Word order in negatives and questions

Sentences in English. English sentences: affirmative, negative sentences, questions in English

Word order in Englishsubordinated to a clear scheme (in the picture)… Substitute words there instead of squares and get the correct word order. The scheme is simple and you can figure it out in just 15 minutes. For a better understanding, there are examples of English sentences with translation into Russian.

Word order in an English sentence, construction scheme

The standard English sentence is structured according to such a scheme:

The sentence depicted in the figure is called declarative or, which is the same, affirmative. An affirmative sentence is when someone has done something and we talk about it.

In the first place there is a subject in the sentence — this is the one who performs the action. In the diagram and in the examples, the subject is highlighted in red. The subject can be a noun (mom, cat, apple, work, etc.) or a pronoun (me, you, he, etc.). The subject may also contain several adjectives used as definitions (fast cat, red apple, etc.).

In second place the predicate always stands. The predicate is actually the action itself. In the diagram and in the examples, the predicate is highlighted in blue. It is expressed by the verb (go, look, think, etc.)

After the predicate there is one or more add-ons. Addition, this is again a noun or pronoun.

And at the end of the sentence are the circumstances of place and time. They show where and when the action took place. As a rule, words that answer the question «Where?» Come first, and then words that answer the question «When?»

Examples of affirmative sentences:

What if there is no subject?

In the Russian language, statements are quite common in which either the subject, or the predicate, or both are missing. For example:

In English, the predicate is required. And in such cases, the verb to be (is) is used as a predicate. For example:

They are students.
They are students.

That is, instead of “They are students,” the British say “They are students”, instead of “This tree” they say “This is a tree”. Here «are» and «is» are forms of the verb to be. This verb, unlike most other English verbs, changes by person. You can see all forms of the verb to be.

If both the subject and the predicate are absent in a Russian sentence, then when translated into English, “It is” is put at the beginning of the sentence. For example:

Cold.
It is cold.

Adjective order

It happens that the supplement contains a large number of adjectives. For example:

I bought a large, beautiful and very comfortable sofa.

Here is the standard word order for adjectives in an English sentence:

1) adjectives describing your impression of the subject (good, beautiful, excellent)

2) size (large, small)

3) age (new, old)

5) origin (Italian, German)

6) material from which it is made (metal, leather)

7) what is it for (office, computer)

For example:

Words that have a special place in a sentence

If the sentence contains words:

Shows the frequency of the action (often, never, sometimes, always)

Then these words must be placed before the semantic verb or after the verb to be or, in the case of a compound verb, after the first verb. For example:

He often goes to the gym.
He often goes to the gym.

He is often tired after work.
He is often tired after work (be tired — to be tired)

You must never do it again
You will never do that again.

Word order in negative and interrogative English sentences

I talked about the affirmative proposals. Everything is simple with them. But in order to at least somehow speak English, you need to be able to form negative statements and ask questions. In a negative English sentence, the word order is almost the same, but the questions are built according to a slightly different scheme.

Here is a graphic showing all three types of sentences:

A sentence (in both English and Russian) is a complete thought. It starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop:

We are at home. — We’re home.
John’s good food. — John likes good food.

Both in Russian and in English, a sentence can consist of the following members: subject, verb, object or complement, adverbial modifier and attribute.

At the our lessons teachers use various interesting materials. — In the classroom, our teachers use a variety of interesting materials.

teachers — subject
use — predicate (verb)
materials — addition
various interesting — two definitions related to the word «materials»at the lessons — circumstance

In Russian, there may be a sentence without a subject and / or without a predicate: “This is a pen.«; «Late.«,»I’m cold«.

In all sentences of the English language, both the subject and the predicate are required. Compare with the examples above: “It is a pen.«»It is late.«»I’m cold.«

The rest of the members of the proposal may be absent (they are called minor members of the proposal).

We’ve arrived. — We arrived.
We — subject, arrived — predicate (verb).

We arrived in the morning.
in the morning — circumstance of time

We arrived at a small station. — We arrived at a small station.
at a small station — circumstance of place
small (small) — definition, clarifying word station (station)

In English, a fixed word order. That is, each member of the proposal is in its own specific place. In Russian, in almost all parts of speech there are endings, with the help of which the categories of time, gender, number, etc. are expressed. Therefore, the word order in the Russian sentence is free.

English belongs to a different language type and has practically no endings. But the need to express all those categories that the Russian language expresses remains. Therefore, the solution was found in a fixed word order.

This makes the English language more «logical», similar to simple mathematical formulas, which undoubtedly makes it easier to learn.

Compare: (2) I rarely watch (1) I (3) TV on weekdays.

(1) I seldom (2) watch (3) TV on week-days

Word order in an affirmative sentence

In an affirmative sentence, in the first place is subordinate,
In second place — predicate,
on the third — secondary members of the proposal.

(1) We (2) are (3) in the center of Moscow now.
We (are) in the center of Moscow now.

Negative sentence word order

In a negative sentence, the word order is the same as in the affirmative, but only after the verb is the negative particle not.

(1) I (2) am Note (3) hungry.
I am not hungry.

(1) The children (2) are Note (3) attentive
Children are not (are) attentive.

Remarks:

Some minor members of the sentence may change their location depending on what the speaker wants to emphasize first.

We usually go home together. — We usually we go home together.
Usually we go home together. — Usually we go home together.

There are impersonal sentences in Russian. That is, sentences in which only the subject or only the predicate is present. In English, both main members of the sentence must be present in a sentence. To express impersonal sentences in English, the turnover It is is used (it is),
where It — subject, and Is — predicate.

It is cold. — Coldly. (It’s cold)
It is late. — Late. (It’s late)

In colloquial speech, phrases that are not complete sentences can and are used:

Hello! How are you? — Hey! How are you doing?
— (I am) Fine, thanks! — Thank you, OK!

And now we will analyze, using examples, the basics of composing simple sentences to express the past, present and future tense.

Affirmative sentences

Let’s start with Present Simple. All affirmative sentences are structured as follows:

1. «I» in this example is the subject. It should not be confused with the complement, since the subject performs an action, and it is performed on the complement. Moreover, in Russian, the word order is not important to us, because it is already clear who is performing the action. We can freely say: «I eat the cake.» But in English, it will not work to construct a sentence like that, because in the first place should be the one who performs the action, otherwise they will simply laugh at you when you say: «The cake is eating me.» Even through the passive voice, such a phrase will sound very strange.
2. In second place should be the predicate, which expresses the action itself. In Russian, sentences are often found with an incomplete grammatical base, where there is no subject or predicate, or both are absent. In the latter case, we are dealing with an impersonal sentence: «Dark.» In English, there should always be a subject and a predicate. So, if there is no verb in the Russian sentence, then it will definitely appear in English. Take, for example, a one-part sentence that does not contain the predicate: «The phone is on the table.» To translate it correctly, we need to use the verb «to be», which connects the subject with the predicate. As a result, the phrase will literally translate as: «The phone is on the table.»
3. In third place are the minor members of the sentence according to a certain rule: first there is a direct addition (answers the question «who?», «What?», «Who?»), Then indirect (answers the same questions, but with ? «,» To whom? «, Etc.). This rule is not always followed and is not strict.

As in Russian, English verbs change depending on the person. The main changes occur in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), where the suffix «s» or «es» is added to the predicate. As a result, we get the sentence: “He goes to school”.

Negative sentences

In addition to the statement, there is also a negation, the scheme of which is as follows:

In this scheme, all the same components are found, except for the linking verb «do» and the particle «not», which is equivalent to the negative particle «not» in Russian.

What is an auxiliary verb and why is it needed? Unlike Russian, where we just put the «not» particle in front of the verb, in English there must be an auxiliary verb before the «not» particle.

It is different for each time, and in the case of Present Simple it will have the form either «do» or «does», depending on the number and person of the subject. Example: “She does not go to school”.

Interrogative sentences

So, we examined the statement, the negation, and we are left with a question, the formation of which also requires an auxiliary verb:

Source: https://fanlux.ru/chuvstva/predlozheniya-v-angliiskom-yazyke-angliiskie-predlozheniya-utverditelnye-otricatelnye-predlozheniya-v/

How to build a negative sentence? — we learn English ourselves

When learning English, it is important to consider all forms of the sentence. Of course, you can answer any statements or questions in a positive form, but sooner or later you will have to disagree with something.

Yes, you can just shake your head categorically, for this you don’t need English at all.

However, it is better to take and study this topic in more detail, because negative sentences in English contain many different interesting features that can allow you to express negation in several ways.

First, let’s understand what constitutes a negative sentence.

A negative sentence in English is a sentence that is used to express rejection, reluctance, or any other condition that implies a negative form.

Such sentences are used in speech and writing constantly, both in formal and informal situations. How can they be formed?

Negative Sentences in English: Constructing with the Not Particle

The most common way of negation in English is using the negative particle not. Its Russian equivalent is the particle “not”. Negative sentences almost always contain an auxiliary verb. The not particle comes immediately after it.

The standard scheme for negative sentences with the not particle:

negative form
Subject matter	Predicate	Secondary members of the proposal
Auxiliary	Negative particle not	Semantic verb

Examples:

• I did not know about it. — I did not know about it.
• We do not this place. — We don’t like this place.
• They will not tell you anything. “They won’t tell you anything.

Recall that when negated in the Simple tenses, semantic verbs take their initial form. Compare:

+	—
She s him. (She likes him.)	She does not him. (She does not like him.)
We went to the park. (We went to the park.)	We did not go to the park. (We went to the park.)

It is also worth noting that in speech and writing, the auxiliary verb and the particle are almost always abbreviated. In this case, the letter «n» is added to the auxiliary verb, followed by an apostrophe, and then the letter «t»:

• I haven’t been there yet. — I haven’t been there yet.
• We aren’t reading because we’re tired. — We do not read because we are tired.
• I don’t know where to put the vase. “I don’t know where to put the vase.

The same scheme is used when a modal verb acts as an auxiliary:

• I cannot (can’t) help laughing. — I can not stop laughing.
• Jane should not (shouldn’t) be so rude with him. “Jane shouldn’t be so rude to him.
• You must not (mustn’t) touch anything here. — You shouldn’t touch anything here.

Note that unlike other auxiliary verbs, can is merged with not when negated. If, in the role of an auxiliary, two verbs are used at once, then a negative particle is placed after the first:

• We will not (won’t) have done the task by 5 o’clock. — We will not complete the task by 5 o’clock.
• I should not (shouldn’t) have come to that party. “I shouldn’t have gone to that party.
• John has not (hasn’t) been traveling since he started working. — John hasn’t traveled since he started working.

If the sentence is used with the verb to be in the present or in the past tense of the Simple group, an auxiliary verb is not needed in this case. A negative particle is placed after to be:

• He wasn’t too persistent. — He was not too persistent.
• I’m not a robot. — I am not a robot.
• I’m sure she wasn’t happy to hear this. “I’m sure she wasn’t happy to hear that.

Imperative negative sentences

Pay special attention to imperative sentences. In their negative form, they are usually used with the auxiliary do and the not particle to express a prohibition or advice:

• Don’t come closer! — Don’t come close!
• Don’t put your blame on me! — Don’t put your blame on me!
• Don’t worry. — Do not worry.

Such sentences are used only in colloquial speech.

Design not only but also

Sometimes a particle can not be a part of the construction not only but also (not only, but also). In such cases, it cannot merge with an auxiliary verb. You can understand that such a construction is used by the meaning and by the presence of the words «but also». Let’s compare:

can’t	can’t
I can’t repeat this word.	I can not only write this word, but also repeat it.
I cannot repeat this word.	I can not only write this word, but also repeat it.

Perhaps this design can cause some difficulties in the first stages, but later it will be very easy to distinguish it.

Building negative sentences with pronouns and adverbs

In English, there is one rule about sentences that is absolutely different from Russian. So, if double negation is allowed in Russian, in English it can only be one. Let’s see what this means.

Let’s say in Russian we can say something like «never», «nobody», «nothing» and so on. Both words express negation, but if one of them is omitted, the phrase will lose its original meaning or even sound somehow ridiculous.

In English, on the other hand, just the same double negation will sound ridiculous. Of course, you will be understood anyway, but this error will severely hurt your hearing. Therefore, you will have to choose one of two evils. We have already figured out the denial of «not», we will consider other options. Usually negation without a particle is built in two ways:

1. Using the adverb never (never), which is used before the semantic verb, even if there are two auxiliary in the sentence:

They would have never won if Michael had taken part in the game.	They would never have won if Michael was in the game.
I have never been to India.	I have never been to India.
She never calls me.	She never calls me.

Note that in this case the endings of the Simple verbs are preserved.

1. Using negative pronouns:

• no — none, not at all, not one. This pronoun usually comes before the object expressed by the noun without the article, although it can also occur before the subject. Most often it can be found in there is / are constructions, as well as after the have verb:

There is no problem, everything is okay.	There are no problems, everything is in order.
There were no people in the shop.	There were no people in the store.
I have no time.	I have no time.
We had no ideas.	We didn’t have any ideas.

Of course, these constructions can also be used with a negative particle, but in this case the pronoun «any» will be used instead of «no»:

There isn’t any problem, everything is okay.

There are no problems, everything is in order.

As you can see, the meaning has not changed at all from this.

• Derivatives of «no» can also add negation to a sentence:

nobody (nobody / nobody)	Nobody knows why he is so sad. (Nobody knows why he is so sad.)
no one (nobody / nobody)	No one wants to be defeated. (No one wants to be defeated.)
nothing (nothing / nothing / nothing)	Nothing is more important than your family. (Nothing is more important than your family.)
nowhere (nowhere / nowhere)	I have nowhere else to go. (I have nowhere else to go.)

And also pronouns:

none (none / no / none)	None of you can judge me. (None of you can judge me.)
neither (none of 2-uh; neither the first nor the second)	She s neither of these two books. (She doesn’t like either of these two books.)

As in the previous case, with all pronouns except none, you can form a negative sentence with the particle not. Only derivatives of «no» must derive from «any»:

anybody (nobody / nobody)	We don’t know anybody who can help. (We don’t know anyone who could help.)
anyone (nobody / nobody)	I don’t remember anyone. (I don’t remember anyone.)
anything (nothing / nothing / nothing)	I don’t have anything to do. (I have nothing to do.)
anywhere (nowhere / nowhere)	She couldn’t find him anywhere. (She couldn’t find him anywhere.)

And neither should be replaced with either (both / both):

I don’t either of those dresses.

I don’t like any of those dresses.

Building with negative words

Negative sentences in English can be grammatically affirmative, meaning they may not contain any particles or negative pronouns. How is this possible? The fact is that some verbs themselves imply negation. Usually they contain negative prefixes dis- and mis-. Let’s look at examples:

I disagree with him completely.	I totally disagree with him.
The coach was dissatisfied with the results.	The coach was dissatisfied with the results.
He misunderstood me.	He misunderstood me.

However, making any verb negative in this way will not work. Most of them still need a negative particle.

Denial in questions

You might be surprised, because today we are considering negative sentences in English, not interrogative ones. However, there are interrogative-negative sentences in English. When asking such a question, the speaker, as a rule, wants to be convinced of his guesses.

In Russian equivalents, such questions contain the particles «is» and «whether». It is not difficult to formulate such a question. It is enough to take a standard general question and add the particle not already known to you after the auxiliary verb.

Usually, an auxiliary verb and a particle merge in this case:

Haven’t you heard?	Have not you heard?
Didn’t you know about the consequences?	Didn’t you know about the consequences?
Aren’t you happy?	Are you not happy?

If, instead of the usual type of question, a dividing one is used, it is possible to use two options that have different meanings:

She looked very good, didn’t she?

She looked pretty good, didn’t she?

or

She didn’t look very good, did she?

She didn’t look very good, did she?

Which option to choose depends on the situation.

That’s all. As you can see, English negative sentences can be used in more than 5 ways. They are built quite simply, so the topic should be easy for you. If you want to consolidate your knowledge, follow the exercises on this topic and compose your own examples.

Source: https://valente-shop.ru/bez-rubriki/kak-postroit-otritsatelnoe-predlozhenie-uchim-anglijskij-sami.html

Negative Sentences in English (NEGATIVE SENTENCES)

Negative sentences are sentences intended to communicate that a fact is contrary to the truth.

For example, the

the water isNote cold. — The water is not cold.

     Types of negative sentences.

There are several types of negative sentences:

1) negative statements

2) negative questions

3) negative imperatives

Negative statements are formed by the negative particle «not» (n’t), which is added after the auxiliary verb (do not / don’t), the linking verb «be» (is not / isn’t, are not / aren’t), and also after modal verbs (must not / mustn’t). It should be remembered that the negative form of the verb “will” is “won’t”, and the negative form of the verb “can” is “cannot” or “can’t”.

Examples of negative statements:

Agnia isn’t‘t coming round. she is not in town. — Agnia won’t come. She’s not in town.

Adrian mightNotebe telling a lie. “Perhaps Adrian isn’t lying.

Her children do not attend school on Saturdays. “Her kids don’t go to school on Saturdays.

When the Brosters arrived we hadn‘t decided whether to stay indoors or take a stroll. “When the Brosters arrived, we hadn’t decided yet whether to stay at home or take a walk.

you can notbe hungry again. You only had lunch an hour ago. — You can’t be hungry. You just had dinner an hour ago.

Negative questionsexpressing surprise, clarification, doubt, are formed using the negative part «not» (n’t), which is added to the auxiliary verb (don’t, doesn’t, didn’t, won’t, etc.). In the case of modal verbs and the linking verb «be», a negative particle is added to them.

Examples of negative questions:

Why didn‘t you ring us up? — Why didn’t you call us?

What doesn‘t he understand? — What does he not understand?

Won‘t we be able to come? — Can’t we come?

Isn‘t she your cousin? — Isn’t she your cousin?

Negative imperative sentencesexpressing a prohibition, order, advice, are formed using the verb «do», the particle «not» and the infinitive of the semantic verb:

Do not open the door to the room. — Don’t open the door to the room.

Do not take the umbrella. It’s warm and sunny today. — Don’t take your umbrella. It’s warm and sunny today.

     Other ways of expressing denial

To refute any information in a sentence, negative words, phrases can be used. In addition to the particle «not», negative sentences can include the following words: the pronoun «no», the adverb «never», the pronouns «none», «nobody», «nothing», «neither», conjunctions «neithernor», etc.

Nobody has called me today. — Nobody called me today.

we have never been to Lisbon. — We have never been to Lisbon.

noneof my co-workers live in the suburb. — None of my colleagues live in the suburbs.

Neither Abraham nor Nelly know this dialect. — Neither Abram nor Nelly know this dialect.

Also, to express negation in sentences, it is often used affixation (adding prefixes and suffixes). The following prefixes and suffixes are most common: de- / dis- / il- / im- / in- / ir- / mis- / non- / un — / — less /:

What are you saying now is very impolite. — What you are saying is very impolite.

They are non—toxic elements. — These are not toxic elements.

There was some myunderstanding between my relatives. — There was a misunderstanding between my relatives.

There are a lot of homeless people in this region. — There are many homeless people in this region.

I admire your endless patience. “I admire your endless patience.

To systematize the theoretical material on the topic, watch the following video tutorials:

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Source: https://lingua-airlines.ru/kb-article/otritsatelnye-predlozheniya-v-anglijskom-yazyke-negative-sentences/

Negative form of an English sentence

The negative form in English (Negative Form) is a sentence in which there is a negative particle or negative adverb.

Negative sentences indicate that a fact is false or incorrect. We want to tell you about how negative sentences are formed in English.

Word order in negative sentences

The word order in negative sentences is simple. You just need to take into account that in almost all cases with negative sentences, the use of an auxiliary verb is required:

• Subject + auxiliary verb + particle not + semantic verb

Verb form with particle ‘not’

To make a negative out of an affirmative sentence, English uses the ‘not’ particle, which is placed after the first auxiliary verb in a declarative statement. If there is no auxiliary verb in the statement, then it must be added to create a negation (usually this is the auxiliary verb ‘do’).

When forming negative sentences, it is necessary to take into account some peculiarities: if an auxiliary verb (including a modal one) is used, then the main, semantic verb does not change according to tense (the ending ‘-s’ or ‘-ed’ is not added), which means that in this case either the basic form of the verb or the participle form are used.

Examples of negative sentences in different tenses formed with the ‘not’ particle:

• He is not going to school. — He doesn’t go to school.
• They were not eating at the moment. — They weren’t eating at that moment.
• She doesn’t’t ice-cream. — She doesn’t like ice cream.
• She hasn’t (has not) finished her work yet. “She hasn’t finished her work yet.
• We hadn’t seen Peter for ages. “We haven’t seen Peter in a long time.

Missing ‘not’ particle

It is possible to express negation without using the particle ‘not’, as well as an auxiliary verb. In this case, in English, a rule is applied that does not allow double negation (this is explained by the fact that two negations add up to a statement). For example, the saying ‘Nobody doesn’t this juice’ means that everyone loves this juice.

Since in Russian, double negation is correct, we, Russian-speaking, need to remember that if there are adverbs with a negative meaning never (never), neither (neither), none (none of), nobody (nobody), nothing ( nothing), then the verb cannot be in negative form. Still, it is worth noting that the colloquial form of speech allows the use of double negation, and in the speech of English speakers you can often hear negative sentences constructed in this way.

Examples of negative statements that are formed through the use of negative adverbs:

• Nobody s to be guilty. — Nobody likes to be guilty.
• He never thought about his childhood. — He never thought about his childhood.
• They have no money. — They have no money.

Negative sentences in the present tense

If adverbs need to be used in a statement to convey the full meaning, but at the same time use the ‘not’ particle, the adverbs need to be transformed:

• Never — ever
• Nothing — anything
• No — any
• Neither — either
• Nobody — anybody

For example:

• She doesn’t see anything. — She doesn’t see anything.
• We don’t want to hear anyone. — We don’t want to hear anyone.
• They don’t have any reasons. “They have no reason.

Negative form with the verb ‘be’

Negative sentences with the verb ‘be’ differ in structure from other negative sentences. Sentences with the verb ‘be’ do not require an auxiliary verb (the auxiliary means the verb ‘do’).

For example:

• You aren’t (are not) guilty. — It is not your fault.
• She isn’t (is not) playing. — She’s not playing.
• We weren’t (were not) hungry. — We weren’t hungry.

Negation in the imperative mood

In negative imperative sentences, use ‘Do not’ + a semantic verb. In such statements, the subject and auxiliary verb are not required.

examples:

• Do not speak so loudly.
• Don’t go to the street.
• Don’t touch my books.

Negative form in conditional mood

Now you know all about the negative form in English. We wish you good luck!

Source: https://englishfull.ru/grammatika/otricatelnoe-predlozhenie.html

Interrogative and negative sentences with to be

If you have already figured out how to make up the simplest sentences in English, when there is no verb in Russian, and the verb to be is used in English, then it’s time to find out how to make a negation or a question out of these sentences

In the article «make a sentence in English» we discussed how to make the simplest sentences in English, such as «I am a student», «Children at home», when there is no verb in Russian, and the verb to be is used in English. But how can one make a negation or a question out of these sentences?

Negative sentences c to be

Negation with the verb to be is extremely simple. In Russian we say “I’m not a student”, and in English we also have this particle “not” — “not”. Respectively,

rewrite an affirmative sentence
I am a student can be added to negative by adding «not»:

I am not a student

With other forms to be, everything works according to the same logic:

He is not a student
They are not students

Short negative forms

Frequently used in speech abbreviated forms to be and denial. Let’s look at two sentences:

We are not students = We aren’t students

These sentences mean exactly the same thing, just in the negation the spelling and pronunciation changes slightly.

By the same logic, “She is not a student” means the same as “She isn’t a student”, and “I am not a student” is identical to “I’m not a student”. That is,

I am not = I’m not is not = isn’t

are not = aren’t

Interrogative sentences c to be in english

In Russian, we ask questions in such sentences with the help of intonation: the statement «Your mother is a doctor» is different from the question «Is your mother a doctor?» only intonation.

In English, to compose a question, you need to change the order of the words. «Your mother is a doctor» — «Your mother is a doctor». Who are we talking about? — about your mother (your mother), i.e. it is the subject. Where is the verb? — is, i.e. it is a predicate. To make a question, you need to swap them, i.e. put the form to be (am, is or are) first. As a result, we get: «Is your mother a doctor?»

Another example, «Are their children at home?» In a statement, we would first say «their children», then the verb (are), and then everything else (at home), and it would be «Their children are at home.» But we make up a question, so we put «are» in the first place: «Are their children at home?»

By the same logic, «Am I right?» translate as «Am I right?»

Short answer in English

To answer such questions succinctly, it is not enough to say yes or no. Let’s remember that «to be» is translated as «to be, to be.» That is, when you are asked “Are you a student?” It means “Are you a student?” And you need to answer “Yes, I am” (Yes, I am) or “No, I am not” (No I am not).

In fact, in the short answer, we simply discard all additional information, leaving only the pronoun and verb. Pay attention to the pronoun. So, to the question «Is Mike at work?» (Is Mike at work?) You can answer “Yes, he is” or “No, he isn’t”.

Verb forms to be

To put all this information into a system, look at the question-short answer-affirmation-denial groups:

Am I right? — Yes, I am. I am right. / No, I’m not. I am not right.
Are you right? — Yes, you are. You are right. / No, you aren’t. You are not right.
Is he right? — Yes, he is. He is right. / No, he isn’t. He is not right.
Are we right? — Yes, we are. We are right. / No, we aren’t. We are not right.
Are they right? — Yes, they are. They are right. / No, they aren’t. They are not right.

Exercise to consolidate the material (interrogative sentences)

You need to make sentences from English words. Then you will find out its translation. Drag words with mouse or finger (on smartphones)

What time is the next bus? What time is the next bus? What time is the meeting? Exercise to consolidate the material (negative sentences)

You need to make sentences from English words. Then you will find out its translation. Drag words with mouse or finger (on smartphones)

Source: https://english-bp.ru/blog/to-be.html

There is / there are in English. There is / are sentences

It is difficult to overestimate the role that there is / there are in English. Before embarking on it, we advise you to memorize the prepositions of the place. We will talk about the arrangement of things in different rooms or parts of them, so we need words such as in, at, in front of, etc..

The special word order for the English language is preserved in these sentences. Let’s start with the affirmative form, since the word order in an English sentence is usually judged by it.

Usually, the actual construction there is (are) comes first, then the object, the location of which must be described. Completes the sentence, except in some cases, the circumstance of place. Less often, the circumstance of place is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Here are some simple classic examples:

There is a bird in the cage.

Since a direct translation will look a little ridiculous (there is a bird in a cage), it is better to translate this sentence from the end. «There is a bird in the cage.» We also think up the word «sitting», and the sentence will sound completely in Russian.

There are birds in the cages.

«Birds are sitting in cages.» Most likely, we went to a pet store.

According to the rules, when in one sentence we describe several different objects or their groups, the setting of the there is / there are constructions depends on the number of the first mentioned objects. Examples:

There is a table, two chairs, and three armchairs in the room. The room has a table, two chairs and three armchairs.

There are two chairs, three armchairs, and a table. The room has two chairs, three armchairs and a table.

Denials

Making sentences with the construction there is are negative is as easy as shelling pears. It is necessary after one of the forms of the verb be (that is, is, are) to put the words no or not, which express negation.

Language learners sometimes worry about what to deliver to them. We hasten to reassure you: there is practically no difference, except that ‘No.‘makes the denial a little stronger. It stands out more in its voice. One nuance — after the word “No.»Article ‘at‘is not used. Examples:

There is not a brick house in the area. There is no brick house in the area. There is no brick house in the area.

There are not any brick houses in the area. There are no brick houses in the area. There are no brick houses in the area. In a sentence with not, the negative pronoun any is often used.

Questions

Interrogative sentences differ in word order, and in them, as in negations, an indefinite pronoun is used Any Unlike some in affirmative sentences. Examples:

Is there petrol in the tank? Is there gas in the tank?

Are there any nails in the box? Are there any nails in the box?

Conversational forms

We have considered only the classic full forms of sentences with there is / are. It is very important to note that in spoken English, the use of abbreviated forms of affirmative or negative sentences is preferable. Examples:

There’s an apple in the vase. There is an apple in the vase.

There aren’t any apples in the vase. There are no apples in the vase.

There isn’t an apple in the vase. There’s no apple in the vase. There is no apple in the vase.

Table

Now let’s work with the traditional table. We think that it will not be difficult to supplement it with your own examples. Use dictionaries more actively. Use an internet search. First, you can write down the suggestions given in this article into the table.

there is

There are

is there

are there

There isn’t

There aren’t

Source: https://lim-english.com/pravila-anglijskogo-yazyka/konstrykciya-there-is-there-are-ytverditelnaya-voprositelnaya-otricatelnaya-formi/

Negative sentences in English

When learning English, it is important to consider all forms of the sentence. Of course, you can answer any statements or questions in a positive form, but sooner or later you will have to disagree with something.

Yes, you can just shake your head categorically, for this you don’t need English at all.

However, it is better to take and study this topic in more detail, because negative sentences in English contain many different interesting features that can allow you to express negation in several ways.

First, let’s understand what constitutes a negative sentence. A negative sentence in English is a sentence that is used to express rejection, reluctance, or any other condition that implies a negative form. Such sentences are used in speech and in writing constantly, both in formal and informal situations. How can they be formed?

Negatives and questions with the verb to be — lesson 9 — english from scratch

Negatives and questions with the verb to be — lesson 9 — english from scratch

It is worth noting that in affirmative sentences, the word order is direct. That is, the construction is carried out in the following order:

1. subject (noun or pronoun)
2. + predicate (verb to be in the appropriate form)
3. + minor members of the proposal.

If in Russian the verb is not used in every sentence, then in English it is a must, otherwise the sentence will be just a set of words.

In colloquial speech, such sentences use short forms of the verb to be, for example:

I am — I’mwe are — we’reyou are — you’rethey are — they’rehe is — he’sshe is — she’s

it is — it’s

General questions

General questions in English have a different structure. Let’s put a question to the proposal:

I am right — I am right (s).

To do this, you need to put the verb form at the beginning:

Am I right? — I’m right?

Consider other interrogative sentences with the verb to be:

Are you happy? — You are happy)?
Is it true? — This is true?
Is he married? — He is married?
Are they Russian? — They are Russians?
Are we from Moscow? — We are from Moscow?

The answers to these questions are simple: yes or no. For example:

Are you busy? — Are you busy?
Yes, I am — Yes, I’m busy.

Special Issues

There are also special questions, which in English are formed using interrogative words. They are placed at the beginning of the sentence, and they are already followed by the verb (to be) and the predicate. Consider proposals with each of them:

Where? [weə] — where, where

In the where question are you from? — where are you from ?, first there is an interrogative word, but the preposition is always at the end. In other suggestions:

Where are you going? — Where are you going?
Where is he? — Where is he?
Where are they? — Where are they?

Who? [hu:] — who

Who is it? «Who is this? Who are you?» — Who are you? — Who is he?

Who am I? — Who am I?

What? [wɒt] — what, what

What is your name? — What is your name?
What is it? — What is it?

How? [həu] — how, how

How are you? — How are you?
How is she? — How is she?

It is part of complex interrogative phrases:

how much many — how much; how long — how long;

how old — how old.

For example, in sentences:

How much is it? — How much does it cost? — How long are those cables?

How old is she? — How old is she?

Why? [wai] — why

Why are you here? — Why are you here.

When? [wen] — when

When is that party? — When that party.
When are you going to come? — When are you going to come.

It is very important to be able to freely construct sentences of different types in English. You need to bring your skills to automatism, then it will not be scary to speak, and speech will acquire a more fluent character.

Write in the comments about your difficulties in studying interrogative and negative sentences.

Source: https://www.lovelylanguage.ru/start/english-from-scratch/9-voprosy-i-otritsaniya

Present Perfect — present perfect tense

Time Present Perfect denotes an action that has completed to date or completed in the present time period. Although English verbs in Present Perfect usually translated into Russian in the past tense, it should be remembered that in English these actions are perceived in the present tense, since they are tied to the present by the result of this action.

I Have already done my homework.
I’ve already done my homework.

We have no classes today, our teacher has fallen respectively
We won’t have lessons today, our teacher is sick.

Education Present Perfect

Affirmative suggestions:

I have played	We have played
You have played	You have played
He/she/it has played	They have played

Interrogative sentences:

Have I played?	Have we played?
Have you played?	Have you played?
Has he/she/it played?	Have they played?

Negative suggestions:

I have not played	We have not played
You have not played	You have not played
He/she/it has not played	They have not played

Time Present Perfect formed with an auxiliary verb to have in the present tense and the past participle of a significant verb, that is, its «third form».

To have in the present tense has two forms:

• has — 3rd person, unit. h. (He has played)
• Have — 1st and 2nd person singular and all forms of plural. h. (I have played)

Personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs are often shortened to he’s, they’ve etc.
Depending on the type of reduction time used in the proposal he’s can decipher and how hey, And How I have you.

The second participle, or the past participle (Participle II), can be obtained by adding to the initial form of a significant verb the ending -ed:

examine — examined

enjoy — enjoyed

close — closed

However, there is also a fairly large group of irregular English verbs that do not form the past tense according to general rules. For them, the form of the past participle must be remembered.

В interrogative sentence the auxiliary verb is placed in front of the subject, and the significant verb remains after it:

Have you seen this film?
Have you seen this movie?

you she like yet?
She hasn’t come yet?

В negative sentences the auxiliary verb is followed by a negative particle Note… Forms Have и has at the same time can be reduced to haven’t и hasn’t respectively:

I haven’t seen him since then.
Since then, I have not seen him.

Present Perfect Use Cases:

• If the speaker is interested in the very fact of the action that has taken place, and not his time or circumstances:

I have been to Paris.
I was in Paris.

People have walked on the moon.
People walked on the moon.

Source: https://www.native-english.ru/grammar/present-perfect