- problem solving
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1)
общ.
решение проблем(ы), принятие решений
See:
2)
учет
функция принятия решений, принятие решений
See:
* * *
Бухгалтерия и аудит
отдел бухгалтерии, функциями которого является подготовка специальных данных для принятия проблемно-ориентированных решений
Англо-русский экономический словарь.
Смотреть что такое «problem solving» в других словарях:
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Problem solving — forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined as higher order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills (Goldstein Levin … Wikipedia
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problem-solving — UK US noun [uncountable] the process of finding solutions to problems Thesaurus: ways of solving problemssynonym * * * noun [noncount] : the process or act of finding a solution to a problem Let s do some problem solving and see if we can t… … Useful english dictionary
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problem-solving — ˈproblem ˌsolving noun [uncountable] the activity of finding answers to problems: • The course aims to help you improve your business problem solving skills. * * * problem solving UK US noun [U] HR, MANAGEMENT ► the process of finding solutions… … Financial and business terms
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problem-solving — problem .solving n [U] when you find ways of doing things, or answers to problems ▪ tasks that involve problem solving ▪ employees with good problem solving skills … Dictionary of contemporary English
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problem-solving — problem ,solving noun uncount the process of finding solutions to problems … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
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problem solving — Process involved in finding a solution to a problem. Many animals routinely solve problems of locomotion, food finding, and shelter through trial and error. Some higher animals, such as apes and cetaceans, have demonstrated more complex problem… … Universalium
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problem-solving — noun Problem solving is used before these nouns: ↑approach, ↑skill, ↑technique … Collocations dictionary
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problem-solving — noun (U) finding ways of doing things, or finding answers to problems: Involve the class in a problem solving activity … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
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problem solving — sprendimas statusas T sritis švietimas apibrėžtis Mąstymo procesas, kai ieškoma atsakymo į teorinį ar praktinį uždavinį, problemą. Esama skirtumų tarp uždavinio ir problemos sprendimo, nes jų vidinė sandara kitokia. Sprendimo procesą sudaro šie… … Enciklopedinis edukologijos žodynas
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problem solving — sprendimas statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Mąstymo vyksmas, kuriuo ieškoma atsako į teorinį ar praktinį uždavinį, problemą. atitikmenys: angl. decision; problem solving vok. Beschluss, m; Entscheidung, f; Urteil, n rus.… … Sporto terminų žodynas
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problem solving — sprendimas statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Sportinės veiklos aplinkybes, sportininko elgsenos normas, užsibrėžtą tikslą labiausiai atitinkančių veiksmų pasirinkimas. Sprendimas yra tarpinis veiksmas tarp mąstymo ir judėjimo… … Sporto terminų žodynas
Словосочетания
Автоматический перевод
решение проблем
Перевод по словам
problem — проблема, задача, вопрос, проблемный
solve — решать, разрешать, растворять, оплатить, находить выход, объяснять
Примеры
She showed great resource at problem solving.
Она проявила большую изобретательность в разрешении проблем.
She gave us 20 mathematical problems to solve.
Она задала нам двадцать математических задач.
Does this mean that all our problems are solved?
Означает ли это, что все наши проблемы решены?
Our homework consisted of ten problems to solve.
Наша домашняя работа заключалась в решении десяти задач.
In mathematics, we use many techniques of problem-solving.
В математике мы используем множество способов решения задач.
I’ll be pushing up daisies before this problem is solved. *
Я быстрее коньки отброшу, прежде чем они решат эту проблему.
Примеры, отмеченные *, могут содержать сленг и разговорные фразы.
: the process or act of finding a solution to a problem
Let’s do some problem-solving and see if we can’t figure out what to do.
Example Sentences
Recent Examples on the Web
Depending on the software, the AI can evaluate a candidate’s communication skills, problem-solving skills, initiative, professionalism and attitude.
—
Danielle Abril, Anchorage Daily News, 30 Mar. 2023
Ages 5+ Jump In’ Puzzle Game $17 at Amazon$17 at Walmart$22 at JCPenney Kids can play solo in this problem-solving game.
—Marisa Lascala, Good Housekeeping, 28 Mar. 2023
Depending on the software, the AI can evaluate a candidate’s communication skills, problem-solving skills, initiative, professionalism and attitude.
—Danielle Abril, Washington Post, 27 Mar. 2023
Dibadji listed team problem-solving, developing a strategy, articulating a vision, and creating a followership as among those traits.
—Jackson Fordyce, Fortune, 24 Mar. 2023
The ability to adapt one’s problem-solving approach, like other higher-order skills, is best developed through practice, according to Chevallier.
—Sally Percy, Forbes, 23 Mar. 2023
Still, its extensive problem-solving ability could be applied to any number of real-world applications—such as managing a complex schedule, finding errors in a block of code, explaining grammatical nuances to foreign-language learners or identifying security vulnerabilities.
—Sophie Bushwick, Scientific American, 16 Mar. 2023
This will give you insight into whether the candidate has the problem-solving skills necessary to handle any issues that may arise.
—Brady Morgan, Forbes, 17 Mar. 2023
Get excited about problem-solving and discovering new concepts and technologies that will make a mark in the world.
—Przemek Szleter, Forbes, 9 Mar. 2023
See More
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘problem-solving.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
Cite this Entry
“Problem-solving.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/problem-solving. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.
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I think there are definitely two types of student: the academic kids and the 50% who fail. It’s very clear to see — it’s fact. We’re not doing enough for those who fail; they need a more physical, tactile approach, involving people skills, team-building, problem-solving, building things.
Jamie Oliver
PRONUNCIATION OF PROBLEM-SOLVING
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF PROBLEM-SOLVING
Problem-Solving is a noun.
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.
WHAT DOES PROBLEM-SOLVING MEAN IN ENGLISH?
Problem solving
Problem solving consists of using generic or ad hoc methods, in an orderly manner, for finding solutions to problems. Some of the problem-solving techniques developed and used in artificial intelligence, computer science, engineering, mathematics, medicine, etc. are related to mental problem-solving techniques studied in psychology.
Definition of problem-solving in the English dictionary
The definition of problem-solving in the dictionary is the act or process of finding solutions to problems, especially by using a scientific or analytical approach.
WORDS THAT RHYME WITH PROBLEM-SOLVING
Synonyms and antonyms of problem-solving in the English dictionary of synonyms
Translation of «problem-solving» into 25 languages
TRANSLATION OF PROBLEM-SOLVING
Find out the translation of problem-solving to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.
The translations of problem-solving from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «problem-solving» in English.
Translator English — Chinese
解决问题
1,325 millions of speakers
Translator English — Spanish
la resolución de problemas
570 millions of speakers
Translator English — Hindi
समस्या को सुलझाने
380 millions of speakers
Translator English — Arabic
حل مشكلة
280 millions of speakers
Translator English — Russian
решение проблем
278 millions of speakers
Translator English — Portuguese
resolução de problemas
270 millions of speakers
Translator English — Bengali
সমস্যা সমাধান
260 millions of speakers
Translator English — French
la résolution de problèmes
220 millions of speakers
Translator English — Malay
penyelesaian masalah
190 millions of speakers
Translator English — German
Problemlösung
180 millions of speakers
Translator English — Japanese
問題解決
130 millions of speakers
Translator English — Korean
문제 해결
85 millions of speakers
Translator English — Javanese
Masalah-solusi
85 millions of speakers
Translator English — Vietnamese
giải quyết vấn đề
80 millions of speakers
Translator English — Tamil
பிரச்சினைகளை சமாளிக்கும் திறன்
75 millions of speakers
Translator English — Marathi
समस्या सोडवणे
75 millions of speakers
Translator English — Turkish
problem çözme
70 millions of speakers
Translator English — Italian
problem- solving
65 millions of speakers
Translator English — Polish
rozwiązywanie problemów
50 millions of speakers
Translator English — Ukrainian
рішення проблем
40 millions of speakers
Translator English — Romanian
de rezolvare a problemelor
30 millions of speakers
Translator English — Greek
επίλυση προβλημάτων
15 millions of speakers
Translator English — Afrikaans
probleemoplossing
14 millions of speakers
Translator English — Swedish
problemlösning
10 millions of speakers
Translator English — Norwegian
problemløsning
5 millions of speakers
Trends of use of problem-solving
TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «PROBLEM-SOLVING»
The term «problem-solving» is very widely used and occupies the 16.663 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.
FREQUENCY
Very widely used
The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «problem-solving» in the different countries.
Principal search tendencies and common uses of problem-solving
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «problem-solving».
FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «PROBLEM-SOLVING» OVER TIME
The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «problem-solving» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «problem-solving» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.
Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about problem-solving
10 QUOTES WITH «PROBLEM-SOLVING»
Famous quotes and sentences with the word problem-solving.
Economists who have studied the relationship between education and economic growth confirm what common sense suggests: The number of college degrees is not nearly as important as how well students develop cognitive skills, such as critical thinking and problem-solving ability.
Learning to fly an airplane taught me a way of thinking, an approach to problem-solving that was applicable and effective. Pilots are very methodical and meticulous, and artists tend not to be.
Americans are a can-do people, an enthusiastic people, a problem-solving people. And when given a direction and given a plan, they’ll sign on.
Woodworking requires a completely different kind of thinking and problem-solving ability than writing. With writing, you take a set of facts and ideas, and you reason your way forward to a story that pulls them together. With woodworking, you start with an end product in mind, and reason your way backward to the raw wood.
Snowden is an orderly thinker, with an engineer’s approach to problem-solving.
I’m wary of the word ‘inventing,’ because in the British psyche the word ‘inventor’ is immediately linked with ‘mad’. For me, inventing is problem-solving.
Creating something is all about problem-solving.
What takes place in the Security Council more closely resembles a mugging than either a political debate or an effort at problem-solving.
I read a newspaper article in May 1984 which predicted that syringes would one day be a major cause of the transmission of HIV. It was what I had been waiting for — a project that had a lot of the things that I liked: problem-solving, product design, campaigning, and being a bit of a big mouth pain-in-the-bum.
I think there are definitely two types of student: the academic kids and the 50% who fail. It’s very clear to see — it’s fact. We’re not doing enough for those who fail; they need a more physical, tactile approach, involving people skills, team-building, problem-solving, building things.
10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «PROBLEM-SOLVING»
Discover the use of problem-solving in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to problem-solving and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
Problem—Solving Strategies
This unique collection of problems from major national and international mathematical competitions for high school students is for trainers and participants at all levels: IMO, Tournament of the Towns, and noncalculus parts of the Putnam …
2
Problem Solving 101: A Simple Book for Smart People
Outlines a popular Japanese problem-solving strategy, explaining how the author’s philosophies about critical thinking can be applied to American business environments to enable better decision making.
Discussing the psychological processes underlying goal-directed problem solving, this text examines both how we learn from experience of problem solving and how our learning transfers (or often fails to transfer) from one situation to …
4
All Life is Problem Solving
This collection illuminates Popper’s process of working out key formulations in his theory of science, and indicates his view of the state of the world at the end of the Cold War and after the collapse of communism.
5
The Psychology of Problem Solving
Unlike typical books on problem solving that are organized by content areas, such as mathematics and natural science, this book is organized by factors that affect problem solving performance, such as motivation, emotion, intellectual …
Janet E. Davidson, Robert J. Sternberg, 2003
6
Algorithmic Problem Solving
With this unique book, algorithm guru Roland Backhouse shares his four decades of experience to teach the fundamental principles of using algorithms to solve problems.
This text provides techniques and skills for managers, facilitators or team members looking for guidance on their changing role in the modern organization.
8
Problem Finding, Problem Solving, and Creativity
What is the role of problem solving in creativity? And how are problem solving and creativity related to problem finding? This book addresses these questions, and fills an obvious need for an overview of the research on problem finding.
9
Environmental Problem Solving: A How-to Guide
A practical, user-friendly toolbox of skills, solutions, and tips for addressing the «people factor» in environmental challenges.
10
Techniques of Problem Solving
The purpose of this book is to teach the basic principles of problem solving, including both mathematical and nonmathematical problems.
Steven George Krantz, 1997
10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «PROBLEM-SOLVING»
Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term problem-solving is used in the context of the following news items.
Policymaking reform; what the problem is and how to solve it
The system of PWGs is very lengthy, and it is hard to reconcile the electorate’s problem-solving priorities with those of all the PWGs which are … «Liberal Democrat Voice, Jul 15»
Samoan plight asks questions of ‘global game’
There will also be the usual resistance from the wealthiest countries, England among them, to radical problem-solving – particularly any move … «The Independent, Jul 15»
Compromising Positions
… avoidance, accommodation and collaborative problem-solving. These strategies depend on the level of concern people in dispute have for … «Huffington Post, Jul 15»
Learning Lessons From the Iranian Nuclear Problem
Instead, to this day, Israeli influence continues to bedevil rational problem-solving. The US administration and European governments have at … «Fair Observer, Jul 15»
The pro guide to the perfect UX portfolio
The better you are at design, the less apparent your problem-solving skills. That’s why portfolios need to give more background, so your … «The Next Web, Jul 15»
Irish student wins bronze medal at International Linguistics Olympiad
The international problem-solving contest, which ran from 20th to 24th July, challenges students to test lateral thinking skills by decoding some … «CareersPortal, Jul 15»
Sarcastic people are smarter, more creative, and better at problem …
A new study has found that people who are sarcastic tend to be smarter, more creative, and better at problem-solving. So everyone can BACK … «Cosmopolitan UK, Jul 15»
Thursday letters: Problem-solving in Europe
Riot police stand guard in front of the Tomb of the Unknown Solider outside the Greek parliament during a demonstration by anti-bailout … «Houston Chronicle, Jul 15»
Robotics camp teaches problem-solving at Edison Middle School
From left, Marshall Middle School student Thomas Miller, 12, and Franklin Middle School students Evan Tiffany, 13, and Gabe Schultz, 12, … «Gazettextra, Jul 15»
Abilene university camp inspires creativity, problem-solving
Hardin-Simmons University’s annual camp for gifted and talented students, Threshold, started its first session Monday. Threshold offers a … «KTXS, Jul 15»
REFERENCE
« EDUCALINGO. Problem-Solving [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/problem-solving>. Apr 2023 ».
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Pupils learn that thinking and creative problem solving are interesting and fun.
Ученики узнают о том, что мышление и творческое решение проблем — интересное и забавное.
Digital design is engineering, and engineering means problem solving.
Проектирование цифровых устройств — это инженерное искусство, и как таковое оно означает «решение проблем».
But worrying and problem solving are two different things.
Thereby, the problem solving should be always complex.
It can be critical thinking, creative problem solving, or communicating cross-culturally.
Это может быть критическое мышление, творческое решение проблем, или общение с представителями разных культур.
Attitude and cognition problems within schools start developing together with absence skills like problem solving.
Проблемы с отношением и восприятием в школах могут начаться, наряду с отсутствием ключевых навыков, таких как решение проблем.
Entrepreneurialism is just problem solving for money.
По сути, предпринимательство — это решение проблем за деньги.
Demonstrates how to build a team through problem solving.
В его основе лежит формирование команды через решение проблем.
Factors include motor skills, problem solving, moral understanding, acquiring language, emotions, personality, self-concept, and identity formation.
Факторы включают моторные навыки, решение проблем, нравственное понимание, овладение языком, эмоциями, личность, самооценку и формирование личности.
Most of the first generation tools and techniques were focused on problem solving at level of behavior and capabilities.
Почти все инструменты и техники первого поколения были направлены на решение проблем на уровне поведения и способностей.
Graphic design was one of many strategies that I could bring to creative problem solving alongside other creative people.
«Графический дизайн был одной из многих стратегий, которые я мог привнести в творческое решение проблем вместе с другими творческими людьми.
When applied to problem solving, it is called creativity.
Если его применять для решения проблем, то это называется творческими способностями.
Every team member should have good problem solving skills and critical thinking abilities.
У каждого члена команды должны быть хорошие навыки по решению проблем и способности к критическому мышлению.
One theory is that they help problem solving by facilitating brainstorming.
Один теория в том, что они помогают решать проблемы, облегчая мозговой штурм.
The centres also conduct training in problem solving, decision-making and effective communication.
Центры также организуют подготовку кадров по вопросам урегулирования споров, принятия директивных решений и эффективной коммуникации.
Almost all advice on problem solving follows the same path.
If you have any innovative business idea or problem solving…
You want people who absolutely love problem solving.
Additionally they can and do think creatively in problem solving.
Our approach to problem solving is collaboration and partnership.
Suggestions that contain problem solving
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The entry for «problem» is displayed below.
Also see: solving
WordReference Random House Learner’s Dictionary of American English © 2023
prob•lem /ˈprɑbləm/USA pronunciation n. [countable]
- any question or matter involving doubt or difficulty:has financial and emotional problems.
- a statement requiring a solution, usually by means of mathematical operations:simple problems in addition.
adj. [before a noun]
- unwilling to cooperate;
unruly:a problem child.
Idioms
- no problem, (is used to express the speaker’s willingness to do something):«Can you come to the meeting tomorrow?» —»No problem.»
WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2023
prob•lem
(prob′ləm),USA pronunciation n.
- any question or matter involving doubt, uncertainty, or difficulty.
- a question proposed for solution or discussion.
- [Math.]a statement requiring a solution, usually by means of a mathematical operation or geometric construction.
- no problem, (used as a conventional reply to a request or to express confirmation, affirmation, or gratitude).
adj.
- difficult to train or guide;
unruly:a problem child. - [Literature.]dealing with choices of action difficult either for an individual or for society at large:a problem play.
- Greek próblēma origin, originally, obstacle, (akin to probállein to throw or lay before), equivalent. to pro- pro—2 + -blē-, variant stem of bállein to throw (compare parabola) + -ma noun, nominal suffix of result
- Latin problēma
- Middle English probleme 1350–1400
- 1, 2.See corresponding entry in Unabridged puzzle, riddle, enigma.
- 1.See corresponding entry in Unabridged certitude.
Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers::
problem /ˈprɒbləm/ n
- any thing, matter, person, etc, that is difficult to deal with, solve, or overcome
- (as modifier): a problem child
- a puzzle, question, etc, set for solution
- a statement requiring a solution usually by means of one or more operations or geometric constructions
- (modifier) designating a literary work that deals with difficult moral questions: a problem play
Etymology: 14th Century: from Late Latin problēma, from Greek: something put forward; related to proballein to throw forwards, from pro-² + ballein to throw
‘problem solving‘ also found in these entries (note: many are not synonyms or translations):
Meaning problem-solving
What does problem-solving mean? Here you find 4 meanings of the word problem-solving. You can also add a definition of problem-solving yourself
1 |
0 A treaty which modifies another treaty (e.g., adding additional procedures or substantive provisions).
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2 |
0 problem-solvingWhenever a problem cannot be solved formulaically or robotically, critical thinking is required; first, to determine the nature and dimensions of the problem, and then, in the light of the first, to d [..]
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3 |
0 problem-solvingan approach which tries to ensure that applied knowledge, developing practical strategies, is central to the teaching and learning experience. Learners are required to use their knowledge, usually in [..]
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4 |
0 problem-solvingA Meaningful Use Task which centers on overcoming constraints or limiting conditions.
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Англо-русский перевод PROBLEM SOLVING
1) общ. решение проблем(ы), принятие решений See: problem-solving service 2) учет функция принятия решений, принятие решений (функция управленческого учета, которая состоит в сравнении всех возможных вариантов деятельности организации для выбора наиболее оптимального варианта) See: scorekeeping, attention directing, managerial accounting 3) обр. решение проблем (методика обучения, при которой студентам предлагается самостоятельно проанализировать и решить какую-либо учебную проблему)
Экономическая школа.
English-Russian dictionary of accounting and auditing.
Англо-Русский словарь бухгалтерского учета и аудита.
2005
Definitions of problem solving
-
noun
the thought processes involved in solving a problem
see moresee less-
types:
- show 14 types…
- hide 14 types…
-
enquiry, inquiry, research
a search for knowledge
-
calculation, computation, figuring, reckoning
problem solving that involves numbers or quantities
-
nature study
the study of animals and plants in the natural world (usually at an elementary level)
-
experiment, experimentation
the testing of an idea
-
empirical research
an empirical search for knowledge
-
investigation, probe
an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities
-
canvass, opinion poll, poll, public opinion poll, survey
an inquiry into public opinion conducted by interviewing a random sample of people
-
heraldry
the study and classification of armorial bearings and the tracing of genealogies
-
extrapolation
(mathematics) calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values
-
interpolation
(mathematics) calculation of the value of a function between the values already known
-
conversion
a change in the units or form of an expression: «conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade»
-
approximation, estimate, estimation, idea
an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth
-
derivative, derived function, differential, differential coefficient, first derivative
the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx
-
integral
the result of a mathematical integration; F(x) is the integral of f(x) if dF/dx = f(x)
-
type of:
-
cerebration, intellection, mentation, thinking, thought, thought process
the process of using your mind to consider something carefully
-
noun
the area of cognitive psychology that studies the processes involved in solving problems
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Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Vocabulary.com or its editors.
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From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Problem solving is a mental activity related to intelligence and thinking.[1] It consists of finding solutions to problems. A problem is a situation that needs to be changed.[2] It suggests that the solution is not totally obvious, for then it would not be a problem. A great deal of human life is spent solving problems. Social life is based on the notion that together we might solve problems which we could not as individuals.
The word «problem» comes from a Greek word meaning an «obstacle» (something that is in your way). If someone has a problem, they have to find a way of solving the problem. The way to solve it is called a solution. Some problem-solving techniques have been developed and used in artificial intelligence, computer science, engineering, and mathematics.[3] Some are related to mental problem-solving techniques studied in gestalt psychology,[4][5][6] cognitive psychology.[7][8] and chess.[9]
Problems can be classified as ill-defined or well-defined. Ill-defined problems are those that do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solution. An example is how to face threats which might perhaps be made in the future.[10] Well-defined problems have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths, and clear expected solutions. These problems also allow for more initial planning than ill-defined problems.[11]
Being able to solve problems involves the ability to understand what the goal of the problem is and what rules could be applied to solving the problem. Sometimes the problem requires abstract thinking and coming up with a creative solution.
References[change | change source]
- ↑ Wason P.C. & Johnson-Laird P.N. 1968. Thinking and reasoning: selected readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- ↑ «A problem arises when a living thing has a goal, but does not know how this goal is to be reached». Karl Dunker, in On problem solving. APA Psychological Monographs. 58 #5.
- ↑ Polya G. 1945. How to solve it: a new aspect of mathematical method. Princeton University Press.
- ↑ Wertheimer, Max [1945] 1959. Productive thinking. Harper & Row, enlarged edition.
- ↑ Duncker, Karl 1926. A qualitative (experimental and theoretical) study of productive thinking (solving of comprehensible problems). Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology 33: 642–708. ISSN 0885-6559
- ↑ Duncker, Karl 1945. On problem solving. APA Psychological Monographs 58 #5.
- ↑ Simon, Herbert A. 1969. The sciences of the artificial. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ISBN 9780262264495
- ↑ Simon, Herbert A. 1979. Models of thought. Yale University Press, part 4: Problem solving. ISBN 0-300-02347-2
- ↑ De Groot, Adriaan D. 1965. Thought and choice in chess. The Hague, Mouton.
- ↑ Kahn, Herman 1962. On thinking about the unthinkable. New York: Horizon Press.
- ↑ Schacter D.L. et al 2009. Psychology. 2nd ed, New York: Worth Publishers, 376.