Word meaning group of three - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

Hi Everybody.

I am wondering if, in the same of «tupla» indicating a group of two things, there is a word to say a group of three. In Spanish, we have «tripleta» but I don’t have a clue if there is such a word in English.

Thanks a lot for your help
Cristinaalp

Tupla? This is not an English word, it is Finnish (meaning double). Do you mean ‘couple’ for a group of two?
We have triplet in English, it usually refers to three children who are born of the same mother, at the same time. However it can mean any group/combination of three.

In poker, three of a kind is called «a set». In general usage, «a few» is often used to mean a group of 3 and «several» to mean a group of 4 or more. It’s not a rule or anything, just seems to be an adopted means among many to describe groups of things.

I am wondering if, in the same of «tupla» indicating a group of two things, there is a word to say a group of three. In Spanish, we have «tripleta» but I don’t have a clue if there is such a word in English.

There’s ‘trio’ which you might use for a group of musicians (‘string trio’), or three people (‘after their crime, the trio were arrested’). Google TRIO for more examples.

Does this help?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple: In mathematics, a tuple is a finite sequence (also known as an «ordered list») of objects, each of a specified type. A tuple containing n objects is known as an «n-tuple». A 2-tuple is called a pair; a 3-tuple is a triple or triplet.

Not much useful outside a math class, probably.

Stef

You need to tell us what these elements are.

If musicians, you have a trio.

If musical notes, you may have a triad, or a triplet.

If children born of the same mother on the same day, you have triplets.

If pictures mounted adjacent to one another, you have a triptych.

Without more information any of the suggestions might be right, and all of them may be wrong.

Hi Everybody.

I am wondering if, in the same of «tupla» indicating a group of two things, there is a word to say a group of three. In Spanish, we have «tripleta» but I don’t have a clue if there is such a word in English.

Thanks a lot for your help
Cristinaalp

If they are a group of three actual elements from Earth, then it would be called a triad.

MissFit

Trio is a counterpart of Duo or duet.
Triplet is a counterpart of Doublet.
Triplet is a counterpart of twin, if you are speaking of multiple births.
Threesome is a counterpart of Couple.
In some card games, «three of a kind» is the counterpart of «a pair.«
Triad and Trinity are other words that means a group of three, but I can’t think of counterparts for those.

Hi everybody.

Thanks a lot for all your replies and sorry about the vagueness of my post.
Actually, what I want to describe is a thing that is described by 3 elements (frequency, x, y).

So according to Stefan Ivanovich, I could say that the element is a 3-tuple that comprises (frequency, x,Y). Am I right?

Thanks a lot for all your help, Happy Holidays,
Cristina

2 cents
What I know is «duplet», but I’m not sure.

Hi everybody.

Thanks a lot for all your replies and sorry about the vagueness of my post.
Actually, what I want to describe is a thing that is described by 3 elements (frequency, x, y).

So according to Stefan Ivanovich, I could say that the element is a 3-tuple that comprises (frequency, x,Y). Am I right?

Thanks a lot for all your help, Happy Holidays,
Cristina

Yes your could say 3-tuple, but triplet would be better as implied by the end of my previous post (a 3-tuple is a triple or triplet). Just see the quoted wikipedia article for more.

Trying to help.

Stef

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Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:

1 слайд

Word Meaning
Lecture # 6
Grigoryeva M.
2 слайд

Word Meaning

Approaches to word meaning

Meaning and Notion (понятие)

Types of word meaning

Types of morpheme meaning

Motivation
3 слайд

Each word has two aspects:

the outer aspect
( its sound form)
cat

the inner aspect
(its meaning)
long-legged, fury animal with sharp teeth
and claws
4 слайд

Sound and meaning do not always constitute a constant unit even in the same language

EX a temple

a part of a human head
a large church
5 слайд

Semantics (Semasiology)
Is a branch of lexicology which studies the
meaning of words and word equivalents
6 слайд

Approaches to Word Meaning
The Referential (analytical) approach

The Functional (contextual) approach

Operational (information-oriented) approach
7 слайд

The Referential (analytical) approach
formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denote

distinguishes between three components closely connected with meaning:
the sound-form of the linguistic sign,
the concept
the actual referent
8 слайд

Basic Triangle
concept (thought, reference) – the thought of the object that singles out its essential features
referent – object denoted by the word, part of reality
sound-form (symbol, sign) – linguistic sign
concept – flower

sound-form referent
[rәuz]
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In what way does meaning correlate with
each element of the triangle ?

In what relation does meaning stand to
each of them?
10 слайд

Meaning and Sound-form
are not identical
different
EX. dove — [dΛv] English sound-forms
[golub’] Russian BUT
[taube] German
the same meaning
11 слайд

Meaning and Sound-form
nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages
EX. [kot] Russian – a male cat
[kot] English – a small bed for a child

identical sound-forms have different meanings (‘homonyms)
EX. knight [nait]
night [nait]
12 слайд

Meaning and Sound-form
even considerable changes in sound-form do not affect the meaning

EX Old English lufian [luvian] – love [l Λ v]
13 слайд

Meaning and Concept
concept is a category of human cognition

concept is abstract and reflects the most common and typical features of different objects and phenomena in the world

meanings of words are different in different languages
14 слайд

Meaning and Concept
identical concepts may have different semantic structures in different languages

EX. concept “a building for human habitation” –
English Russian
HOUSE ДОМ

+ in Russian ДОМ
“fixed residence of family or household”
In English HOME
15 слайд

Meaning and Referent

one and the same object (referent) may be denoted by more than one word of a different meaning
cat
pussy
animal
tiger
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Meaning
is not identical with any of the three points of the triangle –
the sound form,
the concept
the referent

BUT
is closely connected with them.
17 слайд

Functional Approach
studies the functions of a word in speech
meaning of a word is studied through relations of it with other linguistic units
EX. to move (we move, move a chair)
movement (movement of smth, slow movement)

The distriution ( the position of the word in relation to
others) of the verb to move and a noun movement is
different as they belong to different classes of words and
their meanings are different
18 слайд

Operational approach
is centered on defining meaning through its role in
the process of communication

EX John came at 6
Beside the direct meaning the sentence may imply that:
He was late
He failed to keep his promise
He was punctual as usual
He came but he didn’t want to

The implication depends on the concrete situation
19 слайд

Lexical Meaning and Notion
Notion denotes the reflection in the mind of real objects

Notion is a unit of thinking
Lexical meaning is the realization of a notion by means of a definite language system
Word is a language unit
20 слайд

Lexical Meaning and Notion
Notions are international especially with the nations of the same cultural level

Meanings are nationally limited

EX GO (E) —- ИДТИ(R)
“To move”
BUT !!!
To GO by bus (E)
ЕХАТЬ (R)

EX Man -мужчина, человек
Она – хороший человек (R)
She is a good person (E)
21 слайд

Types of Meaning
Types of meaning

grammatical
meaning

lexico-grammatical
meaning
lexical meaning
denotational
connotational
22 слайд

Grammatical Meaning
component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words

EX. girls, winters, toys, tables –
grammatical meaning of plurality

asked, thought, walked –
meaning of past tense
23 слайд

Lexico-grammatical meaning
(part –of- speech meaning)
is revealed in the classification of lexical items into:
major word classes (N, V, Adj, Adv)
minor ones (artc, prep, conj)

words of one lexico-grammatical class have the same paradigm
24 слайд

Lexical Meaning
is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions

EX . Go – goes — went
lexical meaning – process of movement
25 слайд

PRACTICE
Group the words into 3 column according to the grammatical, lexical or part-of –speech meaning
Boy’s, nearest, at, beautiful,
think, man, drift, wrote,
tremendous, ship’s, the most beautiful,
table, near, for, went, friend’s,
handsome, thinking, boy,
nearer, thought, boys,
lamp, go, during.
26 слайд

Grammatical
The case of nouns: boy’s, ship’s, friend’s
The degree of comparison of adj: nearest, the most beautiful
The tense of verbs: wrote, went, thought

Lexical
Think, thinking, thought
Went, go
Boy’s, boy, boys
Nearest, near, nearer
At, for, during (“time”)
Beautiful, the most beautiful

Part-of-speech
Nouns—verbs—adj—-prep
27 слайд

Aspects of Lexical meaning
The denotational aspect

The connotational aspect

The pragmatic aspect
28 слайд

Denotational Meaning
“denote” – to be a sign of, stand as a symbol for”

establishes the correlation between the name and the object
makes communication possible

EX booklet
“a small thin book that gives info about smth”
29 слайд

PRACTICE
Explain denotational meaning

A lion-hunter
To have a heart like a lion
To feel like a lion
To roar like a lion
To be thrown to the lions
The lion’s share
To put your head in lion’s mouth
30 слайд

PRACTICE

A lion-hunter
A host that seeks out celebrities to impress guests
To have a heart like a lion
To have great courage
To feel like a lion
To be in the best of health
To roar like a lion
To shout very loudly
To be thrown to the lions
To be criticized strongly or treated badly
The lion’s share
Much more than one’s share
To put your head in lion’s mouth
31 слайд

Connotational Meaning
reflects the attitude of the speaker towards what he speaks about
it is optional – a word either has it or not

Connotation gives additional information and includes:
The emotive charge EX Daddy (for father)
Intensity EX to adore (for to love)
Imagery EX to wade through a book
“ to walk with an effort”
32 слайд

PRACTICE
Give possible interpretation of the sentences

She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang.
Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking!
He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man.
The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve.
He was longing to begin to be generous.
She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles.
33 слайд

PRACTICE
Give possible interpretation of the sentences
She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang.
(pain—dissatisfaction that makes her suffer)
Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking!
(make loud sharp sound—-the behavior that implies that the person is frightened)
He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man.
(to go at slow speed—was suffering or was ill)
The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve.
(to move smth towards oneself— to try to attract smb’s attention)
He was longing to begin to be generous.
(to start doing— hadn’t been generous before)
She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles.
(colour— a labourer involved into physical work ,constant contact with water)
34 слайд

The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning

the situation in which the word is uttered,
the social circumstances (formal, informal, etc.),
social relationships between the interlocutors (polite, rough, etc.),
the type and purpose of communication (poetic, official, etc.)

EX horse (neutral)
steed (poetic)
nag (slang)
gee-gee (baby language)
35 слайд

PRACTICE
State what image underline the meaning

I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind.
You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that.
They seized on the idea.
Bill, chasing some skirt again?
I saw him dive into a small pub.
Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
He only married her for her dough.
36 слайд

PRACTICE
State what image underline the meaning
I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind.
(to understand completely)
You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that.
(to behave humbly in order to win favour)
They seized on the idea.
(to be eager to take and use)
Bill, chasing some skirt again?
(a girl)
I saw him dive into a small pub.
(to enter suddenly)
Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
(to blame smb unfairly)
He only married her for her dough.
(money)
37 слайд

Types of Morpheme Meaning
lexical
differential
functional
distributional
38 слайд

Lexical Meaning in Morphemes
root-morphemes that are homonymous to words possess lexical meaning
EX. boy – boyhood – boyish

affixes have lexical meaning of a more generalized character
EX. –er “agent, doer of an action”
39 слайд

Lexical Meaning in Morphemes
has denotational and connotational components
EX. –ly, -like, -ish –
denotational meaning of similiarity
womanly , womanish

connotational component –
-ly (positive evaluation), -ish (deragotary) женственный — женоподобный
40 слайд

Differential Meaning
a semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes

EX. cranberry, blackberry, gooseberry
41 слайд

Functional Meaning
found only in derivational affixes
a semantic component which serves to
refer the word to the certain part of speech

EX. just, adj. – justice, n.
42 слайд

Distributional Meaning
the meaning of the order and the arrangement of morphemes making up the word
found in words containing more than one morpheme
different arrangement of the same morphemes would make the word meaningless
EX. sing- + -er =singer,
-er + sing- = ?
43 слайд

Motivation
denotes the relationship between the phonetic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the other

can be phonetical
morphological
semantic
44 слайд

Phonetical Motivation
when there is a certain similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those produced by animals, objects, etc.

EX. sizzle, boom, splash, cuckoo
45 слайд

Morphological Motivation
when there is a direct connection between the structure of a word and its meaning
EX. finger-ring – ring-finger,

A direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes
EX think –rethink “thinking again”
46 слайд

Semantic Motivation
based on co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same word

EX a watchdog –
”a dog kept for watching property”

a watchdog –
“a watchful human guardian” (semantic motivation)
48 слайд

Analyze the meaning of the words.
Define the type of motivation
a) morphologically motivated
b) semantically motivated

Driver
Leg
Horse
Wall
Hand-made
Careless
piggish
49 слайд

Analyze the meaning of the words.
Define the type of motivation
a) morphologically motivated
b) semantically motivated
Driver
Someone who drives a vehicle
morphologically motivated
Leg
The part of a piece of furniture such as a table
semantically motivated
Horse
A piece of equipment shaped like a box, used in gymnastics
semantically motivated
50 слайд

Wall
Emotions or behavior preventing people from feeling close
semantically motivated
Hand-made
Made by hand, not machine
morphologically motivated
Careless
Not taking enough care
morphologically motivated
Piggish
Selfish
semantically motivated
51 слайд

I heard what she said but it didn’t sink in my mind
“do down to the bottom”
‘to be accepted by mind” semantic motivation

Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
“fasten smth somewhere using a pin” –
”to blame smb” semantic motivation

I was following the man when he dived into a pub.
“jump into deep water” –
”to enter into suddenly” semantic motivation

You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that
“to move along on hands and knees close to the ground” –
“to behave very humbly in order to win favor” semantic motivation

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As
with word-meaning, the meaning of word-groups may be analysed into
lexical
and grammatical
components.

§ 4. Lexical Meaning

The
lexical meaning of the word-group may be defined as the combined
lexical meaning of the component words. Thus the lexical meaning of
the word-group red
flower
may be described denotationally as the combined meaning of the words
red
and
flower.
It
should be pointed out, however, that the term combined
lexical
meaning
is not to imply that the meaning of the word-group is a mere additive
result of all the lexical meanings of the component members. As a
rule, the meanings of the component words are mutually dependent and
the meaning of the word-group naturally predominates over the lexical
meaning of its constituents.

Even
in word-groups made up of technical terms which are traditionally
held to be monosemantic the meaning of the word-group cannot be
described as the sum total of the meanings of its components. For
example, though the same adjective atomic
is
a component of a number of terminological word-groups, e.g. atomic
weight, atomic warfare, etc.,
the lexical meaning of the adjective is different and to a certain
degree subordinated to the meaning of the noun in each individual
word-group and consequently the meaning of the whole group is
modified.

Interdependence
of the lexical meanings of the constituent members of word-groups can
be readily observed in word-groups made up of polysemantic words. For
example, in the nominal group blind
man (cat, horse) only
one meaning of the adjective blind,
i.e.
‘unable to see’, is combined with the lexical meaning of the noun
man (cat, horse)
and
it is only one of the meanings of the noun man
— ‘human
being’ that is perceived in combination with the lexical meaning of
this adjective. The meaning of the same adjective in blind
type (print, handwriting) is
different.

As
can be seen from the above examples, polysemantic words are used in
word-groups only in one of their meanings. These meanings of the
component words in such word-groups are mutually interdependent and
inseparable. Semantic inseparability of word-groups that allows us to
treat them as self-contained lexical units is also clearly perceived
in the analysis of the connotational component of their lexical
meaning. Stylistic reference of word-groups, for example, may be
essentially different from that of the words making up these groups.
There is nothing colloquial or slangy about such words as old,
boy, bag, fun, etc.
when taken in isolation. The word-groups made up of these words, e.g.
old boy, bags of fun, are recognisably
colloquial.

Structural
Meaning

As
with polymorphemic words word-groups possess not only the lexical
meaning, but also the meaning conveyed mainly by the pattern of
arrangement of their constituents. A certain parallel can be drawn
between the meaning conveyed by the arrangement of morphemes in words
and the structural meaning of word-groups.¹
It will be recalled that two compound words made up of lexically
identical stems may be different in meaning because of the difference
in the pattern of arrangement of the stems. For example, the meaning
of such words as dog-house
and
house-dog
is
different though the lexical meaning of the components is identical.
This is also true of word-groups. Such word-groups as school
grammar and
grammar
school are
semantically different because of the difference in the pattern of
arrangement of the component words. It is assumed that the structural
pattern of word-groups is the carrier of a certain semantic component
not necessarily dependent on the actual lexical meaning of its
members. In the example discussed above (school
grammar) the
structural meaning of the word-group may be abstracted from the group
and described as ‘quality-substance’ meaning. This is the meaning
expressed by the pattern of the word-group but not by either the word
school
or
the word grammar.
It follows
that we have to distinguish between the structural meaning of a given
type of word-group as such and the lexical meaning of its
constituents.

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