Word order english also

One of the most common mistakes associated with word order is the tendency to put adverbs in the wrong place. This particularly applies to the word “also”, but other adverbs are commonly misplaced too.

Consider the following examples with “also”:

WRONG
We included also the information that the holiday year starts on 1 January.
RIGHT
We also included the information that the holiday year starts on 1 January.

WRONG
The rules set out above apply also to the Confidential Information.
RIGHT
The rules set out above also apply to the Confidential Information.

As these examples show, “also” should go between the subject and the verb, NOT after the verb. The next examples – with other adverbs – follow the same pattern:

WRONG
We have only time to finish the first part of the project by the deadline.
RIGHT
We only have time to finish the first part of the project by the deadline.

WRONG
Who has usually access to classified information?
RIGHT
Who usually has access to classified information?

WRONG
Do you know when Jan Kowalski started officially his work for the Company?
RIGHT
Do you know when Jan Kowalski officially started his work for the Company?

There is, of course, an exception to this rule. When the verb is “to be” the adverb usually goes after the verb:

She is also an experienced adviser on mergers and acquisitions in this sector.

The client is often unable to sign documents at short notice due to extensive foreign travel.

When a sentence has an auxiliary verb and a main verb, it is usual to put adverbs between them. For example:

We have finally completed the project.

Here “have” is the auxiliary verb and “completed” is the main verb; “have completed” is the present perfect tense.

More examples:

You must also send us the signed PoA.
(“must” is a modal auxiliary verb which modifies “send”)

We have already heard about the outcome.
(“have heard” = present perfect)

He is just arriving now.
(“is arriving” = present continuous)

The firm has frequently been praised for its commercial approach to problem solving.
(“has been praised” = present perfect passive)

In some of these examples the adverb could be put in a different place for particular emphasis. But these show standard word order.

This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Adverbs, Word order. Bookmark the permalink.

It depends on what you want to say. Are you also liking or also talking? I.e. Are you trying to say that alongside liking something else, you would like to talk about ellipsis? Or alongside talking about something else, you would like to talk about ellipsis?

Also is an adverb, so it can go next to any of the verbs.

1. I (also would) like to talk about …
2. I (would also) like to talk about …
3. I would (also like) to talk about …
4. I would (like also) to talk about …
5. I would like (to also talk) about …
6. ?I would like (to talk also) about …
7. *I would like to talk about also …

Number 7 is wrong in the context of wanting to talk about ellipsis. Number 6 is an unusual choice stylistically, I think it hints at a low confidence moment for the speaker, because the also is added in at the last possible moment.

Numbers 1 and 2 means that someone else is speaking about ellipsis and you have something to say as well, 2 has emphasis on I and possibly also.

Numbers 3 and 4 can mean this too, but they can also mean that as well as something else you are talking about you want to talk about ellipsis. 3 has emphasis on also like in the second context. 4 is more likely to be applied to the second context, to apply to the first context the emphasis would be on I and also.

Number 5 can only mean that as well as something else you are going to talk about ellipsis.

Почему в конце предложения иногда стоит предлог? Как сделать предложение более выразительным и эмоциональным? А более формальным? В статье ответим на эти и другие вопросы.

Для начала рекомендуем изучить информацию первой части статьи, где мы изложили все базовые аспекты правильного построения предложения. Но на этом не стоит останавливаться, ведь в английском, как и в русском, есть множество незаурядных способов выразить свое мнение. Статья будет интересна студентам среднего и высокого уровней владения английским.

Сказуемое с двумя дополнениями

Основные части предложения — это подлежащее (кто/что), сказуемое (действие) и дополнение (на что или кого направлено действие). Сказуемое может иметь два дополнения, а дополнения могут быть прямыми и косвенными.

I gave Sally the book. — Я дала Салли книгу.

Вещь, которую мы передаем, — прямое дополнение (direct object).
Человек, который ее получает, — косвенное дополнение (indirect object).

1. Сказуемое + косвенное дополнение + прямое дополнение

   В английском предложении чаще всего сразу после сказуемого будет стоять косвенное дополнение, выраженное существительным. Как правило, оно указывает на человека, которому мы что-то передаем, одалживаем, отправляем. А после косвенного дополнения следует прямое, оно указывает на то, что именно вы передаете, одалживаете, отправляете.

   I’ll send you all the information tomorrow. — Я отправлю тебе всю информацию завтра.
   My mom always buys me something sweet on the way home. — Моя мама всегда покупает мне что-нибудь вкусненькое по дороге домой.

   Приведем список часто встречающихся глаголов, после которых необходимо употреблять косвенное дополнение: to bring (приносить), to build (строить), to buy (покупать), to cost (стоить), to get (получать), to give (давать), to leave (уезжать), to lend (одалживать), to make (делать), to offer (предлагать), to owe (задолжать), to pass (проходить), to pay (платить), to play (играть), to promise (обещать), to read (читать), to refuse (отказываться), to sell (продавать), to send (отправлять), to show (показывать), to sing (петь), to take (брать), to teach (преподавать), to tell (рассказывать), to throw (кидать), to wish (желать), to write (писать).

2. Сказуемое + прямое дополнение + косвенное дополнение

   Если мы ставим прямое дополнение сразу после сказуемого, то перед косвенным дополнением (человеком) ставим предлог to (кому-то) или for (для кого-то).

   I gave the book to Sally. — Я дала книгу Салли.
   My mom always buys something sweet for me. — Моя мама всегда покупает мне что-нибудь вкусненькое.

   Обратите внимание на глаголы, после которых всегда необходимо употреблять прямое дополнение: to donate (жертвовать), to push (толкать), to carry (нести), to explain (объяснить), to suggest (предлагать), to describe (описывать).

   I donated money to the orphanage. — Я пожертвовала деньги в детский дом.
   The teacher explained the rules to us. — Преподавательница объяснила нам правила.

   Если оба дополнения выражены местоимениями, то мы используем следующую структуру: сказуемое + прямое дополнение + косвенное дополнение.

   Give them to her. — Отдай их ей.
   Throw it to me. — Кинь его мне.

   Однако если прямое дополнение — это местоимение one, some и т. д., то мы используем структуру сказуемое + косвенное дополнение + прямое дополнение.

   Send her some. — Отправь ей немного.
   Give me one. — Дай мне одну.

Комплемент в английском предложении

Комплемент в английском языке предоставляет больше информации о подлежащем. Он может быть выражен прилагательным, существительным или целой фразой. Предложение с комплементом строится по следующей схеме: сказуемое + (дополнение) + комплемент.

She is happy. — Она счастлива.
She is a doctor. — Она доктор.

В этих предложениях слова happy и doctor — не дополнения, а именно комплементы.

После таких глаголов, как to make (делать), to drive (водить), to find (находить), to call (звонить), to elect (избирать), to paint (рисовать) мы ставим комплемент без каких-либо предлогов. Например:

In 2008, US citizens elected Obama President. — В 2008 году американцы избрали Обаму президентом.
She’s driving me mad. — Она сводит меня с ума.
I find the book very interesting. — Эта книга кажется мне очень интересной.

Если же дополнение очень длинное, то мы можем поставить комплемент перед ним. Сравните:

We painted the walls green. — Мы покрасили стены в зеленый.
We painted green the walls, the floor and the ceiling. — Мы покрасили в зеленый стены, пол и потолок.

Предлоги в конце предложения

Многих студентов смущают предложения, которые заканчиваются предлогом. Мы объясним почему и когда необходимо использовать именно такой порядок слов.

1. Открытые вопросы

   Когда мы трансформируем предложение с предлогом перед дополнением в специальный вопрос, предлог остается в конце без дополнения.

   I listen to jazz music. — Я слушаю джаз.
   What kind of music do you listen to? — Какую музыку ты слушаешь?

   I work with Joe. — Я работаю с Джо.
   Who do you work with? — С кем ты работаешь?

   Обратите внимание, что в английском мы можем использовать предлог и перед вопросительным словом, однако звучать такое предложение будет очень формально.

   Who did she go with? — С кем она ушла? (нейтрально)
   With whom did she go? — С кем она ушла? (формально)

2. Придаточные предложения с who, which, that

   Как и в случае со специальными вопросами, если мы поставим предлог в конце предложения, ваше высказывание будет звучать менее формально.

   This is the place which I told you about. — Это то место, о котором я тебе говорила. (нейтрально)
   This is the place about which I told you. — Это то место, о котором я вам говорила. (формально)

3. Пассивный залог

   В предложениях с пассивным залогом тоже необходимо ставить предлог в конце предложения.

   She doesn’t like to be stared at. — Она не любит, когда на нее пялятся.
   

Инверсия

Грамматическая инверсия — это обратный порядок слов в предложении (как в вопросе). Мы используем инверсию в утвердительных или отрицательных предложениях, чтобы усилить высказывание, придать ему более эмоциональную или формальную окраску. В предложении с инверсией порядок слов будет такой: вспомогательный/модальный глагол + подлежащее + смысловой глагол.

Случаи использования грамматической инверсии:

1. Пожелания с модальным глаголом may

   May all your wishes come true! — Пусть сбудутся все твои желания!
   May every day put a smile on your face! — Пусть каждый день дарит тебе улыбку!

2. Краткие ответы с so, neither, nor

   — I’m thirsty.
   — So am I.
   — Я хочу пить.
   — Я тоже.

   — I can’t stand opera!
   — Nor do I.
   — Я терпеть не могу оперу!
   — Я тоже.

3. Служебные слова

   Служебные слова используют, чтобы связать части предложения. В рамках нашей темы мы рассмотрим только пояснительные и отрицательные служебные слова. Изучив таблицу, вы поймете, почему они так называются.

   Слово/Словосочетание	Перевод
   at no time never	никогда
   not once	ни разу
   not until much later	гораздо позже, спустя много времени
   not until	лишь после того, как
   hardly … when	едва только …, как
   no sooner … than	не раньше, чем
   scarcely … when/than	едва …, как лишь только
   seldom rarely	редко
   only then only when	только тогда
   only after only later	только после
   not only …, but also	не только …, но и
   under no circumstances on no condition on no account in no way	ни при каких обстоятельствах/условиях
   no way in hell	да ни за что в жизни
   Little did I know/realize/think/expect/suspect…	Я и не знал(а)/осознавал(а)/думал(а)/ожидал(а)/подозревал(а)…

   Little did we know she was pregnant at the time of the performance. — Мы и не подозревали, что она была беременна, когда выступала.
   Not only did he rob us, but he also set our house on fire. — Он не только ограбил нас, но и поджег наш дом.
   Under no circumstances can we accept late payment. — Ни при каких обстоятельствах мы не можем принять просроченный платеж.

4. Условные предложения

   В официальных документах и литературных произведениях мы можем использовать вспомогательный или модальный глагол вместо if.

   If you need any help, call me. — Если вам понадобится помощь, звоните мне.
   Should you need any further assistance, do not hesitate to contact me. — Свяжитесь со мной, если вам понадобится помощь. (более формально)

   Мы также можем использовать инверсию, чтобы сделать наше высказывание более эмоциональным.

   If it were my dog, I would treat it much better. — Если бы это была моя собака, то я бы лучше с ней обращалась.
   Were it my dog, I would treat it much better! — Будь это моя собака, я бы лучше с ней обращалась! (более эмоционально)

   If I had known that she was cheating on me, I wouldn’t have proposed to her. — Если бы я знал, что она мне изменяла, то не стал бы делать ей предложение.
   Had I known she was cheating on me, no way in hell would I have proposed to her! — Знай я, что она мне изменяла, я бы ни за что в жизни не сделал ей предложение!

Если под грамматической инверсией мы подразумеваем обратный порядок слов (как в вопросе), то в стилистической инверсии мы переставляем в начало ту часть предложения, на которой хотим сделать акцент.

I can’t stand people like that. — Терпеть не могу таких людей.
People like that I can’t stand. — Таких людей я просто терпеть не могу. (акцент на людях)

They are good people. — Они хорошие люди.
Good people they are! — Хорошие же они люди! (более эмоционально)

Часто авторы литературных произведений используют стилистическую инверсию в начале повествования.

Once upon a time there lived a king. — Давным-давно жил-был король.

В предложениях со стилистической инверсией нередко используются наречия here, there, back, out, up, off, down, on.

Here comes the money! — А вот и денежки!
Off we go! — Поехали!

Хотите понять все тонкости замысловатой английской грамматики? Записывайтесь к одному из наших опытных преподавателей.

Надеемся, теперь вам не составит труда грамотно сформулировать свою мысль на английском языке. Предлагаем пройти тест, чтобы закрепить тему.

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Normally, sentences in the English language take a simple form. However, there are times it would be a little complex. In these cases, the basic rules for how words appear in a sentence can help you.

Word order typically refers to the way the words in a sentence are arranged. In the English language, the order of words is important if you wish to accurately and effectively communicate your thoughts and ideas.

Although there are some exceptions to these rules, this article aims to outline some basic sentence structures that can be used as templates. Also, the article provides the rules for the ordering of adverbs and adjectives in English sentences.

Basic Sentence Structure and word order rules in English

For English sentences, the simple rule of thumb is that the subject should always come before the verb followed by the object. This rule is usually referred to as the SVO word order, and then most sentences must conform to this. However, it is essential to know that this rule only applies to sentences that have a subject, verb, and object.

For example

Subject + Verb + Object

He loves food

She killed the rat

Sentences are usually made of at least one clause. A clause is a string of words with a subject(noun) and a predicate (verb). A sentence with just one clause is referred to as a simple sentence, while those with more than one clause are referred to as compound sentences, complex sentences, or compound-complex sentences.

The following is an explanation and example of the most commonly used clause patterns in the English language.

Inversion

The English word order is inverted in questions. The subject changes its place in a question. Also, English questions usually begin with a verb or a helping verb if the verb is complex.

For example

Verb + Subject + object

Can you finish the assignment?

Did you go to work?

Intransitive Verbs

Some sentences use verbs that require no object or nothing else to follow them. These verbs are generally referred to as intransitive verbs. With intransitive verbs, you can form the most basic sentences since all that is required is a subject (made of one noun) and a predicate (made of one verb).

For example

Subject + verb

John eats

Christine fights

Linking Verbs

Linking verbs are verbs that connect a subject to the quality of the subject. Sentences that use linking verbs usually contain a subject, the linking verb and a subject complement or predicate adjective in this order.

For example

Subject + verb + Subject complement/Predicate adjective

The dress was beautiful

Her voice was amazing

Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are verbs that tell what the subject did to something else. Sentences that use transitive verbs usually contain a subject, the transitive verb, and a direct object, usually in this order.

For example

Subject + Verb + Direct object

The father slapped his son

The teacher questioned his students

Indirect Objects

Sentences with transitive verbs can have a mixture of direct and indirect objects. Indirect objects are usually the receiver of the action or the audience of the direct object.

For example

Subject + Verb + IndirectObject + DirectObject

He gave the man a good job.

The singer gave the crowd a spectacular concert.

The order of direct and indirect objects can also be reversed. However, for the reversal of the order, there needs to be the inclusion of the preposition “to” before the indirect object. The addition of the preposition transforms the indirect object into what is called a prepositional phrase.

For example

Subject + Verb + DirectObject + Preposition + IndirectObject

He gave a lot of money to the man

The singer gave a spectacular concert to the crowd.

Adverbials

Adverbs are phrases or words that modify or qualify a verb, adjective, or other adverbs. They typically provide information on the when, where, how, and why of an action. Adverbs are usually very difficult to place as they can be in different positions in a sentence. Changing the placement of an adverb in a sentence can change the meaning or emphasis of that sentence.

Therefore, adverbials should be placed as close as possible to the things they modify, generally before the verbs.

For example

He hastily went to work.

He hurriedly ate his food.

However, if the verb is transitive, then the adverb should come after the transitive verb.

For example

John sat uncomfortably in the examination exam.

She spoke quietly in the class

The adverb of place is usually placed before the adverb of time

For example

John goes to work every morning

They arrived at school very late

The adverb of time can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence

For example

On Sunday he is traveling home

Every evening James jogs around the block

When there is more than one verb in the sentence, the adverb should be placed after the first verb.

For example

Peter will never forget his first dog

She has always loved eating rice.

Adjectives

Adjectives commonly refer to words that are used to describe someone or something. Adjectives can appear almost anywhere in the sentence.

Adjectives can sometimes appear after the verb to be

For example

He is fat

She is big

Adjectives can also appear before a noun.

For example

A big house

A fat boy

However, some sentences can contain more than one adjective to describe something or someone. These adjectives have an order in which they can appear before a now. The order is

Opinion – size – physical quality – shape – condition – age – color – pattern – origin – material – type – purpose

If more than one adjective is expected to come before a noun in a sentence, then it should follow this order. This order feels intuitive for native English speakers. However, it can be a little difficult to unpack for non-native English speakers.

For example

The ugly old woman is back

The dirty red car parked outside your house

When more than one adjective comes after a verb, it is usually connected by and

For example

The room is dark and cold

Having said that, Susan is tall and big

Get an expert to perfect your paper

Also, as well and too are adverbs and mean ‘in addition’.

Also

Also is commonly used in writing, but is less common in speaking. Also occupies different positions in a sentence.

We use also in front position to emphasise what follows or to add a new point or topic:

It’s very humid. Also, you can easily get sunburnt.

[on the telephone]

OK, I’ll phone you next week and we can discuss it then. Also, we need to decide who will be going to Singapore.

We use also in the normal mid position for adverbs, between the subject and main verb, or after the modal verb or first auxiliary verb, or after be as a main verb. In this position, the meaning of also usually connects back to the whole clause that comes before:

She works very hard but she also goes to the gym every week.

I’ve been working in the garden this week, and I’ve also been reading a lot.

In end position, also normally connects two phrases. We use as well and too instead of also, in end position, especially in speech:

She contacted him in the office but he didn’t answer the phone. His mobile phone was silent also. (or His mobile phone was silent too. or … was silent as well.)

As well

Spoken English:

As well is much more common in speaking than in writing, and is more common in speaking than also.

As well almost always comes in end position:

[In a restaurant. Customer (A) is ordering from a waiter (B)]

A:

I’ll have steak please.

A:

And I’ll have the mixed vegetables as well.

Too

We usually put too in end position:

Gill’s having chicken. I’ll probably have chicken too.

She looks really tired and she must be really hungry too.

Too can occur immediately after the subject, if it refers directly to the subject. It does not normally occur after a modal or auxiliary verb. We sometimes write commas before and after too:

I too thought she looked unwell.

We, too, have been very pleased to receive the prize on her behalf.

Not: We have too been very pleased …

Too is especially common in responses to fixed expressions such as giving good wishes, and in responses consisting of a single object pronoun:

B:

Thanks. You enjoy your evening too. (preferred to You enjoy your evening as well. or You also enjoy your evening.)

A:

I need to go to the gym.

B:

Yeah, me too. (preferred to Yeah, me also. or Yeah, me as well.)

In imperative clauses, as well and too are normally preferred to also:

[customer in a post office, buying books of first and second class stamps]

Give me a book of ten first and a book of ten second as well then please. (preferred to … and a book of ten second also then please.)

Linking negatives

We use either not also, as well or too to connect two negative ideas:

Bill’s not here. I don’t think Dave is either, is he?

Not: I don’t think Dave is also/as well/too.

A:

That’s not in paperback yet. It’s not been in any book clubs either, has it?

Not: It’s not been in any book clubs also/as well/too, has it?

Also, as well and too: typical error

• We don’t use as well at the beginning of a clause. As well usually comes at the end of a clause:

I just ignored it. I think everybody else did as well.

Not: As well I think everybody else did.

In the vast majority of cases, the central clause elements, subjects (S), predicate verbs (V), objects (O), and predicatives (P) occur in a fixed order. Thus, as in the following examples, the subject precedes the verb, which precedes the object or predicative.

(1) The entire population (S) grieved (V) the death of their leader (O).
(2) The results (S) were (V) very surprising (P).

Adverbials have much greater freedom of position, and may occur in initial position, in final position, or even in various medial positions between other clause elements, although such placement is fairly restricted in English. The following example illustrates various adverbial positions in English.

(3) At the outset the containers were carefully monitored to avoid contamination. 

The main rule which is relevant here is, again, that the subject precedes the predicate verb in all but a few well-defined types of clauses.
However, there are a few cases in English where the order between subject and predicate verb is inverted, that is, when the predicate verb (or one of the verbs that belong to the predicate verb) actually precedes the subject. This is called inversion. Inversion is discussed in the sections below.

Swedish is also an SV(O) language, that is, the normal (or unmarked) order between the major clause elements is that the subject precedes the verb, and that the verb precedes any objects and predicatives (e.g. Kalle har en båt ‘Kalle has a boat’). In this respect, English and Swedish are alike.
However, there is also a very important difference between the two languages when it comes to word order. Swedish is a V2 language, but English is not. V2 stands for ‘verb second’. In a V2 language, the predicate verb is always in second position in declarative main clauses, where a declarative clause is a clause that is typically used to make a statement (e.g. You are nice, instead of Are you nice).
This claim about V2 languages needs to be commented on and qualified. To begin with, «second position» does not mean ‘second word’, but rather ‘second constituent’ or ‘second clause element’. So, in a V2 language, the predicate verb is the second clause element.
Moreover, when we say that the predicate verb is always in second position in a declarative main clause in a V2 language, what we actually mean is that the finite verb of the predicate verb which is in second position. Some examples might be useful.

(1) [Peter] är lärare. ‘Peter is a teacher.

(2) [Peters nya fru] är lärare. ‘Peter’s new wife is a teacher’

(3) [Peter] har aldrig varit i London. ‘Peter has never been in London’

(4) [Mina kusiner] vill inte leka med mig. ‘My cousins do not want to play with me’

The fact that Swedish, but not English, is a V2 language has not been illustrated by the examples given so far. The reason that no V2-effects have been possible to observe in these main clauses is that there has not been anything but subjects before the finite verb of the verb phrase functioning as predicate verb in these examples.
However, if we put an adverbial or an object at the very beginning of a declarative sentence, we will immediately be able to spot this crucial difference between the two languages:

(5) [Förra året] fick [Paul] fast anställning. ‘[Last year], [Paul] got a permanent post’

(6) [Dessa fenomen] upptäckte [vi] inte förrän igår. ‘[These phenomena] [we] did not discover until yesterday’

We will not go into detail here and discuss each and every adverbial type or class. The following cases should be mentioned and remembered, though:
(a) Since English is not a V2-language, there is a position for adverbials between the subject and the finite verb, as in (1):

(1) She probablymet her husband in France.

This position is often used if there is no auxiliary in the predicate verb and the adverbial is realised by a one-word adverb phrase.
(b) The prescriptive rule that we should split infinitives is stronger in English than in Swedish. A split infinitive is when there is an adverbial, for instance a negation, between the infinitive marker to and the infinitive, as in (2):

(2) I told her toimmediately leave the premises.

Even though this rule is often broken in authentic English, we ought to follow the rule when the adverbial is never, not, or only, that is, we say and write (3), instead of (4), even though the corresponding (5) is completely natural and grammatical in Swedish.

(3) I told you not to leave.

(4) *I told you tonot leave. 

(5) Jag sa till dig att inte gå.

(c) It is much more natural in Swedish than in English to place heavy/complex adverbials in other positions than at the very beginning or the very end of the sentence. So, please avoid placing heavy adverbials in the middle of your English sentences. 

Most clauses have only one subject. However, there are clause types which grammarians analyse as having two subjects. Such clauses have a ‘light’ subject in the form of a pronoun in the usual position before the predicate verb and another ‘heavier’ subject after the verb. In the following examples the two types of subject are highlighted.

(4) It was suggested that the Emperor of Austria should become the German Emperor.
(5) There were no signs of violence.

As these examples show, the first subject, referred to as the preparatory subject, can be either it or there. It is the form of the second subject, referred to as the postponed subject, that determines the choice of preparatory subject. 

• It is used as the preparatory subject when the postponed subject is a clause.
• There is used as the preparatory subject when the postponed subject is a noun phrase.

In clauses with there as the preparatory subject it is the noun phrase functioning as the postponed subject that determines the form of the verb. Thus, when the postponed subject is a singular noun phrase, the predicate verb is also singular, and when the postponed subject is a plural noun phrase, the predicate verb is also plural.

(6) There was a sudden pause.
(7) There were several armed uprisings after the revolution.

While the subject normally precedes the predicate verb, there are cases where the order is reversed so that the predicate verb, or part of the predicate verb, precedes the subject. The most common instance of inverted word-order is found in yes/no questions, as in the following examples.

(8) Will (v) the government (S) survive (V) the election?
(9) Can (v) the President (S) go (V) beyond the law?

These examples illustrate the fact that when the predicate verb is made up of several verbs, only the first auxiliary verb precedes the subject.
For the purpose of forming questions in this way, English has a special auxiliary, do, which is used in clauses where the predicate verb consists of a single verb. Thus, to form a yes/no question from The President sent a message to Downing Street, we insert do before the subject.

(10)The President (S) sent (V) a message to Downing Street.
(11) Did (v) the President (S) send (V) a message to Downing Street?

The same inverted word-order as that found in yes/no questions is also used in clauses introduced by a negative or restrictive clause element. In the following example, the initial element Not only is negative and is followed by inverted word order: could congress declare…

(12) Not only could (v) Congress (S) declare (V) war but the states were forbidden to engage in it without the consent of Congress.

Further examples (with the initial negative element highlighted):

(13) Never before have human rights been so fully and completely violated.

(14) On no account must the moisture level raise above 7 or 8 per cent.

(15) Not until the end of the hour-long conversation did the President get to the point.

English and Swedish are both SVO languages, so SVO is the basic word order of both English and Swedish. This means that the subject generally precedes the predicate verb and that other obligatory constituents of the clause/sentence (i.e. direct and indirect objects, subject and object predicatives, and obligatory adverbials) normally follow the predicate verb. Have a look at the following examples to see what is meant by this:

(1) [This investigation] (S) shows (V) [that Burton was right] (Od).
(2) [Laura] (S) gave (V) [her supervisor] (Oi) [something to think about] (Od).
(3) [This] (S) must be (V) [their best article so far] (Ps).
(4) [These results] (S) will make (V)[us] (Od) [famous] (Po).
(5) [He] (S) put (V) [his glasses] (Od) [on the copying machine] (A).

All these five sentences can be directly translated into Swedish and then analysed in the exact same way, which shows that English and Swedish have the same basic word order, i.e. the same order between the major clause elements.
When such claims about basic word order are made, the positions available for optional adverbials are normally not taken into consideration, that is, two languages can have the same basic word order, but differ from each other to same extent when it comes to the positions in which different types of adverbials typically occur.

It is often possible to vary the word order of a sentence, i.e. we do not always make use of the basic word order. However, when some other grammatical order between the clause elements is used instead of the basic one, this is always done for a reason.
Two versions of the same sentence which only differ from each other with regard to word order can never be used completely interchangeably. Which one of them is to be used depends on the linguistic context (i.e. the surrounding clauses and sentences) and on exactly what the writer wishes to express. It also happens that the word order is varied just for the sake of variation, but such practise had better be avoided by non-native writers, partly because of the risk of giving rise to unintended readings.
One important way of varying the word order is to «move» some constituent to the beginning of the clause/sentence. If we have another look at sentences (1) to (5) above, we can see that it is always possible to move another constituent to the beginning of the sentence, even though some of the resulting sentences can only be used in fairly limited and precise contexts. The basic word order is still the unmarked one, in the sense that it is the word order that would be used if there is no reason to do otherwise. So, if we move the direct object in (1) to the initial position, we get (6).

(6) [That Burton was right] (Od) [this investigation] (S) shows (V).

This is clearly not an unmarked sentence. We need to imagine, for instance, a sentence following this one, which establishes a contrast between what the investigation shows (i.e. that Burton was right) and what it does not show.
In a similar fashion, we can move the obligatory adverbial in (5) to the initial position to get (7) or the direct object in (5) to get (8):

(7) [On the copying machine] (A) [he] (S) put (V) [his glasses] (Od).
(8) [His glasses] (Od) [he] (S) put (V) [on the copying machine] (A).

In (7) we probably contrast

 (9) on the copying machine

with some other location where he put something else. In (8) we probably contrast the putting of his glasses on the copying machine with something else that he did not put on the copying machine (but either put elsewhere, or did not put anywhere at all). We have to be aware in all these cases of the fact that we can do very much with intonation and stress, so not everything depends on word order alone. 
OK, so now we know that Swedish and English have the same basic word order, since the English sentences (1) to (5) can be translated directly into Swedish, with the exact same word order, as in (10) to (14):

(10) Den här undersökningen visar att Burton hade rätt.
(11) Laura gav sin handledare något att tänka på.
(12) Detta måste vara deras bästa artikel hittills.
(13) Dessa resultat kommer att göra oss berömda.
(14) Han lade sina glasögon på kopieringsapparaten.

We also know that we do not always use the basic word order, and that alternative word orders are employed for certain reasons, i.e. we cannot normally use an alternative word order just because we feel like it; the alternative/marked word order must fit the context.
Even though English and Swedish have the same the same basic word order, there are also important word-order-related differences between the two languages, something that becomes apparent as soon as we start moving the corresponding constituents of our Swedish corresponding sentences.
If we start with

(15) Den här undersökningen visar att Burton hade rätt.

and move the direct object to the initial position, we also have to move the subject to the position after the predicate verb, that is, we get

(16) Att Burton hade rätt visar den här undersökningen.

instead of

(17) *Att Burton (2004) hade rätt den här undersökningen visar.

This isbeacuse Swedish, contrary to English, is not only an SVO language, but also a V2 language.
V2 languages want to have their predicate verbs (or at least the finite verb of the verb phrase functioning as predicate verb) in second position in declarative main clauses (i.e. statements). By «second position» we should understand that it must be the second constituent, rather than, say, the second word.Word order is thus more about constituent order than about word order as such.
So, given that Swedish is a V2 language, it follows that (17) cannot be grammatical, since there are two constituents (Att Burton hade rätt and den här undersökningen) before the predicate verb visar.
Similarly, we cannot move sina glasögon or på kopieringsapparaten to the initial position, without also moving the subject to the position after the predicate verb, i.e. we get (18) instead of (19) and (20) instead of (21):

(18) Sina glasögon lade han på kopieringsapparaten.

(19) *Sina glasögon han lade på kopieringsapparaten.
(20) På kopieringsapparaten lade han sina glasögon.
(21) *På kopieringsapparaten han lade sina glasögon.

So, whenever some other constituent than the subject precedes the predicate verb in Swedish, the subject has to move to a position after the predicate verb, or at least to a position after the finite verb of the verb phrase functioning as predicate verb. There is a name for this unorthodox positioning of the subject after the (finite) verb in an SVO language. It is called inversion.
When the the whole predicate verb phrase precedes the subject, we talk about full inversion or complete inversion, and when it is just the finite verb that precedes the subject (while the rest of the predicate verb phrase follows it), we call this partial inversion.
Both English and Swedish have both types of inversion, but both complete and partial inversion are much more frequent in Swedish, because of the V2 constraint. The most important similarities and differences are illustrated in the table and through the examples below (PI = ‘Partical Inversion; CI/PI = ‘Complete Inversion or Partial Inversion’; NWO = ‘Normal Word Order’):

	English	Swedish
	PI	CI/PI	NWO	PI	CI/PI	NWO
1. Initial adverbial			X		X
2. Initial clause negation/restriction	X				X
3. Initial object/predictaive			X		X
4. Yes/no question	X				X
5. wh-question (wh-word subject)			X			X
6. wh-question (wh-word not subject)	X				X

What this table is intended to show is, once again, that Swedish has inversion in many cases when English has normal word order (NWO). In such cases, Swedish has partial inversion (PI), if the predicate verb phrase consists of more than one verb (i.e. at least one auxiliary in addition to the main verb), and complete inversion (CI) if the predicate verb phrase consists of nothing but the main/lexical verb. This means that it must be the case that both partial and complete inversion is more frequent in Swedish than in English.
Partial inversion is sometimes called ‘question word order’ since it is the typical word order of questions in English. It is used in all yes/no questions (at least if we analyse questions such as Are you here? as cases of partial inversion, even though this is somewhat problematic).
Partial inversion is also used in all wh-questions in which the wh-word is not the subject. By wh-words we understand question words such as who, what, which, where, how, why, etc., most of which start with the letter combination wh.
To detrmine if the wh-word is the subject of the wh-question or not is not as difficult as it may sound. We know that all complete sentences (including questions) must have a subject. If there is no other constituent in the clause that functions as the subject (i.e. no other constituent that answers the question «Who/What VERB?»), the wh-word (or the phrase to which it belongs) is the subject. So, in the question

(22)Who did you meet yesterday?

you is the subject, while the wh-word is the (direct) object. This means that we should have partial inversion, which is also the case (i.e. did you meet, where the auxiliary did precedes the subject and the main verb meet follows it).
In the question (23) there is no other good candidate for the job of subject than the initial wh-word who (i.e who, or the possible referent(s) of who, is the one(s) who want(s)). Since the wh-word who is the subject, there is no inversion.

(23) Who wants to be a millionaire?

The difference between Swedish and English when it comes to wh-questions is that while English always has partial inversion in wh-questions in which the wh-word is not the subject, Swedish can have complete inversion:

(24) Vem träffade ni igår?

When such wh-questions are formed in English, we have to add a form of the dummy auxiliary do, if there is no other auxiliary available. If there is an auxiliary available in a wh-question in which the wh-word is not the subject, we make use of this auxiliary in both English and Swedish in order to create an inverted question, as in (25) and (26):

(25) Who will you meet in Denmark?
(26) Vem ska ni träffa i Danmark?

Before we have a look at a number of sentences illustrating all the cases in the table above, it should be mentioned that Swedish also has the type of complete inversion that English sometimes has after initial adverbials of location or direction, when the predicate verb is short and the subject is considerably heavier (i.e. longer, in terms of words or syllables) than the predicate verb.
English examples include (27) and (28), while (29) and (30) exemplify roughly the same phenomenon in Swedish (but remember that Swedish has inversion after all types of adverbials, so the structures are of course less exceptional in Swedish): 

(27) Off went the bus.
(28) On a hill far away stood an old rugged cross
(29) Bort flög kråkan. (instead of Kråkan flög bort)
(30) Under bordet stod en ko. (instead of En ko stod under bordet)

OK. Let us finally have a look at a number of linguistic examples that are intended to clearly illustrate the generalisations on which the table above are based (please note that fronted material is in italics, predicate verbs are in boldface, and subjects appear within square brackets):
1. After an ordinary initial adverbial, Swedish has partial or complete inversion (depending on the number of verbs in the predicate verb phrase), while English has normal word order.

(31)  Igår          köpte   [jag] en bil.

(32)  Förmodligen har  [han] redan   gått.

(33) Yesterday [I ] bought a car.

(34) Probably, [he] has already left.

2. After an initial clause negation/restriction, English has partial inversion, while Swedish has partial or complete inversion (depending on the number of verbs in the predicate verb phrase).

(35) Not until yesterdaydid [I] realise that he was my boss.

(36) Inte förrän igår          insåg     [jag] att   han var   min chef.

(37) Inte utan     orsak   hade de     klagat         på       hans uppförande.

3. After an initial object or predicative, English has normal word order, while Swedish has partial or complete inversion (depending on the number of verbs in the predicate verb phrase).

(38) (To) His mother [he] bought an umbrella.
(39) The handout [he] finished in no time.
(40) Ill [he] was, but he did not cancel his classes.

(41) (Till) sin mor      köpte   [han] ett paraply.

(42) Stödpapperetfärdigställde [han] på nolltid.

(43) Sjukvar  [han], men han ställde      inte in      sina lektioner.  

(44) «Kalle»kallade [de]    honom inte.

4. In yes/no questions, English has partial inversion, while Swedish has either partial inversion or complete inversion (depending on the number of verbs in the predicate verb phrase).

(45) Will [they] go to Paris?
(46) Did [you] send him our proposal?
(47) Ska [de]    åka till Paris?
(48) Jobbar [de]    på Lunds universitet?

5. In wh-questions in which the wh-word is the subject, both English and Swedish has normal word order (SVO).

(49) [Who] made professor?
(50) [What] caused your problems?
(51) [Vem] blev   professor?
(52) [Vad]   orsakade era  problem?

6. In wh-questions in which the wh-word is not the subject, English has partial inversion, while Swedish has either partial inversion or complete inversion (depending on the number of verbs in the predicate verb phrase).

(53) What did [you] read yesterday?
(54) Why have [you] bought a new computer?
(55) Vad   läste [du]  igår?
(56) Varför har [du]  köpt en ny    dator?