands the lance to the knight.

AND it comes AFTER any objects if they are pronouns.
However, the word order remains the same if only the dative (indirect object) is a pronoun:

Der Knappe reicht ihr schnell die Lanze.
The squire quickly hands her the lance.

Subject + Verb + Indirect Object (pronoun) + Adverb + Direct Object

If only the accusative (direct) object is a pronoun, it follows it but slips before the indirect (dative) object:

Der Knappe reicht es schnell der Ritterin.
The squire quickly hands it to the knight.

Subject + Verb + Direct Object (pronoun) + Adverb + Indirect Object

If both objects are pronouns, the adverb slips to last place:

Der Knappe reicht es ihr schnell.
The squire quickly hands it to her.

What to do if you have several adverbs in a sentence?

German generally puts them in the following order:

TIME — MANNER — PLACE

Die Ritterin gallopierte sofort mit angelegter Lanze zum Schlafort des Drachens.
Subject + Verb+ Adverb time + Adverb manner + Adverb place

The knight immediately galloped lance down to the dragon’s sleeping place.

As you can see, the same rules apply whether we are talking about a simple adverb or an adverbial phrase.

How the German Language Builds Subordinate Clauses

In the German language, as in English, if a sentence is made up of two clauses, these are often linked by conjunctions.

If both sentences can stand alone, they are both main clauses and the conjuctions linking them are called coordinating conjunctions (such as “und”, “oder” and «dann»). The word order of either clause is not influenced by the existence of the conjunction; it is treated as though it weren’t there:

Ihr Pferd war schnell und ihre Lanze war scharf.
Her horse was quick and her lance was sharp.

German subordinate clauses

But if one of the sentences can’t stand on its own, it is a subordinate clause. They can be adverbial, or they can function as a direct object to the verb.

They are often introduced by a subordinating conjunction such as «weil», «ob», «wann» etc.

An adverbial clause explains something about the main clause:

Der Drache sah die Ritterin nicht kommen, weil es noch geschlafen hat.
The dragon did not see the knight coming because it was still sleeping.

In learning German, object clauses mostly come after the verbs “wissen”, “fragen” and other verbs indicating knowledge (or lack of it). They are usually introduced with «dass».

Der Drache wußte nicht, dass es bald tot sein wird.
The dragon didn’t know that it would soon be dead.

Die Ritterin erfuhr bald, dass Drachen einen leichten Schlaf haben.
The knight soon found out that dragons are light sleepers.

German subordinating conjunctions and their place in the sentence

Conjunctions for adverb clauses include:

• weil,
• obwohl,
• damit,
• trotzdem,
• dann,
• wenn and others.

Conjunctions for object clauses are:

• dass
• ob,
• wer,
• wieso,
• wieviel…

The conjunctions ALWAYS come at the beginning of the subordinate clause:

Der Drache wachte auf, WEIL er ihr Pferd wiehern hörte.
(MC) The dragon woke up (SC) BECAUSE it heard her horse whinny.

Er fragte sich, WAS dieses Geraucht macht.
(MC) It asked itself (SC) WHAT made that noise.

The Placement of Verbs in German Subordinate Clauses

As an observant student of German, you might have noticed that in ALL subordinate clauses, the verb comes at the very end. If the verb has an auxiliary, the auxiliary verb comes after the main verb:

Er hob seinen Kopf hoch, damit er sehen konnte, was sich ihm näherte.
He raised his head to see what was approaching him.

The exception is in verb cases with more than one auxiliary verb — modal verbs and verbs that take a second infinitive such as “lassen” — in the perfect and past perfect.  In such cases, the auxiliary verb sneaks up the line to just before the participle or infinitive:

Sie hätte ihr Pferd gleich umdrehen müssen.
She ought to have turned her horse around immediately.

Sie dachte, dass sie ihr Pferd gleich hätte umdrehen müssen.
She thought that she should have immediately turned her horse around.

Learn more about German Verbs in this dedicated blog

Where Does the Subordinate Clause Go in German Grammar?

While subordinate clauses usually come after the main clause, they can also come first. When you learn German, it is important to remember that they take the place of a noun or adverb, and as such, are considered part of the sentence and modifies word order in a complex sentence.
What does this mean?

It means that if you decide to put the subordinate clause first, the next thing to come in the main clause is the VERB. The subordinate clause takes up the first position in the sentence, so the verb comes in second, and THEN the subject.

In English, subordinate clauses at the beginning of a sentence don’t affect word order in the main clause.

Weil sie so schnell reitete, wusste die Ritterin nicht, ob sie noch rechtzeitig bremsen kann.
(SC1)Because she was going so fast, (MC) the knight didn’t know (SC2)if she would be able to brake.

Here we have two subordinate clauses. The first was shifted to the beginning of the sentence, so in the main clause the verb comes before the subject. The second is in its usual place after the main clause, and everything stays the same.

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Use the Imperative in a German Sentence

The imperative is used to give an order or instructions; it is one of the few verb tenses that is only conjugated in the second person (singular and plural) and the first person plural. In German grammar, the imperative is also conjugated in the third person plural — though purely as the formal version of the second person, rather than a true third person.

In German imperative sentences, the verb comes first — as indeed, it does in English grammar:

“Halte dich fest!”
Hang on!

“Töte den Drachen!”
Kill the dragon!

Learn How To Ask a Question in German

There are two types of questions:

• questions that need a question word and
• questions that can be answered yes or no.

Sentence Structure With German Question Words

How do questions with question words work?

Question words are used whenever sentences need to be clarified. The answer to a question using a question word is usually an adverb or adverb clause within the answer:

When will the knight arrive?

She will arrive at dawn. (Adverb of time)

How does the knight save herself?

She saves herself by spraying hot sauce into the dragon’s nose. (Adverb of means)

Why does she have hot sauce in her saddlebags?

The knight packed hot sauce because she just came from a chilli cook-out. (Adverb of reason)

Where will she go afterwards?

She’ll go to Disneyland! (Adverb of place)

The only exception is the question word «who» (in German «wer»), where the answer is the predicate of a phrase with «to be» («sein»):

Who is this mysterious knight?

She is Joan of Arc’s great-grandniece.

German question words

In the German language, question words always come at the beginning of the question, and are followed by the verb:

Wie rettet die Ritterin sich?
How does the knight save herself?

In this, German is once again close to English, where a question word is followed by the verb: How are you? Where does this go? How much does this cost?

Some of the most common German question words are:

English word	German translation	Does it need to be declined?
Who?	Wer?	Yes — it’s a pronoun, so you should decline it to suit its role in the sentence: nominative: Wer accusative: Wen genetive: Wem dative: Wessen Wer is used for feminine and masculine.
What?	Was?	no
When?	Wann?	no
Where?	Wo?	no
Why?	Warum?	no
How?	Wie?	no
How much?	Wieviel?	no
How many?	Wie viele?	«viele» should agree with the noun it determines.
How old?	Wie alt?	no
At what time?	Um wieviel Uhr?	no

Questions with auxiliary verbs:

As usual, the auxiliary verb is in second place, with the participle coming at the end of the sentence:

Was kann sie tun?
What can she do?

Wie hat sie sich gerettet?

How did she save herself?

How To Build Yes/No Questions in German

English generally needs to use “do” to ask a yes or no question (Do you want the last piece of cake? Do you tango?) or «will» for actions taking place in the future (Will Manchester United win the next game? Will I ever understand German word order?).

However, you will be happy to learn that German does not. In fact, you can take any perfectly normal sentence and simply flip the verb to first position to make it into a question:

Der Drache schnappt zu. -> Schnappt der Drache zu?
The dragon snaps his jaws. -> Does the dragon snap his jaws?

And, of course, two-part verbs remain much the same, with the participle at the end:

Sie kann sich retten. -> Kann sie sich retten?
She can save herself. -> Can she save herself?

Der Knappe rettet sie in letzter Minute. -> Rettet der Knappe sie in letzter Minute?
The squire saves her at the last minute. -> Will the squire save her at the last minute?

As you can see, German sentence structure is similar to English in many instances — making it all the more important that you learn and remember those cases where it isn’t! Sometimes, it is more flexible — long live German cases! — but in others it is more rigid and inflexible. Don’t get hung up on those that seem illogical to you — all languages have their oddities, and German is no exception! Yell at your textbook, then accept it, learn it and move on.

The best way to learn German sentence structure is to see it and hear it used constantly — so  look for those German books, blogs, podcasts, audiobooks and movies to make German sentences a part of your daily life. And the best way to practice it is to speak — find a language buddy, look for a German language tutor or — why not? — go to Germany for a holiday!

With these rules, you should soon have no trouble crafting credible German sentences. And fight dragons, too.

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Imperatives

Imperatives are sentences in the command form.

Setz dich! – Sit down! (2^nd person singular; informal)

Setzt euch! – Sit down! (2^nd person plural; informal)

Setzten Sie sich! – Sit down (2^nd person; singular and plural; formal)

Hör auf! – Stop that! (2^nd person singular; informal)

Hört auf! – Stop that! (2^nd person plural; informal)

Hören Sie auf! – Stop that! (2^nd person; singular and plural; formal)

As you can see, you have to put the verb in the first position and conjugate it according to number and gender.

Questions

There are two main types of questions: yes/no-questions and so-called w-questions – questions that start with question words, that is, why (warum), what (was), how (wie), when (wann), where (wo), who (wer), etc.

When you want to form a yes/no-question you simply have to invert the subject and the full verb of a simple sentence. Compare:

Peter spielt Klavier. (Peter play the piano.)

Spielt Peter Klavier? (Does Peter play the piano?)

Claudia trinkt Kaffee. (Claudia drinks coffee.)

Trink Claudia Kaffee? (Does Claudia drink coffee?)

Martin arbeitet bei Porsche. (Martin works at Porsche.)

Arbeitet Martin bei Porsche? (Does Martin work at Porsche?)

Sabrina isst gerne Schokolade. (Sabrina likes to eat chocolate.)

Isst Sabrina gerne Schokolad? (Does Sabrina like to eat chocolate?)

When you want to form w-questions your sentence has to start with a question word (warum, wer, wie was, wann, wo, etc.). The following element in your sentence has to be a conjugated full verb = finite verb.

1. Warum weinst du? (Why are you crying?)

2. Wer sagst das? (Who says that?)

3. Wie steht mir der Mantel? (How does the coat suit me?)

4. Was hast du? (What do you have? / can also mean: What’s wrong with you?)

5. Wann treffen wir uns? (When do/will we meet?)

6. Wo bist du? (Where are you?)

Unfortunately, most German questions contain more than one verb: a full verb and an auxiliary verb or modal verb. In such cases, the auxiliary verb/modal verb comes in the second position and the full verb comes at the end of the sentence:

7. Warum hast du mich nicht angerufen? (Why didn’t you call me? / Why haven’t you called me?)

8. Warum möchtest du nicht mit uns mitkommen? (Why don’t you want to accompany us?)

9. Wer hat dir das erzählt? (Who told you that?)

10. Wer soll dich abholen? (Who should pick you up?)

11. Wie hast du davon erfahren? (How come that you have heard about that?)

12. Wie kannst du nur so etwas sagen? (How can you say something like that?)

13. Was hast du gesagt? (What did you say?)

14. Was soll das bedeuten? (What does it mean?)

15. Wann wird Susanne ankommen? (When will Susanne arrive?)

16. Wann muss ich die Arbeit einreichen? (When do I have to hand in the paper?)

17. Wo hast du das Auto geparkt? (Where did you park the car?)

18. Wo darf ich mich setzten? (Where may I take a seat?)

The Rules of German Sentence Structure

Common German Conjunctions

This German word order rule doesn’t just happen when the conjunction is at the beginning of the sentence. It also happens when the conjunction appears as a clause within the sentence. So, when that happens, you need to use inverted word order at the second half of the sentence. The following examples can show you how it’s done.

Negating Statements in German

In English, affirmative statements are negated by inserting the words “not” or “no”. German works in a similar manner using the words “nicht” and “kein”. For example:

• I can sing. – Ich kann singen.
• I cannot sing. – Ich kann night singen.
• I have money. – Ich habe Geld.
• I have no money. – Ich habe kein Geld.

Learn German Sentence Structure From Everyday Phrases

Understanding German sentence structure isn’t that difficult. But, you need to master forming sentences to reach German fluency. So, the best way to learn the word order rules is by seeing them in their natural habitat. Everyday phrases and expressions all include the grammar rules you just learned. And to find the list of the most useful German phrases, all you need to do is download OptiLingo.

OptiLingo has the only vocabulary list you’ll need to reach fluency. And, it also makes you speak the language. This means that you’ll build your confidence and speaking skills while you’re learning useful vocabulary. To discover the secrets to German sentence structure, download OptiLingo today!

In German interrogative pronouns (question words) are sometimes called W-Wörter, since they all start with W.

The word order in interrogative sentences in German is similar to that when we make interrogative sentences using the verb to be or to have in English:

You are a teacher – Are you a teacher?
Du bist Lehrer – Bist du Lehrer? (informal, friendly form)
Sie sind Lehrer – Sind Sie Lehrer? (formal, polite form)

Interrogative Pronouns

The word order in interrogative sentences is:

(question-word + ) verb + subject + other parts of the sentence

Basic questions in German

The main difference that sets apart German sentence structure from that of English is that German is an OV (Object-Verb) language, whereas English is a VO (verb-object) language.^[1] Additionally, German, like all Germanic languages except English, uses V2 word order, though only in independent clauses. In dependent clauses, the finite verb is placed last.

Independent clauses[edit]

Declarative sentences[edit]

Declarative sentences use V2 word order: the finite verb is preceded by one and only one constituent (unlike in English, this need not be the subject); in Germanic tradition, the position occupied by this constituent is referred to as the Vorfeld ‘prefield’. Coordinating conjunctions like und ‘and’ or aber ‘but’ precede both the prefield and the finite verb, and so do topicalised elements (similarly to the ‘that’ in English ‘That I don’t know’). The prefield is often used to convey emphasis.

Non-finite verbs as well as separable particles are placed at the end of the sentence:

In the midfield (the part of the clause between the position of the finite verb and that of the clause-final verb cluster), German word order is highly variable.
Conventional German syntax presents information within a sentence in the following order:^{[citation needed]}

• Wichtigstes (what is the most important thing of the things following?)
  1. The word «da» with the meaning «then suddenly» must take the first place. A «dann», then, does so often, but not necessarily; otherwise, the Subject will do.
  2. If the verb is most important, the unconjugated (normally second) part of the separable verb is placed here, but even then separated from the conjugated (normally first) part. If the verb is not separable or periphrastical, the infinitive will do.
• Was (what? the conjugated verb)
  1. In this case, a form of «tun» is legitimately inserted for the conjugated verb, as in Arbeiten tun wir. «Working, that’s what we do.»
• Wer (who? the subject)
• Wem (to/for whom – dative object)
• Wann (when – time)
• Warum (why – reason)
• Wie (how – manner)
• Wo (where – place)
• Wen (whom – accusative object)
• Wohin/Woher (to/from where)
• Verb, nochmal (first part of the separable verb)

Wir gehen am Freitag miteinander ins Kino. Literally,
«We go on Friday together to the movies.»^{[dubious – discuss]}

Wegen ihres Jahrestages bereiten wir unseren Eltern einen Ausflug nach München vor. Literally,
«Because of their anniversary plan we our parents a trip to Munich.»

Comparisons can be put after both parts of the verb, or before the place of its later part. So:
Er ist größer gewesen als ich. / Er war größer als ich. «He was greater than me.»
OR
Er ist größer als ich gewesen

Additionally, German often structures a sentence according to increasing news value. So:
Wir gehen am Donnerstag ins Kino. We’re going to the movies on Thursday. BUT

An welchem Tag gehen wir ins Kino?
(On) What day are we going to the movies?

Am Donnerstag gehen wir ins Kino. OR Wir gehen am Donnerstag ins Kino.
On Thursday we’re going to the movies. OR We’re going on Thursday to the movies.»

In ditransitive sentences, the di
Florian gibt mir morgen das Buch. «Florian is giving me tomorrow the book.»
BUT
Florian gibt es mir morgen. «Florian is giving it to me tomorrow.»

Inversion[edit]

By an inversion you emphasize of the sentence: an adverbial phrase, a predicative or an object, or even an inner verbal phrase. The subject phrase, at the beginning of an indicative unstressed sentence, is moved directly behind the conjugated verb, and the component to be emphasized is moved to the beginning of the sentence. The conjugated verb is always the second sentence element in indicative statements.

«Ich fliege schnell.» – «I fly fast.» – unstressed

«Schnell fliege ich.» – «I fly fast.» – stressed ‘fast’ (i.e., «Fast is how I fly.»)

«Du bist wunderschön.» – «You are lovely.» – unstressed

«Wunderschön bist du.» – «You are lovely.» – stressed ‘lovely’ (i.e., «Lovely is what you are.»)

«Ich bin gelaufen.» – «I ran.» – unstressed

«Gelaufen bin ich!» – «I ran!» – stressed ‘ran’ (i.e., «Run is what I did!»)

Interrogative Sentences[edit]

Questions are generally divided into yes-no questions and wh-questions.
Specific questions are similar to inverted statements. They begin with a question word, then there is the conjugated verb, followed by the subject (if there is one), and the rest of the sentence follows.^{[citation needed]}

Was machst du jetzt? («What are you doing now?»)

Wer geht ins Kino? («Who is going to the cinema?» – In this sentence, the interrogative pronoun wer serves as the subject)—>

Yes-No Questions[edit]

In yes-no questions, V1 (verb-first) word order is used: the finite verb occupies the first position in the sentence; this time, there is no prefield.

However, conjunctions and topicalised elements still precede the finite verb:

Wh-Questions[edit]

Wh-questions work in much the same way as they do in English. Like English, German also has Wh-movement:

Commands[edit]

For commands, the imperative mood is used. Like questions, commands use V1 word order.

In contemporary German, the imperative singular ending -e is usually omitted. The second-person-singular pronouns du ‘you (sg)’ and ihr ‘you (pl)’ are always omitted, except in highly formal or literary language:

Like in English, nouns or non-finite verb forms can sometimes be used to give commands:

Dependent Clauses[edit]

Subordinate clauses use Vfinal word order.

That-Clauses[edit]

Using dass ‘that’:

Clauses Headed by a Subordinator[edit]

Relative Clauses[edit]

Aside from their highly inflected forms, German relative pronouns are less complicated than English. There are two varieties. The more common one is based on the definite article der, die, das, but with distinctive forms in the genitive (dessen, deren) and in the dative plural (denen). Historically this is related to English that. The second, which is more literary and used for emphasis, is the relative use of welcher, welche, welches, comparable with English which. As in most Germanic languages, including Old English, both of these varieties inflect according to gender, case and number. They take their gender and number from the noun which they modify, but the case from their function in their own clause.

Das Haus, in dem ich wohne, ist sehr alt.

The house in which I live is very old.

The relative pronoun dem is neuter singular to agree with Haus, but dative because it follows a preposition in its own clause. On the same basis, it would be possible to substitute the pronoun welchem.

However, German uses the uninflecting was (‘what’) as a relative pronoun when the antecedent is alles, etwas or nichts (‘everything’, ‘something’, ‘nothing’.).

Alles, was Jack macht, gelingt ihm.

Everything that Jack does is a success.

In German, all relative clauses are marked with commas.

Alternatively, particularly in formal registers, participles (both active and passive) can be used to embed relative clauses in adjectival phrases:

Die von ihm in jenem Stil gemalten Bilder sind sehr begehrt

The pictures he painted in that style are highly sought after

Die Regierung möchte diese im letzten Jahr eher langsam wachsende Industrie weiter fördern

The government would like to further promote this industry, which has grown rather slowly over the last year

Unlike English, which only permits relatively small participle phrases in adjectival positions (typically just the participle and adverbs), and disallows the use of direct objects for active participles, German sentences of this sort can embed clauses of arbitrary complexity.

Subordinate Clauses[edit]

A subordinate clause (Nebensatz) is always incorporated in a main clause (or another subordinate clause). Any part of the main clause can be replaced by it, but some conjugated verb must remain. However, subclauses are generally moved to the end of the sentence if it can be done without inconvenience and they do not take the first place because of importance. As for word order, it differs in two things only from a main clause:

1. In general, it begins with a special word, a ‘subordinating conjunction’ or a relative pronoun, setting it into relation with the encompassing sentence.
2. The verb is, without separation, sent to the place where the first part of a separable verb would be in a main clause, i. e. at the end of the sentence.

   Ich nehme den früheren Flug, damit ich heute noch ankomme. = «I’ll take the earlier flight so that I arrive even today.»

Question words (in the following example, ‘wohin’) have the same effect as subordinating conjunctions within a sentence.

Wohin ist er gelaufen?
Niemand wusste, wohin er gelaufen ist. («Where did he run (to)? No one knew where he ran (to).»—Note that, unlike in English, a subordinate or dependent clause is always separated from the independent clause (Hauptsatz) by a comma.)

Oddities:

1. Final clauses can be replaced by an «um-zu»-infinitive, if the subject is identical; in practice, um behaves as conjunction, and the infinitive, with a zu, as conjugated verb, and the subject falls away.

   Wir haben genug Geld, um diese CD zu kaufen. = Wir haben genug Geld, damit wir diese CD kaufen. «We have enough money to/that we buy this CD.»

2. In conditional phrases, the conjunction wenn may be left out in the main clause and the verb put into its place. In this case, so replaces dann in the subordinate clause.

   Hast du genügend Geld, so (no «dann» in this case) kannst du diese CD kaufen. = Wenn du genügend Geld hast, dann kannst du diese CD kaufen. «If you have enough money, then you can buy this CD.»

3. Indirect speech may behave as subclause in relation to the main clause, but the conjunction (which would be «dass») may be left out and then its word-order is as in main clauses.

   Er sagte, er sei mit der Arbeit fertig. = Er sagte, dass er mit der Arbeit fertig sei. = «He said (that) he had finished his work.»

4. Denn, by custom translated into English as for, is in practice just an equivalent to weil «because», but it requires a main-clause word-order and may even take a semicolon instead of a comma.

   Er kommt nicht zur Arbeit, denn er ist krank. (He doesn’t come to work, for he’s ill.) = Er kommt nicht zur Arbeit, weil er krank ist. = «He doesn’t come to work because he’s ill.»

   To confuse things, in some dialects weil has the role which denn has in Standard German. However this doesn’t mean they generally neglect the subclause word order, since other conjunctions meaning the same, i. e. da «as» or even a «deswegen weil» (literally: because of that because) take ordinary subclauses even there.

5. In subordinate clauses that make use of two or more infinitives consecutively (a phenomenon known as Doppelinfinitiv («double infinitive») with two infinitives), the conjugated verb (generally haben, werden, or a modal verb), comes before (or between) the two (or more) infinitives. Perfect constructions of this type can usually be avoided altogether by using the simple past:

   Er wollte wissen, ob du es hast tun können / tun hast können. = Er wollte wissen, ob du es tun konntest. = «He wanted to know if you’ve been able to (could) do it.»

   Ich weiß, dass ich es werde tun müssen / tun werde müssen. = «I know I’m going to have to do it.»

   Sie hofft, dass sie uns es kann tun helfen / tun kann helfen. = «She hopes she can help us do it.»

Subordinate sentence structure[edit]

Just as in English, a subordinate clause may be used at the beginning or end of a complete expression, so long as it is paired with at least one independent clause. For instance, just as one could say either:

I will go with you, if I can. or If I can, I will go with you.

so you can also say in German:

Ich komme mit, wenn ich kann. or Wenn ich kann, komme ich mit.

Note, however, that in German when the independent clause comes after a subordinate clause the conjugated verb comes before the subject. This arises from the basic rule that always places the conjugated verb in a sentence in the second position, even if that puts it ahead of the sentence’s subject.

Clauses with dass[edit]

Subordinate clauses beginning with dass [thus, so, that] enable the speaker to use statements like nominal phrases or pronouns. These sentences are singular, neuter and either nominative or accusative. For example:

Dass Spinnen keine Insekten sind, ist allgemein bekannt. («It’s well known that spiders are not insects.»)

Ich weiß, dass Spinnen keine Insekten sind. – Ich weiß das. («I know that spiders are not insects – I know that.»)

Indirect questions with ob[edit]

Whereas the word dass indicates that the statement is a fact, ob starts an indirect yes/no question.

Ich weiß nicht, ob ich fliegen soll. («I don’t know whether I should fly.»)

Specific indirect question[edit]

Relative clauses[edit]

The outer nominal phrase the relative clause relates to can be any nominal phrase in any case. The clause begins with a form of the relative pronoun derived from and largely identical to the definite pronoun (der/die/das), or the interrogative pronoun (welchem/welcher/welches), the remaining words are put after it. Using the interrogative pronoun without good cause is considered typical for legalese language.

Der Mann, der/welcher seiner Frau den Hund schenkt (nominative subject) («The man who gives his wife the dog»)

Der Hund, den/welchen der Mann seiner Frau schenkt (accusative object) («The dog which the man gives his wife»)

Die Frau, der/welcher der Mann den Hund schenkt (dative object) («The woman to whom the man gives the dog»)

Der Mann, der/welcher ich bin (predicative noun) («The man I am»)

The outer nominal phrase can also be the possessor of a noun inside. The genitive case of a relative pronoun matching the outer nominal phrase in gender and number is used.

Der Mann, dessen Auto auf der Straße parkt («The man whose car is parked on the street»)

Die Person, deren Auto ich kaufe («The person whose car I am buying»)

Das Auto, dessen Fahrer ich helfe («The car whose driver I am helping»)

Die Kinder, deren Lehrer ich kenne («The children whose teacher I know»)

Prepositions/Postpositions are attached to these phrases in the relative clause if necessary.

Das Haus, in dem ich lebe («The house I live in»)

Die Person, derentwegen ich hier bin («The person I am here because of»)

Das Haus, durch dessen Tür ich gegangen bin («The house whose door I came in by»)

If the relative pronoun is identical to the definite article several identical forms may follow each other.

Der, der der Frau, der ich schon Honig gegeben hatte, Honig gab, muss mehr Honig kaufen («The man who gave honey to the woman I had already given honey to, has to buy more honey»)

Such constructions are generally avoided by using forms of welch- as relative pronouns.

Der, welcher der Frau, welcher …

or rather

Derjenige, welcher der Frau, der ich …

Otherwise, welcher is rarely used (never in the genitive), and without a difference in meaning. If the relative pronoun refers to a thing as yet unknown or a whole sentence and not a part of it, was is used instead, always equivalent here to an English «which».

Der Chef stellte einen Arbeiter ein, was diesen sehr gefreut hat. – «The manager hired a worker, which the latter was very happy about.»

From sentences such as this which is altogether correct, being a locational adverb

In dem Geschäft, wo ( or in dem) man auch Brot kaufen kann, kaufe ich Bier. – «In this shop where you also can buy bread I am buying beer.»

one may understand why colloquial usage extends this to other quasi-locational prepositional expressions

Die Zeit, wo (= in der) wir Rom besucht haben, war sehr schön. – «The time lit. where we visited Rome was really fine.» Regular «in der», literally «in which», would translate to a «when» in English.

and then, in slang, to all relative clauses:

Der Mann, wo bei Siemens arbeitet, hat an der Technischen Universität studiert. «The man where works at Siemens’s has graduated from the Technical University.»

Bavarians never use this form. Southern Germans have constructed a double form «der wo, die wo, das wo» which, however, is almost necessary in Bavarian dialect. «Wo» may here be replaced by «was», which for undiscoverable reasons seems to occur mostly in the feminine gender.

Adverbial clauses[edit]

An adverbial clause begins with a conjunction, defining its relation to the verb or nominal phrase described.

Als ich auf dem Meer segelte («When/As I was sailing on the sea»)

Some examples of conjunctions: als, während, nachdem, weil.

References[edit]

English has rules about the order of words in a sentence. The basic pattern is the order subject – finite verb – object (S–V–O). In comparison German word order is more flexible than English word order. But there are still some patterns and rules in German.
You have two types of word order in questions (same as in English). One Type is with a question word (interrogative) and the second type starts with a finite verb (without an interroagtive) and requires ‘yes’ or ‘no’ as an answer.

Types of questions

• Interrogative questions: The interrogative occupies the first place in this type of question. It is followed by the verb and then the subject. So the usage of most question words in German is very similar to English.

Example:

You want to know the name of a person and ask this person. This kind of question is an interroagtive question, the answer is not “Yes” or “no”. As you know this kind of question needs a question word.

English: What is your name?
Translation: what (English) -> wie (German)
German: Wie ist ihr Name?
First: question word (wie), second: verb (ist) then followed by the subject (ihr Name)

English: Do you live in Germany?
Tranlation: This is a Yes or No question
German: Wohnen Sie in Deutschland

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                                                                                           FURTHER  INFORMATION

• Word order in German – examples

• Examination – Learning German

Just when German is starting to make sense, you’re thrown another curveball: the elements of German sentences can move around … a lot.

We’re not used to this! To our English brains, having words swap places in a sentence drastically changes what is being said (including the option of the final result being utter nonsense).

So, when we try to translate a German sentence word-for-word into English, we can end up with some wonky, confusing sentences. It’s easy to feel lost, fast.

Thankfully, there are some handy principles and patterns that govern German word order. There are just FOUR sentence patterns used and a handful of rules governing other word order nuances.

You’ll learn:

• how word order works in English vs. German
• the correct positioning of German ‘slots’
• what clauses are and why it matters
• why ‘time manner place’ is too simplistic (but the real rule is easier!)
• when & how to use the subordinating sentence pattern

Section 1 – The Basics:
Getting the hang of German word order.

The word order differences between English and German are due to these languages belonging to entirely different categories of language — analytic and inflected, respectively.

English uses very rigid word order because it must, in lieu of other grammar components which were erased from the language over the centuries.

But German has relatively flexible word order because it can — certain grammar elements, i.e. the case system & declensions, make that possible!

So, what is word order exactly and how does it function in English vs. German?

What is word order?

‘Word order’ refers to a set of rules that determine how we can properly construct sentences in order to convey our desired meaning.

As surely comes as no surprise at this point, there are different word order patterns in English vs. German. As per usual, English has simpler sentence structure options while the possibilities in German are more numerous and complex.

While this means that there’s, again, some new principles to learn in order to master German sentence structure, I personally really appreciate the additional creativity of German sentences and I hope you’ll learn to find it fun, too!

On a meta-level, there are FOUR word order patterns used for sentences as a whole and then additional rules governing the word order of particular elements within the sentence.

Here are the four patterns:

1. standard
2. inverted
3. transposed
4. subordinated

In order to understand the super-nuanced details of word order, we need to first take a step back and afford ourselves a bird’s eye view of these meta German sentence structure patterns (<– if you haven’t already read this ‘starter guide’ to German word order, stop and read this first before continuing here!).

As always, you can leverage your advantages as an adult learner of German by comparing English & German grammar structures, so …

English & German Word Order, Compared

Check out these examples of German sentences and their word-for-word English translations:

Pattern #1 (Standard): Ich wollte meine Oma anrufen.
(I wanted to call my grandma.)

Pattern #2 (Inverted): Wollte ich meine Oma anrufen
(‘Wanted I my grandma to call?’)

Pattern #3 (Transposed): Meine Oma wollte ich anrufen
(‘My grandma wanted I to call.’)

Pattern #1 + #4 (Standard + Subordinating): Ich wollte meine Oma anrufen, weil ich sie liebe!
(I wanted to call my grandma ‘because I her love!’)

WHOA. Notice how it’s ONLY pattern #1 that translates cleanly into English. When we translate patterns #2-4 word-for-word, the English versions sound very weird. Let’s look at this more closely!

Pattern #1: Standard

The standard pattern in either English or German can be broken down into FOUR positions:

ENGLISH: SUBJECT + VERB + MORE VERBS + MORE NOUNS
GERMAN: SUBJECT + VERB + MORE NOUNS + MORE VERBS

NOTE: the ‘subject’, ‘verb’, and ‘more verbs’ are ALL color-coded pink because they make up a complete, standard clause (more on that below) and pink, specifically, is the color I use to denote the nominative case and the verb(s) paired with it.

Notice, too, of course, that German & English swap around the ‘more nouns’ and ‘more verbs’.

Example:

I want to bake my neighbor a cake.
Ich möchte meinem Nachbarn einen Kuchen backen.

NOTE: after the nominative [subject] noun is accounted for in English, any additional nouns will be objective nouns, which I color-code green (these split into the accusative and dative cases in German, which I color-code yellow and orange, respectively; but we’ll utilize the English concept of the objective case for now).

We can fancy-up these sentences with adverbs and adjectives that still fall under the general noun or verb headings:

I want to quickly bake my kind neighbor a large cake.
Ich möchte meinem netten Nachbarn schnell einen großen Kuchen backen.

Pattern #2: Inverted

Then, when we use the inverted pattern (#2), we swap around the subject noun & verb and change nothing else:

Do I want to bake my neighbor a cake?
Möchte ich meinem Nachbarn einen Kuchen backen?

Do I want to quickly bake my kind neighbor a large cake?
Möchte ich meinem netten Nachbarn schnell einen großen Kuchen backen?

NOTE: in English, we had to add the conjugated verbs ‘do’ in this instance. For more on the THREE types of present tense verbs in English (but just ONE in German!), read here.

Pattern #3: Transposed

We can use the transposed word order (three different ways!) in German with this particular example, but not in English!

Standard: Ich möchte meinem netten Nachbarn schnell einen großen Kuchen backen.
Transposed 1: Meinem netten Nachbarn möchte ich schnell einen großen Kuchen backen.
Transposed 2: Einen großen Kuchen möchte ich meinem netten Nachbarn schnell backen.
Transposed 3: Schnell möchte ich meinem netten Nachbarn einen großen Kuchen backen.

One key point here is that ONE element at a time (whether a ‘slot’ or an adverb) may be transposed to the front of the sentence for emphasis.

If you think in terms of there being FOUR positions in the sentence, then the 3rd one (‘more nouns’) can break down into 3A, 3B, 3C, etc., giving us these transposed word order formulas:

3A + Verb + Subject + 3B + 3C + More Verbs
3B + Verb + Subject + 3A + 3C + More Verbs
3C + Verb + Subject + 3A + 3B + More Verbs

The transposed pattern in German also includes us moving the subject to the other side of the verb — but note how this DOESN’T happen in English:

I’m visiting my grandma tomorrow → Tomorrow, I’m visiting my grandma.

This starts to touch upon 2 principles concerning the subject noun & the verb that underpin word order in both German and English (although the application is somewhat different!)

Pattern #4: Subordinating

In German, this word order pattern is headed up by either a relative pronoun (see chart below) or a subordinating conjunction (see list below).

Here is the pattern #4 formula:

Relative Pronoun / Subordinating Conjunction + Subject + More Nouns + More Verbs + Verb

Examples:

…die ich in der Stadt gesehen habe (…who/that I have seen in town)

…weil ich die Katze gesehen habe (…because I have seen the cat)

If we compare pattern #4 to our standard, there are interesting points to notice:

STANDARD: SUBJECT + VERB + MORE NOUNS + MORE VERBS.
SUBORDINATING: Relative Pronoun / Subordinating Conjunction + Subject + More Nouns + More Verbs + Verb

1. the pronoun / conjunction is inserted in front of the subject
2. the verb moves from position #2 to the very end of the pattern!

As you’ll see below when we go into even more detail, the subordinating pattern BREAKS the two rules that govern German word order.

Notice in looking at the same examples how this word order pattern in English isn’t so much a new pattern as simply our standard pattern, expanded:

…who/that I have seen in town
…because I have seen the cat

Here we have our standard pattern in English (SUBJECT + VERB + MORE VERBS + MORE NOUNS), with a relative pronoun or a conjunction simply tacked on in front.

Finally, observe that in both German and English, this pattern doesn’t stand alone independently. The … is for the REST of the sentence that the subordinating pattern has to piggyback onto in order to make sense.
This brings us to the more in-depth topic of clauses, which are important to understand in order to help you know when you need to use which of the 4 word order patterns.

Section 2: Putting it into practice
When & how to use German word order

Learn German word order smarter, not harder

German-learners don’t usually know that there are just the FOUR meta word order patterns, nor the underpinning principles that guide them. But you’re learning the smarter, not harder way!

Again, the four patterns used in sentences are:

1. standard
2. inverted
3. transposed
4. subordinated

We need to get slightly technical here by saying that a ‘sentence’ is comprised of one or more distinct sections, which are called CLAUSES.

The most basic clause possible involves simply a SUBJECT NOUN and a VERB, i.e. a person, place, idea, or thing that IS or DOES something:

STANDARD: The plane flies. Some bees are buzzing.
INVERTED: Is the plane flying? Are some bees buzzing?

At the heart of things, we’re STILL using this basic clause (subject + verb) even when we add in embellishments (e.g. adjectives & adverbs) to fancy-up the [standard] sentence:

His brand-new car positively shines! The bitingly cold northerly wind is blowing.

Sentence patterns #1, 2, and 3 all exist as just SINGLE clauses (regardless of how basic or fancy they may be), which can be split into up to FOUR positions, which we started looking at earlier:

ENGLISH: SUBJECT + VERB + MORE VERBS + MORE NOUNS.
GERMAN: SUBJECT + VERB + MORE NOUNS + MORE VERBS

So, even a longer sentence (that involves info in ALL of these four positions) is still a SINGLE clause:

English: I wanted to call my grandma.
German: Ich wollte meine Oma anrufen.

But we can ADD to these single clauses (making the sentence richer & more complex), by including pattern #4 ‘subordinating’ clauses:

Pattern #1: Ich wollte meine Oma anrufen. (I wanted to call my grandma.)
Pattern #1 + #4: Ich wollte meine Oma anrufen, weil ich sie liebe! (I wanted to call my grandma ‘because I her love!’)

We need to further sink our teeth into how to IDENTIFY & LABEL clauses within a sentence so that you can know which of the 4 patterns to use, when, and how!

How to dissect German word order

OK, so we’ve seen above that rather than letting German word order remain a perplexing enigma, we can parse out 4 exhaustive patterns used for German clauses:

1. standard
2. inverted
3. transposed
4. subordinated

Before we can really dig into these 4 patterns, we need to look more closely at clauses. Let’s check out an English example first:

The woman who I met yesterday told me that she and her family just moved to town.

OK, so, in this English sentence it’s VERY unclear where the separate clauses are. Precisely because the concept of clauses is generally not so important in English as it is in German, there’s no reason to make the different clauses stand out.

To help you out, here’s the same sentence now color-coded to show the different clauses:

The woman who I met yesterday told me that she and her family just moved to town.

So there are THREE clauses in this sentence: the pink (which includes the one green word), the red, and the maroon.

Do you know which one is the STANDARD clause? Right! The woman … told me.

Both the red and the green clauses are pattern #4 subordinating clauses.

Before we further analyze the sentence (which we’ll do in the ‘Digging Deeper’ section below), first note how German makes these same clauses very obvious because clauses — which, again, always use one of 4 patterns — are crucial elements in German sentences:

Die Frau, die ich gestern kennengelernt habe,  sagte mir, dass sie und ihre Familie neulich hierher umgezogen sind.

Do you see how, in German, the clauses are set apart by commas? Sweet! That’s going to make it a lot easier to identify separate clauses, which will then help us be able to determine which of the 4 word order patterns we need to use for each one.

But, first, we need to finally discuss the 2 principles that underpin our 4 patterns! Understanding the ‘whys’ will make it SO much easier to apply the patterns correctly.

Two German Word Order Rules

Here, again, are the FOUR German sentence structures (comprised of 1+ clauses!):

1. standard
2. inverted
3. transposed
4. subordinated

The key to understanding firstly the standard word order pattern and then the 3 deviations from it is recognizing either the changed position of the finite verb (i.e. the verb that has been conjugated to ‘agree’ with the subject noun) and/or the changed position of the subject noun.

These are the TWO underlying rules that each pattern either follows, bends or breaks:

1. The subject noun (always in the nominative case) MUST be right next to the finite verb.
2. The finite verb MUST be the 2ND element (or ‘in the 2nd position’) in the sentence.

What is the finite verb, you ask? Here is our standard formula with that specification added:

SUBJECT + FINITE VERB + MORE NOUNS + MORE VERBS

It’s helpful to note that in English, we have these EXACT SAME 2 rules and –as we’ve seen above — English also has standard, default sentence pattern #1 … but pattern #2 in English is slightly altered, pattern #3 is rare, and pattern #4 doesn’t really exist as such!

Let’s look now at each pattern again, but in more detail.

Word Order Pattern #1: Standard

In a standard sentence in BOTH English AND German, the subject noun (i.e. nominative case) comes first, followed by the finite (a.k.a. conjugated) verb.

All other information (e.g. accusative case, dative case, adverbs, etc.) comes after those 2 elements (<– we’ll look at word order details for these elements below in the digging deeper section, including the departures between English & German at this point).

So, pattern #1, the standard sentence structure is: NOMINATIVE + FINITE VERB + …

Examples:

The man sings.
The man sings … a song.
The man sings … his little baby a song.
The man sings … his little baby a song every night before bedtime.

Der Mann singt.
Der Mann singt … ein Lied.
Der Mann singt … seinem kleinen Baby ein Lied.
Der Mann singt … seinem kleinen Baby jede Nacht vor dem Einschlafen ein Lied.

To drill it home, notice that no matter what else is being added (more nouns or more verbs), the standard pattern of NOMINATIVE + FINITE VERB remains the same, as indicated by the color-coding.

Thus, standard pattern #1 is so called because it follows BOTH of our rules:

1. The subject noun is right next to the finite verb.
2. The finite verb is the 2nd element in the sentence.

Now, we will see how the remaining 3 word order patterns deviate from our standard pattern by bending or breaking either rule #1 and/or #2.

Word Order Pattern #2: Inverted

This sentence pattern is called ‘inverted’ precisely because the finite verb & nominative case swap places: FINITE VERB + NOMINATIVE CASE + …

Singt der Mann? Singt der Mann … ein Lied? Etc.

In this inverted sentence pattern, we see the nominative case still right next to the finite verb (rule #1), BUT the finite verb is no longer in the 2nd position in the sentence (breaking rule #2).

This inverted pattern is used only in TWO instances in German:

1. Yes / No Questions (as seen above ^^)
2. Commands (i.e. the ‘imperative’ mood)

Yes/No Questions

Observe the subject & verb swap in these examples:

Kommst du mich besuchen? (Will you come visit me?)
Regnet es? (Is it raining?)
Hat das viel gekostet? (Did that cost a lot?)

Note that open-ended questions using ‘question words’ (e.g. who, what, when, where, why, and how) look similar to the transposed pattern (#3) in that the ‘question word’ comes first, then the verb (still faithfully staying in position #2) and then the subject (which is still right next to the verb, just on the other side):

Warum kommst du mich besuchen? (Why are you coming to visit me?)
Wann regnet es? (When [will] it rain?)
Wie viel hat das gekostet (How much did it cost?)

Commands

Geh (du)! (Go!)
Hört (ihr) auf! (Stop!)
Bleiben (Sie) stehen! (Stay!)

NOTE: the subject noun is almost always dropped in German commands.

If it IS added (again, this is rare and for specific purposes), it will be in the 2ND position in the sentence because it’s traded spots with the finite verb, which is usually in the 2nd position, as per our standard pattern!

However, in English commands, if we add in the subject (in English as in German, this is unusual), we still use the standard pattern of NOMINATIVE + FINITE VERB in commands: (you) go!, (you) stop!, (you) stay!

Word Order Pattern #3: Transposed

In this sentence pattern, the finite verb still stays in position #2, but the subject noun is being bumped from its standard position as the first element in the sentence to being behind the verb (which still keeps it next to the finite verb, so we’re ‘bending’ the standard application of rule #1, if you will).

What is being transposed to the front of the sentence (i.e. ‘position 1’)? Answer: any single element from ‘position 3’ in the sentence, which can be an object noun, prepositional phrase, or adverb (<– more details and examples below in the ‘Digging Deeper’ section).

Here’s a simple example:

Tomorrow I will go shopping. (Standard #1 pattern: I will go shopping tomorrow.)
Morgen gehe ich einkaufen. (Standard #1 pattern: Ich gehe morgen einkaufen.)

Take a moment now to notice the discrepancy between English & German here!

In English, we can take the adverb ‘tomorrow’ and place it at the front of the sentence, BUT it’s still followed by our standard pattern of NOMINATIVE + FINITE VERB!

In German, though, we have to honor rule #2 and keep the finite verb as the 2nd element.

This word order pattern (and the 4th) are the most difficult for German-learners because it operates differently from English. But if you can remember Rule #2 about the finite verb being in position #2 in the sentence, you’ll soon have even these new structures under your belt!

Word Order Pattern #4: Subordinating

Finally! The 4th and last sentence structure pattern that German uses is subordinating. 

Relative clauses and clauses headed up by a subordinating conjunction are the top examples of instances in which we need to use this particular pattern.

This pattern breaks BOTH of our rules!

The subject noun and finite verb are separated from each other (breaking rule #1) because the subject noun stays in its standard position as element #1, but the finite verb moves to the very end of the clause (and is therefore breaking rule #2 about ‘always’ being in the 2nd position in the sentence).

Let’s revisit this sentence briefly:

Die Frau, die ich gestern kennengelernt habe, sagte mir, dass sie und ihre Familie neulich hierher umgezogen sind.

(The woman who I met yesterday told me that she and her family just moved to town.)

Here, both the German red-coded clause (which is a relative clause) and the German maroon-coded clause (headed up by the subordinating conjunction ‘dass’) have the finite verbs (‘habe’ and ‘sind’, respectively) kicked to the very end of the clause, which makes these 2 clauses fit word order pattern #4: subordinating.

When to use which pattern?

The whole point of having a standard pattern (#1) is that it’s what we default to unless we have a clear reason not to!

So, you need to use standard default word order pattern #1 unless…

1. you’re asking a question or giving a command (use pattern #2)
2. you want to emphasize one of the components of position 3’s ‘more nouns’ (use pattern #3)
3. you’re adding information that starts with a relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction (use pattern #4)

Now, you need to fully understand what comprises the ‘more nouns’ (Position 3) and ‘more verbs’ (Position 4) sections!

Digging Deeper

Let’s kick this off by looking at all our word order formulas again:

1: SUBJECT + VERB + MORE NOUNS + MORE VERBS
2: VERB + SUBJECT + MORE NOUNS + MORE VERBS
3: MORE NOUNS (A) + VERB + SUBJECT + MORE NOUNS (B, C, ETC.) + MORE VERBS
4: … PRONOUN / CONJUNCTION + SUBJECT + MORE NOUNS + MORE VERBS + VERB

You have covered A LOT of ground already, but we still need to dig deeper into the exact contents of position 3 (more nouns) and position 4 (more verbs) and also the particular word order to use within these positions.

Word Order of ‘Position 3’ Contents in a German Clause

Here is an example from above with some prepositional phrases added:

GERMAN: Ich möchte meinem netten Nachbarn am kommenden Sonntag schnell mit meiner Mama bei ihr zuhause einen großen Kuchen backen.

WORD-FOR-WORD TRANSLATION: I would like my nice neighbor this coming Sunday quickly a large cake with my mother at her house to bake.

AUTHENTIC ENGLISH: I would like to quickly bake a large cake with my mother at her house for my nice neighbor this coming Sunday.

There is a very large ‘position 3’ in this standard-pattern-#1 sentence!

Remember that our word order pattern is this:

SUBJECT + VERB + MORE NOUNS + MORE VERBS

And each of these categories ^^ is a ‘position’ in the sentence:

SUBJECT (1) + VERB (2) + MORE NOUNS (3) + MORE VERBS (4)

So, what all can be put into position 3 (more nouns)?

‘More Nouns’ can include any (or all!) of these components:

direct objects, indirect objects, prepositional phrases, adverbs

We see EACH of these possible ‘position 3’ components in our example sentence:

Ich möchte meinem netten Nachbarn am kommenden Sonntag schnell mit meiner Mama bei ihr zuhause einen großen Kuchen backen.

meinem netten Nachbarn = indirect object (dative)

am kommenden Sonntag = dative prepositional phrase (time)

schnell = adverb (manner)

mit meiner Mama = dative prepositional phrase (manner)

bei ihr zuhause = dative prepositional phrase (place)

einen großen Kuchen = direct object (accusative) 

A shortcut way to think about the contents of each of 4 positions in a German sentence is this:

• Position 1 is filled just with the subject noun (in the nominative case, always!)
• Position 2 is filled just with the conjugated / finite verb (so, literally just one word!)
• Position 4 is for additional verbs in various forms (infinitive here ^^)
• So, we can think of position 3 as being the ‘catchall’ position for everything else. 🙂 

That leaves us with only the problem of needing to know in what ORDER to put the various components of position 3.

It would be rare to have a position 3 so jammed packed as in this example sentence above, but if you do have all those elements, this is the standard order you’d need to use:

Indirect Object (Dative) + Time + Manner + Place + Direct Object (Accusative)

The indirect and direct objects go into their respective ‘slots’ with either determiners and/or adjectives also present. Time / Manner / Place [TMP] can be comprised of prepositional phrases (which then also go into ‘slots’) or just adverbs, which stand alone. 

NOTE: if you have multiple ‘time’ aspects, you need to list them from less to more specific, e.g. am Mittwoch um 18 Uhr.

NOTE: while this is the standard word order for the contents of ‘position 3’ in a given sentence, keep in mind that you can change the emphasis of the sentence not only by using the transposed sentence structure pattern #3, as discussed much earlier, but also by utilizing essential the opposite option of placing the desired element at the very END of position 3!

For example, if I wanted to emphasize WHEN I’m making this cake, I could take the standard sentence and change it into either of these 2 versions:

STANDARD: Ich möchte meinem netten Nachbarn am kommenden Sonntag schnell mit meiner Mama bei ihr zuhause einen großen Kuchen backen.

TRANSPOSED (A): Am kommenden Sonntag möchte meinem netten Nachbarn schnell mit meiner Mama bei ihr zuhause einen großen Kuchen backen.

TRANSPOSED (B): Ich möchte meinem netten Nachbarn schnell mit meiner Mama bei ihr zuhause einen großen Kuchen am kommenden Sonntag backen.

This said, note that there is a preference for using our traditional transposed (A) pattern! The (B) option is grammatically correct and might be seen occasionally, but the (A) variant is much more common and thus more authentic. 

Contents of ‘Position 4’ (more verbs!) in a German Clause

Hopefully our meta- word order pattern is very familiar by now, but here it is again:

SUBJECT + VERB + MORE NOUNS + MORE VERBS

For example:

Der Mann hätte seinem kleinen Baby ein Lied singen wollen, aber …
(The man would have liked to sing his little baby a song, but …)

Remember that the standard sentence structure in English flips around the ‘more nouns’ and ‘move verbs’ positions as you can see in the example above.

OK, so what in a GERMAN sentence qualifies as more verbs? 

There are 3 categories of verbal material that typically come in this position 4 in a clause:

1. verb infinitives (e.g. singen, wollen)
2. past participles (e.g. gesungen, gewollt)
3. separable prefixes (e.g. an, ab, auf, aus)

For comparison, English will also use verb infinitives or past participles in the ‘more verbs’ category, but there are no separable prefixes in English and –instead– English makes use of present participles (e.g. going, singing, eating, etc.), which don’t exist in German!

Since German is our focus, let’s continue looking at the same example from above:

We see verb infinitives in position 4:

Der Mann hätte seinem kleinen Baby ein Lied singen wollen, aber …

Here, if we alter the sentence, we can have a past participle in position 4:

Der Mann hat seinem kleinen Baby ein Lied gesungen.
(The man sang his little baby a song).

Finally, with more verbal changes still, this example that utilizes a separable prefix (from the infinitive “vorsingen”, which means to perform a song):

Der Mann singt seinem kleinen Baby ein Lied vor.
(The man performs a song for his little baby).

Word Order of Adverbs

The short of the story with adverbs is that you can usually insert them in front of any adjective or verb or or use them as Time Manner Place info-bits:

Examples:

The very handsome man … (the adverb ‘very’ is ‘modifying’ the adjective ‘handsome’)
The man quickly eats. (the adverb ‘quickly’ modifies the verb ‘eats’)
The man eats exclusively with his cat. (the adverb ‘exclusively’ modifies the prepositional phrase ‘with his cat’, which describes the manner in which he eats). 

In English, adverbs almost always end with -ly, which makes them easy to identify (e.g. quickly, exclusively, slowly, painfully, beautifully, etc.).

In German, many adverbs are identical to what I call ‘root adjectives’, for example:

schnell- = fast (adj., adv.)
ausreichend- = adequate (adj.), adequately (adv.)
umfassend- = extensive (adj.), extensively (adv.)
grob- = rough (adj.), roughly (adv.)

So, the adverbs would exist just so; but the adjectives would have to take declensions where the (-) is. 

Relative Pronouns Chart