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Wars of the Roses

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• Wars of the Roses — The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) were a series of dynastic civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York. Although armed clashes had occurred previously between supporters of Lancastrian King Henry VI and… …   Wikipedia

• Wars of the Roses — Album par Ulver Sortie 11 avril 2011 Durée 45:29 Genre Art rock Musique électronique Ambient Spoken word Producteur Ulver …   Wikipédia en Français

• Wars of the Roses — Wars of the Ros|es, the the period of ↑civil war in England (1455 85), between two parts of the English royal family, which each wanted its own leader to be king. One family was called Lancaster, and was represented by a red rose, and the other… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

• Wars of the Roses — n. the English civil war (1455 85) fought between the house of York, whose emblem was a white rose, and the house of Lancaster, whose emblem was a red rose: the war ended with the establishment of the house of Tudor on the English throne …   English World dictionary

• Wars of the Roses —    Series of sporadic civil wars among con tending factions of the English royal family and their aristocratic sup porters (1455 1485). The underlying causes of the wars were the un resolved questions of the extent of the king s personal… …   Historical Dictionary of Renaissance

• Wars of the Roses — Rose Rose, n. [AS. rose, L. rosa, probably akin to Gr. ?, Armor. vard, OPer. vareda; and perhaps to E. wort: cf. F. rose, from the Latin. Cf. {Copperas}, {Rhododendron}.] 1. A flower and shrub of any species of the genus {Rosa}, of which there… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

• Wars of the Roses — Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada, como revistas especializadas, monografías, prensa diaria o páginas de Internet fidedignas. Puedes añadirlas así o avisar …   Wikipedia Español

• Wars of the Roses, Naming of —    “Wars of the Roses” is a modern term used to describe the intermittent civil conflicts that occurred in fifteenth century England between partisans of the houses of LANCASTER and YORK. Sir Walter Scott is usually credited with coining the term …   Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses

• Wars of the Roses (disambiguation) — The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487) were a series of dynastic civil wars fought in Medieval England between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. The War or Wars of the Roses may also refer to:* The War of The Roses , a novel by Warren… …   Wikipedia

• Wars of the Roses, Causes of —    Civil war erupted in fifteenth century England for many interrelated reasons. While Tudor and Elizabethan commentators found the chief cause of the conflict in the 1399 deposition of Richard II and its attendant break in the legal line of… …   Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses

White roses against red roses. What does it mean? The War of the Roses was an English civil war that lasted thirty years. The two sides were noble houses, York and Lancaster. Each felt they had a claim to the English throne. So how did this conflict happen, and how did it end? Let’s explore this article to learn about the most important battles, a map of the conflict, and a timeline!

Origins of the War of the Roses

The houses of York and Lancaster were both descended from King Edward III (1312-1377). He had four sons who lived to adulthood with his queen Philippa of Hainault. However, his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, died before his father, and according to the law of the land, the crown passed to the Black Prince’s son, who became Richard II (r. 1377-1399). However, Richard’s kingship was not popular with Edward’s other son, John of Gaunt (1340-1399).

John instilled his dissatisfaction with not inheriting the throne in his son, Henry of Bolingbroke, who overthrew Richard II to become King Henry IV in 1399. Thus the two branches of the War of the Roses were born–those descended from Henry IV became the Lancasters, and those descended from Edward III’s elder son Lionel, Duke of Clarence (Richard II had no children), became the Yorks.

Wars of the Roses Flags

The Wars of the Roses are called such because each side, York and Lancaster, chose a different color of rose to symbolize them. The Yorks used the white rose to represent them, and the Lancasters chose red. Tudor King Henry VIII took Elizabeth of York as his queen when the Wars ended. They combined the white and red roses to make the Tudor Rose.

Fig. 1 Metal plaque showing the Red Lancaster Rose flag

Causes of the War of the Roses

King Henry V conquered France in a decisive victory in the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. He died suddenly in 1422, leaving his one-year-old son as King Henry VI (1421-1471). However, unlike his hero father, Henry VI was weak and mentally unstable, quickly squandering England’s victory and causing political unrest. The king’s weakness caused those closest to him to doubt his ability to rule England effectively.

Two opposite factions in the nobility appeared. On the one hand, Henry’s cousin Richard, Duke of York, openly objected to the monarchy’s domestic and foreign policy decisions.

Richard, Duke of York (1411-1460)

Richard descended from an elder son of Edward III than King Henry VI, which meant that his claim to the throne was stronger than Henry’s. Richard disagreed with the king’s decision to yield to France’s demands to relinquish conquered territory and marry a French princess to end the Hundred Years War.

Fig. 2

Richard, Duke of York, taking leave of his Mother

In 1450, he became the opposition movement leader against the king and his government. He said he did not want to replace the king but became Protector of the Realm in 1453 after Henry had a mental breakdown.

However, Richard had a formidable opponent in Henry VI’s queen, Margaret of Anjou (1430-1482), who would stop at nothing to keep the Lancastrians in power. She formed the royalist party around her weak husband, and the clash between York and Lancaster began.

Margaret of Anjou was a shrewd political player in the War of the Roses, earning the title «She-Wolf of France» from William Shakespeare. She married Henry VI as part of a treaty with France to end the Hundred Years War and controlled the Lancastrian government for much of her reign. Seeing Richard of York as a challenge to her husband’s rule, in 1455, she called a Great Council of government officials and did not invite Richard or his family. This snub sparked the thirty-year War of the Roses between the Yorks and the Lancasters.

Fig. 3 Plucking Red and White Roses by Henry Payne

Wars of the Roses Map

Even though the War of the roses involved the whole kingdom, not every region of England saw the same grade of violence. Most battles happened south of the Humber and north of the Thames. The first and last battles were the Battle of St. Alban (May 22, 1455) and the Battle of Bosworth (August 22, 1485).

Fig. 4 War of the Roses Map

War of the Roses Timeline

Let us take a look at the timeline

War of the Roses: A Summary of the End

The new King Henry VII married Edward IV’s daughter, Elizabeth of York (1466-1503). This alliance merged the York and Lancaster houses under a shared banner, the Tudor Rose. Although there would still be power struggles to maintain the Tudor dynasty’s power during the new king’s reign, the War of the Roses was over.

Fig. 5 Tudor Rose