Word meaning main part

  1. The object of semasiology.
    Two approaches to the study of meaning.

  2. Types of meaning.

  3. Meaning and motivation.

3.1.
The branch of lexicology which studies meaning is called
«semasiology«.
Sometimes the term «semantics»
is used as a synonym to semasiology, but it is ambiguous as it can
stand as well for (1)
the expressive aspect of language in general and (2)
the meaning of one particular word.

Meaning
is certainly the most important property of the word but what is
«meaning»?

Meaning
is one of the most controversial terms in lexicology. At present
there is no generally accepted definition of meaning. Prof.
Smirnitsky defines meaning as «a certain reflection in the mind
of objects, phenomena or relations that makes part of the linguistic
sign, its so-called inner facet, whereas the sound form functions as
its outer facet». Generally speaking, meaning can be described
as a component of the word through which a concept is communicated,
enabling the word to denote objects in the real world.

There are
two
approaches
to the study of meaning: the
referential approach
and the
functional approach.
The former tries to define meaning in terms of relations between the
word (sound form), concept (notion, thought) and referent (object
which the word denotes). They are closely connected and the
relationship between them is represented by «the semiotic
triangle» ( = the basic triangle) of Ogden and Richards (in the
book «The Meaning of Meaning» (1923) by O.K. Ogden and I.A.
Richards).

concept

symbol
referent

(sound form)

This view denies a direct link
between words and things, arguing that the relationship can be made
only through the use of our minds. Meaning is related to a sound
form, concept and referent but not identical with them: meaning is a
linguistic phenomenon while neither concept nor referent is.

The
main criticism of this approach is the difficulty of identifying
«concepts»: they are mental phenomena and purely
subjective, existing
in the minds of individuals. The strongest point of this approach is
that it connects meaning and the process of nomination.

The functional approach to
meaning is less concerned with what meaning is than with how it
works. It is argued, to say that «words have meanings»
means only that they are used in a certain way in a sentence. There
is no meaning beyond that. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), in
particular, stressed the importance of this approach in his dictum:
«The meaning of the word is its use in the language». So
meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words are
used in contexts, through their relations to other words in speech,
and not through their relations to concepts or referents.

Actually,
the functional approach is basically confined to the analysis of
sameness or difference of meaning. For example, we can say that in
«take
the bottle»
and «take
to the
bottle»
take
has different meaning as it is used differently, but it does not
explain what the meaning of the verb is. So the functional approach
should
be used not as the theoretical basis for the study of meaning, but
only as complementary to the referential approach.

3.2.
Word meaning is made up of different components, commonly known
as types
of meaning.
The two main types of meaning are grammatical
meaning and
lexical meaning.

Grammatical
meaning
belongs to sets of word-forms and is common to
all words of the given part of speech,

e.g.
girls,
boys, classes, children, mice
express the meaning of
«plurality».

Lexical
meaning
belongs to an individual word in all its forms. It
comprises several components. The two main ones are the
denotational
component and
the connotational component.

The
denotational (
=
denotative)
component,
also called «referential
meaning» or «cognitive meaning», expresses the
conceptual (notional)
content of a word; broadly, it is some information, or knowledge,
of the real-world object that the word denotes.
Basically, this is the component that makes communication possible.

e.g.
notorious
«widely-known»,
celebrated «known
widely».

The
connotational (connotative) component
expresses the attitude of
the speaker to what he is saying, to the object denoted by the word.
This component consists of emotive
connotation and
evaluative connotation.

1) Emotive
connotation
( = «affective meaning», or an emotive charge),

e.g.
In «a
single tree»
single states that there is only one tree,
but
«a
lonely tree»
besides giving the same information, also renders
(conveys) the feeling of sadness.

We
shouldn’t confuse emotive connotations and emotive denotative
meanings
in which some emotion is named, e.g. horror,
love, fear, etc.

2) Evaluative
connotation
labels
the referent as «good» or «bad»,

e.g.
notorious
has a negative evaluative connotation, while
celebrated
a positive one. Cf.: a
notorious criminal/liar/ coward,
etc.
and a
celebrated singer/ scholar/ artist, etc.

It
should be noted that emotive and evaluative connotations are not
individual, they are common to all speakers of the language. But
emotive implications are individual (or common to a group of
speakers),
subjective, depend on personal experience.

e.g.
The word «hospital»
may evoke all kinds of emotions in
different
people (an
architect, a doctor, an invalid, etc.)

Stylistic
connotation,
or stylistic reference, another component of word meaning, stands
somewhat apart from emotive and evaluative connotations. Indeed, it
does not characterize a referent, but rather states how a word should
be used by referring it to a certain functional style of the language
peculiar to a specific sphere of communication. It shows in what
social context, in what communicative situations the word can be
used.

Stylistically,
words can be roughly classified into literary,
or formal
(e.g.
commence, discharge, parent),
neutral
(e.g.
father, begin, dismiss)
and non-literary,
or informal
(e.g.
dad, sack, set off).

3.3.
The term «motivation»
is used to denote the relationship between the
form of the word, i.e. its sound form, morphemic composition and
structural pattern, and its meaning.

There
are three
main types of motivation:
phonetic,
morphological
and
semantic.

1)
Phonetic
motivation
is a direct connection between the sound form
of a word and its meaning. There are two types of phonetic
motivation: sound
imitation and
sound symbolism.

a) Sound
imitation, or
onomatopoeia:
phonetically motivated words are
a direct imitation of the sounds they denote (or the sounds produced
by actions or objects they denote),

e.g.
buzz,
swish, bang, thud, cuckoo.

b) Sound
symbolism.
It’s argued by some linguists that the sounds that make up a word may
reflect or symbolise the properties of the object which the word
refers
to, i.e. they may suggest size, shape, speed, colour, etc.

e.g.
back
vowels
suggest big size, heavy weight, dark colour, front
vowels
suggest lightness, smallness, etc.

Many
words beginning with sl-
are slippery in some way: slide,
slip, slither, sludge,
etc.
or pejorative: slut,
slattern, sly, sloppy, slovenly;
words that end in -ump
almost
all refer to some kind of roundish mass: plump,
chump,
rump, hump, stump.

Certainly, not every word with
these phonetic characteristics will have the meaning suggested. This
is, perhaps, one of the reasons why sound symbolism is not
universally recognized in linguistics.

2) Morphological
motivation
is
a direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component
morphemes, the pattern of their arrangement and the meaning of the
word.

Morphologically motivated
words are those whose meaning is determined by the meaning of their
components,

e.g.
re-write
«write
again»,
ex-wife «former
wife».

The degree
of morphological motivation may be different. Words may be
fully
motivated
(then they are transparent), partially
motivated
and
non-motivated
(idiomatic, or opaque).

a)
If the meaning of the word is determined by the meaning of the
components
and the structural pattern, it is fully
motivated:
e.g. hatless.

b)
If the connection between the morphemic composition of a word and
its meaning is arbitrary, the word is non-motivated,
e.g. buttercup
«yellow-flowered plant».

c)
In hammer
-er
shows that it is an instrument, but what is «hamming«?
«Ham»
has no lexical meaning in this word, thus the word is partially
motivated.
Cf. also cranberry.

Motivation may be lost in the
course of time,

e.g.
in OE wīfman
was
motivated morphologically: wīf
+ man «wife
of a man»; now it is opaque;
its motivation is said to be faded (woman).

3) Semantic
motivation
is based on co-existence of direct and figurative
meanings of the same word,

e.g.
butterfly
–
1) insect; 2) showy and
frivolous person.( = metaphorical extension of the direct meaning).

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Lecture 2. Word meaning is studied by the branch of lexicology called semasiology. Usually meaningLecture 2. Word meaning is studied by the branch of lexicology called semasiology. Usually meaning is defined as the realization of a notion (or concept, in other terms) by means of a definite language system.

The word: basic unit of lexicology The most important characteristics of the word : The word: basic unit of lexicology The most important characteristics of the word : 1. The word is a unit of speech which serves the purposes of human communication. So the word can be defined as a unit of communication. 2. The word is the total of the sounds which compose it. 3. The word possesses both external and internal characteristics.

The word is a unit used for purposes of human communication, materially representing a groupThe word is a unit used for purposes of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, characterised by formal and semantic unity and a capacity for grammatical employment. The word may be described as the basic unit of language. Uniting meaning and form, it is composed of one or more morphemes, each consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation.

Types of meaning grammatical meaning (unites words into parts of speech) Ex. : goes, stops,Types of meaning grammatical meaning (unites words into parts of speech) Ex. : goes, stops, works lexical meaning (individual for every word) Ex. : went, kissed, looked

Denotational and connotational meaning Denotational component expresses the notional content of the word, shows whatDenotational and connotational meaning Denotational component expresses the notional content of the word, shows what the word refers to. Connotational component expresses additional meanings of the word which may be of different types: stylistic, evaluative (rational and emotional) and emotional, etc.

Types of connotational meaning Evaluative (rational and emotional) Ex. : brain Ex. : brock (“aTypes of connotational meaning Evaluative (rational and emotional) Ex. : brain Ex. : brock (“a scoundrel”) Cf. also: notorious – celebrated Emotional, or emotive connotation of the word is its capacity to evoke and express emotion ( duckling, darling (diminutive emotive value). Stylistic connotation shows the stylistic status of a word: neutral, bookish, colloquial, slang, etc.

Componential Analysis consists in decomposition of the word meaning into semes – minimal components ofComponential Analysis consists in decomposition of the word meaning into semes – minimal components of meaning, or elementary units of sense. archisemes differential semes Ex. : girl, woman, spinster

Motivation morhological (Ex. : leader, cranberry) phonetical (Ex. : splash, boom, chung, ching) semantic (Ex.Motivation morhological (Ex. : leader, cranberry) phonetical (Ex. : splash, boom, chung, ching) semantic (Ex. : chain store, chain hotel, chain smoker) folk etymology asparagus sparrow grass полуклиника , спинжак→

Polysemy Ex. : do, go, see, etc. lexico-semantical variants of the word (LSVs) Primary andPolysemy Ex. : do, go, see, etc. lexico-semantical variants of the word (LSVs) Primary and secondary meanings in the semantic structure of the word Table “a piece of furniture” “ a supply of food”, “an act of assembling to eat”, “a group of people assembled at a table”, etc. Meanings can also be direct and figurative, concrete and abstract, central and peripheral, general and special

Semantic changes. Causes: historical, or extralinguistic, and linguistic. villain ( « деревенский жительSemantic changes. Causes: historical, or extralinguistic, and linguistic. villain ( « деревенский житель » → « негодяй » Tory « ирландский разбойник » → « член партии Тори » lord « хранитель хлеба » → « господин , владелец , etc. » Borrowing Ex. : “any animal”: Deer, beast (Fr. ), animal (Lat. ) Ellipsis Ex. : daily newspaper→daily Analogy catch “understand”, grasp ”understand”

The nature of semantic change Association Transference: 1) based on similarity linguistic metaphor: neckThe nature of semantic change Association Transference: 1) based on similarity linguistic metaphor: neck (of a human being) → neck (of a bottle). 2) based on contiguity (real connection between the two objects). linguistic metonymy: hands (“limbs of a human body”) → hands (“a worker”).

Metaphors Based on similarity between two physical objects (concrete to concrete metaphores): teeth of a saw,Metaphors Based on similarity between two physical objects (concrete to concrete metaphores): teeth of a saw, leg of a table, a goose (of a silly woman). Zoosemy. concrete to abstract metaphors: a ray of hope, a shade of doubt. different types of similarity: similarity of shape (tongue of a bell), function (leg of a table), position (foot of a page), character of motion (snail (of a sluggish person)), dimensions (dumpling (of a short, chabby creature)), value (dirt cheap). proper names → common names: Appolo, Don Juan, Othello. Structural metaphors: Time is money. Argument is war

Metonymy 1) instrument → agent: pen (“writer”); 2) consequence → cause: grey hair (“old age”);Metonymy 1) instrument → agent: pen (“writer”); 2) consequence → cause: grey hair (“old age”); 3) symbol →the thing symbolized (crown “monarchy”) 4) material → the thing made from it (silver “money”) 5) container → the thing contained (to drink a cup); 6) name of a place → institution (Whitehall); 7) action → the object of action (my love); 8) quality →the person possessing the quality (He is a talent).

Synechdoche is a variety of metonymy which consists in using the name of a partSynechdoche is a variety of metonymy which consists in using the name of a part to denote the whole or vice versa: Hands are wanted; OE mete “food” →Mn. E meat “kind of food”.

Semantic change may result in the change of the range of meaning. narrowing (specialization) ofSemantic change may result in the change of the range of meaning. narrowing (specialization) of meaning. OE fugol (“any bird”) → domestic bird (fowl) widening (generalization) of meaning. girl “a child of either sex → “a female child”.

The change of the connotational structure Degradation (pejoration) of meaning: the process when the object toThe change of the connotational structure Degradation (pejoration) of meaning: the process when the object to which the word refers acquires negative characteristics, and the meaning develops a negative evaluative connotation. OE word cnafa (Mn. E knave) “a boy” → a “boy servant” → “a swindler, a scoundrel”. Elevation (amelioration): the development of a positive evaluative connotation. OE cwen (Mn. E queen) “woman” cniht (Mn. E knight) – “a young servant”

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The main part is played by Zach Braff.


The main part pumped after surgery, but a small number still remain, causing discomfort.



Основная его часть откачивается после операции, но небольшое количество все же остается, вызывая неприятные ощущения.


The main part is made as a passage.


The main part (which includes a few paragraphs).


The main part into four parts and sold.


The main part — 3 sections with 2-4 points in each (complex plan).



Основная часть — З раздела с 2-4 пунктами в каждом (сложный план).


The main part started only in the evening.


The main part is the actual disclosure of the topic of the report.


The main part is crowned with a smart rotunda featuring an ornately shaped spire.



Главный храм венчает нарядная ротонда с фигурной главкой.


As a rule, they are made of high-quality solid metal or alloy of several metals. The main part, or body.



Как правило, они выпускаются из качественного твердого металла или сплава нескольких металлов.Основная часть, или корпус.


The main part where the student tells all the parts of the content.



Основная часть, где студент рассказывает все части по содержанию.


The main part is occupied by disaccharide substances, the content of which reaches 53%.



Основную часть занимают вещества дисахариды, содержание которых достигает 53%.


The main part (work) is hidden under the water.


The main part may consist of several paragraphs.


The main part is a rectangular piece of fabric and two circles that are side walls.



Основные детали — это прямоугольный кусок ткани и два круга, которые являются боковыми стенками.


The main part — anda — a simple hemispherical dome, put on a low platform.



Основная часть — анда — это простой полусферический купол, поставленный на низкую платформу.


The main part is a series of experiments on long-term isolation of the crew in conditions of the specially built ground-based experiment facility.



Основой проекта является серия экспериментов по длительной изоляции экипажа в условиях специально созданного наземного экспериментального комплекса.


The main part is the large panoramic terrace set up with dining and lounge area.



Основная часть — большая панорамная терраса с обеденной и гостиной зонами.


The main part, consisting of several (at least two) chapters.



Основная часть состоит из нескольких, (как минимум, двух) глав.


The main part is ready, now you can go to the construction of the paddock, which will be directly under the house.



Основная часть готова, теперь можно переходить к постройке выгула, который будет находиться прямо под домиком.

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  • Word MeaningLecture # 6Grigoryeva M.

    1 слайд

    Word Meaning
    Lecture # 6
    Grigoryeva M.

  • Word MeaningApproaches to word meaning Meaning and Notion (понятие) Types...

    2 слайд

    Word Meaning

    Approaches to word meaning

    Meaning and Notion (понятие)

    Types of word meaning

    Types of morpheme meaning

    Motivation

  • Each word has two aspects: the outer aspect ( its sound form) cat the in...

    3 слайд

    Each word has two aspects:

    the outer aspect
    ( its sound form)
    cat

    the inner aspect
    (its meaning)
    long-legged, fury animal with sharp teeth
    and claws

  • Sound and meaning do not always constitute a constant unit even in the sa...

    4 слайд

    Sound and meaning do not always constitute a constant unit even in the same language

    EX a temple

    a part of a human head
    a large church

  • Semantics (Semasiology)Is a branch of lexicology which studies the meaning o...

    5 слайд

    Semantics (Semasiology)
    Is a branch of lexicology which studies the
    meaning of words and word equivalents

  • Approaches to Word MeaningThe Referential (analytical) approach The Function...

    6 слайд

    Approaches to Word Meaning
    The Referential (analytical) approach

    The Functional (contextual) approach

    Operational (information-oriented) approach

  • The Referential (analytical) approachformulates the essence of meaning by es...

    7 слайд

    The Referential (analytical) approach
    formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denote

    distinguishes between three components closely connected with meaning:
    the sound-form of the linguistic sign,
    the concept
    the actual referent

  • Basic Triangleconcept (thought, reference) – the thought of the object that s...

    8 слайд

    Basic Triangle
    concept (thought, reference) – the thought of the object that singles out its essential features
    referent – object denoted by the word, part of reality
    sound-form (symbol, sign) – linguistic sign
    concept – flower

    sound-form referent
    [rәuz]

  • In what way does meaning correlate with each element of the triangle ? In...

    9 слайд

    In what way does meaning correlate with
    each element of the triangle ?

    In what relation does meaning stand to
    each of them?

  • Meaning and Sound-formare not identical different EX. dove - [dΛv]...

    10 слайд

    Meaning and Sound-form
    are not identical
    different
    EX. dove — [dΛv] English sound-forms
    [golub’] Russian BUT
    [taube] German
    the same meaning

  • Meaning and Sound-formnearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in...

    11 слайд

    Meaning and Sound-form
    nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages
    EX. [kot] Russian – a male cat
    [kot] English – a small bed for a child

    identical sound-forms have different meanings (‘homonyms)
    EX. knight [nait]
    night [nait]

  • Meaning and Sound-formeven considerable changes in sound-form do not affect t...

    12 слайд

    Meaning and Sound-form
    even considerable changes in sound-form do not affect the meaning

    EX Old English lufian [luvian] – love [l Λ v]

  • Meaning and Conceptconcept is a category of human cognition concept is abstr...

    13 слайд

    Meaning and Concept
    concept is a category of human cognition

    concept is abstract and reflects the most common and typical features of different objects and phenomena in the world

    meanings of words are different in different languages

  • Meaning and Conceptidentical concepts may have different semantic structures...

    14 слайд

    Meaning and Concept
    identical concepts may have different semantic structures in different languages

    EX. concept “a building for human habitation” –
    English Russian
    HOUSE ДОМ

    + in Russian ДОМ
    “fixed residence of family or household”
    In English HOME

  • Meaning and Referent one and the same object (referent) may be denoted by mor...

    15 слайд

    Meaning and Referent

    one and the same object (referent) may be denoted by more than one word of a different meaning
    cat
    pussy
    animal
    tiger

  • Meaningis not identical with any of the three points of the triangle – the so...

    16 слайд

    Meaning
    is not identical with any of the three points of the triangle –
    the sound form,
    the concept
    the referent

    BUT
    is closely connected with them.

  • Functional Approachstudies the functions of a word in speech meaning of a wo...

    17 слайд

    Functional Approach
    studies the functions of a word in speech
    meaning of a word is studied through relations of it with other linguistic units
    EX. to move (we move, move a chair)
    movement (movement of smth, slow movement)

    The distriution ( the position of the word in relation to
    others) of the verb to move and a noun movement is
    different as they belong to different classes of words and
    their meanings are different

  • Operational approachis centered on defining meaning through its role in the...

    18 слайд

    Operational approach
    is centered on defining meaning through its role in
    the process of communication

    EX John came at 6
    Beside the direct meaning the sentence may imply that:
    He was late
    He failed to keep his promise
    He was punctual as usual
    He came but he didn’t want to

    The implication depends on the concrete situation

  • Lexical Meaning and NotionNotion denotes the reflection in the mind of real o...

    19 слайд

    Lexical Meaning and Notion
    Notion denotes the reflection in the mind of real objects

    Notion is a unit of thinking
    Lexical meaning is the realization of a notion by means of a definite language system
    Word is a language unit

  • Lexical Meaning and NotionNotions are international especially with the natio...

    20 слайд

    Lexical Meaning and Notion
    Notions are international especially with the nations of the same cultural level

    Meanings are nationally limited

    EX GO (E) —- ИДТИ(R)
    “To move”
    BUT !!!
    To GO by bus (E)
    ЕХАТЬ (R)

    EX Man -мужчина, человек
    Она – хороший человек (R)
    She is a good person (E)

  • Types of MeaningTypes of meaning grammatical meaning lexico-grammati...

    21 слайд

    Types of Meaning
    Types of meaning

    grammatical
    meaning

    lexico-grammatical
    meaning
    lexical meaning
    denotational
    connotational

  • Grammatical Meaningcomponent of meaning recurrent in identical sets of indivi...

    22 слайд

    Grammatical Meaning
    component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words

    EX. girls, winters, toys, tables –
    grammatical meaning of plurality

    asked, thought, walked –
    meaning of past tense

  • Lexico-grammatical meaning(part –of- speech meaning) is revealed in the cla...

    23 слайд

    Lexico-grammatical meaning
    (part –of- speech meaning)
    is revealed in the classification of lexical items into:
    major word classes (N, V, Adj, Adv)
    minor ones (artc, prep, conj)

    words of one lexico-grammatical class have the same paradigm

  • Lexical Meaning is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its...

    24 слайд

    Lexical Meaning
    is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions

    EX . Go – goes — went
    lexical meaning – process of movement

  • PRACTICEGroup the words into 3 column according to the grammatical, lexical...

    25 слайд

    PRACTICE
    Group the words into 3 column according to the grammatical, lexical or part-of –speech meaning
    Boy’s, nearest, at, beautiful,
    think, man, drift, wrote,
    tremendous, ship’s, the most beautiful,
    table, near, for, went, friend’s,
    handsome, thinking, boy,
    nearer, thought, boys,
    lamp, go, during.

  • Grammatical The case of nouns: boy’s, ship’s, friend’s The degree of compari...

    26 слайд

    Grammatical
    The case of nouns: boy’s, ship’s, friend’s
    The degree of comparison of adj: nearest, the most beautiful
    The tense of verbs: wrote, went, thought

    Lexical
    Think, thinking, thought
    Went, go
    Boy’s, boy, boys
    Nearest, near, nearer
    At, for, during (“time”)
    Beautiful, the most beautiful

    Part-of-speech
    Nouns—verbs—adj—-prep

  • Aspects of Lexical meaningThe denotational aspect The connotational aspect...

    27 слайд

    Aspects of Lexical meaning
    The denotational aspect

    The connotational aspect

    The pragmatic aspect

  • Denotational Meaning“denote” – to be a sign of, stand as a symbol for” esta...

    28 слайд

    Denotational Meaning
    “denote” – to be a sign of, stand as a symbol for”

    establishes the correlation between the name and the object
    makes communication possible

    EX booklet
    “a small thin book that gives info about smth”

  • PRACTICEExplain denotational meaning A lion-hunter To have a heart like a...

    29 слайд

    PRACTICE
    Explain denotational meaning

    A lion-hunter
    To have a heart like a lion
    To feel like a lion
    To roar like a lion
    To be thrown to the lions
    The lion’s share
    To put your head in lion’s mouth

  • PRACTICE A lion-hunter A host that seeks out celebrities to impress guests...

    30 слайд

    PRACTICE

    A lion-hunter
    A host that seeks out celebrities to impress guests
    To have a heart like a lion
    To have great courage
    To feel like a lion
    To be in the best of health
    To roar like a lion
    To shout very loudly
    To be thrown to the lions
    To be criticized strongly or treated badly
    The lion’s share
    Much more than one’s share
    To put your head in lion’s mouth

  • Connotational Meaning reflects the attitude of the speaker towards what he sp...

    31 слайд

    Connotational Meaning
    reflects the attitude of the speaker towards what he speaks about
    it is optional – a word either has it or not

    Connotation gives additional information and includes:
    The emotive charge EX Daddy (for father)
    Intensity EX to adore (for to love)
    Imagery EX to wade through a book
    “ to walk with an effort”

  • PRACTICEGive possible interpretation of the sentences She failed to buy it a...

    32 слайд

    PRACTICE
    Give possible interpretation of the sentences

    She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang.
    Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking!
    He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man.
    The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve.
    He was longing to begin to be generous.
    She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles.

  • PRACTICEGive possible interpretation of the sentencesShe failed to buy it an...

    33 слайд

    PRACTICE
    Give possible interpretation of the sentences
    She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang.
    (pain—dissatisfaction that makes her suffer)
    Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking!
    (make loud sharp sound—-the behavior that implies that the person is frightened)
    He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man.
    (to go at slow speed—was suffering or was ill)
    The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve.
    (to move smth towards oneself— to try to attract smb’s attention)
    He was longing to begin to be generous.
    (to start doing— hadn’t been generous before)
    She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles.
    (colour— a labourer involved into physical work ,constant contact with water)

  • The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning the situation in which the word is...

    34 слайд

    The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning

    the situation in which the word is uttered,
    the social circumstances (formal, informal, etc.),
    social relationships between the interlocutors (polite, rough, etc.),
    the type and purpose of communication (poetic, official, etc.)

    EX horse (neutral)
    steed (poetic)
    nag (slang)
    gee-gee (baby language)

  • PRACTICE State what image underline the meaning I heard what she said but...

    35 слайд

    PRACTICE
    State what image underline the meaning

    I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind.
    You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that.
    They seized on the idea.
    Bill, chasing some skirt again?
    I saw him dive into a small pub.
    Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
    He only married her for her dough.

  • PRACTICE State what image underline the meaning I heard what she said but it...

    36 слайд

    PRACTICE
    State what image underline the meaning
    I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind.
    (to understand completely)
    You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that.
    (to behave humbly in order to win favour)
    They seized on the idea.
    (to be eager to take and use)
    Bill, chasing some skirt again?
    (a girl)
    I saw him dive into a small pub.
    (to enter suddenly)
    Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
    (to blame smb unfairly)
    He only married her for her dough.
    (money)

  • Types of Morpheme Meaninglexical differential functional distributional

    37 слайд

    Types of Morpheme Meaning
    lexical
    differential
    functional
    distributional

  • Lexical Meaning in Morphemesroot-morphemes that are homonymous to words posse...

    38 слайд

    Lexical Meaning in Morphemes
    root-morphemes that are homonymous to words possess lexical meaning
    EX. boy – boyhood – boyish

    affixes have lexical meaning of a more generalized character
    EX. –er “agent, doer of an action”

  • Lexical Meaning in Morphemeshas denotational and connotational components EX....

    39 слайд

    Lexical Meaning in Morphemes
    has denotational and connotational components
    EX. –ly, -like, -ish –
    denotational meaning of similiarity
    womanly , womanish

    connotational component –
    -ly (positive evaluation), -ish (deragotary) женственный — женоподобный

  • Differential Meaninga semantic component that serves to distinguish one word...

    40 слайд

    Differential Meaning
    a semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes

    EX. cranberry, blackberry, gooseberry

  • Functional Meaningfound only in derivational affixes a semantic component whi...

    41 слайд

    Functional Meaning
    found only in derivational affixes
    a semantic component which serves to
    refer the word to the certain part of speech

    EX. just, adj. – justice, n.

  • Distributional Meaningthe meaning of the order and the arrangement of morphem...

    42 слайд

    Distributional Meaning
    the meaning of the order and the arrangement of morphemes making up the word
    found in words containing more than one morpheme
    different arrangement of the same morphemes would make the word meaningless
    EX. sing- + -er =singer,
    -er + sing- = ?

  • Motivation denotes the relationship between the phonetic or morphemic composi...

    43 слайд

    Motivation
    denotes the relationship between the phonetic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the other

    can be phonetical
    morphological
    semantic

  • Phonetical Motivationwhen there is a certain similarity between the sounds th...

    44 слайд

    Phonetical Motivation
    when there is a certain similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those produced by animals, objects, etc.

    EX. sizzle, boom, splash, cuckoo

  • Morphological Motivationwhen there is a direct connection between the structu...

    45 слайд

    Morphological Motivation
    when there is a direct connection between the structure of a word and its meaning
    EX. finger-ring – ring-finger,

    A direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes
    EX think –rethink “thinking again”

  • Semantic Motivationbased on co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of...

    46 слайд

    Semantic Motivation
    based on co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same word

    EX a watchdog –
    ”a dog kept for watching property”

    a watchdog –
    “a watchful human guardian” (semantic motivation)

  • PRACTICE

  • Analyze the meaning of the words. Define the type of motivation a) morpholo...

    48 слайд

    Analyze the meaning of the words.
    Define the type of motivation
    a) morphologically motivated
    b) semantically motivated

    Driver
    Leg
    Horse
    Wall
    Hand-made
    Careless
    piggish

  • Analyze the meaning of the words. Define the type of motivation a) morpholo...

    49 слайд

    Analyze the meaning of the words.
    Define the type of motivation
    a) morphologically motivated
    b) semantically motivated
    Driver
    Someone who drives a vehicle
    morphologically motivated
    Leg
    The part of a piece of furniture such as a table
    semantically motivated
    Horse
    A piece of equipment shaped like a box, used in gymnastics
    semantically motivated

  • Wall Emotions or behavior preventing people from feeling close semantically...

    50 слайд

    Wall
    Emotions or behavior preventing people from feeling close
    semantically motivated
    Hand-made
    Made by hand, not machine
    morphologically motivated
    Careless
    Not taking enough care
    morphologically motivated
    Piggish
    Selfish
    semantically motivated

  • I heard what she said but it didn’t sink in my mind “do down to the bottom”...

    51 слайд

    I heard what she said but it didn’t sink in my mind
    “do down to the bottom”
    ‘to be accepted by mind” semantic motivation

    Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
    “fasten smth somewhere using a pin” –
    ”to blame smb” semantic motivation

    I was following the man when he dived into a pub.
    “jump into deep water” –
    ”to enter into suddenly” semantic motivation

    You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that
    “to move along on hands and knees close to the ground” –
    “to behave very humbly in order to win favor” semantic motivation

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Источник

Semasiology — the branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of words and word equivalents.
(Greek) semasia — signification (значение, смысл) and logos — learning.

Word meaning and its structure

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2

Слайд 2: The main objects of semasiological study:

types of lexical meaning
polysemy and semantic structure of words
semantic development of words
the main tendencies of the change of word-meanings
semantic grouping in the vocabulary system (synonyms, antonyms)
semantic fields

The main objects of semasiological study:

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Слайд 3: Approaches to Meaning

Referential approach
Functional approach

Approaches to Meaning

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Слайд 4: Referential approach to meaning

The meaning is in some form or other connected with the referent (object of reality denoted by the word).
The meaning is formulated by establishing the interdependence between words and objects of reality they denote.
The meaning is often understood as an object or phenomenon in the outside world that is referred to by a word.

Referential approach to meaning

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Слайд 5: Functional approach to meaning

Words are studied in context; a word is defined by its functioning within phrase or a sentence.
The meaning of linguistic unit is studied only through its relation to other linguistic units.
The meaning is viewed as the function of a word in speech.

Functional approach to meaning

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a category of human cognition (понятие, идея; общее представление; концепция).
the thought of the object that singles out the most typical, the most essential features of the object.

Concept

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Слайд 7: the concept of » a building for human habitation »

English
house
«fixed residence of family or household» −
home
Ukrainian
дім
домівк a

the concept of " a building for human habitation "

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Слайд 8: The difference between meaning and concept:

Concepts are always emotionally neutral
Meaning of many words not only conveys some reflection of objective reality but also the speaker’s attitude to what he is speaking about, his state of mind.
The concept of size: big / large / tremendous

The difference between meaning and concept:

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(thought or reference)
Concept
Word —————— Referent
(symbol) (object denoted
by the word)

Word meaning and its structure

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10

Слайд 10: The branch of linguistics which specializes in the study of meaning is called semantics

Meaning is a certain reflection in our mind of objects, phenomena or relations that makes part of the linguistic sign − its so-called inner facet (аспект, грань, сторона), whereas the sound-form functions as its outer facet.

The branch of linguistics which specializes in the study of meaning is called semantics.

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Слайд 11: grammatical and lexical meanings

Grammatical meaning − the expression in speech the relationships between words.
Lexical meaning − the realization of concept or emotion by means of a definite language system.

grammatical and lexical meanings

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Слайд 12: three types of lexical meaning of words:

1. Nominative meaning determined by reality. The direct nominative meaning stands in one-to-one relationship with a word. cat, table, sun
2. Phraseologically bound meaning of words depending on the peculiarities of their usage in a given language, e.g. to take care, to have a smoke, to catch a cold.

three types of lexical meaning of words:

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3. Syntactically conditioned meanings
of words are those which change with the change of the environment. Compare the following verbs:
«to look» — to look for— to look after

Word meaning and its structure

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Слайд 14: The structure of lexical meaning of a word

denotative meaning
connotative meaning

The structure of lexical meaning of a word

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Слайд 15: Denotative meaning

a linguistic expression for a concept or a name for an individual object.
makes communication possible.
is bound up with its referent.
may have one constant referent – a moon
may have several referents — a hand

Denotative meaning

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Слайд 16: Connotative meaning

additional non-literal meaning of a word.
contains various shades of meaning called connotations.
connotations reflect subjective, emotional attitude of people toward object or phenomenon.
is unstable. In most cases it reveals itself only through contexts.

Connotative meaning

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Слайд 17: four main types of connotations:

stylistic connotation is what the word conveys about the speaker’s attitude to the social circumstances and the appropriate functional style ( slay vs kill )
emotional connotation conveys the speaker’s emotions ( mummy vs mother )

four main types of connotations:

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evaluative connotation may show his approval or disapproval of the object spoken of ( clique vs group )
expressive/intensifying connotation is conveyed by degree of intensity (adore vs love)

Word meaning and its structure

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the denotative component of the lexical meaning of the word is «frightening“.
the expressive or intensifying connotation is «very, very good» or «very great»:
terrific beauty, terrific pleasure

terrific

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It is the connotative meaning in a word which helps create irony, sarcasm, metaphor and other figures of speech.

Word meaning and its structure

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the ability of words to have more than one meaning.
A word having several meanings is called polysemantic and most English words are like this.

POLYSEMY

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1) a flat horizontal slab or board, usually supported by one or more legs, on which objects may be placed
2) a) such a slab or board on which food is served we were six at table b) (as modifier) table linen c) (in combination) a tablecloth
3) food as served in a particular household or restaurant
4) such a piece of furniture specially designed for any of various purposes
5) a) a company of persons assembled for a meal, game, etc b) (as modifier) table talk
6) any flat or level area, such as a plateau
7) a rectangular panel set below or above the face of a wall
8) architecture another name for cordon
9) an upper horizontal facet of a cut gem
10) music the sounding board of a violin, guitar, or similar stringed instrument

table

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Слайд 23: Change of lexical meaning in words

linguistic
— the influence of linguistic environment
— analogy
— the context
extra-linguistic
— cultural
— social
— psychological

Change of lexical meaning in words

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Слайд 24: ways of change of word-meaning:

1. extension of meaning (generalization);
2. narrowing of meaning (specialization);
3. transference of meaning (metaphor and metonymy);
4. elevation of meaning (amelioration);
5. degradation of meaning (pejoration).

ways of change of word-meaning:

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Слайд 25: 1. Extension /expanding of meaning (or generalization)

In the process of extension a word-meaning may acquire a higher degree of abstraction or more generalized character.
“manuscript” originally meant only something handwritten. Now it refers to any copy either written by hand or printed.

1. Extension /expanding of meaning (or generalization).

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Слайд 26: 2. Narrowing of meaning/contraction, (specialization)

In the process of narrowing, a word-meaning acquires a specialized sense in which it is applicable only to some of the objects or phenomena it previously denoted.
a corpse — a human or animal body, living or dead. Now this word has been specialized to mean «a dead body», usually that of a human being.

2. Narrowing of meaning/contraction, (specialization).

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Слайд 27: 3. Elevation of meaning ( amelioration )

In the process of elevation a word acquires the meaning of a greater importance than its original meaning.
marshal — originally meant a horse servant, now its meaning is «an officer of the highest rank»

3. Elevation of meaning ( amelioration )

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Слайд 28: 4. Degradation of Meaning (degeneration, pejoration)

In the process of pejoration the word acquires unfavourable connotations or falls into disrepute.
«vulgar» — originally meant «common, ordinary»;
«gossip» — originally meant «a god parent»;
«silly» — originally meant «happy».

4. Degradation of Meaning (degeneration, pejoration).

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Слайд 29: 5. Transference of meaning

Transference of meaning takes place when the figures of speech are used.
Figures of speech are expressive means and stylistic devices such as metaphor and metonymy.

5. Transference of meaning.

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the transference of the literal meaning in a word based on the association of similarity between the objects or phenomena.
a woman can be called «a peach» if she is young and beautiful, or « a lemon » if she is ugly and boring.

Metaphor

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Последний слайд презентации: Word meaning and its structure: Metonymy

the transference of the literal meaning of a word based on the association of contiguity between objects or phenomena.
«cash» is an adaptation of the French word «caisse» which means «box» and in which money was contained. Now the meaning of this word is «money».
«crown» in the meaning of «monarchy»

Metonymy

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Источник

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