Word meaning of vital

жизненно важный, жизненный, существенный, насущный, жизнеутверждающий

прилагательное

- жизненный

vital force /principle/ — жизненная сила /-ое начало/
vital functions — жизненные отправления, жизнедеятельность
vital capacity — жизненная ёмкость лёгких
vital spark — образн. искра божья, душа, жизнь

- биол. витальный
- жизненно важный, имеющий жизненно важное значение; насущный

vital interests — жизненные интересы
vital necessity — насущная /жизненная/ необходимость
vital question — жизненно важный /важнейший/ вопрос; вопрос первостепенной важности
vital industries — важнейшие отрасли промышленности

- (to) крайне необходимый (для чего-л.)

secrecy is vital to the success of the scheme — конспирация абсолютно необходима для успеха плана
his support is vital to us — его поддержка для нас крайне необходима, без его поддержки мы не обойдёмся

- энергичный, полный жизни; живой

vital personality — человек, полный жизни /огня, энергии/
vital style — живой стиль /язык/

- гибельный (для жизни), роковой

vital wound — смертельная рана
the vital shears — поэт. коса Смерти

- поэт. живой, живущий; одушевлённый
- биол. жизнеспособный

vital biotype [hybrid, pollen] — жизнеспособный биотип [гибрид, -ая пыльца]

- демографический

vital rates — демографические показатели /коэффициенты/
vital records — учёт /статистика/ естественного движения населения
vital register — запись актов гражданского состояния

существительное

- редк. жизненно важный орган

Мои примеры

Словосочетания

Примеры с переводом

Police have found a vital clue.

Полиция нашла жизненно важную улику.

It is vital to be honest with your children.

Крайне важно быть честными со своими детьми.

Their aid is vital to our success.

Их помощь очень важна для успеха нашего дела.

It is vital to be prepared for any eventuality.

Важно быть готовым к любым случайностям.

The work she does is absolutely vital.

Работа, которую она делает, несомненно жизненно важна.

These matters are vital to national defense.

Эти вопросы имеют жизненно важное значение для национальной обороны.

Regular exercise is vital for your health.

Регулярные физические упражнения жизненно важны для вашего здоровья.

ещё 23 примера свернуть

Примеры, ожидающие перевода

It is vital that you keep accurate records.

If budgets are cut, vital research may be squeezed out.

For elderly people, TV is a vital link with the outside world.

Для того чтобы добавить вариант перевода, кликните по иконке , напротив примера.

Возможные однокоренные слова

vitalism  — витализм
vitality  — жизнеспособность, жизненность, живучесть, жизнестойкость, живость, энергия
vitalize  — оживлять, обновлять
vitally  — жизненно
vitals  — жизненно важные органы, наиболее важные части

1

a

: of the utmost importance

b

: fundamentally concerned with or affecting life or living beings: such as

(2)

: destructive to life : mortal

2

a

: concerned with or necessary to the maintenance of life

blood and other vital fluids

b

: existing as a manifestation of life

4

: characteristic of life or living beings

5

: recording data relating to lives

6

: of, relating to, or constituting the staining of living tissues

Synonyms

Choose the Right Synonym for vital

essential, fundamental, vital, cardinal mean so important as to be indispensable.

essential implies belonging to the very nature of a thing and therefore being incapable of removal without destroying the thing itself or its character.



conflict is essential in drama

fundamental applies to something that is a foundation without which an entire system or complex whole would collapse.



fundamental principles of algebra

vital suggests something that is necessary to a thing’s continued existence or operation.



cut off from vital supplies

cardinal suggests something on which an outcome turns or depends.



a cardinal rule in buying a home

Example Sentences



These matters are vital to national defense.



The sciences are a vital part of the school curriculum.



your heart, lungs, and other vital organs



Exercise keeps her young and vital.

Recent Examples on the Web

Selflessness, which has been vital to the warrior ethos for generations, requires subordination of self and subgroup identity and the ability to regard teammates’ racial and ethnic differences as inconsequential.


Mike Waltz, WSJ, 24 Mar. 2023





Those observations, the students wrote in their report, cemented their belief that American courtrooms should be more transparent and accessible — and that virtual access to court proceedings is vital to achieving that.


Katie Mettler, Washington Post, 24 Mar. 2023





Knowing how the pandemic emerged is vital to preventing another, experts say.


Terry Moran, ABC News, 23 Mar. 2023





Despite numerous risks associated with prolonged exposure to the sun’s powerful ultraviolet rays (sunburn, skin damage, skin cancer and more, according to the Mayo Clinic), the sun is actually vital to a number of the human body’s functions.


Jacob Livesay, USA TODAY, 23 Mar. 2023





The effort was vital to stocking the party’s bench and breaking the GOP’s grip on the statehouse.


Mark Z. Barabak, Los Angeles Times, 21 Mar. 2023





That’s been vital to our ability to retain top talent.


Meredith Graham, Quartz, 20 Mar. 2023





That includes your gear, and no piece is more vital to success than your hook.


Pete M. Anderson, Field & Stream, 20 Mar. 2023





While the lake must be protected, the corporation is open to considering allowances for a community road or even a pipeline in the area, if there is a vital need for such infrastructure.


Alex Demarban, Anchorage Daily News, 19 Mar. 2023



See More

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘vital.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Etymology

Middle English, from Latin vitalis of life, from vita life; akin to Latin vivere to live — more at quick entry 1

First Known Use

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 2b

Time Traveler

The first known use of vital was
in the 14th century

Dictionary Entries Near vital

Cite this Entry

“Vital.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vital. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

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27 Mar 2023
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Merriam-Webster unabridged

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle English vital, from Old French vital, from Latin vītālis (of life, life-giving), from vīta (life), from vīvō (I live).Doublet of jiva and quick.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • enPR: vī’təl, IPA(key): /ˈvaɪtəl/
  • Rhymes: -aɪtəl

Adjective[edit]

vital (comparative more vital, superlative most vital)

  1. Relating to, or characteristic of life.
    Synonym: lifely

    vital energies; vital functions; vital actions

  2. Necessary to the continuation of life; being the seat of life; being that on which life depends.

    The brain is a vital organ.

    • 1925, Seba Eldridge, The Organization of Life (page 164)
      We have argued that organizatory agents are operative in all vital processes, processes that overstep the limits of the physicochemical; []
  3. Invigorating or life-giving.
  4. Necessary to continued existence.

    The transition to farming was vital for the creation of civilisation.

  5. Relating to the recording of life events.

    Birth, marriage and death certificates are vital records.

  6. Very important.
    Synonyms: crucial, necessary, significant; see also Thesaurus:important

    It is vital that you don’t forget to do your homework.

    • 2012 December 14, Simon Jenkins, “We mustn’t overreact to North Korea boys’ toys”, in The Guardian Weekly[2], volume 188, number 2, page 23:

      David Cameron insists that his latest communications data bill is “vital to counter terrorism”. Yet terror is mayhem. It is no threat to freedom. That threat is from counter-terror, from ministers capitulating to securocrats.

    • 2018, Clarence Green; James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 105:

      Vocabulary is a vital component of educational success in both first and second language contexts.

    • 2022 January 12, Benedict le Vay, “The heroes of Soham…”, in RAIL, number 948, page 43:

      Typically for the ‘get-on-with-it’ era, the railway and military worked like demons to restore the vital rail link. The crater was rapidly filled in and the earth tamped solid, the wreckage was removed by breakdown trains, new rails and sleepers were rushed forward by willing hands, and US Army bulldozers piled in. By 2020 on the same day, both tracks were open for traffic again where there had been a gaping pit just hours before.

  7. Containing life; living.
    Synonyms: extant, live, kicking; see also Thesaurus:alive
    • 1667, John Milton, “Book VI”, in Paradise Lost. [], London: [] [Samuel Simmons], [], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: [], London: Basil Montagu Pickering [], 1873, →OCLC:

      spirits that live throughout, vital in every part

  8. Capable of living; in a state to live; viable.
    • 1650, Thomas Browne, Pseudodoxia Epidemica: [], 2nd edition, London: [] A[braham] Miller, for Edw[ard] Dod and Nath[aniel] Ekins, [], →OCLC:

      Pythagoras and Hippocrates [] affirming the birth of the seventh month to be vital.

Antonyms[edit]

  • mortal

Derived terms[edit]

  • vital force
  • vital organ
  • vital signs
  • vital statistics

[edit]

  • devive
  • revive
  • survive
  • viable
  • vitality
  • vitals
  • vivid

Translations[edit]

relating to, or characteristic of life

  • Arabic: حَيَوِيّ(ḥayawiyy)
  • Armenian: կենսական (hy) (kensakan)
  • Azerbaijani: həyati
  • Belarusian: жыццёвы (žyccjóvy)
  • Bulgarian: жи́знен (bg) (žíznen), вита́лен (bg) (vitálen)
  • Catalan: vital (ca) m or f
  • Chinese:
    Mandarin: 生命的 (zh) (shēngmìng de)
  • Czech: životní (cs), vitální
  • Dutch: levens- (nl)
  • Finnish: vitaalinen, elin-
  • French: vital (fr)
  • Galician: vital
  • Georgian: სასიცოცხლო (sasicocxlo)
  • German: Lebens- (de)
  • Greek: ζωτικός (el) (zotikós)
  • Italian: vitale (it)
  • Kazakh: өмірлік (ömırlık), өмірдің (ömırdıñ), тіршілік (tırşılık)
  • Korean: 생명의 (ko) (saengmyeong-ui)
  • Kyrgyz: тиричилик (ky) (tiriçilik)
  • Latin: vītālis
  • Macedonian: животен (životen), витален (vitalen)
  • Norwegian:
    Bokmål: vital, livsviktig
  • Persian: حیاتی (fa) (hayâti)
  • Polish: życiowy (pl), witalny (pl)
  • Portuguese: vital (pt)
  • Romanian: vital (ro)
  • Russian: жи́зненный (ru) (žíznennyj)
  • Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic: жѝвотан, ви̏та̄лан
    Roman: žìvotan (sh), vȉtālan (sh)
  • Slovak: životný, vitálny (sk)
  • Slovene: životen, vitalen
  • Spanish: vital (es)
  • Tajik: ҳаётӣ (tg) (hayotī)
  • Turkish: yaşamsal (tr)
  • Ukrainian: життє́вий (žyttjévyj), життьови́й (žyttʹovýj)
  • Uzbek: hayotiy (uz)
  • Vietnamese: đời sống (vi)

necessary to the continuation of life

  • Arabic: أَسَاسِيّ (ar) (ʔasāsiyy)
  • Belarusian: жыццёва ва́жны (žyccjóva vážny)
  • Bulgarian: жи́знено необходи́м (žízneno neobhodím), жизненова́жен (žiznenovážen)
  • Catalan: vital (ca) m or f
  • Czech: životně důležitý
  • Dutch: doorslaggevend (nl), essentieel (nl), vitaal (nl)
  • Finnish: elintärkeä, elämälle välttämätön
  • French: vital (fr)
  • Galician: vital
  • Georgian: სასიცოცხლო (sasicocxlo), სასიცოცხლოდ მნიშვნელოვანი (sasicocxlod mnišvnelovani)
  • German: lebenswichtig (de), vital (de)
  • Hebrew: חִיּוּנִי (he) m (ẖiyuní)
  • Italian: vitale (it)
  • Norwegian:
    Bokmål: livsoppholdende
  • Polish: niezbędny do życia
  • Portuguese: vital (pt)
  • Russian: жи́зненно ва́жный (žíznenno vážnyj), насу́щный (ru) (nasúščnyj), жи́зненно необходи́мый (žíznenno neobxodímyj)
  • Spanish: vital (es)
  • Swedish: livsviktig (sv)
  • Turkish: hayati (tr)
  • Ukrainian: життє́во важли́вий (žyttjévo važlývyj)
  • Vietnamese: sống còn (vi)

necessary to continued existence

  • Catalan: vital (ca) m or f
  • Czech: životně důležitý
  • Finnish: elintärkeä
  • Georgian: სასიცოცხლოდ მნიშვნელოვანი (sasicocxlod mnišvnelovani)
  • German: lebenswichtig (de)
  • Norwegian:
    Bokmål: livsviktig
  • Russian: жи́зненно ва́жный (žíznenno vážnyj), насу́щный (ru) (nasúščnyj), жи́зненно необходи́мый (žíznenno neobxodímyj)
  • Ukrainian: життє́во важли́вий (žyttjévo važlývyj)

very important

  • Bulgarian: жи́знено ва́жен (žízneno vážen)
  • Catalan: vital (ca) m or f
  • Chinese:
    Mandarin: 重要 (zh) (zhòngyào)
  • Finnish: tärkeä (fi), olennainen (fi)
  • French: vital (fr)
  • Galician: vital
  • Georgian: სასიცოცხლოდ მნიშვნელოვანი (sasicocxlod mnišvnelovani), არსებითი (ka) (arsebiti)
  • German: essentiell (de)
  • Italian: vitale (it), fondamentale (it)
  • Korean: 중요하다 (ko) (jung’yohada)
  • Maori: waiwai
  • Norwegian:
    Bokmål: kjempeviktig
  • Portuguese: vital (pt)
  • Russian: жи́зненно ва́жный (žíznenno vážnyj), насу́щный (ru) (nasúščnyj), необходи́мый (ru) (neobxodímyj)
  • Spanish: vital (es)
  • Turkish: hayati (tr)

Further reading[edit]

  • vital in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
  • “vital”, in The Century Dictionary [], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
  • “vital”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

Catalan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin vitalis.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Balearic, Valencian) IPA(key): /viˈtal/
  • (Central) IPA(key): /biˈtal/

Adjective[edit]

vital (masculine and feminine plural vitals)

  1. vital

[edit]

  • vida
  • vitalitat

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old French vital, from Latin vītālis (of life, life-giving).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /vi.tal/
  • Homophones: vitale, vitales

Adjective[edit]

vital (feminine vitale, masculine plural vitaux, feminine plural vitales)

  1. vital

Derived terms[edit]

  • nœud vital
  • pronostic vital

[edit]

  • vitalité
  • vie

Further reading[edit]

  • “vital”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Galician[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin vītālis (of life, life-giving).

Adjective[edit]

vital m or f (plural vitais)

  1. vital (relating to, or characteristic of life)
  2. vital, important, necessary

[edit]

  • vida
  • vitalidade

German[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin vītālis.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /viˈtaːl/
  • Rhymes: -aːl

Adjective[edit]

vital (strong nominative masculine singular vitaler, comparative vitaler, superlative am vitalsten)

  1. lively; hale; vigorous
    Synonyms: lebhaft, markig, rüstig, voller Leben
  2. (rather rare, formal) vital (necessary to, or characteristic of life)
    Synonyms: lebenswichtig, Lebens-

Declension[edit]

Comparative forms of vital

Superlative forms of vital

Indonesian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Dutch vitaal, from Middle French vital, from Latin vītālis.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [ˈvital]
  • Rhymes: -tal, -al, -l
  • Hyphenation: vi‧tal

Adjective[edit]

vital

  1. vital:
    1. very important.
    2. (medicine) necessary to the continuation of life; being the seat of life; being that on which life depends.

Derived terms[edit]

  • memvitalkan
  • alat vital

[edit]

  • vitalitas

Further reading[edit]

  • “vital” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Interlingua[edit]

Adjective[edit]

vital (not comparable)

  1. vital

[edit]

  • vita

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin vitalis.

Adjective[edit]

vital (neuter singular vitalt, definite singular and plural vitale)

  1. vital

References[edit]

  • “vital” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin vitalis.

Adjective[edit]

vital (neuter singular vitalt, definite singular and plural vitale)

  1. vital

References[edit]

  • “vital” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Portuguese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Learned borrowing from Latin vītālis.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /viˈtaw/ [viˈtaʊ̯]
  • (Portugal) IPA(key): /viˈtal/ [viˈtaɫ]
  • Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
  • Hyphenation: vi‧tal

Adjective[edit]

vital m or f (plural vitais)

  1. vital (relating to, or characteristic of life)
  2. vital (necessary to the continuation of life)
  3. vital (very important)
    Synonyms: crucial, fundamental, essencial

[edit]

  • vida
  • vitalidade
  • vitalmente

Romanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From French vital, from Latin vitalis.

Adjective[edit]

vital m or n (feminine singular vitală, masculine plural vitali, feminine and neuter plural vitale)

  1. vital

Declension[edit]

[edit]

  • vitalitate

Spanish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin vitalis.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /biˈtal/ [biˈt̪al]
  • Rhymes: -al
  • Syllabification: vi‧tal

Adjective[edit]

vital (plural vitales)

  1. vital

Derived terms[edit]

  • ciclo vital
  • constantes vitales
  • signos vitales
  • soporte vital
  • testimonio vital
  • vitalmente

[edit]

  • vida
  • vitalidad

See also[edit]

  • vivo

Further reading[edit]

  • “vital”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

  • Top Definitions
  • Synonyms
  • Quiz
  • Related Content
  • Examples
  • British

This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.

This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.


adjective

of or relating to life: vital processes.

having remarkable energy, liveliness, or force of personality: a vital leader.

being the seat or source of life: the vital organs.

necessary to life: vital fluids.

necessary to the existence, continuance, or well-being of something; indispensable; essential: vital for a healthy society.

affecting the existence, well-being, truth, etc., of something: a vital error.

of critical importance: vital decisions.

destructive to life; deadly: a vital wound.

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Origin of vital

1350–1400; Middle English <Latin vītālis, equivalent to vīt(a) life (derivative of vīvere to live; akin to Greek bíesthai,Sanskrit jīvati (he) lives, English quick) + -ālis-al1

OTHER WORDS FROM vital

vi·tal·ly, adverbvi·tal·ness, nounnon·vi·tal, adjectivenon·vi·tal·ly, adverb

non·vi·tal·ness, nounquasi-vital, adjectivequa·si-vi·tal·ly, adverbsu·per·vi·tal, adjectivesu·per·vi·tal·ly, adverbsu·per·vi·tal·ness, nounun·vi·tal, adjectiveun·vi·tal·ly, adverbun·vi·tal·ness, noun

Words nearby vital

visual range, visual violet, visuospatial, vita, vitaceous, vital, vital capacity, vital force, vital function, Vitalian, vitalism

Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023

Words related to vital

basic, critical, crucial, decisive, fundamental, imperative, important, indispensable, integral, key, meaningful, necessary, needed, significant, urgent, dynamic, energetic, vibrant, vigorous, bottom-line

How to use vital in a sentence

  • All of them know how vital it is to have a top quarterback, like Rivera and Hurney had with Newton in Carolina and Mayhew had with Stafford when he was the Lions’ general manager.

  • The tests could be vital tools in the country’s fight against the virus — especially in the months before most Americans are vaccinated.

  • Sand dredging is vital for construction because it’s an essential ingredient in concrete.

  • Utilizing outdoor space is vital in order to keep everyone safe and to ensure that state regulations are abided by.

  • It’s vital to respect it, to be humble in the face of it, and to start adjusting to the democratization of the markets.

  • In the classic skillset of piloting, mental acuity, and its coordination with hand and foot movements, is equally vital.

  • His ups and downs professionally outside of the World Cup are a vital a part of his story in the book.

  • Vital Voices in 2013 took over funds from the Women In The World foundation which originated at The Daily Beast.

  • Some organizations, like amfAR, provide vital funding for scientists who bring innovative ideas to the HIV/AIDS research field.

  • “The influence of the oak maturation casks on the final character of The Macallan is vital,” says MacPherson.

  • To make the effort of articulation a vital impulse in response to a mental concept,—this is the object sought.

  • But this theory of a merciful, and loving Heavenly Father is vital to the Christian religion.

  • According to Metchnikoff, this property of leukocytes resides entirely within themselves, depending upon their own vital activity.

  • If the hunter venture to come close to such a monster, and his dagger fail to pierce the vital spot, there is no help for him.

  • These lofty strategical questions must not make me forget an equally vital munitions message just to hand.

British Dictionary definitions for vital


adjective

essential to maintain lifethe lungs perform a vital function

forceful, energetic, or livelya vital person

of, relating to, having, or displaying lifea vital organism

indispensable or essentialbooks vital to this study

of great importance; decisivea vital game

archaic influencing the course of life, esp negativelya vital treachery

noun

(plural)

  1. the bodily organs, such as the brain, liver, heart, lungs, etc, that are necessary to maintain life
  2. the organs of reproduction, esp the male genitals

(plural) the essential elements of anything

Derived forms of vital

vitally, adverb

Word Origin for vital

C14: via Old French from Latin vītālis belonging to life, from vīta life

Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
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WordReference Random House Learner’s Dictionary of American English © 2023

vi•tal /ˈvaɪtəl/USA pronunciation  
adj. 

  1. Biologyof, relating to, or necessary to life:vital processes of food and energy production.
  2. energetic, lively, or forceful:a vital leader.
  3. absolutely necessary for the existence, continuance, or well-being of something;
    of great importance;
    indispensable;
    essential:vital supplies.
  4. of critical importance:vital decisions.

vi•tal•ly, adv. See -vit-.

WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2023

vi•tal 
(vītl),USA pronunciation adj. 

  1. Biologyof or pertaining to life:vital processes.
  2. having remarkable energy, liveliness, or force of personality:a vital leader.
  3. Biologybeing the seat or source of life:the vital organs.
  4. Biologynecessary to life:vital fluids.
  5. necessary to the existence, continuance, or well-being of something;
    indispensable;
    essential:vital for a healthy society.
  6. affecting the existence, well-being, truth, etc., of something:a vital error.
  7. of critical importance:vital decisions.
  8. destructive to life;
    deadly:a vital wound.
  • Latin vītālis, equivalent. to vīt(a) life (derivative of vīvere to live; akin to Greek bíesthai, Sanskrit jīvati (he) lives, English quick) + -ālisal1
  • Middle English 1350–1400

vital•ly, adv. 
vital•ness, n. 

    • 5.See corresponding entry in Unabridged important, critical.


Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers::

vital /ˈvaɪtəl/ adj

  1. essential to maintain life: the lungs perform a vital function
  2. forceful, energetic, or lively: a vital person
  3. of, relating to, having, or displaying life: a vital organism
  4. indispensable or essential: books vital to this study
  5. of great importance; decisive: a vital game

n

  1. (plural) the bodily organs, such as the brain, liver, heart, lungs, etc, that are necessary to maintain life
  2. (plural) the essential elements of anything

Etymology: 14th Century: via Old French from Latin vītālis belonging to life, from vīta life

ˈvitally adv

vital‘ also found in these entries (note: many are not synonyms or translations):

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