Word meaning with images

Word Meaning Lecture # 6 Grigoryeva M.

Word Meaning Approaches to word meaning Meaning and Notion (понятие) Types of word meaning Types of morpheme meaning Motivation

Each word has two aspects: the outer aspect ( its sound form) cat the inner aspect (its meaning) long-legged, fury animal with sharp teeth and claws

Sound and meaning do not always constitute a constant unit even in the same language EX a temple a part of a human head a large church

Semantics (Semasiology) Is a branch of lexicology which studies the meaning of words and word equivalents

Approaches to Word Meaning The Referential (analytical) approach The Functional (contextual) approach Operational (information-oriented) approach

The Referential (analytical) approach formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denote distinguishes between three components closely connected with meaning: the sound-form of the linguistic sign, the concept the actual referent

Basic Triangle concept – flower concept (thought, reference) – the thought of the object that singles out its essential features referent – object denoted by the word, part of reality sound-form (symbol, sign) – linguistic sign sound-form [rәuz] referent

In what way does meaning correlate with each element of the triangle ? • In what relation does meaning stand to each of them? •

Meaning and Sound-form are not identical different EX. dove — [dΛv] English [golub’] Russian [taube] German sound-forms BUT the same meaning

Meaning and Sound-form nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages EX. [kot] Russian – a male cat [kot] English – a small bed for a child identical sound-forms have different meanings (‘homonyms) EX. knight [nait]

Meaning and Sound-form even considerable changes in sound-form do not affect the meaning EX Old English lufian [luvian] – love [l Λ v]

Meaning and Concept concept is a category of human cognition concept is abstract and reflects the most common and typical features of different objects and phenomena in the world meanings of words are different in different languages

Meaning and Concept identical concepts may have different semantic structures in different languages EX. concept “a building for human habitation” – English Russian HOUSE ДОМ + in Russian ДОМ “fixed residence of family or household” In English HOME

Meaning and Referent one and the same object (referent) may be denoted by more than one word of a different meaning cat pussy animal tiger

Meaning is not identical with any of the three points of the triangle – the sound form, the concept the referent BUT is closely connected with them.

Functional Approach studies the functions of a word in speech meaning of a word is studied through relations of it with other linguistic units EX. to move (we move, move a chair) movement (movement of smth, slow movement) The distriution ( the position of the word in relation to others) of the verb to move and a noun movement is different as they belong to different classes of words and their meanings are different

Operational approach is centered on defining meaning through its role in the process of communication EX John came at 6 Beside the direct meaning the sentence may imply that: He was late He failed to keep his promise He was punctual as usual He came but he didn’t want to The implication depends on the concrete situation

Lexical Meaning and Notion denotes the Lexical meaning is reflection in the realization of a mind of real objects notion by means of a definite language system Notion is a unit of Word is a language thinking unit

Lexical Meaning and Notions are Meanings are internationally limited especially with the nations of the same EX GO (E) —- ИДТИ(R) cultural level “To move” BUT !!! To GO by bus (E) ЕХАТЬ (R) EX Man -мужчина, человек Она – хороший человек (R) She is a good person (E)

Types of Meaning Types grammatical meaning of meaning lexico-grammatical meaning lexical meaning denotational connotational

Grammatical Meaning component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words EX. girls, winters, toys, tables – grammatical meaning of plurality asked, thought, walked – meaning of past tense

Lexico-grammatical meaning (part –of- speech meaning) is revealed in the classification of lexical items into: major word classes (N, V, Adj, Adv) minor ones (artc, prep, conj) words of one lexico-grammatical class have the same paradigm

Lexical Meaning is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions EX. Go – goes — went lexical meaning – process of movement

PRACTICE Group the words into 3 column according to the grammatical, lexical or part-of –speech meaning • • Boy’s, nearest, at, beautiful, think, man, drift, wrote, tremendous, ship’s, the most beautiful, table, near, for, went, friend’s, handsome, thinking, boy, nearer, thought, boys, lamp, go, during.

• Grammatical 1. The case of nouns: boy’s, ship’s, friend’s 2. The degree of comparison of adj: nearest, the most beautiful 3. The tense of verbs: wrote, went, thought • Lexical 1. Think, thinking, thought 2. Went, go 3. Boy’s, boys 4. Nearest, nearer 5. At, for, during (“time”) 6. Beautiful, the most beautiful • Part-of-speech Nouns—verbs—adj—-prep

Aspects of Lexical meaning The denotational aspect The connotational aspect The pragmatic aspect

Denotational Meaning “denote” – to be a sign of, stand as a symbol for” establishes the correlation between the name and the object makes communication possible EX booklet “a small thin book that gives info about smth”

PRACTICE Explain denotational meaning • • A lion-hunter To have a heart like a lion To feel like a lion To roar like a lion To be thrown to the lions The lion’s share To put your head in lion’s mouth

PRACTICE • A lion-hunter A host that seeks out celebrities to impress guests • To have a heart like a lion To have great courage • To feel like a lion To be in the best of health • To roar like a lion To shout very loudly • To be thrown to the lions To be criticized strongly or treated badly • The lion’s share Much more than one’s share • To put your head in lion’s mouth

Connotational Meaning reflects the attitude of the speaker towards what he speaks about it is optional – a word either has it or not Connotation gives additional information and includes: The emotive charge EX Daddy (for father) Intensity EX to adore (for to love) Imagery EX to wade through a book “ to walk with an effort”

PRACTICE Give possible interpretation of the sentences • She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang. • Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking! • He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man. • The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve. • He was longing to begin to be generous. • She was a woman with shiny red hands and workswollen finger knuckles.

PRACTICE Give possible interpretation of the sentences • She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang. (pain—dissatisfaction that makes her suffer) • Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking! (make loud sharp sound—-the behavior that implies that the person is frightened) • He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man. (to go at slow speed—was suffering or was ill) • The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve. (to move smth towards oneself— to try to attract smb’s attention) • He was longing to begin to be generous. (to start doing— hadn’t been generous before) • She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles. (colour— a labourer involved into physical work , constant contact with water)

The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning the situation in which the word is uttered, the social circumstances (formal, informal, etc. ), social relationships between the interlocutors (polite, rough, etc. ), the type and purpose of communication (poetic, official, etc. ) EX horse (neutral) steed (poetic) nag (slang) gee-gee (baby language)

PRACTICE State what image underline the meaning • I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind. • You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that. • They seized on the idea. • Bill, chasing some skirt again? • I saw him dive into a small pub. • Why are you trying to pin the blame on me? • He only married her for her dough.

PRACTICE State what image underline the meaning • I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind. • (to understand completely) • You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that. (to behave humbly in order to win favour) • They seized on the idea. (to be eager to take and use) • Bill, chasing some skirt again? (a girl) • I saw him dive into a small pub. (to enter suddenly) • Why are you trying to pin the blame on me? (to blame smb unfairly) • He only married her for her dough. (money)

Types of Morpheme Meaning lexical differential functional distributional

Lexical Meaning in Morphemes root-morphemes that are homonymous to words possess lexical meaning EX. boy – boyhood – boyish affixes have lexical meaning of a more generalized character EX. –er “agent, doer of an action”

Lexical Meaning in Morphemes has denotational and connotational components EX. –ly, -like, -ish – denotational meaning of similiarity womanly , womanish connotational component – -ly (positive evaluation), -ish (deragotary) женственный женоподобный

Differential Meaning a semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes EX. cranberry, blackberry, gooseberry

Functional Meaning found only in derivational affixes a semantic component which serves to refer the word to the certain part of speech EX. just, adj. – justice, n.

Distributional Meaning the meaning of the order and the arrangement of morphemes making up the word found in words containing more than one morpheme different arrangement of the same morphemes would make the word meaningless EX. sing- + -er =singer, -er + sing- = ?

Motivation denotes the relationship between the phonetic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the other can be phonetical morphological semantic

Phonetical Motivation when there is a certain similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those produced by animals, objects, etc. EX. sizzle, boom, splash, cuckoo

Morphological Motivation when there is a direct connection between the structure of a word and its meaning EX. finger-ring – ring-finger, A direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes EX think –rethink “thinking again”

Semantic Motivation based on co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same word EX a watchdog – ”a dog kept for watching property” a watchdog – “a watchful human guardian” (semantic motivation)

• PRACTICE

Analyze the meaning of the words. Define the type of motivation a) morphologically motivated b) semantically motivated • Driver • Leg • Horse • Wall • Hand-made • Careless • piggish

Analyze the meaning of the words. Define the type of motivation a) morphologically motivated b) semantically motivated • Driver Someone who drives a vehicle morphologically motivated • Leg The part of a piece of furniture such as a table semantically motivated • Horse A piece of equipment shaped like a box, used in gymnastics semantically motivated

• Wall Emotions or behavior preventing people from feeling close semantically motivated • Hand-made Made by hand, not machine morphologically motivated • Careless Not taking enough care morphologically motivated • Piggish Selfish semantically motivated

what she said but it didn’t sink in my mind “do down to the bottom” ‘to be accepted by mind” semantic motivation I heard Why are you trying to pin the blame on me? “fasten smth somewhere using a pin” – ”to blame smb” semantic motivation I was following the man when he dived into a pub. “jump into deep water” – ”to enter into suddenly” semantic motivation You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that “to move along on hands and knees close to the ground” – “to behave very humbly in order to win favor” semantic motivation

1. 

   Jul 17th, 2012

2. Jose

   awesome

   Jul 17th, 2012

3. Nisa Zul

   nice

   Jul 18th, 2012

4. kadal

   very nice

   Jul 18th, 2012

5. Clint

   Lol… Cool outlooks

   Jul 18th, 2012

6. woops

   Very creative! Delivers the message well!

   Jul 18th, 2012

7. margaret

   i remember years ago, being asked to do this in class and being utterly hopeless at it, as was everyone else. wish i had seen these beforehand – i would have known what the teacher wanted of me. brilliant

   Jul 18th, 2012

8. soheyla

   really good

   Jul 18th, 2012

9. Dominic

   Amazing!

   Jul 18th, 2012

10. Matt

    Brilliant! very creative

    Jul 18th, 2012

11. red

    I don’t get the fast food one! :S

    Jul 18th, 2012

12. Mel

    How creative!

    Jul 18th, 2012

13. James

    Wow! As someone working in graphics, this is really fun and creative! I kept getting impressed with each word I saw next. Cute and well done!

    Jul 18th, 2012

14. guillermo

    Good perspective..

    Jul 18th, 2012

15. Damola

    AWSOMEEEEEEEEEEEEE

    Jul 18th, 2012

16. Jorge Cajina

    Excelente, +10

    Jul 18th, 2012

17. g9Ukt

    @red it started with Thin font then the getting bolder and bolder as well as fast food fans…

    Jul 18th, 2012

18. Mark

    Cool man

    Jul 18th, 2012

19. Gert

    I like it.

    Jul 18th, 2012

20. Crow

    These are pretty cool. Laughed at the condom one, that probably says something about me.

    Jul 18th, 2012

21. Betty

    CLEVVVVER!!!!

    Jul 18th, 2012

22. Jorge Uzcátegui

    One of the most intelligent work i’ve seen. Not only the logotypes design but also the animation of them all.

    HA:PPY to see it!

    Jul 18th, 2012

23. lyn

    hilarious, yet simply brilliant and creative!

    Jul 18th, 2012

24. Snufkin

    ! l!ke !t i ^^

    Jul 18th, 2012

25. Julia

    Brilliant !!!

    Jul 19th, 2012

26. Ben

    Very creative
    Nice !

    Jul 19th, 2012

27. Trevor

    Thanks for posting these – very inspiring and creative. Particularly like ‘ill’, ‘elevator’ and ‘moon’ – but they are all great!

    Jul 19th, 2012

28. Brianna

    This is so cool. They’re like visual onomatopoeia’s.

    Jul 19th, 2012

29. Paul Longva

    ;}

    Jul 19th, 2012

30. mahfar

    this is very very cool.

    Jul 20th, 2012

31. Alex P

    Honestly one of the best finds Toxel has had to show us. Thank you for the cleverness.

    Jul 20th, 2012

32. red

    @g9ukt thanks!
    

    Jul 20th, 2012

33. E

    This beats thesaurus in explaining the meaning of the words! Thumbs up!

    Jul 20th, 2012

34. foad

    really brilliant!

    Jul 21st, 2012

35. krista

    very very clever i liked the condom one

    Jul 23rd, 2012

36. aida

    love the ill, horizon, elevator, fast food, condom and tsunami.

    Jul 23rd, 2012

37. Jordan

    Exit was my favorite.

    Jul 26th, 2012

38. NiceOne

    @red: in “fast food”, the font becomes bolder, like the body becomes fat as long as you eat in fast foods!

    Jul 26th, 2012

39. Ali Choobi

    Fantastic…

    Jul 30th, 2012

40. Anna

    Awesome!

    Oct 3rd, 2014

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• 

  1 слайд

  Word Meaning
  Lecture # 6
  Grigoryeva M.

• 

  2 слайд

  Word Meaning

  Approaches to word meaning

  Meaning and Notion (понятие)

  Types of word meaning

  Types of morpheme meaning

  Motivation

• 

  3 слайд

  Each word has two aspects:

  the outer aspect
  ( its sound form)
  cat

  the inner aspect
  (its meaning)
  long-legged, fury animal with sharp teeth
  and claws

• 

  4 слайд

  Sound and meaning do not always constitute a constant unit even in the same language

  EX a temple

  a part of a human head
  a large church

• 

  5 слайд

  Semantics (Semasiology)
  Is a branch of lexicology which studies the
  meaning of words and word equivalents

• 

  6 слайд

  Approaches to Word Meaning
  The Referential (analytical) approach

  The Functional (contextual) approach

  Operational (information-oriented) approach

• 

  7 слайд

  The Referential (analytical) approach
  formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denote

  distinguishes between three components closely connected with meaning:
  the sound-form of the linguistic sign,
  the concept
  the actual referent

• 

  8 слайд

  Basic Triangle
  concept (thought, reference) – the thought of the object that singles out its essential features
  referent – object denoted by the word, part of reality
  sound-form (symbol, sign) – linguistic sign
  concept – flower

  sound-form referent
  [rәuz]

• 

  9 слайд

  In what way does meaning correlate with
  each element of the triangle ?

  In what relation does meaning stand to
  each of them?

• 

  10 слайд

  Meaning and Sound-form
  are not identical
  different
  EX. dove — [dΛv] English sound-forms
  [golub’] Russian BUT
  [taube] German
  the same meaning

• 

  11 слайд

  Meaning and Sound-form
  nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages
  EX. [kot] Russian – a male cat
  [kot] English – a small bed for a child

  identical sound-forms have different meanings (‘homonyms)
  EX. knight [nait]
  night [nait]

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  12 слайд

  Meaning and Sound-form
  even considerable changes in sound-form do not affect the meaning

  EX Old English lufian [luvian] – love [l Λ v]

• 

  13 слайд

  Meaning and Concept
  concept is a category of human cognition

  concept is abstract and reflects the most common and typical features of different objects and phenomena in the world

  meanings of words are different in different languages

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  14 слайд

  Meaning and Concept
  identical concepts may have different semantic structures in different languages

  EX. concept “a building for human habitation” –
  English Russian
  HOUSE ДОМ

  + in Russian ДОМ
  “fixed residence of family or household”
  In English HOME

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  15 слайд

  Meaning and Referent

  one and the same object (referent) may be denoted by more than one word of a different meaning
  cat
  pussy
  animal
  tiger

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  16 слайд

  Meaning
  is not identical with any of the three points of the triangle –
  the sound form,
  the concept
  the referent

  BUT
  is closely connected with them.

• 

  17 слайд

  Functional Approach
  studies the functions of a word in speech
  meaning of a word is studied through relations of it with other linguistic units
  EX. to move (we move, move a chair)
  movement (movement of smth, slow movement)

  The distriution ( the position of the word in relation to
  others) of the verb to move and a noun movement is
  different as they belong to different classes of words and
  their meanings are different

• 

  18 слайд

  Operational approach
  is centered on defining meaning through its role in
  the process of communication

  EX John came at 6
  Beside the direct meaning the sentence may imply that:
  He was late
  He failed to keep his promise
  He was punctual as usual
  He came but he didn’t want to

  The implication depends on the concrete situation

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  19 слайд

  Lexical Meaning and Notion
  Notion denotes the reflection in the mind of real objects

  Notion is a unit of thinking
  Lexical meaning is the realization of a notion by means of a definite language system
  Word is a language unit

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  20 слайд

  Lexical Meaning and Notion
  Notions are international especially with the nations of the same cultural level

  Meanings are nationally limited

  EX GO (E) —- ИДТИ(R)
  “To move”
  BUT !!!
  To GO by bus (E)
  ЕХАТЬ (R)

  EX Man -мужчина, человек
  Она – хороший человек (R)
  She is a good person (E)

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  21 слайд

  Types of Meaning
  Types of meaning

  grammatical
  meaning

  lexico-grammatical
  meaning
  lexical meaning
  denotational
  connotational

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  22 слайд

  Grammatical Meaning
  component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words

  EX. girls, winters, toys, tables –
  grammatical meaning of plurality

  asked, thought, walked –
  meaning of past tense

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  23 слайд

  Lexico-grammatical meaning
  (part –of- speech meaning)
  is revealed in the classification of lexical items into:
  major word classes (N, V, Adj, Adv)
  minor ones (artc, prep, conj)

  words of one lexico-grammatical class have the same paradigm

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  24 слайд

  Lexical Meaning
  is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions

  EX . Go – goes — went
  lexical meaning – process of movement

• 

  25 слайд

  PRACTICE
  Group the words into 3 column according to the grammatical, lexical or part-of –speech meaning
  Boy’s, nearest, at, beautiful,
  think, man, drift, wrote,
  tremendous, ship’s, the most beautiful,
  table, near, for, went, friend’s,
  handsome, thinking, boy,
  nearer, thought, boys,
  lamp, go, during.

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  26 слайд

  Grammatical
  The case of nouns: boy’s, ship’s, friend’s
  The degree of comparison of adj: nearest, the most beautiful
  The tense of verbs: wrote, went, thought

  Lexical
  Think, thinking, thought
  Went, go
  Boy’s, boy, boys
  Nearest, near, nearer
  At, for, during (“time”)
  Beautiful, the most beautiful

  Part-of-speech
  Nouns—verbs—adj—-prep

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  27 слайд

  Aspects of Lexical meaning
  The denotational aspect

  The connotational aspect

  The pragmatic aspect

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  28 слайд

  Denotational Meaning
  “denote” – to be a sign of, stand as a symbol for”

  establishes the correlation between the name and the object
  makes communication possible

  EX booklet
  “a small thin book that gives info about smth”

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  29 слайд

  PRACTICE
  Explain denotational meaning

  A lion-hunter
  To have a heart like a lion
  To feel like a lion
  To roar like a lion
  To be thrown to the lions
  The lion’s share
  To put your head in lion’s mouth

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  30 слайд

  PRACTICE

  A lion-hunter
  A host that seeks out celebrities to impress guests
  To have a heart like a lion
  To have great courage
  To feel like a lion
  To be in the best of health
  To roar like a lion
  To shout very loudly
  To be thrown to the lions
  To be criticized strongly or treated badly
  The lion’s share
  Much more than one’s share
  To put your head in lion’s mouth

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  31 слайд

  Connotational Meaning
  reflects the attitude of the speaker towards what he speaks about
  it is optional – a word either has it or not

  Connotation gives additional information and includes:
  The emotive charge EX Daddy (for father)
  Intensity EX to adore (for to love)
  Imagery EX to wade through a book
  “ to walk with an effort”

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  32 слайд

  PRACTICE
  Give possible interpretation of the sentences

  She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang.
  Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking!
  He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man.
  The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve.
  He was longing to begin to be generous.
  She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles.

• 

  33 слайд

  PRACTICE
  Give possible interpretation of the sentences
  She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang.
  (pain—dissatisfaction that makes her suffer)
  Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking!
  (make loud sharp sound—-the behavior that implies that the person is frightened)
  He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man.
  (to go at slow speed—was suffering or was ill)
  The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve.
  (to move smth towards oneself— to try to attract smb’s attention)
  He was longing to begin to be generous.
  (to start doing— hadn’t been generous before)
  She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles.
  (colour— a labourer involved into physical work ,constant contact with water)

• 

  34 слайд

  The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning

  the situation in which the word is uttered,
  the social circumstances (formal, informal, etc.),
  social relationships between the interlocutors (polite, rough, etc.),
  the type and purpose of communication (poetic, official, etc.)

  EX horse (neutral)
  steed (poetic)
  nag (slang)
  gee-gee (baby language)

• 

  35 слайд

  PRACTICE
  State what image underline the meaning

  I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind.
  You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that.
  They seized on the idea.
  Bill, chasing some skirt again?
  I saw him dive into a small pub.
  Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
  He only married her for her dough.

• 

  36 слайд

  PRACTICE
  State what image underline the meaning
  I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind.
  (to understand completely)
  You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that.
  (to behave humbly in order to win favour)
  They seized on the idea.
  (to be eager to take and use)
  Bill, chasing some skirt again?
  (a girl)
  I saw him dive into a small pub.
  (to enter suddenly)
  Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
  (to blame smb unfairly)
  He only married her for her dough.
  (money)

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  37 слайд

  Types of Morpheme Meaning
  lexical
  differential
  functional
  distributional

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  38 слайд

  Lexical Meaning in Morphemes
  root-morphemes that are homonymous to words possess lexical meaning
  EX. boy – boyhood – boyish

  affixes have lexical meaning of a more generalized character
  EX. –er “agent, doer of an action”

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  39 слайд

  Lexical Meaning in Morphemes
  has denotational and connotational components
  EX. –ly, -like, -ish –
  denotational meaning of similiarity
  womanly , womanish

  connotational component –
  -ly (positive evaluation), -ish (deragotary) женственный — женоподобный

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  40 слайд

  Differential Meaning
  a semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes

  EX. cranberry, blackberry, gooseberry

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  41 слайд

  Functional Meaning
  found only in derivational affixes
  a semantic component which serves to
  refer the word to the certain part of speech

  EX. just, adj. – justice, n.

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  42 слайд

  Distributional Meaning
  the meaning of the order and the arrangement of morphemes making up the word
  found in words containing more than one morpheme
  different arrangement of the same morphemes would make the word meaningless
  EX. sing- + -er =singer,
  -er + sing- = ?

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  43 слайд

  Motivation
  denotes the relationship between the phonetic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the other

  can be phonetical
  morphological
  semantic

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  44 слайд

  Phonetical Motivation
  when there is a certain similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those produced by animals, objects, etc.

  EX. sizzle, boom, splash, cuckoo

• 

  45 слайд

  Morphological Motivation
  when there is a direct connection between the structure of a word and its meaning
  EX. finger-ring – ring-finger,

  A direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes
  EX think –rethink “thinking again”

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  46 слайд

  Semantic Motivation
  based on co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same word

  EX a watchdog –
  ”a dog kept for watching property”

  a watchdog –
  “a watchful human guardian” (semantic motivation)

• 

• 

  48 слайд

  Analyze the meaning of the words.
  Define the type of motivation
  a) morphologically motivated
  b) semantically motivated

  Driver
  Leg
  Horse
  Wall
  Hand-made
  Careless
  piggish

• 

  49 слайд

  Analyze the meaning of the words.
  Define the type of motivation
  a) morphologically motivated
  b) semantically motivated
  Driver
  Someone who drives a vehicle
  morphologically motivated
  Leg
  The part of a piece of furniture such as a table
  semantically motivated
  Horse
  A piece of equipment shaped like a box, used in gymnastics
  semantically motivated

• 

  50 слайд

  Wall
  Emotions or behavior preventing people from feeling close
  semantically motivated
  Hand-made
  Made by hand, not machine
  morphologically motivated
  Careless
  Not taking enough care
  morphologically motivated
  Piggish
  Selfish
  semantically motivated

• 

  51 слайд

  I heard what she said but it didn’t sink in my mind
  “do down to the bottom”
  ‘to be accepted by mind” semantic motivation

  Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
  “fasten smth somewhere using a pin” –
  ”to blame smb” semantic motivation

  I was following the man when he dived into a pub.
  “jump into deep water” –
  ”to enter into suddenly” semantic motivation

  You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that
  “to move along on hands and knees close to the ground” –
  “to behave very humbly in order to win favor” semantic motivation

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1. Word Meaning

1. Two schools of thought.
2. Denotation and connotation. Types of
connotation.
3. Polysemy.
4. Semantic changes (metaphor,
metonymy, narrowing /specialization,
broadening /generalization).
5. Secondary ways of semantic change.

2.

• The term semasiology comes from Greek
sema «sign» + semantikos «significant»
• It was introduced into linguistic studies in
1825 by the classical scholar C. Reisig
who set up a new division of grammar
(semasiology, etymology and syntax).
• He regarded semasiology as a historical
discipline that should establish the
principles of governing the
development of meaning.

3.

• In 1883 Michel Breal (the French
philologist) published an article in which
he argued that there ought to be a
science of meaning which he proposed
to call semasiology.
• In 1897 he published his book which
soon spread to other languages and in
1900 after its publication was translated
into English under the title: Semantics:
Studies in the Science of Meaning.

4.

• Another famous book on semantics is The
meaning of meaning by С. К. Ogden and I. A.
Richards published in 1923.
• The term semantics was first used to refer to
the development and change of meaning. It
is originated from Greek word «semantikos»
(«significant“).
• It is the study of meanings – dealing with the
relationship between symbols (words, signs,
etc.) and what they refer to (‘referents’) – and
of behavior in reaction to non-verbal
symbols and verbal symbols (words).

5. Two schools of thought

• relative or
functional
approach
• denotational or
referential
approach
• The relative approach is based on treating the
language as a semiotic system – the theory of
relations .
• The denotational trend of semantic studies
considers a word as a unit possessing its own
meaning.

6. Relative approach

• Each sign achieves a meaning only in
comparison with other signs, its neighbours:
meaning can be studied only through context.
CONTEXT
Extra-linguistic
Linguistic
Lexical
Grammatical
Mixed

7. Referential approach

• The main problem is the relation
between the word, its meaning and the
object in reality which it denotes.
• The basis of the denotational theory is
the double nature (ideal and material) of
the word.
• The material side of the word (symbol),
its meaning, and the referent are
connected with one another.

8.

• The meaning of a word is the reflection of the
objective reality in our consciousness.
Concept-notion
Linguistic sign
Referent
• The word is a form of a notion’s material
existence.

9.

• Every word has two aspects: the outer
aspect (its sound form) and the inner
aspect (its meaning).
• The lexical meaning of a word is the
realization of a notion by means of a
definite language system.
• A word is a language unit, while a
notion is a unit of thinking.
• A notion denotes the reflection in the
mind of real objects and phenomena in
their essential features and relations.

10.

• Notions, as a rule, are international.
• Meanings can be nationally limited.
• The development of lexical
meanings in any language, as well
as the grouping of meanings in
the semantic structure of a word, is
determined by the whole system
of every language.

11.

• Word meaning is made up of various
components. There are 2 important elements
of the meaning:
denotation
connotation
• the denotational – the realization of the notion
(which makes communication possible) and
the connotational – the pragmatic
communicative value of the word.

12.

• The denotation of a word is the direct
explicit meaning that makes
communication possible.
• When we say that a word denotes
something, we mean that it is the name
of a thing.
• To denote is to serve as a linguistic
expression for a concept.
• The conceptual content of a word is
expressed in its denotative meaning.

13.

• The connotation of a word is what the word
implies in addition to its denotational meaning.
It is the set of associations that a word’s use
can evoke:
• a hovel denotes «a small house» and besides
implies that it is a miserable dwelling place,
dirty, in bad repair, and, in general, unpleasant
to live in.
• We call connotation what the word conveys
about the speaker’s attitude to the social
circumstances and the appropriate functional
style, about his approval or disapproval of the
object spoken, or the degree of intensity.

14.

There are 4 main types of connotation:
stylistic (to beat it – to retire, horse –
steed),
emotive (dog – doggie),
evaluative (famous/ well-known –
notorious), and
expressive or intensifying (splendid,
superb, fantastic, beastly, etc. are used
colloquially as terms of exaggeration).
We can also speak of pragmatic
connotations, i.e., those of duration,
manner, attending circumstances, etc.

15.

• The connotation is the idea suggested by its
place near /in association with other words or
phrases.
• Childlike and childish both have the
denotation of «like or characteristic of a
child». However the two words have their own
connotations.
• Childlike suggests the favourable qualities
considered typical of a child: innocence and
trustworthiness.
• Childish connotes the unfavourable
characteristics of a child: foolishness or
immaturity.

16.

• The context of the word can also help to
reveal the general and added meanings.
The context is the part of the statement in
which the word or passage at issue
occurs, that which leads up to and follows
a particular expression:
• The actress captured perfectly the
character’s childlike qualities in her
performance.
• Your childish behaviour is quite
annoying in a grown person.

17.

• Denotative and connotative
components make up the semantic
structure (or semantic paradigm) of a
word which is presented by a structure
of semes.
• A seme is the smallest unit of
meaning.
• Thus, the meaning of the word giggle
includes semes of action, living
being and sex, negative evaluation
and intensity.

18.

• KEY TERMS: semasiology, semantics,
relative, referential, denotation,
connotation, seme.
• Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В.,
Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология
английского языка. – стр. 147-151; 193197.
• Елисеева В.В. Лексикология
английского языка.

Fruits

<PHR- V> Derive from Sth [= to come or develop Sth] (­উৎপন্ন/ উদ্ভুত হওয়া): The word ‘politics’ is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘city’.

Ø Consist / kənˈsɪst / (ক^এন ˈছিস্ট্‌) v

Ø Edible / ˈedəbl / (ˈএড^এব্‌ল্‌) adj [fit or suitable to be eaten; not poisonous] (ভোজ্য; বিষমুক্ত): The food at the hotel was barely edible.

Ø Raw / rɔː / (­রও) adj [<of food> not cooked] (কাঁচা): These fish are often eaten raw.

<SYN> Green / griːn / (গ্রীন) adj [<of fruit>not yet ready to eat] (<ফল সম্বন্ধে> কাঁচা): green mango

Ø Ripe / raɪp / (রা^ইপ্‌) adj [<of fruits or crops> fully developed and ready to be eaten or collected] (পাকা): Pick the mangoes before they get too ripe. Those bananas are not ripe yet – they are still green.

<VERB> Ripen / raɪpən / (রাইপ^এন) v [to make Sth ripe] (পাকানো; পেকে যাওয়া): The summer sunshine ripened the jackfruits. These mangoes are ripening nicely.

Ø Indigenous / ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs / (^ইনˈডিজ^এন^এছ্‌) adj [naturally existing in a place or country rather than arriving from another place] (দেশী; দেশজ): Indigenous fruits.

Ø Exotic / ɪgˈzɑːtɪk / (^ইগˈজা্‌টিক) adj [from or in another country] (বিদেশী; বহিরাগত): I travel to all kinds of exotic locations all over the world.

Ø Reap / riːp / (রীপ্‌) v [to cut and collect a crop, especially from a field or garden] (<শস্য> কাটা; চয়ন /আহরণ করা): They are now reaping the fruits of all their hard work.

Mango

Ø Oval / ˈoʊvl / (ˈও^উভ্‌ল) adj [shaped like an egg] (ডিম্বাকার; উপবৃত্তাকার): an oval mirror. An oval face. The leaves are long and almost oval. 

Ø Tropical / ˈtrɑːpɪkl / (ˈট্রাঃপিক্‌ল্‌) adj [from or relating to the area between the two tropics] (গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয়): The Amazon river basin contains the world’s largest tropical rainforest.

Ø Tropic / ˈtrɑːpɪk / (ˈট্রাঃপিক্‌) n [one of the two imaginary lines around the earth at approximately 23.5 degrees south of the equator] (বিষুবরেখার প্রায় ২৩.৫ ডিগ্রি  উত্তরে এবং ২৩.৫ ডিগ্রি দক্ষিণে দুইটি কাল্পনিক রেখা; ক্রান্তিরেখা):

Ø Smooth / smuːð / (স্মূদ্‌) adj [completely flat and even, without any lumps, holes or rough areas] (মসৃণ): The road ahead was flat and smooth. This cream will help to keep your skin smooth.

    <ANT> Rough

Ø Delicious / dɪˈlɪʃəs / (ডিˈলিশ^এছ্‌) adj [having a very pleasant taste or smell] (সুস্বাদু; উপাদেয়): The delicious smell of freshly cooked meat is coming from the kitchen.

Ø Nutrition / nuˈtrɪʃn / (নিউˈট্রিশ্‌ন্‌) n [the process by which living things receive the food necessary for them to grow and be healthy] (পুষ্টি): Good nutrition diet is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery.

<ADV> Nutritionally / nuˈtrɪʃnlɪ / (নিউˈট্রিশ্‌ন্‌লি): A nutritionally balanced food

Lychee

Shell

Ø Shell / ʃel / (শেল) n [the hard outer covering part of something especially nuts, eggs and some animals] (<ডিম, বাদাম, কোনোকোনো বীজ ও ফল এবং কিছুকিছু প্রাণিদেহের> শক্ত বহিরাবরণ; খোসা): Brazil nuts have very hard shells.

Ø Delicate / ˈdelɪkət / (ˈডেলিক^এট্‌) adj [<of colors, flavors and smells> light and pleasant; not strong] (কোমল; রুচিকর; সুস্বাদু; সুপাচ্য): Patients should be served delicate food.

Papaya

Ø Sex / seks / (ছেক্‌ছ্‌) n [the state of being either male or female] (লিঙ্গ; স্ত্রী বা পুরুষ): What sex is your dog? Please indicate your sex and date of birth below.

   <SYN> Gender

Ø Produce / prəˈduːs / (প্র^এˈডূছ্‌) v [to grow or make Sth as part of a natural process; to have a baby or young animal] (সৃষ্টি করা; জন্ম দেওয়া): My cat produced kittens last week.

Ø Pollen / ˈpɑːlən / (ˈপাঃল^এন) n [fine power, usually yellow, that is formed in flowers and carried to other flowers of the same kind by the wind or by insects, to make those flowers produce seeds](পরাগ; পুষ্পরেণু):

<VERB> Pollinate / ˈpɑːləneɪt / (ˈপাঃল^এনে^ইট) v [to put pollen into a flower or plant so that it produces] (পরাগ; পুষ্পরেণু): flowers pollinated by bees/ the wind.

Ø Stamen / ˈsteɪmən / (ˈস্টে^ইম^এন) n [a small thin male part in the middle of a flower that produces pollen and is made up of a stalk supporting an anther](পুংকেশর): The center of each flower usually has several stamens.

Plum

Ø Wax / wæks / (ওঅ্যাকছ) n [a solid substance that is made from beeswax or from various fats and oils and used for making candles polish, models, etc. It becomes soft when it is heated] (মোম বা মোমজাতিয় পদার্থ): wax polish.

<ADJ> Waxy / ˈwæksi / (ˈওঅ্যাকছি) adj [made of wax; looking or feeling like wax] (মোমের মতো): The cheese has a red wax rind.

Date

Ø Dehydrate / diːˈhaɪdreɪt / (ডীˈহা^ইড্রে^ইট) v [to lose too much water from something] (জল শুন্য করা/ হওয়া): You will dehydrate very quickly in this heat if you do not drink lots of water.

Starfruit

Ø <PHY—V> Cut through Sth [=to make a path or passage through Sth by cutting] (<কোনোকিছু> বরাবর কাটা): They used a machete to cut through the bush.

Ø Hence / hens / (হেনছ্‌) adv [for this reason] (এই ভাবে; এ কারণে): Her father is Italian, hence her name – Aster.

Ø Entire / ɪnˈtaɪər / (^ইনˈটা^ইএর) adj [whole or complete, including everything, with nothing missing] (সম্পূর্ণ; পুরো; অখণ্ড): The entire area was hit by the cyclone.

    <SYN> Whole

<ADV> Entirely / ɪnˈtaɪərli / (^ইনˈটা^ইএরলী) adv [in every way possible; completely] (সম্পুর্ণরুপে; পুরাপুরি): I entirely agree with you. I admit it was entirely my fault.

Ø <PHR> Out of hand (=হাত থেকেই)

Tamarind

Ø Pod / pɑːd / (পাঃড) n [a long, narrow, flat case of some fruits, such as beans and peas, that contains the seeds and usually has a thick skin] (<মটরশুঁটি, শিম ইত্যাদির> বীজাধার বা খোসা): a pea pod (=মটরশুঁটির খোসা). A vanilla pod

Pomelo

Lemon

Squeeze

Lime

Lime / laɪm / (লা^ইম) n [a small round fruit containing a lot of juice that is sour like a lemon, but smaller and with green skin, but the lime is slightly sweeter than the lemon] (কাকজি লেবু; সরবতি লেবু): Both lemon and lime are good for health because they are high in vitamin C, but the lemon has more vitamin C than the lime.

Orange

Ø Citrus / ˈsɪtrəs / (ˈছিটর^এছ) n [any of a group of plants that produce acidic fruits with a lot of sour or sweet juice, such as pomelo; grapes; limes; lemons] (লবুজাতীয় ফল বিশেষ): The field was planted with citrus trees.

Ø Species / ˈspiːʃiːz / (ˈস্পীশীজ্‌) n [a group in which animals, plants, etc. that are able to breed with each other and produce healthy young are divided, smaller than a genius and identified by a Latin name] (প্রজাতি): a rare species of beetle.

Mandarin

Ø Pith / pɪθ / (পিথ্‌) n [a soft, dry white substance between the skin and the flesh of citrus fruits such as oranges] (<কমলা লেবুর খোসার ভিতর অনুরুপ পাতলা, নরম, স্বচ্ছ> খোসা):

Bitter

Ø Bitter / ˈbɪtər / (ˈবিট^এর) adj [<of food, etc.> having a strong, unpleasant taste; not sweet] (তিক্ত; কটু; তিতা): Black coffee leaves a bitter taste in the mouth.

    <SYN> Sharp

Malta

Blackberry

Ø Viable / ˈvaɪəl / (ˈভা^ইএবল্‌) adj [able to work as intended or able to succeed] (টিকে থাকতে সামর্থ; টেকসই): None of the projects proved financially viable. I am afraid your plan is not politically viable.

Strawberry

 Ø Appreciate / əˈpriːʃieɪt / (এˈপরীশিএইট্‌) v [to recognize or understand that something is valuable, important or as described] (সঠিকভাবে মূল্যায়ন করা; কদর করা): Only a trained person is able to appreciate a modern painting. 

Gooseberry

Olive

Apple

Apple / ˈæpl / (ˈঅ্যাপল) n [a round fruit with shiny red or green skin and firm white flesh] (আপেল ফল): Apples are commonly stored in chambered with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and high air filtration.

Adam’s Apple

Ø Lump / lʌmp / (লাম্প) n [a piece of Sth hard or solid, usually without a particular shape] (পিণ্ড; খণ্ড):

Custard Apple

Wood Apple

Ø Rind / raɪnd / (রা^ইন্‌ড্‌) n [the hard thick layer or outer skin of some particular fruits] (আস্তর বা ছাল): Wood apple/coconut rind

Ø Gum / gʌm / (গাম্‌) n [a sticky substance produced by some types of trees] (আঠা; গঁদ):

Pear

Pear / per / (পে^য়ার) n [a green sweet fruit with a lot of juice that is narrow at the top and wide at the bottom] (নাশপাতি):

Fig

Mangosteen

Mangosteen / ˈmæŋgəstiːn / (ˈম্যাঙ্‌গ^এস্টিন) n [tropical fruit mangosteen with a thick reddish-brown skin and sweet flesh with a lot of sweet and tangy juice, somewhat fibrous] (গাবফল): Mangosteen twigs have been used as chew sticks in Ghana.

Ø Tang / tæŋ / (ট্যাঙ্‌) n [a strong, sharp taste or smell] (তীব্র বা কড়া স্বাদ বা গন্ধ): the tang of lemons

Twig

Ø Twig / twɪg / (টু^ইগ্‌) n [a small and very thin branch that grows out of a large branch on a tree] (গাছের ছোট ডাল; উপশাখা; শাখিকা; প্রশাখা; ফেঁকড়ি): I collected dry many twigs to set the fire.

Watermelon

Watermelon / ˈwɔːtərmelən / (ˈওয়াট^এর মেল^এন) n [watermelon is a vine­-like flowering plant is thought to have originated in southern Africa, where it is found growing wild. It is a large, sprawling annual plant with a smooth hard rind, usually green with dark green stripes spots, and a red juicy sweet interior flesh and many black seeds] (তরমুজ): Watermelon rinds are also edible, but most people avoid eating them due to their unappealing flavor.

Ø Sprawl / sprɔːl / (স্প্রোল্‌) v [to spread in an untidy way; to cover a large area] (এলোমেলো ও অসমভাবে বেড়ে ওঠা বা ছড়িয়ে পড়া): The town sprawled along the side of the lake.

<ADJ> Sprawling / ˈsprɔːlɪŋ / (ˈস্প্রোলিং) adj [spreading in an untidy way] (অপরিকল্পিত বা এলোমেলো ভাবে বেড়ে ওঠা): a modern sprawling town

Ø Stripe / straɪp / (স্টা^ইপ্‌) n [a long narrow line of color that is a different color from the surrounding areas] (ডোরা বা ডোরাকাটা দাগ): The Zebra is a wild African horse with black and white stripes.

Ø Interior / ɪnˈtɪriər / (^ইনˈটিরি^এর) n [the inside part of Sth] (ভেতরকার; অভ্যন্তরীণ): The car’s interior is very impressive – wonderful leather seats and a wooden dashboard.

   <ANT> Exterior

Honeydew Melon

Honeydew melon / ˌhʌniduː ˈmelən /(ˌহানিডূ ˈমেল^এন) n [honeydew a type of melon is large, round to slightly oval shape, that has white, green or yellow skin, like most fruit, honeydew has seeds, its thick, juicy, sweet flesh is often eaten for dessert.] (বাঙ্‌গি; বাঙ্গী): Honeydew melon has to fully ripen before they are picked, do not plan on picking any early.

Burmese Grape

Cherry

Prune

Prune / pruːn / (প্রূন) n [a dried plum that is often eaten cooked] (আলুবোখারা):

Pomegranate

<ADJ> intestinal / ɪnˈtestɪnl / (^ইনˈটেছটিনল্‌) adj (আন্ত্রিক): Intestinal disorders (=আন্ত্রিক গোলমাল)

Pineapple

Grape

Wax Jambu

Hog Plum

Palmyra Palm

Coconut

How to open a green coconut 

Green Coconut / griːn ˈkoʊkənʌt / (গ্রীন ˈকৌক^এনাট) n [] (ডাব):

Guava

Ø Pronounced / prəˈnaʊnst / (প্র^এˈনৌনছ্‌ট্‌) adj [very noticeable, obvious or strongly expressed] (বিশেষ ধরণের; ব্যতিক্রমধর্মী): I am told I have a very pronounced English accent when I speak Italian

Banana

Banana / bəˈnænə / (ব^এˈন্যান^এ) n [a long curved fruit with a thick or yellow skin and soft sweet white flesh inside, the fruits grow in clusters hanging from the top of the plant] (কলা): Bananas are an excellent source of vitamin B₆ and contain moderate amounts of vitamin C, exceptional potassium, and dietary fiber.

Peach

Kiwifruit

Avocado

Avocado / ˌævəˈkɑːdoʊ / (ˌএ্যাভ^এˈকাঃডৌ) n [a tropical fruit with hard, thick, dark green or purple skin and oily, soft light green flesh and a large seed inside. They are not sweet and are sometimes eaten at the beginning of a meal] (নাশকাদো):  

Jackfruit

Orchard

Garden

Grove

 

Fruits Names, English & Bangla Meaning & Images

Noted From Wikipedia, Google Image, Oxford & Cambridge Dictionary 

Spring Words: Spring is one of the most beautiful seasons around the year. People start to step out after the cold, freezing winters, and everything is luscious and peaceful. There are a lot of things related to spring.

These terms can be called spring words or words associated with spring. We generally relate to these words whenever we are talking about this time around the year.

In this article, you’ll find a list of spring words that we have made to describe your spring delights better. Make sure to add them into your vocabulary, and we are sure they will be helpful.

Study the most important English Vocabulary Words identified by our experts and learn the right vocabulary to use in your day to day conversations

• Name of the Spring Words
• Description of the Spring Words on the list

Name of the Spring Words

• Airy
• Bees
• Blissful
• Bloom
• Breeze
• Butterflies
• Colourful
• Daffodil
• Daisies
• Drizzle
• Fields
• Floral
• Fragrant
• Gentle
• Harmonious
• Hay Fever
• Inspiration
• Kite
• Ladybugs
• Lighthearted
• Lush
• Marigolds
• Meadow
• Newness
• Outdoors
• Pastel
• Picnics
• Rainbow
• Refreshing
• Rejuvenation
• Sprinkles
• Tulips
• Verdant
• Warming
• Windy
• Young

Description of the Spring Words on the list

Airy

Meaning: With a lot of natural light and space

Example: The rooms in the top floor are very airy if you ask me.

Bees

Meaning: A yellow and black flying bug that produces honey and can sting you

Example: It’s springtime, and you can see bees around the place.

Blissful

Meaning: Exceedingly or utterly satisfied

Example: We had a blissful year together before we left for our jobs.

Bloom

Meaning: A flower blooms when it opens or is open, while a plant or tree blooms when it produces blossoms.

Example: It’s nice to see all the bloomed flowers in the garden.

Breeze

Meaning: A gentle and pleasant breeze

Example: I love the morning breeze in the woods.

Butterflies

Meaning: An insect with large, frequently brilliantly coloured wings

Example: There are so many butterflies on the lawn outside.

Colourful

Meaning: Something which is filled with colours

Example: Make sure you wear something colourful to the date.

Daffodil

Meaning: A golden, bell-shaped flower on a tall stem that blooms in the spring

Example: You’ll see daffodils all across these roads.

Daisies

Meaning: A tiny flower with white petals and a yellow centre that frequently grows in grass

Example: He gifted her a bouquet filled with daisies.

Drizzle

Meaning: Rain in the form of very small, light drops:

Example: It is weird to find drizzling around this time of the year.

Fields

Meaning: A plot of land usually surrounded by a fence and used for growing crops or maintaining animals.

Example: The children would run across the fields and play.

Floral

Meaning: Made with flowers or embellished with floral images

Example: I love the floral designs on your t-shirt.

Fragrant

Meaning: A sweet and pleasant smell.

Example: Always make sure you use a light fragrant when going on a date.

Gentle

Meaning: Someone or something kind, calm or soft.

Example: I love how gentle he is with all the dogs.

Harmonious

Meaning: Having a pleasing melody or harmony

Example: I am always amazed by her harmonious voice.

Hay Fever

Meaning: A pollen-related sickness similar to a cold

Example: I hate to say it, but I guess I’m down with hay fever.

Inspiration

Meaning: Someone or something that inspires you to do something

Example: It always feels good to meet your inspiration.

Kite

Meaning: A fabric or plastic-covered frame connected to a long string that you fly in the air when the weather is windy

Example: All the kids were flying kites in the ground.

Ladybugs

Meaning: A little spherical insect with black markings that is usually red.

Example: This sanctuary is one of the best place in town and you can also see a lot of ladybugs around here.

Lighthearted

Meaning: humorous and amusing.

Example: The film is a lighthearted look at the world of filmmaking.

Lush

Meaning: A lush environment is full of green, healthy plants, grass, and trees.

Example: Make sure to check out the lush green tea gardens down the valley.

Marigolds

Meaning: A flowering plant that is brilliant yellow or orange

Example: His garden is filled with marigolds in his house.

Meadow

Meaning: A grassy area with wildflowers growing on it

Example: It feels too good to walk in the meadows in the evening.

Newness

Meaning: The attribute of being newly produced or having only recently begun to exist

Example: When the newness of something wears off, children lose interest in it.

Outdoors

Meaning: Outside

Example: Let us go outside to play something.

Pastel

Meaning: A faint and delicate colour

Example: I love how she dresses in pastels these days.

Picnics

Meaning: A gathering outside for a casual meal and time.

Example: Every year, we would go to a family picnic with our grandparents.

Rainbow

Meaning: A colourful arch seen in the sky when rain falls and the sun shines.

Example: Rainbows and meadows are probably the best things you can wish for in the springs.

Refreshing

Meaning: Wonderfully unique and intriguing

Example: It is refreshing to watch their take on Indie Cinema.

Rejuvenation

Meaning: The act or practise of making someone look or feel more youthful and vibrant

Example: Facial rejuvenation treatments can benefit anyone.

Sprinkles

Meaning: To scatter a few particles or drips of material on a surface

Example: She sprinkled some cheese over the pasta.

Tulips

Meaning: A flowering plant with a huge, vividly coloured bell-shaped flower on a stem that develops from a bulb or the blossom itself.

Example: The tulips in the sanctuary look so beautiful during sunsets.

Verdant

Meaning: Covered in lush green flora or grass

Example: You would love to see the verdant countryside.

Warming

Meaning: Something that makes you feel warm.

Example: I love these warming sunsets around this side of the city.

Windy

Meaning: A horizontally moving movement of air, especially one strong enough to be perceived

Example: The morning was windy, so I didn’t step out.

Young

Meaning: Something which is not old.

Example: I always feel young when I come here to visit by the waterfall.

Presentation on theme: «Word Meaning. Two approaches to word meaning Meaning and Notion Types of word meaning Types of morpheme meaning Motivation.»— Presentation transcript:

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Word Meaning

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Two approaches to word meaning Meaning and Notion Types of word meaning Types of morpheme meaning Motivation

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Semantics branch of linguistics which studies meaning of words and word equivalents

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Two Approaches to Word Meaning The Referential Approach The Functional Approach

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Referential Approach formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denote distinguishes between three components closely connected with meaning: the sound-form of the linguistic sign, the concept and the actual referent

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Basic Triangle concept (thought, reference) – the thought of the object that singles out its essential features referent – object denoted by the word, part of reality sound-form (symbol, sign) – linguistic sign concept – flower sound-form referent [rәuz]

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Meaning and Sound-form are not identical different e.g. dove — [d۸v] English sound-forms [golub’] Russian convey one [taube] German and the same meaning

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Meaning and Sound-form nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages e.g. [kot] English – a small bed for a child [kot] Russian – a male cat identical sound-forms have different meanings (homonyms) e.g. knight [nait] night [nait]

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Meaning and Sound-form even considerable changes in sound-form do not affect the meaning e.g. OE lufian [luvian] – love [l v]

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Meaning and Concept concept is a category of human cognition concept is abstract and reflects the most common and typical features of different objects and phenomena in the world concept is almost the same for the whole humanity in one and the same period of its historical development meanings of words are different in different languages

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Meaning and Concept identical concepts may have different semantic structures in different languages e.g. concept “a building for human habitation” – in English HOUSE ≠ in Russian ДОМ (+ “fixed residence of family or household) one and the same concept possess meaning which is felt as different in each of the units e.g. “young child” – child, baby, babe, infant

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Meaning and Referent referent is beyond the scope of language one and the same object (referent) may be denoted by more than one word of a different meaning e.g. apple – apple, fruit, something, this

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Meaning a component of a word through which a concept is communicated, in this way endowing the word with the ability to denote objects, qualities, abstract notions

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Functional Approach studies the functions of a word in speech meaning of a word is studied through relations of it with other linguistic units e.g. to move (we move, move a chair) movement (movement of smth, slow movement)

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Lexical Meaning and Notion Notion denotes the reflection in the mind of real objects and phenomena in their relations Notion is a unit of thinking Lexical meaning is the realization of a notion by means of a definite language system Word is a language unit

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Lexical Meaning and Notion Notions are always emotionally neutral as they are a category of thought. Lexical meanings convey not only reflection of objective reality but also the speaker’s state of mind and his attitude to what he is speaking about.

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Lexical Meaning and Notion Notions are stylistically neutral, they belong to abstract logic and has ties with any stylistic sphere Lexical meanings have stylistic reference

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Lexical Meaning and Notion Notions are international especially with the nations of the same cultural level Meanings are nationally limited

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Lexical Meaning and Notion The logical notion is the referent of lexical meaning when a referent is not a real object. Real objects may be referents of lexical meaning.

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Types of Meaning types of meaning grammatical meaning lexico-grammatical meaning lexical meaning denotationalconnotational

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Grammatical Meaning component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words e.g. girls, winters, toys, tables – grammatical meaning of plurality asked, thought, walked – meaning of tense

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Lexico-grammatical meaning denominator of all the meanings of words belonging to a lexico- grammatical class e.g. action – generic term for verbs words of one lexico-grammatical class have the same paradigm

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Lexical Meaning component of meaning proper to a word as a linguistic unit met in all word-forms e.g. go-goes-went lexical meaning – process of movement grammatical meaning – tense and person

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Denotational Meaning expresses the conceptual content of a word makes communication possible e.g. notorious, adj. – widely known celebrated, adj. – widely known

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Connotational Meaning emotive charge or stylistic reference of a word it is optional – a word either has it or not

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Connotation stylistic connotation – associations concern the situation in which the word is uttered, the social circumstances (formal, informal, etc.), social relationships between the interlocutors (polite, rough, etc.), the type and purpose of communication (poetic, official, etc.) e.g. horse (neutral) – steed (poetic) – nag (slang) – gee-gee (baby language)

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Connotation Emotional connotation – emotive charge of words that does not depend on the “feeling” of the individual speaker but is true for all speakers of English varies in different word-classes e.g. in interjections — it prevails in conjunctions – non-existant

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Connotational Meaning notorious + celebrated + widely known for criminal acts or bad traits of a character widely known for special achievements in science, arts, etc.

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Types of Morpheme Meaning lexical differential functional distributional

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Lexical Meaning in Morphemes root-morphemes that are homonymous to words possess lexical meaning e.g. boy – boyhood – boyish affixes have lexical meaning of a more generalized character e.g. –er – agent, doer of an action

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Lexical Meaning in Morphemes has denotational and connotational components e.g. –ly, -like, -ish – denotational meaning of similiarity – womanly, womanlike, womanish connotational component — -ly (positive evaluation), -ish (deragotary) женственный — женоподобный

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Differential Meaning a semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes e.g. cranberry, blackberry, gooseberry

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Functional Meaning found only in derivational affixes a semantic component which serve to refer the word to the certain part of speech e.g. just, adj. – justice, n.

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Distributional Meaning the meaning of the order and the arrangement of morphemes making up the word found in words containing more than one morpheme different arrangement of the same morphemes would make the word meaningless e.g. sing- + -er =singer, -er + sing- = ?

35

Motivation relation between the structure of a word, its phonemic or morphemic composition and its meaning words may be motivated and non- motivated

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Phonetical Motivation when there is a certain similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those produced by animals, objects, etc. e.g. swish, sizzle, boom, splash

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Morphological Motivation when there is a direct connection between the structure of a word and its meaning e.g. finger-ring – ring-finger, lead- + -er=leader one-morpheme words are morphologically non-motivated e.g. dog, girl

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Semantic Motivation based on co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same word when there is a direct connection between the central meaning of a word and minor meanings which are metaphorically colored (the combination of components is used figuratively) e.g. a watchdog –”a dog kept for watching property” (morphological motivation) a watchdog – “a watchful human guardian” (semantic motivation)

Word Meaning Quotes

 

 

 

Tags:
Halal   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Meat   |   

2. Nafs defines the attributes of Body and Spirit (Rooh).

 

 

 

Tags:
Nafs   |   
Body   |   
Spirit   |   
Word Meaning   |   

 

 

 

Tags:
Nafs   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Soul Searching   |   
Soul   |   
Evil   |   
Inciting   |   
Luring   |   
Lust   |   
Materialistic   |   
Beast   |   
Animals   |   
Repent   |   
Remorse   |   
Peace   |   
Submission   |   
Free Will   |   
Nature   |   
Compulsion   |   
Happiness   |   
Meaning Of Life   |   
Purpose of Life   |   
Life Is A Test   |   
Will   |   
Tranquility   |   
Doing The Right Thing   |   
Human Nature   |   

4. Humility is not thinking less of yourself, but thinking of yourself less.

— C.S. Lewis

 

 

 

Tags:
Humility   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Narcissism   |   
Ego   |   
Selfishness   |   
Pride   |   

 

 

 

Tags:
Underdog   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Status   |   

 

 

 

Tags:
Underdog   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Worst   |   

---

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— Prophet Muhammad PBUH

 

 

 

Tags:
Backbiting   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Bad Habit   |   
Slander   |   
Hadith   |   

8. To endure what is unendurable is endurance

 

 

 

Tags:
Endurance   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Hardship   |   

9. Someone tells a demeaning joke, and you feel your skin crawl. Someone speeds through a stoplight, nearly missing a child, and you get angry. That’s a sign that a boundary has been crossed for you. Something important to you has been threatened, disregarded, or mocked.

— Dr Margaret Rutherford

 

 

 

Tags:
Anger   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Crossing the Line   |   
Threatening   |   
Disrespect   |   
Mocking   |   
Importance   |   
Self Respect   |   
Boundaries   |   

10. Boundaries:
By definition, a boundary is anything that marks a limit. Psychological limits define personal dignity. When we say, “You just crossed a line,” we are speaking about a psychological limit that marks the distinction between behavior that does not cause emotional harm and behavior that causes emotional harm.

 

 

 

Tags:
Crossing the Line   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Definition   |   
Dignity   |   
Psychology   |   
Emotional   |   
Harmful   |   
Human Behavior   |   
Hurt   |   
Relationship   |   

 

 

 

Tags:
Negotiation   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Sales   |   
Mind Games   |   
Psychology   |   

12. Mom Guilt: a pervasive feeling of not doing enough as a parent, not doing things right, or making decisions that may “mess up” your kids in the long run.

 

 

 

Tags:
Mom Guilt   |   
Guilt   |   
Word Meaning   |   

13. Funny definition of Mom Guilt: When you find what you were looking for an hour after accusing your kids of losing it.

 

 

 

Tags:
Mom Guilt   |   
Word Meaning   |   

14. Vegetarian is an old Indian word for «Bad Hunter».

 

 

 

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Vegetarian   |   
Funny   |   
Vegan   |   
Word Meaning   |   

15. A balanced diet is a cookie … in each hand.

 

 

 

Tags:
Cookie   |   
Funny Food   |   
Balance   |   
Word Meaning   |   

16. What is feminism? Simply the belief that women should be as free as men, however nuts, dim, deluded, badly dressed, fat, receding, lazy and smug they might be.
Are you a feminist?
Of course you are.

— Caitlin Moran

 

 

 

Tags:
Feminism   |   
Word Meaning   |   

17. Intimacy is not purely physical.
It’s the act of connecting with someone so deeply, you feel like you can see into their soul.

 

 

 

Tags:
Seductive   |   
Intimacy   |   
Physical Appearance   |   
Soul   |   
Word Meaning   |   

 

 

 

Tags:
Seductive   |   
Control   |   
Controlling   |   
Word Meaning   |   

19. A person who acts favorably to his or her peers to gain stasis or fancy that will eventually be used to their advantage. Such as a raise, promotion, or acceptance in a group. Usually brown nosers will do anything to gain the approval of their person of choice.

— Urban Dictionary

 

 

 

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Brown Noser   |   
Loser   |   
Yes Man   |   
Accept   |   
Submissive Men   |   
Work Life   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Definition   |   
Boss   |   

20. Someone who greases up to the boss and acts like he is the bosses best friend in order to get a promotion.

— Urban Dictionary

 

 

 

Tags:
Brown Noser   |   
Loser   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Definition   |   
Work Life   |   
Boss   |   

21. Curry Favor:
Gain support through Flattery!

— Urban Dictionary

 

 

 

Tags:
Brown Noser   |   
Flattery   |   
Word Meaning   |   

22. Bullying: a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort. Bullying can take the form of physical contact, words, or more subtle actions.

 

 

 

Tags:
Bully   |   
Definition   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Behavior   |   

23. Thinkspo:
Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa — often simply called anorexia — is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of weight. People with anorexia place a high value on controlling their weight and shape, using extreme efforts that tend to significantly interfere with their lives.

 

 

 

Tags:
Thinspo   |   
Definition   |   
Word Meaning   |   

24. Lying is a defiance of the truth. Bullshitting is a wholesale dismissal of the truth.

— Brené Brown

 

 

 

Tags:
Bullshit   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Liar   |   
Truth   |   

25. Déjà vu is the feeling that one has lived through the present situation before. The phrase translates literally as «already seen».

 

 

 

Tags:
Deja Vu   |   
Word Meaning   |   

— Urban Dictionary

 

 

 

Tags:
Reddit   |   
Word Meaning   |   
Bias   |   
Tik Tok   |   
Instagram   |   
Superiority   |   
Better   |   
Mediocrity   |   
Funny Memes   |