Word meanings and sample sentences - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

One of the best and most efficient ways to
learn new words quickly and build up your vocabulary is to see how they are used in a sentence.

Learning words by seeing how they are used in a sentence is called
learning vocabulary in context. It is considered much more efficient than just memorizing the word and its meanings. It’s also much more interesting.

When you learn vocabulary in context, you look at the word and its meaning, then read or hear a sentence that uses that word. This helps you internalize the meaning of the word and can also help you see how to use that word to make your own sentences. So, you are not just improving your vocabulary, you are also
picking up grammar tips as well.

In this post, we’re going to show you 50 words with their meanings and sentences. We’re also going to provide you

with a PDF file of the words and their meanings and the example sentences at the end of this post.

1. Accommodate

Meaning:

This is a verb that means that you gave consideration to someone. It’s often used to say that you agreed to a request.

Sentence:

The shopkeeper accommodated Jack’s request to buy a toothbrush, even if he was already closing up.

2. Advantageous

Meaning:

This is an adjective that means that you gave or were given an advantage. It is
a synonym for favorable.

Sentence:

They specifically looked for a hostel near the train station as it would be advantageous for their travel plans.

3. Absolve

Meaning:

This verb is used to say that you have forgiven someone or decided that they are not guilty

Sentence:

After listening to their story, the policeman absolved them and turned their attention to the truck driver.

4. Antidote

Meaning:

An antidote is a noun that means something that will relieve or counteract the negative effects of something. It’s commonly used to talk about a cure for poison.

Sentence:

A stroll in the sunny park was the perfect antidote to Mark’s bad mood.

5. Boredom

Meaning:

You can use this noun to say that you, or someone else, are very disinterested in what is happening or about the current state of affairs. Most of the time, people who are suffering from boredom need to try something new.

Sentence:

Boredom drove me to finally pursue my dream of
learning Russian.

6. Broach

Meaning:

You can
use this verb if you want to say that someone introduced a topic into the conversation.

Sentence:

The teacher broached the subject about different
swear words in Chinese.

7. Clannish

Meaning:

This adjective is used to describe a group of people who are very close and as such rather closed off or standoffish towards others.

Sentence:

Their clannish behavior makes it hard to approach them to ask for help.

8. Competence

Meaning:

This noun is used to indicate that someone is considered capable of
doing a good job.

Sentence:

Fred’s competence as an engineer led to his being entrusted with several projects for the organization.

9. Compassion

Meaning:

This is a noun that is used to describe acting with kindness or pity.

Sentence:

Show some compassion for those left homeless by the fire and donate some clothes you no longer use.

10. Consider

Meaning:

This is a verb that means to think carefully about a decision you need to make.

Sentence:

Before deciding what language to learn, you need to consider what language is
important for your career.

11. Cull

Meaning:

This is a noun that means to reduce the population of a group of animals by killing a select few.

Sentence:

The farmer will cull sickly chickens in the hope of saving the flock.

12. Dauntless

Meaning:

This adjective is used to describe a person or a person’s actions that are considered bold or brave. It also implies that they are persistent in the face of danger or people advising them to change their minds.

Sentence:

The most famous explorers in history needed to be dauntless in the face of the unknown.

13. Dreary

Meaning:

The adjective is used to describe a situation or a person that is gloomy or cheerless.

Sentence:

Dark clouds and the hint of rain cast a dreary light over the beach.

14. Evident

Meaning:

This adjective is used to say that something is clear, easily seen, or understood.

Sentence:

Bert’s eagerness to learn is evident in the way he keeps asking for
new lists of idioms and their meanings.

15. Flurry

Meaning:

This noun is a synonym for the commotion. It means that a lot of activity is taking place.

Sentence:

The news that their mother was on the way home caused a flurry of activity as the children put away their toys.

16. Fickle

Meaning:

You can use this adjective to indicate that someone changes their mind often.

Sentence:

Mark was very fickle when we were younger; he first wanted to be a doctor, then an actor, before he decided to just go to culinary school.

17. Fictitious

Meaning:

This word is an adjective that describes something that is imaginary. A character in a fiction book is fictitious.

Sentence:

I know he is a fictitious character, but I would love to find my own Mr. Darcy.

18. Irate

Meaning:

You use this adjective when you want to say that someone is angry and irritated.

Sentence:

Polly was irate that John and his friends insisted on playing loud music as she tried to study.

19. Gambol

Meaning:

You can use this verb if you want to say that someone or something is running and jumping around in a playful manner.

Sentence:

Watching the children gambol with their new puppy really lifted my spirits.

20. Grotesque

Meaning:

You can use this adjective to say that you think something is very ugly and odd-looking.

Sentence:

The gargoyles on medieval cathedrals were deliberately carved to be as grotesque as possible.

21. Jubilant

Meaning:

This adjective is used to imply that someone is extremely, visibly happy about something.

Sentence:

Henry and Paul were so jubilant over their football team winning they were dancing in the street.

22. Justifiable

Meaning:

When you use this adjective, you are saying that someone’s actions were reasonable or acceptable.

Sentence:

Given the fact that she needed to take her cat to the vet this morning, it was justifiable that Karen was later to our lunch.

23. Laud

Meaning:

This is a verb that means that someone is praising someone else in a public setting.

Sentence:

The mayor lauded the efforts of the city’s firemen in quickly putting out the blaze.

24. Laconic

Meaning:

This is an adjective that means brief. It’s usually meant to describe a short answer to a question. A laconic person is someone who can be referred to by
the idiom “man of few words”.

Sentence:

The always laconic Pedro just said “yes” to the proposal.

25. Mammoth

Meaning:

This adjective is used to describe something that is very, very big. Synonyms for this word are huge and enormous.

Sentence:

The huge burger also came with a mammoth heap of fries.

26. Meddlesome

Meaning:

This adjective is used to describe behavior that is considered interfering or intrusive. The English idiom “stick their nose in” describes a meddlesome person.

Sentence:

The problem with a small town is the many meddlesome neighbors.

27. Misstep

Meaning:

People use this verb when they want to say someone misjudged the situation and did the wrong thing.

Sentence:

Mary made a misstep when she mentioned the professor’s ex-wife.

28. Obtuse

Meaning:

This adjective is basically a synonym for stupid. Someone who is obtuse doesn’t seem to comprehend what is happening around them.

Sentence:

Bobby is so obtuse he didn’t understand that Fred was making fun of him.

29. Officious

Meaning:

This is an adjective that is used to describe someone who is overeager and offering unwanted help.

Sentence:

Allan and Betty just wanted to browse, but the officious salesperson trailing them around made them uncomfortable.

30. Opulence

Meaning:

This is a noun that denotes a show of wealth or abundance.

Sentence:

The opulence of the grand hotel had them staring around in awe.

31. Overt

Meaning:

This adjective is used to say that something is obvious. It is a synonym for apparent.

Sentence:

There were no overt signs that Zoe had heard Dan and Ben talking about her.

32. Pallid

Meaning:

This adjective is used to describe someone who is pale and white. It’s usually meant to say that someone looks unhealthy.

Sentence:

After coming home from the hospital, friends were concerned about how pallid John still looked.

33. Paragon

Meaning:

A paragon is someone who is considered a perfect example. This noun is a synonym for model.

Sentences:

Superheroes were originally meant to be paragons of humanity.

34. Pariah

Meaning:

This is a noun that is used to describe someone who is a social outcast or who is being shunned by the majority of their social group.

Sentence:

After Ben was caught trying to pass off Mandy’s work as his own, he became the office pariah.

35. Perfunctory

Meaning:

This adjective is used to describe how someone performs a dull and routine task. Someone performs their duty perfunctory if they do it and do it properly but have little interest in it.

Sentence:

Alice was a perfunctory employee; she accomplished her tasks and went home.

36. Precocious

Meaning:

This adjective is usually used when describing children. It means that someone displays behavior that is advanced for their age.

Sentence:

Sally was always precocious; she was reading Shakespeare by age seven.

37. Propensity

Meaning:

This is a noun that is used to say that someone has a natural inclination or preference for something.

Sentence:

While Sam is very smart, he has a propensity to be dismissive of others’ opinions.

38. Quandary

Meaning:

This is a noun that means a difficult situation or decision.

Sentence:

Having to decide between his job and an
opportunity to study abroad had Harry in a quandary.

39. Querulous

Meaning:

This is an adjective that is used to describe someone who is fretful or has a habit of whining or complaining.

Sentence:

While Mindy loved working at the nursing home, Mr. Santos strained her patients with his querulous questions about meals.

40. Ransack

Meaning:

When you use the verb ransack you are saying that someone was searching for something so frantically, that they made a huge mess.

Sentence:

I ransacked my room looking for my phone and it turned out to be behind the sofa cushions.

41. Rebuke

Meaning:

This is a verb that means to scold or criticize someone.

Sentence:

Seeing how hurt Peter was at Alice’s words, Lucy rebuked her friend.

42. Revelry

Meaning:

This is a noun to denote a feeling of festivity or celebration.

Sentence:

The revelry of the town festival is something you don’t want to miss.

43. Rift

Meaning:

A rift is a division or a gap. You can use this noun to say that two people disagreed about something and it ruined their relationship.

Sentence:

The rift between Tom and Nick happened when they found themselves competing for the same job.

44. Simpleton

Meaning:

This noun is used for someone who is not very bright or who has a low mental capacity.

Sentence:

He’s a simpleton and doesn’t really understand why people laugh at him.

45. Spurious

Meaning:

The use of this adjective implies that something is false or counterfeit.

Sentence:

Politicians make a lot of spurious promises during the campaign trail.

46. Strain

Meaning:

When someone or something is under strain, they cannot meet the demands of the situation. This noun means that the resources available are just barely meeting the need or are on the verge of running out.

Sentence:

Between losing her job and her mortgage, having to pay for car repairs really strained Jenny’s budget.

47. Teem

Meaning:

You can use this verb to say that something is full or overflowing.

Sentence:

The bar was teeming with language learners hoping to practice their conversational skills.

48. Tout

Meaning:

This verb means that someone is praising or promoting a person or a product.

Sentence:

Much of my makeup collection consists of products touted by my favorite beauty bloggers.

49. Tranquil

Meaning:

This is an adjective that is used to describe someone who is at peace or to say that the mood is peaceful.

Sentence:

The tranquil mood of the quiet beach was just what I needed to destress after a tough week.

50. Unscathed

Meaning:

This adjective describes someone or something that was untouched or unhurt by a bad situation like an accident.

Sentence:

While Kyle had a small cut on his forehead, Lindsey was unscathed by the accident.

Conclusion

Here is a PDF of these 50 words with meaning and sentences that you can download, print, and study at your leisure.

If you really want to learn how to use these words in daily conversation, however, we suggest you take this list and go through the words with an online native English language speaking tutor.

A good tutor can provide you with other examples of how to use these words properly and help you work on your pronunciation and accent.

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Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:

1 слайд

Word Meaning
Lecture # 6
Grigoryeva M.
2 слайд

Word Meaning

Approaches to word meaning

Meaning and Notion (понятие)

Types of word meaning

Types of morpheme meaning

Motivation
3 слайд

Each word has two aspects:

the outer aspect
( its sound form)
cat

the inner aspect
(its meaning)
long-legged, fury animal with sharp teeth
and claws
4 слайд

Sound and meaning do not always constitute a constant unit even in the same language

EX a temple

a part of a human head
a large church
5 слайд

Semantics (Semasiology)
Is a branch of lexicology which studies the
meaning of words and word equivalents
6 слайд

Approaches to Word Meaning
The Referential (analytical) approach

The Functional (contextual) approach

Operational (information-oriented) approach
7 слайд

The Referential (analytical) approach
formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denote

distinguishes between three components closely connected with meaning:
the sound-form of the linguistic sign,
the concept
the actual referent
8 слайд

Basic Triangle
concept (thought, reference) – the thought of the object that singles out its essential features
referent – object denoted by the word, part of reality
sound-form (symbol, sign) – linguistic sign
concept – flower

sound-form referent
[rәuz]
9 слайд

In what way does meaning correlate with
each element of the triangle ?

In what relation does meaning stand to
each of them?
10 слайд

Meaning and Sound-form
are not identical
different
EX. dove — [dΛv] English sound-forms
[golub’] Russian BUT
[taube] German
the same meaning
11 слайд

Meaning and Sound-form
nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages
EX. [kot] Russian – a male cat
[kot] English – a small bed for a child

identical sound-forms have different meanings (‘homonyms)
EX. knight [nait]
night [nait]
12 слайд

Meaning and Sound-form
even considerable changes in sound-form do not affect the meaning

EX Old English lufian [luvian] – love [l Λ v]
13 слайд

Meaning and Concept
concept is a category of human cognition

concept is abstract and reflects the most common and typical features of different objects and phenomena in the world

meanings of words are different in different languages
14 слайд

Meaning and Concept
identical concepts may have different semantic structures in different languages

EX. concept “a building for human habitation” –
English Russian
HOUSE ДОМ

+ in Russian ДОМ
“fixed residence of family or household”
In English HOME
15 слайд

Meaning and Referent

one and the same object (referent) may be denoted by more than one word of a different meaning
cat
pussy
animal
tiger
16 слайд

Meaning
is not identical with any of the three points of the triangle –
the sound form,
the concept
the referent

BUT
is closely connected with them.
17 слайд

Functional Approach
studies the functions of a word in speech
meaning of a word is studied through relations of it with other linguistic units
EX. to move (we move, move a chair)
movement (movement of smth, slow movement)

The distriution ( the position of the word in relation to
others) of the verb to move and a noun movement is
different as they belong to different classes of words and
their meanings are different
18 слайд

Operational approach
is centered on defining meaning through its role in
the process of communication

EX John came at 6
Beside the direct meaning the sentence may imply that:
He was late
He failed to keep his promise
He was punctual as usual
He came but he didn’t want to

The implication depends on the concrete situation
19 слайд

Lexical Meaning and Notion
Notion denotes the reflection in the mind of real objects

Notion is a unit of thinking
Lexical meaning is the realization of a notion by means of a definite language system
Word is a language unit
20 слайд

Lexical Meaning and Notion
Notions are international especially with the nations of the same cultural level

Meanings are nationally limited

EX GO (E) —- ИДТИ(R)
“To move”
BUT !!!
To GO by bus (E)
ЕХАТЬ (R)

EX Man -мужчина, человек
Она – хороший человек (R)
She is a good person (E)
21 слайд

Types of Meaning
Types of meaning

grammatical
meaning

lexico-grammatical
meaning
lexical meaning
denotational
connotational
22 слайд

Grammatical Meaning
component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words

EX. girls, winters, toys, tables –
grammatical meaning of plurality

asked, thought, walked –
meaning of past tense
23 слайд

Lexico-grammatical meaning
(part –of- speech meaning)
is revealed in the classification of lexical items into:
major word classes (N, V, Adj, Adv)
minor ones (artc, prep, conj)

words of one lexico-grammatical class have the same paradigm
24 слайд

Lexical Meaning
is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions

EX . Go – goes — went
lexical meaning – process of movement
25 слайд

PRACTICE
Group the words into 3 column according to the grammatical, lexical or part-of –speech meaning
Boy’s, nearest, at, beautiful,
think, man, drift, wrote,
tremendous, ship’s, the most beautiful,
table, near, for, went, friend’s,
handsome, thinking, boy,
nearer, thought, boys,
lamp, go, during.
26 слайд

Grammatical
The case of nouns: boy’s, ship’s, friend’s
The degree of comparison of adj: nearest, the most beautiful
The tense of verbs: wrote, went, thought

Lexical
Think, thinking, thought
Went, go
Boy’s, boy, boys
Nearest, near, nearer
At, for, during (“time”)
Beautiful, the most beautiful

Part-of-speech
Nouns—verbs—adj—-prep
27 слайд

Aspects of Lexical meaning
The denotational aspect

The connotational aspect

The pragmatic aspect
28 слайд

Denotational Meaning
“denote” – to be a sign of, stand as a symbol for”

establishes the correlation between the name and the object
makes communication possible

EX booklet
“a small thin book that gives info about smth”
29 слайд

PRACTICE
Explain denotational meaning

A lion-hunter
To have a heart like a lion
To feel like a lion
To roar like a lion
To be thrown to the lions
The lion’s share
To put your head in lion’s mouth
30 слайд

PRACTICE

A lion-hunter
A host that seeks out celebrities to impress guests
To have a heart like a lion
To have great courage
To feel like a lion
To be in the best of health
To roar like a lion
To shout very loudly
To be thrown to the lions
To be criticized strongly or treated badly
The lion’s share
Much more than one’s share
To put your head in lion’s mouth
31 слайд

Connotational Meaning
reflects the attitude of the speaker towards what he speaks about
it is optional – a word either has it or not

Connotation gives additional information and includes:
The emotive charge EX Daddy (for father)
Intensity EX to adore (for to love)
Imagery EX to wade through a book
“ to walk with an effort”
32 слайд

PRACTICE
Give possible interpretation of the sentences

She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang.
Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking!
He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man.
The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve.
He was longing to begin to be generous.
She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles.
33 слайд

PRACTICE
Give possible interpretation of the sentences
She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang.
(pain—dissatisfaction that makes her suffer)
Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking!
(make loud sharp sound—-the behavior that implies that the person is frightened)
He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man.
(to go at slow speed—was suffering or was ill)
The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve.
(to move smth towards oneself— to try to attract smb’s attention)
He was longing to begin to be generous.
(to start doing— hadn’t been generous before)
She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles.
(colour— a labourer involved into physical work ,constant contact with water)
34 слайд

The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning

the situation in which the word is uttered,
the social circumstances (formal, informal, etc.),
social relationships between the interlocutors (polite, rough, etc.),
the type and purpose of communication (poetic, official, etc.)

EX horse (neutral)
steed (poetic)
nag (slang)
gee-gee (baby language)
35 слайд

PRACTICE
State what image underline the meaning

I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind.
You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that.
They seized on the idea.
Bill, chasing some skirt again?
I saw him dive into a small pub.
Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
He only married her for her dough.
36 слайд

PRACTICE
State what image underline the meaning
I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind.
(to understand completely)
You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that.
(to behave humbly in order to win favour)
They seized on the idea.
(to be eager to take and use)
Bill, chasing some skirt again?
(a girl)
I saw him dive into a small pub.
(to enter suddenly)
Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
(to blame smb unfairly)
He only married her for her dough.
(money)
37 слайд

Types of Morpheme Meaning
lexical
differential
functional
distributional
38 слайд

Lexical Meaning in Morphemes
root-morphemes that are homonymous to words possess lexical meaning
EX. boy – boyhood – boyish

affixes have lexical meaning of a more generalized character
EX. –er “agent, doer of an action”
39 слайд

Lexical Meaning in Morphemes
has denotational and connotational components
EX. –ly, -like, -ish –
denotational meaning of similiarity
womanly , womanish

connotational component –
-ly (positive evaluation), -ish (deragotary) женственный — женоподобный
40 слайд

Differential Meaning
a semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes

EX. cranberry, blackberry, gooseberry
41 слайд

Functional Meaning
found only in derivational affixes
a semantic component which serves to
refer the word to the certain part of speech

EX. just, adj. – justice, n.
42 слайд

Distributional Meaning
the meaning of the order and the arrangement of morphemes making up the word
found in words containing more than one morpheme
different arrangement of the same morphemes would make the word meaningless
EX. sing- + -er =singer,
-er + sing- = ?
43 слайд

Motivation
denotes the relationship between the phonetic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the other

can be phonetical
morphological
semantic
44 слайд

Phonetical Motivation
when there is a certain similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those produced by animals, objects, etc.

EX. sizzle, boom, splash, cuckoo
45 слайд

Morphological Motivation
when there is a direct connection between the structure of a word and its meaning
EX. finger-ring – ring-finger,

A direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes
EX think –rethink “thinking again”
46 слайд

Semantic Motivation
based on co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same word

EX a watchdog –
”a dog kept for watching property”

a watchdog –
“a watchful human guardian” (semantic motivation)
48 слайд

Analyze the meaning of the words.
Define the type of motivation
a) morphologically motivated
b) semantically motivated

Driver
Leg
Horse
Wall
Hand-made
Careless
piggish
49 слайд

Analyze the meaning of the words.
Define the type of motivation
a) morphologically motivated
b) semantically motivated
Driver
Someone who drives a vehicle
morphologically motivated
Leg
The part of a piece of furniture such as a table
semantically motivated
Horse
A piece of equipment shaped like a box, used in gymnastics
semantically motivated
50 слайд

Wall
Emotions or behavior preventing people from feeling close
semantically motivated
Hand-made
Made by hand, not machine
morphologically motivated
Careless
Not taking enough care
morphologically motivated
Piggish
Selfish
semantically motivated
51 слайд

I heard what she said but it didn’t sink in my mind
“do down to the bottom”
‘to be accepted by mind” semantic motivation

Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
“fasten smth somewhere using a pin” –
”to blame smb” semantic motivation

I was following the man when he dived into a pub.
“jump into deep water” –
”to enter into suddenly” semantic motivation

You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that
“to move along on hands and knees close to the ground” –
“to behave very humbly in order to win favor” semantic motivation

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Курс профессиональной переподготовки «Техническая диагностика и контроль технического состояния автотранспортных средств»
Курс профессиональной переподготовки «Осуществление и координация продаж»
Курс профессиональной переподготовки «Технический контроль и техническая подготовка сварочного процесса»
Курс профессиональной переподготовки «Управление качеством»

Источник

Since IELTS exam in an English Language Proficiency Test, it focuses on four language skills which are Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking. Having in-depth knowledge in English vocabulary can dramatically improve the score as this contributes up to 25% in the total score. It plays a very important role directly in Listening and Reading section. This post focuses on 52 most common and important words which are commonly found in IELTS exam papers. I hope these words help you in your IELTS preparation and, may be, in some other exams as well.

52 most common and important words for IELTS preparation:

Potential (n): having the necessary abilities or qualities to become successful or useful in the future.

Example sentence:

These boys have great potential in games and sports and the school recognizes it.

Potential (adj): able to develop or increase into something in the future when the essential conditions exist.

Example sentence:

This is becoming a potential problem for developing countries.

Potential (adj): possible but not yet achieved.

Example sentence: The company has taken some initiatives to find some potential clients.

Analysis (n): detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.

Example sentence:

The organization is conducting a statistical analysis.

Context (n): the situation within which something exists or happens, and that can help explain it.

Example sentence:

To understand this issue, we have to look at its historical context.

Legislation (n): a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament.

Example sentence:

The government has recently introduced legislation to recover transparency in the power sector.

Assess (v): to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something.

Example sentence:

The insurance company has assessed the damages made by the recent earthquake.

Assume (v): to accept something to be true without question or proof; to guess.

Example sentence:

I assume you have a cafeteria somewhere around.

Research (n): a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding.

Example sentence:

The special medical team of West Hamilton Medical College has carried out ground-breaking research in this field.

Career (n): a person’s progress or general course of action through life or through a phase of life, as in some profession or undertaking.

Example sentence:

Her career as a doctor was notable due to her contribution to the field of AIDS research.

Accommodation (n): a room, group of rooms, building, lodging or any place in which someone may live or stay.

Example sentence:

We were living in temporary accommodation.

Storey (n): a level of a building; floor: storeyed (adj);

Example sentence:

She lived in a seven-storeyed building for ten years.

Quaint (adj): attractive because of being unusual and especially old-fashioned:

Example sentence:

They saw a quaint old-cottage by the river.

Sibling (n): a brother or sister.

Example sentence:

I have four siblings: three brothers and a sister.

Rivalry (n): a situation in which people, businesses, etc. compete with each other for the same thing.

Example sentence:

There was fierce rivalry among the siblings for the property.

Module (n): a section of a larger set of learning activities.

Example sentence:

The IELTS course has four modules.

Habitat (n): the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organisms.

Example sentence:

Animals need their own natural habitat.

Erosion (n): the process of eroding or wearing away or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.

Example sentence: Soil erosion causes flood in Delta basin in South Asia.

Mediterranean (n): The Mediterranean Sea or the countries bordering it;

the countries surrounding the Mediterranean in clockwise order are Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco; Malta and Cyprus are island countries in the sea.

Example sentence:

They went on a leisurely Mediterranean cruise.

Exhaust emissions (noun phrase): substances that come out of an exhaust system into the atmosphere and are harmful to the environment.

Example sentence:

Automobile companies are presently under pressure to reduce the toxic levels of vehicle exhaust emissions.

Flora and fauna (noun phrase): the plants and animals of a certain place.

Example sentence:

The Sundarbans is rich in flora and fauna.

Mammal (n): any animal of which the female feeds her young on milk from her own body. Most mammals give birth to live young, not eggs.

Example sentence:

Humans, dogs, elephants, dolphins and whales are mammals, but birds, fish, and crocodiles are not.

Evolve (n): to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually.

Example sentence:

It is still a hypothesis that humans evolved from apes.

Tropical (adj): from or relating to the area between the two tropics: tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn or the Equator.

Example sentence:

The Amazon river basin contains the world’s largest tropical rainforest. / In tropical climates there are often only two seasons: a wet season and a dry season.

Reptile (n): a vertebrate animal of a class that includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises.

Example sentence:

This looks like an African reptile.

Endemic (adj): (of a plant or animal) native and restricted to a certain place.

Example sentence:

A marsupial is endemic to north-eastern Australia.

Biodiversity (n): the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable.

Example sentence:

A brand-new survey is needed to protect the biodiversity in this region.

Drastically (adv): severely and suddenly.

Example sentence:

Our budget has been drastically reduced.

Gruesome (adj): extremely unpleasant and shocking, and usually dealing with death or injury.

Example sentence:

She gave a gruesome description of the murder.

Collapse (v): to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support.

Example sentence:

Hundreds of buildings collapsed in the recent earthquake in Nepal.

Erratically (adv): moving or behaving in a way that is not regular, certain, or expected.

Example sentence:

I was scared because he drove erratically.

Plummet (v): to fall very quickly and suddenly.

Example sentence:

The mortality rate plummeted in the 1990s.

Indispensable (adj): extremely important.

Example sentence:

These documents are indispensable parts of my survey.

Itinerary (n): a detailed plan or route of a journey or trip.

Example sentence:

The tour operator generally arranges transport and plans your itinerary.

Conflict (n): an active disagreement between people with opposing opinions or principles.

Example sentence:

We know of a lot of conflict between Jenny and her father about her boyfriend.

Gadget (n): a small device, appliance or machine with a particular purpose.

Example sentence:

I like all kinds of office gadgets from Samsung and Apple.

Suburb (n): an area on the edge of a large town or city where people who work in the town or city often live.

Example sentence:

She lives in the eastern suburb of this city.

Steady (adj): happening in a smooth, gradual, and regular way, not suddenly or unexpectedly.

Example sentence:

A steady increase has been observed in the oil price since the election result.

Muggy (adj): unpleasantly warm and humid weather as the air contains a lot of moisture.

Example sentence:

It was a muggy summer day and Jack was feeling very uncomfortable.

Arid (adj): very dry and without enough rain for plants.

Example sentence:

Sahara is probably the aridest place on the earth.

Species (n): a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed with each other.

Example sentence:

Snapping turtles are an endangered species, so you cannot hunt them.

Drought (n): a long period when there is little or no rain.

Example sentence:

A recent severe drought has ruined the crops in this region.

Cuisine (n): a style of cooking.

Example sentence:

Master Chef Gordon Ramsay likes Bangladeshi cuisine.

42: Discipline (n): training that makes people more willing to obey or more able to control themselves, often in the form of rules, and punishments if these are broken, or the behaviour produced by this training.

Example sentence:

Students are taught discipline in this institute and they become serious about every move they make.

Discipline (n): a particular area of study, especially a subject studied at a college or university.

Example sentence:

Sociology is comparatively a newer discipline.

Identical (adj): exactly the same, or very similar.

Example sentence:

The documents look identical.

Episode (n): a single event or group of related events.

Example sentence:

This was just another boring episode of marriage problems.

Outskirts (n): the areas that form the edge of a town or city.

Example sentence:

Her house is on the outskirts of the town.

Ingredient (n): one of the parts in a mixture / a particular dish.

Example sentence:

Basil is used as a key ingredient in this sauce.

Haggle (v): to attempt to decide on a price or conditions that are acceptable to the person selling the goods and the person buying them, usually by arguing.

Example sentence:

In this local market, it is a tradition to haggle over the price of fish.

Obvious (adj): clear and easy to see.

Example sentence:

These are the obvious lines that the poet is going to add in his speech.

Blog (n): a regular record of your thoughts, opinions, or experiences that you put on the internet for other people to read.

Example sentence:

The blog named ieltsdeal.com shares important tips, solutions and new ideas about IELTS preparation.

Passionate (adj): having very strong feelings or emotions.

Example sentence:

The students are passionate about grammar.

Hypothesis (n): an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved.

Example sentence:

This is just another hypothesis about global warming.

Predictable (adj): acting or happening in a way that is expected.

Example sentence:

She’s so predictable that her friends know about every move she makes.

Источник

Mastering a new language is not easy because there are numerous challenges to overcome while learning and comprehending the language. These difficulties are exacerbated when the language in question is as important as English. One of the many challenges is remembering the vocabulary.

Do many newcomers have trouble remembering English words? Well, memorising new words is a significant challenge in learning a new language, but it is not insurmountable.

Here are 100 vocabulary words, which will enhance your English language skills.

100 Vocabulary Words with Meaning and Sentences

Many people have a firm grasp on English grammar and even make it a point to learn new words every day, but when it comes to actually using those new words, they fall short. Is it similar in sound? If you react yes, you’ve arrived at the right place.

Reading is widely recommended as the most effective way to increase vocabulary. While immersed in a science fiction storey or a romantic work of art, it broadens your exposure to different styles and sentence structures.

Also Read: How to Remember Vocabulary Words? 9 Best Ways to Memorize English Words Fast

Vocabulary Words Meaning Set One

#Competence (Noun): capability

Similar Word: ability, proficiency

Reverse: bluntness, dullness

Usage: My competence in work has made me reach great heights.

#Compendium (Noun): summary

Similar Word: digest, compilation

Reverse: extension, enlargement

Usage: He has neatly and clearly compended his novel in less than 500 words.

#Compassion (Noun): pity

Similar Word: tenderness, gentleness

Reverse: antipathy, ruthlessness

Usage: People with too much ego don’t show any compassion.

Vocabulary Words Meaning Set Two

#Libidinous (Adjective): lustful

Word: sensual, lascivious

Reverse: moral, decent

Usage: Teenagers are becoming more libidinous nowadays.

#Ravelry (Noun): merrymaking

Word: festivity, celebration

Reverse: mourning, sadness

Usage: Ganesh Chaturthi is the best ravelry celebrated among Hindus.

#Ruse (Noun): trick, deception

Word: gimmick, a ploy

Reverse: honesty, openness

Usage: Sam had ruse Mika and also robbed money from her.

Vocabulary Words Meaning Set Three

#Simpleton (Noun): fool

Word: buffoon, jerk

Reverse: brain, genius

Usage: She is a simpleton, but has a lot of egos.

#Clannish (Adjective): exclusive

Word: selected, reserved

Reverse: welcoming, open

Usage: Nowadays clannish dresses have become a new trend.

#Satanic (Adjective): demonic

Word: cruel, maniacal

Reverse: angelic, good

Sentence: It is said that bad deeds always leave a satanic effect.

Also Read: English Conversation Sentences: Buckle Up with Spoken English Conversation Practice

Vocabulary Words Meaning Set Four

#Titular (Adjective): having a title

Word: nominal, so-called

Reverse: actual, real

Sentence: He had always refused to be titular but, he achieved many because of his personality.

#Speckle (Adjective): dotted

Word: flecked, mottled

Reverse: plain, simple

Sentence: Her dress was speckled beautifully and glossy.

#Befoul (Verb): contaminate

Word: dirty, malign

Reverse: cleanse, purify

Sentence: Vehicles today have befouled air and water.

Vocabulary Words Meaning Set Five

#Flurry (Noun): commotion

Word: turmoil, outbreak

Reverse: calm, peace

Sentence: After the corona outbreak there was no flurry in the markets.

#Quandary (Noun): Delicate situation

Word: difficulty, dilemma

Reverse: advantage, boon

Sentence: In the amusement ride, I found myself in a quandary situation.

#Quitedude (NOUN): Calm

Word: dispassion, peace

Reverse: agitation, clamour

Sentence: She felt quite a dude after the fight.

Vocabulary Words Meaning Set Six

#Proclivity (Noun): Inclination

Word: penchant, predilection

Antonyms: antipathy, dislike

Sentence: The new novel surmises in a way that hardly fits my own social

proclivity.

#Quisling (Noun): Traitor

Word: betrayer, collaborator

Antonyms: loyalist, patriot

Sentence: The boy who committed the crime was proved not to be a quisling.

#Plebeian (ADJECTIVE): Native

Word: local, indigenous

Antonyms: uncommon, different

Sentence: She is a plebian writer.

Also Read: Modern English Words Used in Conversation: Let’s Learn Effective English Speaking Ethics!

New Vocabulary Words with Meanings Set One

#Opulence (Noun): Wealth

Word: abundance, affluence

Antonyms: dearth, deficiency

Sentence: His opulence made her have many fake friends.

#Obviate (Verb): Counteract

Word: preclude, forestall

Antonyms: assist, support

Sentence: The weather shown on the tv obviates the snow.

#Overt (Adjective): Obvious

Word: apparent, definite

Opposite: obscure, uncertain

Example: The person in the last smiled overtly at that woman.

New Vocabulary Words with Meanings Set Two

#Meddlesome (Adjective): Interfering

Word: intrusive, meddling

Opposite: avoiding, dodging

Example: She made a meddlesome statement.

#Mincing (Adjective): Affected

Word: artificial, dainty

Opposite: extroverted, unaffected

Example: Claire can’t put up with his mincing singer for the rest of her life.

#Lavish (Adjective): wasteful

Word: extravagant, profligate

Opposite: economical, mean

Example: He came to grief because of his lavish dating habits.

New Vocabulary Words with Meanings Set Three

#Laconic (Adjective): brief

Similar Word: short, terse

Opposite: verbose, wordy

Example: Though her conversation was laconic, yet it was clear.

#Mammoth (Adjective): huge

Similar Word: enormous, gargantuan

Opposite: little, miniature

Example: My mammoth program will be finalized very soon.

#Menace (Noun): danger

Similar Word: threat, peril

Opposite: safety, surety

Example: Pollution is a potential menace to the health of the people.

New Vocabulary Words with Meanings Set Four

#Manifest (Adjective): clear

Similar Word: understandable, palpable

Opposite: unclear, obscure

Example: Her evil ambitions were manifest when she remembered the question of dowry.

#Modicum (Noun): small amount

Similar Word: ounce, shred

Opposite: lot, whole

Example: There is no modicum of fact in his statement.

#Oblivion (Noun): mental blankness

Similar Word: forgetfulness, unconsciousness

Opposite: awareness, concern

Example: She was immersed in oblivion when he left.

New Vocabulary Words with Meanings Set Five

#Refurbish (Verb): make clean

Similar Word: repair, renovate

Opposite: ruin, destroy

Example: An individual can refurbish his/her image by discipline.

#Raze (Verb): destroy completely

Similar Word: demolish, obliterate

Opposite: build, construct

Example: Dozens of forests have been razed.

#Rapt (Adjective): fully attentive

Similar Word: elated, ecstatic

Opposite: dejected, doleful

Example: She listened to the lecturer with rapt interest.

New Vocabulary Words with Meanings Set Six

#Perpetuate (Verb): maintain

Similar Word: preserve, conserve

Opposite: discontinue, cease

Example: In order to perpetuate the method of teaching, teachers should make it fun.

#Malignant (Adjective): deadly

Similar Word: destructive, mortal

Opposite: harmless, healthful

Example: She died of malignant cancer.

#DENIGRATE (VERB): besmirch

Similar Word: defame, disparage

Opposite: praise, laud

Example: We should not try to denigrate the personality of anyone.

Also Read: Daily Routine English Conversation: Make Your Communication Skills Effective

Daily Vocabulary Words Set One

#Dauntless (Adjective): bold

Similar Term: brave, gallant

Opposite: timid, fearful

Example: Hilter was a dauntless and cruel ruler.

#Decorum (Noun): grace

Similar Term: propriety, dignity

Opposite: Impropriety, Levity

Example: Maintaining decorum in school is necessary.

#Detriment (Noun): damage

Similar Term: harm, loss

Opposite: profit, benefit

Example: Drinking is a detriment to good health and hygiene.

Daily Vocabulary Words Set Two

#Dreary (Adjective): cheerless

Similar Term: comfortless, dark

Opposite: inspiring, pleasant

Example: There will be a dreary meeting tomorrow.

#Grotesque (Adjective): ugly

Similar Term: absurd, odd

Opposite: graceful, natural

Example: Her grotesque appearance makes her less popular.

#Glide (Verb): pass

Similar Term: relapse, go by

Opposite: stop, freeze

Example: Her team glided across the region easily.

Daily Vocabulary Words Set Three

#Gingerly (Adverb): carefully

Similar Term: cautiously, delicately

Opposite: hesitantly, timidly

Example: One should gingerly check their details.

#Teem (Verb): Overflow

Similar Term: overrun, full

Opposite: lack, need

Example: The teem of water squashed the shore

#Chunky (Adjective): Chubby

Similar Term: stocky, stout

Opposite: skinny, thin

Example: Ram is a chunky friend of mine.

Daily Vocabulary Words Set Four

#Hasping (Verb): Fasten

Similar Term: grab, catch

Opposite: loose, release

Example: Riya went to the door and hasped it.

#Undertone (Noun ): Mumble

Similar Term: murmur, hint

Opposite: overtone, enunciate

Example: Rai was talking in an undertone.

#Unscsthed (Adjective): Unharmed

Similar Term: unhurt, uninjured

Opposite: hurt, injured

Example: The dogs caught in the fire escaped unscathed.

Also Read: Simple Phone Conversation in English: Important Etiquette Phrases & Dialogues

Daily Vocabulary Words Set Five

#Varnish (Verb): add a layer to; embellish

Similar Term: lacquer, Cover

Opposite: uncover. reveal

Example: The painter varnished the windows.

#Tout (Verb): Laud

Similar Term: praise, promote

Opposite: blame, discourage

Example: They touted his achievement.

#Tepid (Adjective): Mild

Similar Term: warm, unenthusiastic

Opposite: enthusiastic, keen

Example: The cheering from the balcony was tepid.

Daily Vocabulary Words Set Six

#Vestige (Noun): Sign

Similar Term: glimmer, indication

Opposite: information, lot

Example: We can get a vestige through astrology.

#Ingrained (Adjective): Deep-rooted

Similar Term: deep-seated, inbred

Opposite: acquired, learned

Example: The belief of poverty is ingrained in them.

#Feud (Noun): major argument

Similar Term: conflict, dispute

Opposite: friendship, accord

Example: The feud between the two brothers lasted for one hour.

English Vocabulary Words Set One

#Fluster (Noun): perturbation, upset

Similar Term: agitation, disturbance

Opposite: peace, calmness

Example: There is a great fluster in the atmosphere due to increasing pollution.

#Fealty (Noun): allegiance

Similar Term: faithfulness, loyalty

Opposite: disloyalty, treachery

Example: They have expected fealty from their close friends.

#Broach (Verb): bring up a topic

Similar Term: introduce, moot

Opposite: stop, close

Example: The topic was broached to educate the teachers in a better way.

English Vocabulary Words Set Two

#Coy (Adjective): bashful

Synonyms: Skittish, timid

Antonyms: aggressive, forward

Sentence: Riya gave him a coy grin.

#Concoct (Verb): formulate, think up

Synonyms: contrive, create

Antonyms: demolish, destroy

Sentence: She concocted an intention to start a new career.

#Dilatory (Adjective): procrastinating

Synonyms: delaying, laggard

Antonyms: diligent, eager

Sentence: She had been dilatory but now she intended to shut her shop.

English Vocabulary Words Set Three

#Gambol (Verb): run or jump about playfully

Synonyms: prank, play

Antonyms: work, study

Sentence: The children gambolled all around the home.

#Impeach (Verb): denounce, censure

Synonyms: accuse, criticize

Antonyms: praise, commend

Sentence: He impeached the actress in front of everyone for her wrong deeds.

#Indignation (Noun): anger

Synonyms: rage, displeasure

Antonyms: delight, cheer

Sentence: The client came out in indignation from the office.

Also Read: English Words Used in Daily Life Conversation: Know How to Improve Your English

English Vocabulary Words Set Four

#Besmirch (Verb): taint

Synonyms: blacken, defile

Antonyms: honour, praise

Sentence: The actress insisted that the charge was to besmirch her

name.

#Smear (Verb): To make something blurred

Synonyms: smudge, stained

Antonyms: clean, purity

Sentence: She painted a beautiful floral painting but, because of the rain it smeared.

#Spongy (Adjective): cushioned

Synonyms: soft, porous

Antonyms: hard, inflexible

Sentence: She baked a fluffy and spongy cake on her father’s birthday.

English Vocabulary Words Set Five

#Brevity (Noun): briefness

Synonyms: concise, short

Antonyms: longevity, lengthiness

Sentence: She explained the whole situation in brevity.

#Appal (Verb): horrify

Synonyms: alarm, amaze

Antonyms: comfort, encourage

Sentence: I am always appalled in a horror house.

#Astound (Verb): amaze

Synonyms: astonish, bewilder

Antonyms: calm, expect

Sentence: He was astounded at her presence.

English Vocabulary Words Set Six

#Exalted (Verb): praised

Synonyms: elevated, illustrious

Antonyms: criticized, debased

Sentence: She exalted the paintings made by me.

#Abandon (Verb): cease to support or look after (someone)

Synonyms: desert, leave

Antonyms: adopt, adapt

Sentence: They abandoned their old house and moved to a cottage.

#Boredom (Noun): disinterest

Synonyms: apathy, disgust

Antonyms: concern, energy

Sentence: Boredom had settled on his face since he came back from London.

Basic Vocabulary Words Set One

#Stupefy (Verb): stun

Synonyms: benumb, daze

Antonyms: enliven, inspire

Sentence: She was stupied to her spot, when she saw an accident

#Quixotic (Adjective): generous

Synonyms: idealistic, dreamy

Antonyms: cautious, pragmatic

Sentence: She has not been successful in life because of her non-quixotic ideas.

#Noxious (Adjective): harmful

Synonyms: offensive, putrid

Antonyms: helpful, healthy

Sentence: Emission from petrol cars generating noxious gases causes pollution.

Basic Vocabulary Words Set Two

#Narcissism (Noun): self-love and devotion

Synonyms: egotism, selfishness

Antonyms: humility, modesty

#Vitriolic (Adjective): bitter

Synonyms: astringent, sardonic

Antonyms: courteous, gracious

#PILFERAGE (NOUN): theft

Synonyms: burglary, misappropriation

Antonyms: veto, disapprove

Also Read: Tongue Twisters in English: Practice Easy, Medium and Hard Tongue Twisters Here

Basic Vocabulary Words Set Three

#Myriad (Adjective): infinite

Synonyms: multitudinous, multiple

Antonyms: finite, limited

#Reposistion (Verb): alter

Synonyms: deviate, change

Antonyms: keep, hold

#Rambunctious (Adjective): noisy

Synonyms: boisterous, raucous

Antonyms: calm, quiet

Basic Vocabulary Words Set Four

#Rankle (Verb): annoy

Synonyms: bother, embitter

Antonyms: comfort, aid

#Recidivism (Noun): lapse

Synonyms: backsliding, decadence

Antonyms: ascent, increase

#Apposite (Adjective): apt

Synonyms: appropriate, relevant

Antonyms: inapt, inapplicable

Basic Vocabulary Words Set Five

#Jumble (Verb): disturb

Synonyms: disorder, disorganise

Antonyms: Organise, Arrange

Sentence: My life gets jumbled everyday because of new obstacles.

#Agility (Noun): quickness

Synonyms: swiftness, sprightliness

Antonyms: dullness, sluggishness

Sentence: My dog has shown agility after his training.

#Rampart (Noun): defensive wall

Synonyms: barricade, fortification

Antonyms: opening, ditch

Sentence: I have formed a rampart against boys in my school.

Basic Vocabulary Words Set Six

#Quandary (Noun): dilemma

Synonyms: in a fix, predicament

Antonyms: advantage, good fortune

Sentence: Yesterday I saw my teacher in a quandary.

#Quip (Noun): A clever remark

Synonyms: banter, gag

Antonyms: praise, flattery

Sentence: I usually make a quip when I pass by creative people.

#Pernicious (Adjective): destructive

Synonyms: injurious, unsafe

Antonyms: safe, harmless

Sentence: Aria’s approach is self-pernicious; she needs to expand a lot.

Conclusion

Reading is the most effective way to improve your vocabulary, but make a habit of taking notes and using the words you learn in a novel to make it even more effective. Every day, try to read something and keep a dictionary nearby. So start today!

Also Read: What are Modals in English Grammar? Important Topics of English Grammar

Источник

Word Meaning Lecture # 6 Grigoryeva M.

Word Meaning Approaches to word meaning Meaning and Notion (понятие) Types of word meaning Types of morpheme meaning Motivation

Each word has two aspects: the outer aspect ( its sound form) cat the inner aspect (its meaning) long-legged, fury animal with sharp teeth and claws

Sound and meaning do not always constitute a constant unit even in the same language EX a temple a part of a human head a large church

Semantics (Semasiology) Is a branch of lexicology which studies the meaning of words and word equivalents

Approaches to Word Meaning The Referential (analytical) approach The Functional (contextual) approach Operational (information-oriented) approach

The Referential (analytical) approach formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denote distinguishes between three components closely connected with meaning: the sound-form of the linguistic sign, the concept the actual referent

Basic Triangle concept – flower concept (thought, reference) – the thought of the object that singles out its essential features referent – object denoted by the word, part of reality sound-form (symbol, sign) – linguistic sign sound-form [rәuz] referent

In what way does meaning correlate with each element of the triangle ? • In what relation does meaning stand to each of them? •

Meaning and Sound-form are not identical different EX. dove — [dΛv] English [golub’] Russian [taube] German sound-forms BUT the same meaning

Meaning and Sound-form nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages EX. [kot] Russian – a male cat [kot] English – a small bed for a child identical sound-forms have different meanings (‘homonyms) EX. knight [nait]

Meaning and Sound-form even considerable changes in sound-form do not affect the meaning EX Old English lufian [luvian] – love [l Λ v]

Meaning and Concept concept is a category of human cognition concept is abstract and reflects the most common and typical features of different objects and phenomena in the world meanings of words are different in different languages

Meaning and Concept identical concepts may have different semantic structures in different languages EX. concept “a building for human habitation” – English Russian HOUSE ДОМ + in Russian ДОМ “fixed residence of family or household” In English HOME

Meaning and Referent one and the same object (referent) may be denoted by more than one word of a different meaning cat pussy animal tiger

Meaning is not identical with any of the three points of the triangle – the sound form, the concept the referent BUT is closely connected with them.

Functional Approach studies the functions of a word in speech meaning of a word is studied through relations of it with other linguistic units EX. to move (we move, move a chair) movement (movement of smth, slow movement) The distriution ( the position of the word in relation to others) of the verb to move and a noun movement is different as they belong to different classes of words and their meanings are different

Operational approach is centered on defining meaning through its role in the process of communication EX John came at 6 Beside the direct meaning the sentence may imply that: He was late He failed to keep his promise He was punctual as usual He came but he didn’t want to The implication depends on the concrete situation

Lexical Meaning and Notion denotes the Lexical meaning is reflection in the realization of a mind of real objects notion by means of a definite language system Notion is a unit of Word is a language thinking unit

Lexical Meaning and Notions are Meanings are internationally limited especially with the nations of the same EX GO (E) —- ИДТИ(R) cultural level “To move” BUT !!! To GO by bus (E) ЕХАТЬ (R) EX Man -мужчина, человек Она – хороший человек (R) She is a good person (E)

Types of Meaning Types grammatical meaning of meaning lexico-grammatical meaning lexical meaning denotational connotational

Grammatical Meaning component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words EX. girls, winters, toys, tables – grammatical meaning of plurality asked, thought, walked – meaning of past tense

Lexico-grammatical meaning (part –of- speech meaning) is revealed in the classification of lexical items into: major word classes (N, V, Adj, Adv) minor ones (artc, prep, conj) words of one lexico-grammatical class have the same paradigm

Lexical Meaning is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions EX. Go – goes — went lexical meaning – process of movement

PRACTICE Group the words into 3 column according to the grammatical, lexical or part-of –speech meaning • • Boy’s, nearest, at, beautiful, think, man, drift, wrote, tremendous, ship’s, the most beautiful, table, near, for, went, friend’s, handsome, thinking, boy, nearer, thought, boys, lamp, go, during.

• Grammatical 1. The case of nouns: boy’s, ship’s, friend’s 2. The degree of comparison of adj: nearest, the most beautiful 3. The tense of verbs: wrote, went, thought • Lexical 1. Think, thinking, thought 2. Went, go 3. Boy’s, boys 4. Nearest, nearer 5. At, for, during (“time”) 6. Beautiful, the most beautiful • Part-of-speech Nouns—verbs—adj—-prep

Aspects of Lexical meaning The denotational aspect The connotational aspect The pragmatic aspect

Denotational Meaning “denote” – to be a sign of, stand as a symbol for” establishes the correlation between the name and the object makes communication possible EX booklet “a small thin book that gives info about smth”

PRACTICE Explain denotational meaning • • A lion-hunter To have a heart like a lion To feel like a lion To roar like a lion To be thrown to the lions The lion’s share To put your head in lion’s mouth

PRACTICE • A lion-hunter A host that seeks out celebrities to impress guests • To have a heart like a lion To have great courage • To feel like a lion To be in the best of health • To roar like a lion To shout very loudly • To be thrown to the lions To be criticized strongly or treated badly • The lion’s share Much more than one’s share • To put your head in lion’s mouth

Connotational Meaning reflects the attitude of the speaker towards what he speaks about it is optional – a word either has it or not Connotation gives additional information and includes: The emotive charge EX Daddy (for father) Intensity EX to adore (for to love) Imagery EX to wade through a book “ to walk with an effort”

PRACTICE Give possible interpretation of the sentences • She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang. • Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking! • He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man. • The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve. • He was longing to begin to be generous. • She was a woman with shiny red hands and workswollen finger knuckles.

PRACTICE Give possible interpretation of the sentences • She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang. (pain—dissatisfaction that makes her suffer) • Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking! (make loud sharp sound—-the behavior that implies that the person is frightened) • He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man. (to go at slow speed—was suffering or was ill) • The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve. (to move smth towards oneself— to try to attract smb’s attention) • He was longing to begin to be generous. (to start doing— hadn’t been generous before) • She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles. (colour— a labourer involved into physical work , constant contact with water)

The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning the situation in which the word is uttered, the social circumstances (formal, informal, etc. ), social relationships between the interlocutors (polite, rough, etc. ), the type and purpose of communication (poetic, official, etc. ) EX horse (neutral) steed (poetic) nag (slang) gee-gee (baby language)

PRACTICE State what image underline the meaning • I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind. • You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that. • They seized on the idea. • Bill, chasing some skirt again? • I saw him dive into a small pub. • Why are you trying to pin the blame on me? • He only married her for her dough.

PRACTICE State what image underline the meaning • I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind. • (to understand completely) • You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that. (to behave humbly in order to win favour) • They seized on the idea. (to be eager to take and use) • Bill, chasing some skirt again? (a girl) • I saw him dive into a small pub. (to enter suddenly) • Why are you trying to pin the blame on me? (to blame smb unfairly) • He only married her for her dough. (money)

Types of Morpheme Meaning lexical differential functional distributional

Lexical Meaning in Morphemes root-morphemes that are homonymous to words possess lexical meaning EX. boy – boyhood – boyish affixes have lexical meaning of a more generalized character EX. –er “agent, doer of an action”

Lexical Meaning in Morphemes has denotational and connotational components EX. –ly, -like, -ish – denotational meaning of similiarity womanly , womanish connotational component – -ly (positive evaluation), -ish (deragotary) женственный женоподобный

Differential Meaning a semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes EX. cranberry, blackberry, gooseberry

Functional Meaning found only in derivational affixes a semantic component which serves to refer the word to the certain part of speech EX. just, adj. – justice, n.

Distributional Meaning the meaning of the order and the arrangement of morphemes making up the word found in words containing more than one morpheme different arrangement of the same morphemes would make the word meaningless EX. sing- + -er =singer, -er + sing- = ?

Motivation denotes the relationship between the phonetic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the other can be phonetical morphological semantic

Phonetical Motivation when there is a certain similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those produced by animals, objects, etc. EX. sizzle, boom, splash, cuckoo

Morphological Motivation when there is a direct connection between the structure of a word and its meaning EX. finger-ring – ring-finger, A direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes EX think –rethink “thinking again”

Semantic Motivation based on co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same word EX a watchdog – ”a dog kept for watching property” a watchdog – “a watchful human guardian” (semantic motivation)

• PRACTICE

Analyze the meaning of the words. Define the type of motivation a) morphologically motivated b) semantically motivated • Driver • Leg • Horse • Wall • Hand-made • Careless • piggish

Analyze the meaning of the words. Define the type of motivation a) morphologically motivated b) semantically motivated • Driver Someone who drives a vehicle morphologically motivated • Leg The part of a piece of furniture such as a table semantically motivated • Horse A piece of equipment shaped like a box, used in gymnastics semantically motivated

• Wall Emotions or behavior preventing people from feeling close semantically motivated • Hand-made Made by hand, not machine morphologically motivated • Careless Not taking enough care morphologically motivated • Piggish Selfish semantically motivated

what she said but it didn’t sink in my mind “do down to the bottom” ‘to be accepted by mind” semantic motivation I heard Why are you trying to pin the blame on me? “fasten smth somewhere using a pin” – ”to blame smb” semantic motivation I was following the man when he dived into a pub. “jump into deep water” – ”to enter into suddenly” semantic motivation You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that “to move along on hands and knees close to the ground” – “to behave very humbly in order to win favor” semantic motivation

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