Word meaning for spoken english

Many people spend hours studying through textbooks, practising grammatical exercises, and maybe even viewing the occasional Netflix movie in their target language when learning a new language like English.
Many individuals, however, are unaware that working on vocabulary is just as crucial, if not more, than working on grammar when it comes to learning a new language. In this article, you will find 1000 vocabulary words with meaning and sentences along with some tips to improve your vocabulary and spoken English.

1000 Vocabulary Words with Meaning and Sentences

The 1000 most often used English terms are listed below in alphabetical order. This is the next phase once you’ve accomplished the shorter vocabulary lists. Learning the full list from fresh would take a long time, but you are probably most familiar with a few of the words.
This list can be pasted into an online flashcard management system, an app, or printed to produce paper flashcards. You’ll need to seek up the definitions yourself, either in English or in your native tongue.

English Vocabulary Words Letter A

ability
able
about
above
accept
according
account
across
act
action
activity
actually
add
address
administration
admit
adult
affect
after
again
against
age
agency
agent
ago
agree
agreement
ahead
air
all
allow
almost
alone
along
already
also
although
always
American
among
amount
analysis
and
animal
another
answer
any
anyone
anything
appear
apply
approach
area
argue
arm
around
arrive
art
article
artist
as
ask
assume
at
attack
attention
attorney
audience
author
authority
available
avoid
away

Basic Vocabulary Words Letter B

baby
back
bad
bag
ball
bank
bar
base
be
beat
beautiful
because
become
bed
before
begin
behavior
behind
believe
benefit
best
better
between
beyond
big
bill
billion
bit
black
blood
blue
board
body
book
born
both
box
boy
break
bring
brother
budget
build
building
business
but
buy
By

English Vocabulary Words Letter C

call
camera
campaign
can
cancer
candidate
capital
car
card
care
career
carry
case
catch
cause
cell
center
central
century
certain
certainly
chair
challenge
chance
change
character
charge
check
child
choice
choose
church
citizen
city
civil
claim
class
clear
clearly
close
coach
cold
collection
college
color
come
commercial
common
community
company
compare
computer
concern
condition
conference
Congress
consider
consumer
contain
continue
control
cost
could
country
couple
course
court
cover
create
crime
cultural
culture
cup
current
customer
Cut

English Vocabulary Words Letter D

dark
data
daughter
day
dead
deal
death
debate
decade
decide
decision
deep
defense
degree
Democrat
democratic
describe
design
despite
detail
determine
develop
development
die
difference
different
difficult
dinner
direction
director
discover
discuss
discussion
disease
do
doctor
dog
door
down
draw
dream
drive
drop
drug
During

English Vocabulary Words Letter E

each
early
east
easy
eat
economic
economy
edge
education
effect
effort
eight
either
election
else
employee
end
energy
enjoy
enough
enter
entire
environment
environmental
especially
establish
even
evening
event
ever
every
everybody
everyone
everything
evidence
exactly
example
executive
exist
expect
experience
expert
explain
eye

English Vocabulary Words Letter F

face
fact
factor
fail
fall
family
far
fast
father
fear
federal
feel
feeling
few
field
fight
figure
fill
film
final
finally
financial
find
fine
finger
finish
fire
firm
first
fish
five
floor
fly
focus
follow
food
foot
for
force
foreign
forget
form
former
forward
four
free
friend
from
front
full
fund
Future

English Vocabulary Words Letter G

game
garden
gas
general
generation
get
girl
give
glass
go
goal
good
government
great
green
ground
group
grow
growth
guess
gun
Guy

English Vocabulary Words Letter H

hair
half
hand
hang
happen
happy
hard
have
he
head
health
hear
heart
heat
heavy
help
her
here
herself
high
him
himself
his
history
hit
hold
home
hope
hospital
hot
hotel
hour
house
how
however
huge
human
hundred
husband

English Vocabulary Words Letter I

idea
identify
if
image
imagine
impact
important
improve
in
include
including
increase
indeed
indicate
individual
industry
information
inside
instead
institution
interest
interesting
international
interview
into
investment
involve
issue
it
item
its
Itself

English Vocabulary Words Letter J

job
join
Just

English Vocabulary Words Letter K

keep
key
kid
kill
kind
kitchen
know
Knowledge

English Vocabulary Words Letter L

land
language
large
last
late
later
laugh
law
lawyer
lay
lead
leader
learn
least
leave
left
leg
legal
less
let
letter
level
lie
life
light
like
likely
line
list
listen
little
live
local
long
look
lose
loss
lot
love
Low

English Vocabulary Words Letter M

machine
magazine
main
maintain
major
majority
make
man
manage
management
manager
many
market
marriage
material
matter
may
maybe
me
mean
measure
media
medical
meet
meeting
member
memory
mention
message
method
middle
might
military
million
mind
minute
miss
mission
model
modern
moment
money
month
more
morning
most
mother
mouth
move
movement
movie
Mr
Mrs
much
music
must
my
Myself

English Vocabulary Words Letter N

name
nation
national
natural
nature
near
nearly
necessary
need
network
never
new
news
newspaper
next
nice
night
no
none
nor
north
not
note
nothing
notice
now
Number

Also Read: Telephone Conversation in English: Formal Phone Conversation Examples for Better Understanding

English Vocabulary Words Letter O

occur
of
off
offer
office
officer
official
often
oh
oil
ok
old
on
once
one
only
onto
open
operation
opportunity
option
or
order
organization
other
others
our
out
outside
over
own
Owner

English Vocabulary Words Letter P

page
pain
painting
paper
parent
part
participant
particular
particularly
partner
party
pass
past
patient
pattern
pay
peace
people
per
perform
performance
perhaps
period
person
personal
phone
physical
pick
picture
piece
place
plan
plant
play
player
PM
point
police
policy
political
politics
poor
popular
population
position
positive
possible
power
practice
prepare
present
president
pressure
pretty
prevent
price
private
probably
problem
process
produce
product
production
professional
professor
program
project
property
protect
prove
provide
public
pull
purpose
push
Put

English Vocabulary Words Letter Q

quality
question
quickly
Quite

English Vocabulary Words Letter R

race
radio
raise
range
rate
rather
reach
read
ready
real
reality
realize
really
reason
receive
recent
recently
recognize
record
red
reduce
reflect
region
relate
relationship
religious
remain
remember
remove
report
represent
Republican
require
research
resource
respond
response
responsibility
rest
result
return
reveal
rich
right
rise
risk
road
rock
role
room
rule
Run

English Vocabulary Words Letter S

safe
same
save
say
scene
school
science
scientist
score
sea
season
seat
second
section
security
see
seek
seem
sell
send
senior
sense
series
serious
serve
service
set
seven
several
shake
share
she
shoot
short
shot
should
shoulder
show
side
sign
significant
similar
simple
simply
since
sing
single
sister
sit
site
situation
six
size
skill
skin
small
smile
so
social
society
soldier
some
somebody
someone
something
sometimes
son
song
soon
sort
sound
source
south
southern
space
speak
special
specific
speech
spend
sport
spring
staff
stage
stand
standard
star
start
state
statement
station
stay
step
still
stock
stop
store
story
strategy
street
strong
structure
student
study
stuff
style
subject
success
successful
such
suddenly
suffer
suggest
summer
support
sure
surface
System

Also Read: Simile Figure of Speech: Examples of Simile Figure of Speech

English Vocabulary Words Letter T

table
take
talk
task
tax
teach
teacher
team
technology
television
tell
ten
tend
term
test
than
thank
that
the
their
them
themselves
then
theory
there
these
they
thing
think
third
this
those
though
thought
thousand
threat
three
through
throughout
throw
thus
time
to
today
together
tonight
too
top
total
tough
toward
town
trade
traditional
training
travel
treat
treatment
tree
trial
trip
trouble
true
truth
try
turn
TV
two
Type

Daily Vocabulary Words Letter U

under
understand
unit
until
up
upon
us
use
Usually

English Vocabulary Words Letter V

value
various
very
victim
view
violence
visit
voice
Vote

English Vocabulary Words Letter W

wait
walk
wall
want
war
watch
water
way
we
weapon
wear
week
weight
well
west
western
what
whatever
when
where
whether
which
while
white
who

whole
whom
whose
why
wide
wife
will
win
wind
window
wish
with
within
without
woman
wonder
word
work
worker
world
worry
would
write
writer
Wrong

English Vocabulary Words Letter Y

yard
yeah
year
yes
yet
you
young
your
Yourself

New Vocabulary Words Meaning Set 1

Abnegation /abnɪˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n/: Renouncing a belief or doctrine
Example: “I believe in the abnegation of political power”
Aggrandize /əˈɡrandʌɪz/: enhance power, wealth or status
Example: It was an action intended to aggrandize the Frankish dynasty.
Alacrity /əˈlakrɪti/: Eagerness
Example: He accepted the invitation with alacrity.
Anachronistic /ənakrəˈnɪstɪk/: misplaced chronologically
Example: He is rebelling against the anachronistic morality of his parents.
Archetypal /ˌɑːkɪˈtʌɪp(ə)l/: quintessential of a certain kind
Example: She is the archetypal country doctor.
Ascetic /əˈsɛtɪk/: one who practices self-denial as part of spiritual discipline
Example: She has adopted an ascetic life of prayer, fasting, and manual labour.

New Vocabulary Words with Meaning Set 2

Beguile /bɪˈɡʌɪl/: influence someone in a deceptive way
Example: He beguiled the voters with his good looks.
Blandishment /ˈblandɪʃm(ə)nt/: intentional flattery for persuasion
Example: The blandishments of the travel brochure.
Cajole /kəˈdʒəʊl/: persuade by flattery or coaxing
Example: He hoped to cajole her into selling the house.
Callous (/ˈkaləs/: disregard for others
Example: Her callous comments about the murder made me shiver.
Camaraderie /kaməˈrɑːd(ə)ri/: a sense of solidarity arising out of familiarity and sociability
Example: I like the enforced camaraderie of office life.
Circumlocution /ˌsəːkəmləˈkjuːʃ(ə)n/: expressing someone in an indirect way
Example: His admission came after years of circumlocution.
Clamor /ˈklamə/: proclaim something noisily
Example: The questions rose to a clamour in the meeting.

New Vocabulary Words with Meaning Set 3

Cognizant /ˈkɒ(ɡ)nɪz(ə)nt/: awareness or realization
Example: Politicians must be cognizant of the political boundaries within which they work.
Construe /kənˈstruː/: interpret or assign meaning
Example: His words could hardly be construed as an apology.
Convivial /kənˈvɪvɪəl/: enjoyable atmosphere or jovial company
Example: It is a convivial cocktail party.
Demagogue /ˈdɛməɡɒɡ/: a political leader who uses rhetoric to appeal to prejudices and desires of ordinary citizens
Example: The minister is a gifted demagogue with particular skill in manipulating the press.
Denigrate /ˈdɛnɪɡreɪt/: belittle someone
Example: There are many doom and gloom merchants who denigrate their own country.
Didactic /dɪˈdaktɪk/: instructive with a moral intent
Example: It is a didactic novel that set out to expose social injustice.
Disparate /ˈdɪsp(ə)rət/: of a distinct kind
Example: They inhabit disparate worlds of thought.

Vocabulary is the Foundation of Language

In a nutshell, vocabulary is significant since it is the foundation of all communication. It’s the raw materials with which we may communicate our thoughts and opinions, share information, comprehend others, and strengthen personal bonds.
We can converse even if we barely understand a language and have little grasp of grammar (albeit we may wind up sounding like cavemen!)
Consider how children learn a language if you’re still not convinced. They’ll say simple words like ‘duck,’ ‘ball,’ and ‘teddy’ before attempting complex structures, and they’ll generally be able to explain what they want.
As with learners, their capacity to converse improves dramatically as their language skills improve. But the idea is that they can still communicate using only their vocabulary.

Reading

When it comes to reading comprehension, for both local and non-native speakers, vocabulary knowledge is likely the most crucial aspect.
For example, if you sit down to read a book and are unfamiliar with the language, you will find it difficult to comprehend the content of the text.
You may look up the words in English, assume the meaning of the words based on their situation, or simply abandon and go on to anything else to read.
This can be discouraging, frustrating, and even demoralising. Over the years, there has been a lot of research into the relationship between vocabulary size and secondary language proficiency.
One of the more intriguing of these was a 2010 research that revealed that vocabulary size accounted for 64% of the variability in reading scores.

Also Read: Hyperbole Figure of Speech: Get to Know the Definition, Uses and Examples

Listening

For understandable reasons, we see similar data when it comes to language students’ listening skills.
Obviously, if you’ve never seen or heard a specific bit of vocabulary in a second language, recognising and decoding the sounds and extracting the meaning will be considerably more difficult.
You might be able to make meaning of the word by context or by linking it to other terms in the same word group if you’re an advanced English learner, but this might be tough.

Speaking

If you’re a native English speaker, you’ve probably had the sensation of having a word ‘on the tip of the tongue’ yet being unable to recall it. It can be aggravating, and it frequently ends the conversation.
For second language students who haven’t studied that specific vocabulary word before, it works similarly. They won’t be able to fully articulate their point if they don’t know (or didn’t recall) that piece of language.
As a result, vocabulary is usually regarded as arguably the most important factor in a person’s capacity to communicate in a foreign language.

Writing

A bigger vocabulary will also make it easier for you to express yourself in writing. When conveying a notion, sentiment, event, or idea, you’ll have a bigger vocabulary to choose from and will be able to be more accurate.

Tips To Enhance Your Vocabulary

Read Voraciously

Reading is undeniably the most effective approach to acquiring new vocabulary. Reading allows you to view words in context, which makes it far more useful than memorising word lists.
With all of the context details surrounding each new word, there’s a strong chance you’ll be able to figure out what it means just by reading the rest of the text. The natural method of studying language is to figure out the meaning of words in this method, and reading is the ideal way to get introduced to this natural style of learning.
It’s probably as if there are too many unfamiliar words in the text if you can’t infer the meaning of new words while reading. If that’s the case, try reading something simpler. Making reading a joyful pastime is the key to good reading. Don’t be concerned if you come across unfamiliar vocabulary; nonetheless, check sure the content is appropriate for your reading ability.

Also Read: What is the Personification Figure of Speech? Let’s Learn English Grammar to Communicate Better

Make the Dictionary Your Friend

A dictionary is a first and most important tool for expanding your vocabulary. It’s only by looking up a word in a dictionary that you will learn its precise meaning, spelling, alternate definitions, and find additional useful information about it.
A thesaurus is particularly useful for learning since it can help you discover links between terms, such as synonyms and antonyms.

Use It or Lose It

Don’t be satisfied with learning a new word by studying it or checking it up in a dictionary: these are fine beginnings, but it’s by utilising the new terms that you actually commit them to good memory.

Learn the True Meaning of Words

You can greatly increase your vocabulary by truly knowing words. Instead of memorising words, consider their etymology, term roots, suffixes, and prefixes to gain a deeper understanding of them.
Knowing Greek and Latin origins is extremely beneficial because at least half of English terms are derived from them.

Maintain a Personal Lexicon

You’ll have a convenient reference to study these terms later if you keep a customised list of taught words. It’s highly probable that you’ll want to go back and review recent words, so keeping a list of them is far more effective than going to the dictionary every time.
Even if you don’t use your lexicon again, jotting down terms at least once will considerably improve your capacity to commit them to long-term memory. Another fantastic technique to reinforce this habit is to construct an original sentence including the term.
Using your lexicon to do so is a terrific way to do so. You can also include any other information you choose, such as the date you first encountered the word or a consecutive number to help you meet a word quota you set.

Follow a Process

You can make vocabulary growth as habitual, automatic, and closely integrated into your daily working life as possible to make it a lasting habit in your daily life, you won’t do that when your days are too busy.
The concept of keeping a “Word Inbox” is very effective in this regard. You can analyse words considerably more efficiently if you have a predetermined spot where you may record them.
Your procedure can be as simple or as complex as you want; the point is to define it first and then stick to it. You can keep on top of your vocabulary growth process by understanding precisely how or how often to filter your mailbox, even if there are other important concerns vying for your attention.

Play and Have Fun

Playing games and participating in group activities are beneficial for all types of learning, but they are especially beneficial for language learning. Bring your relatives and friends together to play semantic games. Quiddler, and the oldies Scrabble and Boggle, are all good choices.
It’s simple to come up with your own word exercises if you don’t want to spend the money on packed games. You might, for example, create your own version of “Word Evening,” in which a different person contributes a new word to the meal on a specified day of the week.
The first person reads the word and defines it, then the others have to come up with a phrase that uses the word.

Leverage Every Resource You Can

The Internet is a veritable treasure mine of vocabulary-building tools. Here are a few examples to get you started, however, there are many more:
You can use a variety of vocabulary apps to help you learn new words. You can look into a variety of vocabulary-related books. On sites like Project Gutenberg, you may find a variety of free literature.
There are several ways to integrate dictionary lookup services into the Firefox browser, like the Answers.com and DictionarySearch plug-ins.

Diversify

Get something unique from your usual routine: hunting, swimming, or blogging–any activity that isn’t part of your everyday routine can help you learn new words, as each niche has its own lingo and communication styles.
Read books and periodicals that are different from the ones you’re used to. Watch movies in a different language. Take up new interests and socialise with new people.

How to Improve Your Spoken English?

Find a Conversation Partner

It’s better to find a native English speaking person with whom you can practise your English if at all possible. Consider hiring a tutor if you don’t have somebody in your immediate network. Otherwise, you may always find somebody online with whom you can contact and practise your communication skills.

Make Sure To Listen Too

Listening to people speak is one of the finest methods to learn how to construct sentences and expand your vocabulary. Try listening to webinars and discussions that have been recorded. There are a plethora of ways to learn English, from YouTube to real-life discussions.

Record Your Conversation to Practise

You will almost certainly make mistakes when speaking. However, you must be willing to make mistakes in order to learn from them. You can learn even more if you film yourself speaking with your discussion partner and listen to it later. You can keep track of your progress and improve your pronunciation this way.

Surround Yourself with English

English is spoken all across the world. The English language can be found in menus, promotional materials, books, movies, traffic signs, and more, no matter where it is located. The more you absorb yourself in these daily English bits and pay more attention to them, the better your base will be.

Exercise with Music and Movies

Most individuals prefer to relax and unwind while listening to music or watching movies. You have the option of watching movies in English or in your local tongue with English subtitles that you can understand.

Read Loudly

Try reading loudly if you prefer to read rather than speak and make up your own discussion. Because you’re seeing and reading the words, you’ll be able to hear yourself speak them and recall them better.

Self-Interrogation

If you’re still not sure if you’re prepared to put your public speaking talents to the test, speak to yourself! Your English skills will improve the more you practise with yourself.

Also Read: Oxymoron Figure of Speech: How to Use Oxymorons in Common Day to Day Life?

Build Your Vocabulary

As a kid, teachers teach you words by pointing to objects and telling you what they are named. When learning and improving your English skills, you can use the same technique. It all starts with a good vocabulary. You might set a daily goal for yourself to learn a certain amount of words.

Enhance Your Pronunciation

There are digital programmes that will say words out to you so you can learn how to pronounce them correctly. Knowing how to pronounce words is essential for being understood when speaking, from Channels on Youtube to dictionaries.

Learn English’s Natural Movement

Every language has its own harmonic progression. When speaking English, it’s helpful to be aware of contractions, which are two words that combine to produce a single word, such as “I am” becoming “I’m.”
You’ll also want to know which syllables to emphasise when speaking. All of this comes from conversing with Indians and listening to them talk.

Speech Shadowing

Speech shadowing is the process of mimicking the way a native speaker speaks. Watching a video or a movie with subtitles is a simple way to conduct speech shadowing. First, read and pronounce the sentence aloud.
Then listen to it with a native English speaker speaking it back to you. Pause throughout to try to duplicate the flow and pattern as nearly as possible. You can film yourself performing this if you really want to compare it to how a native speaker sounds.

Self-talk

Whether you want to record yourself singing or voice your thoughts out, talking with yourself and hearing the words can help you grow. You can read aloud as well.

Think in English

While it is unlikely that this will come naturally, you can assist yourself in learning to think in English by interpreting your thoughts first. Alternatively, keep a diary or journal of your thoughts in English and put them into practice.

Retell the Following Narrative in English

Begin with a basic storey from your youth, such as a fable or a folk tale. Then you can take it a step further and push yourself to recount a narrative in English that someone else has told you. This allows you to double-check your knowledge and comprehension.

Engage in Community Speaking Events

From debates and conferences to slam poetry competitions, public speaking events provide an excellent opportunity to listen to others speak. You can also submit an application to be a speaker.
If it’s for something less formal, like presenting your creative writing or telling a tale in front of a group of close friends, public speaking can be a great way to show off your abilities.

Visit a Language Cafe

Language cafes can be found all over the world. This is a location where people may get together and practise their chosen languages in small groups.

Using Apps

Technology is here to help with language learning. You can enhance your English speaking abilities wherever you go using programmes like Duolingo and Busuu, which allows you to communicate with native speakers.

Conclusion

A person’s vocabulary should be updated on a daily basis. Having the most up-to-date terminology in your head can help you win in a group. Keeping up with the current English words may help you approach any situation with optimism and confidence.
The latest English words may make every examination a win-win situation for you, whether it’s a competitive examination or a quiz competition. These new English words or new terminology demonstrate the evolution of language as well as current international challenges.
Check the best spoken English platform in the market, The Fluent Life!

Fortunately, you don’t have to learn them all to become fluent in English. Americans use around 2500 – 3000 of the most common words in their daily lives. If you know these 3000 most common words, you can understand at least 95% of all conversations, e-mails, newspapers, and books.

Sounds great! But what is the most effective way to learn these words?

Focus on example sentences when learning vocabulary. Here’s why?

When it comes to learning English vocabulary, the most important thing
you need to focus on are
example sentences because they help you to improve all your English skills — including vocabulary, listening, speaking, and writing.

If you want to speak English fluently, learn with your ears, not with your eyes

Learning English can be broken down into two parts: input and output.  Input consists of reading and listening while output consists of writing and speaking. The more input you get, the more output you can produce. It’s that simple.

Here’s the little secret you probably don’t know yet:

Repetition is the secret to English fluency

If you want to quickly achieve fluency level — to speak English easily, fluently and automatically, you’ll need to do one more thing:

Learn deeply through lots of repetition. 

It means that you will need to listen to every example sentence many, many times, until you MASTER it. Don’t listen just one time or a few times. It’s not enough. You will forget it very soon.

You may know how to use a word to make a correct sentence, but here’s the thing: Can you use it quickly, easily, and automatically? 

If the answer is no, you need to repeat more. You must listen to that example sentence again and again. 

Don’t ignore this simple secret. This is how you will achieve automatically fast speaking.

FREE English Lessons — 3000 Most Frequently Used Words in English

In the following section, you will find around 3000 free lessons for the 3000 most commonly used words in English. Each lesson consists of the definition (meaning) of the word, the audio pronunciation, and many example sentences with high-quality audio.

Listen to (and repeat) each lesson many times — and watch how fast your English speaking improves!

Enjoy the lessons!

P/S: Check out the Resources page for our recommended courses and lessons.

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Meaning
– the reflection of an object, phenomenon, relations in a l-ge.
Types of meaning: 1) lexical (the reflection of a concept in a word
form – goes, went); 2) grammatical ( the reflection of the
relations of obj. in

the
forms of the word – asked, walked); 3) functional (classifies
words, parts of speech – export (n) & export (v). Lexical
meaning: 1) denotational (objective) – the ability of a word to
refer to an individual object; 2) significative (notional, identical)
– the ability of a word to generalize significant properties of
objects & to present them as abstract ideas); 3) connotational
(pragmatic) – the ability of a word to evoke & directly express
emotions; 4) conceptional – scientific meaning. Motivation – a
direct connection between the structure of the word & its
meaning. Types: 1) morphological (re-think – think again); 2) sound
symbolism (sounds associated with words: buzz – жужжать,
cuckoo – куковать); 3) semantic (based on metaphoric
transfer – heart-breaking, eye-wash – надувательство).

5. Change of meaning in English.

Word-meaning
is liable to change in the course of the historical development of
language. Causes
of Semantic Change

1. extra-linguistic
   — various
   changes in the life of the speech community, changes in economic and
   social structure, changes in ideas, scientific concepts, way of life
   and other spheres of human activities as reflected in word meanings

2. linguistic
   —.
   factors acting within the language system

• ellipsis
  (In
  a phrase made up of two words one of these is omitted and its
  meaning is transferred to its partner. The verb to
  starve, e.g.,
  in Old English had the meaning ‘to die’ and was habitually used
  in collocation with the word hunger.
  Already
  in the 16th century the verb itself acquired the meaning ‘to die
  )

• differentiation
  of synonyms
  (The
  word land,
  e.g.,
  in Old English (OE. land)
  meant
  both ’solid part of earth’s surface’ and ‘the territory of
  a nation’. When in the Middle English period the word country
  (OFr.
  contree)
  was
  borrowed as its synonym, the meaning of the word land
  was
  somewhat altered and ‘the territory of a
  nation’
  came to be denoted mainly by the borrowed word country)

• linguistic
  analogy
  — if one of the members of a synonymic set acquires a new meaning
  other members of this set change their meanings too. (e.g.,
  all English adverbs which acquired the meaning ‘rapidly’ always
  develop the meaning ‘immediately’, similarly verbs synonymous
  with catch,
  e.g. grasp, get, etc.,
  by semantic extension acquired another meaning —
  ‘to
  understand’)Nature
  of Semantic Change

Generally
speaking, a necessary condition of any semantic change, no matter
what its cause, is some connection, some association between the old
meaning and the new. There are two kinds of association involved as a
rule in various semantic changes namely:

1. Similarity
   of meanings or metaphor — a semantic process of associating two
   referents, one of which in some way resembles the other.
   The word hand,
   e.g.,
   acquired in the 16th century the meaning of ‘a pointer of a clock
   of a watch’ because of the similarity of one of the functions
   performed by the hand (to point at something) and the function of
   the clockpointer.

2. Contiguity
   of meanings or metonymy — the semantic process of associating two
   referents one of which makes part of the other or is closely
   connected with it. (the
   word tongue
   — ‘the
   organ of speech’ in the meaning of ‘language’ (as in mother
   tongue; cf.
   also L. lingua,
   Russ.
   язык).
   The
   word bench
   acquired
   the meaning ‘judges, magistrates’ because it was on the bench
   that
   the judges used to sit in law courts, similarly the
   House acquired
   the meaning of ‘members of the House’ (Parliament)).

Results
of semantic change
can be generally observed in the changes of the denotational meaning
of the word (restriction and extension of meaning) or in the
alteration of its connotational component (amelioration and
deterioration of meaning).Changes
in the denotational meaning

1. restriction
   of
   the types or range of referents denoted by the word (the
   word hound
   (OE. hund) which
   used to denote ‘a dog of any breed’ but now denotes only ‘a
   dog used in the chase’)

• specialisation
  of meaning — if the word with the new meaning comes to be used in
  the specialised vocabulary of some limited group within the speech
  community it is usual to speak of
  (the verb to
  glide (OE. glidan) which
  had the meaning ‘to move gently and smoothly’ and has now
  acquired a restricted and specialised meaning ‘to fly with no
  engine’ (cf. a
  glider))

1. extension
   of meaning—application of the word to a wider variety of
   referents.
   (the word target
   which
   originally meant ‘a small round shield’ (a diminutive of targe,
   сf.
   ON. targa) but
   now means ‘anything that is fired at’ and also figuratively ‘any
   result aimed at’)

• generalisation
  of
  
  meaning —
  the word with the extended meaning passes from the specialised
  vocabulary into common use
  (The
  word camp, which originally was used only as a military term and
  meant ‘the place where troops are lodged in tents’ extended and
  generalised its meaning and now denotes ‘temporary quarters’ (of
  travellers, nomads, etc.)

Changes
in the connotational meaning:

1. pejorativedevelopment
   — acquisition by the word of some derogatory emotive charge (the
   word boor
   was
   originally used to denote ‘a villager, a peasant’ and then
   acquired a derogatory, contemptuous connotational meaning and came
   to denote ‘a clumsy or ill-bred fellow’)

2. ameliorative
   development — improvement of the connotational component of
   meaning.. (the
   word minister
   which
   in one of its meanings originally denoted ‘a servant, an
   attendant’, but now —
   ‘a
   civil servant of higher rank, a person administering a department of
   state or accredited by one state to another’)

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2. air – the mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth and that we breathe.

3. amount – a collection or mass, especially of something that cannot be counted.

4. animal – something that lives and moves, but is not a human, bird, insect or fish.

5. answer – the receipt and response to a letter, question or phone call.

6. approval – the feeling of having a positive opinion of someone or something.

7. art – the activity of making objects, drawings, music, paintings, sculptures etc that are beautiful or that express feelings.

8. attack – to try to hurt or defeat (mainly referred to physical violence but can also be used to describe verbal or emotional outbursts).

9. attention – notice, thought or interest.

10. back – (adverb) in return, into, towards a previous place or condition, or an earlier time; (noun) the part of your body that is opposite to the front, from your shoulder to your bottom.

11. base – the bottom part of an object, on which it rests, or the lowest part of something.

12. behavior – the way that someone behaves.

13. belief – the feeling of being certain that something exists or is true, something that you believe.

14. birth – the time when a young baby, or young animal comes out of its mother’s body.

15. blood – the red liquid that is sent around the body by the heart.

16. blow – to move and make currents of air, or to make a sound by forcing air out of your mouth.

17. body – the whole physical structure that forms a person or animal.

18. bread – a food made from flour, water and usually yeast, mixed together and baked.

19. breath – the air that goes into and out of your lungs.

20. brother – a man or boy with the same parents as another person.

21. building – a structure with walls and a roof, such as a house or a factory.

22. burn – to be hurt, damaged or destroyed by fire or extreme heat, or to cause this to happen.

23. business – the activity of buying and selling goods and services.

24. butter – a pale yellow food containing a lot of fat that is made from cream, usually spread on bread or used in cooking.

25. care – the process of protecting someone or something, and providing what they need.

26. cause – the reason why something, especially something bad, happens.

27. chance – an occasion that allows something to be done.

28. change – to exchange one thing for another thing, or to make or become different.

29. cloth – a type of woven material, usually used in cleaning to remove dirt, dust or liquid.

30. color/colour – red, blue, green, yellow, red, orange etc.

31. comfort – a pleasant feeling of being relaxed and free from pain.

32. company – an organization that sells goods or services in order to make money.

33. comparison – the act of comparing two or more people or things.

34. competition – a situation in which someone is trying to win something or be more successful than someone else.

35. connection – the state of being related to someone or something.

36. cook – (verb) when you prepare food to be eaten by heating it until it is ready, or (noun) a person who prepares and cooks food.

37. country – an area of land that has its own government, army etc.

38. cover – to put or spread something over something, or to lie on the surface of something.

39. credit – praise, approval or honour.

40. cry – to produce tears as the result of a strong emotion, such as sadness, fear, happiness or pain.

41. current – of the present time.

42. damage – to harm or spoil something.

43. danger – the possibility of harm or death to someone.

44. daughter – your female child.

45. day – a period of 24 hours.

46. death – the end of life.

47. decision – a choice that you make about something after thinking about all the possible options.

48. detail – a single piece of information or fact about something.

49. development – the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced.

50. direction – the position towards which someone or something moves or faces.51. discovery – the process of finding information, a place or an object, especially for the first time.

52. discussion – the activity in which people talk about something and tell each other their ideas or opinions.

53. disease – an illness of people, animals or plants caused by infection or a lack of health.

54. distance – the amount of space between two places.

55. doubt – (a feeling of) not being certain about something, especially how good or true it is.

56. drink – (noun) liquid that is taken into the body through the mouth, or (verb) to take liquid into the body through the mouth.

57. driving – the ability to drive a car, the activity of driving, or the way someone drives.

58. dust – dry dirt in the form of powder that covers surfaces inside a building, or very small dry pieces of soil etc.

59. earth – our planet, the third in order from the sun, between Venus and Mars, the world on which we live. Also another term for soil on the ground.

60. education – the process of teaching or learning in a school or college, or the knowledge that you get from this.

61. effect – the result of a particular influence.

62. end – the part of a place or thing that is the furthest away from the start, or the final part of something such as a period of time, activity or story.

63. error – a mistake.

64. example – a way of helping someone to understand something by showing them how it is used.

65. experience – (the process of getting) knowledge or skill from doing, seeing or feeling things, or something that happens to you which affects how you feel.

66. expert – a person with a high level of knowledge or skill relating to a particular subject or activity.

67. fact – something that is known to have happened or to exist, especially something for which proof exists.

68. fall – to suddenly go down onto the ground or towards the ground without intending to, or by accident.

69. family – a group of people who are related to each other such as a mother, father and their children.

70. father – a male parent.

71. fear – an unpleasant emotion or thought that you have when you are worried or frightened by something dangerous, painful or bad that is happening or may happen.

72. feeling – the fact of feeling something physical, or an emotion.

73. fire – the state of burning that produces flames that send out heat and light, and might produce smoke.

74. flight – a journey in an aircraft.

75. flower – the part of a plant that is often brightly coloured and has a pleasant smell.

76. food – something that people and animals eat or plants absorb, to keep them alive.

77. friend – a person who you know well and like a lot, but who is usually not a member of your family.

78. front – the part of a person’s body, building or object that faces forward, or is most often seen or used.

79. fruit – the soft part containing seeds that is produced by a plant. Many types of fruit are sweet and can be eaten.

80. glass – a hard transparent material used to make windows bottles and other objects.

81. gold – a chemical element that is a valuable, shiny, yellow metal used to make coins and jewellery.

82. government – the group of people that officially control a country.

83. grain – a seed or seeds from a plant, especially a plant like a grass such as rice or wheat.

84. grass – a low, green plant that grows naturally from soil on the Earth’s surface.

85. growth – the growth of a person, animal or plant is its process of increasing in size.

86. guide – written information or a person that gives you the history of, or most important facts about, a particular or subject.

87. harbor/harbour – an area of water next to the coast, often protected from the sea by a thick wall, where ships and boats can shelter.

88. hate – to dislike someone or something very much.

89. hearing – the ability to hear, or an official meeting that is held to collect the facts about an event or problem.

90. heat – the quality of being hot or warm, or the temperature of something.

91. help – to make it possible or easier for someone to do something, by doing part of the work yourself.

92. history – (the study or record of) past events considered together, especially events of a particular period, country or subject.

93. hole – an empty space in an object, usually with an opening to the object’s surface, or an opening that goes completely through an object.

94. hope – to want something to happen or to be true, and usually have a good reason to think that it might.

95. hour – a period of 60 minutes.

96. ice – water that has frozen and become solid, or pieces of this.

97. idea – a suggestion or plan for doing something.

98. increase – to (make something) become larger in amount or size.

99. industry – the companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods for sale, especially in a factory or special area.

102. interest – the feeling of wanting to give your attention to something or someone, or wanting to be involved with and to discover more about something.

103. iron – a chemical element that is a common greyish-coloured metal. It is strong, used in making steel, and exists in very small amounts in blood.

104. join – to connect or fasten things together.

105. journey – the act of travelling from one place to another, especially in a vehicle.

106. jump – to push yourself suddenly off the ground and into the air using your legs.

107. kick – to hit someone or something with the foot, or to move the feet and legs suddenly and violently.

108. kiss – to touch another person’s cheek or hand with your lips, especially as a greeting, or to press your mouth onto another person’s mouth in a sexual way.

109. knowledge – understanding of, or information about, a subject that you get by experience or study.

110. land – the surface of the Earth that is not covered by water.

111. language – a system of communication consisting of sounds, words and grammar.

112. laugh – to smile when making sounds with your voice that show you think something is funny or that you are happy.

113. low – not measuring much from the base to the top, close to the ground or the bottom of something.

114. lead – to control a group of people, a country or situation.

115. learning – the activity of obtaining knowledge, or knowledge obtained by study.

116. letter – a written message from one person to another, usually put in an envelope and sent by post.

117. level – the height of something, or the amount or number of something.

118. light – the brightness that comes from the sun, fire and some electrical devices, and that allows things to be seen.

119. limit – the greatest amount, number or level of something that is either possible or allowed.

120. liquid – a substance, such as water, that is not solid or a gas and that can be poured easily.

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121. look – to direct your eyes in order to see.

122. loss – the fact that you no longer have something, or have less of something.

123. love – to like another adult very much and be romantically and sexually attracted to them, or to have strong feelings of liking a friend or person in your family in a non-sexual way.

124. machine – a piece of equipment with several moving parts that uses power to do a particular type of work.

125. man – an adult male human being.

126. market – the people who might want to buy something, or a part of the world where something is sold, or the business or trade in a particular product.

127. mass – (adjective) having an effect on or involving a large number of people, or forming a large amount. (noun) a large amount of something that has no particular shape or arrangement.

128. meal – an occasion when food is eaten, or the food that is eaten on such an occasion.

129. measure – to discover the exact size or amount of something, or to be of a particular size.

132. memory – the ability to remember information, experiences and people.

133. middle – the central point, position or part.

134. milk – the white liquid produced by cows, goats, sheep, and used by humans as a drink or for making butter and cheese.

135. mind – the part of a person that makes it possible for him or her to think, feel emotions and understand things.

136. mine – the one(s) belonging to or connected with me (the speaker).

137. minute – one of the 60 parts that an hour is divided into, consisting of 60 seconds.

138. mist – thin fog produced by very small drops of water collecting in the air just above an area of ground or water.

139. money – coins or notes that are used to buy things, or the amount of these that one person has.

140. month – a period of about 4 weeks, especially one of the 12 periods into which a year is divided.

141. morning – the part of the day from the time the sun rises or you wake up, until the middle of the day or lunch time.

142. mother – a female parent.

143. mountain – a raised part of the Earth’s surface, much larger than a hill.

144. move – to (cause to) change position.

145. music – a pattern of sounds made by musical instruments, voices or computers, intended to give pleasure to people listening to it.

146. name – the word or words that a person, thing or place is known by.

147. nation – a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.

148. need – the urge to have something, or want something very much.

149. news – information or reports about recent events.

150. night – the part of every 24-hour period when it is dark, because there is very little light from the sun.

151. noise – a sound or sounds, especially when it is unwanted, unpleasant or loud.

152. number – a unit that forms part of the system of counting or calculating.

153. offer – to ask someone if they would like to have something, or they would like you to do something.

154. oil – a thick liquid that comes from petroleum, used as a fuel, and for making parts of machines move easily.

155. opinion – a thought, belief or judgement about someone or something.

156. order – a request to make, supply or deliver food or goods.

157. organization – a group of people who work together in an organized way for a shared purpose.

158. owner – someone who owns something.

159. page – a side of one of the pieces of paper in a book, magazine or newspaper.

160. pain – a feeling of physical, emotional or mental suffering.

161. paint – a coloured liquid that is put on a surface, such as a wall, to decorate it.

162. paper – thin, flat material made from crushed wood or cloth, used for writing, printing or drawing on.

163. part – some, but not all of a thing.

164. paste – a think, soft, sticky substance made by crushing or mixing things such as fish, fruit or vegetables for food, or a liquid with powder for glue.

165. payment – an amount of money paid or the process of giving money owed to another.

166. peace – free from war and violence, especially when people live and work together happily, without disagreements.

167. person – a man, woman or child.

168. place – an area, town or building.

169. plant – a living thing that grows in earth, or water, usually has a stem, leaves and roots, and produces seeds.

170. play – spending time doing an enjoyable and/or entertaining activity.

171. pleasure – enjoyment, happiness and satisfaction, or something that gives this.

172. position – the place where something or someone is, often in relation to other things.

173. power – ability to control people and events.

174. price – the amount of money for which something is sold.

175. process – a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result.

176. produce – (verb) to make something or bring something into existence. (noun) food or any other substance that is grown or obtained through farming.

177. profit – money that is earned in trade or business, after paying any costs related to producing selling goods.

178. property – an object/objects, building or land that belong to someone.

179. pull – to move something towards yourself, sometimes with great physical effort.

180. punishment – the act of punishing someone.

181. purpose – why you do something, or why something exists.

182. push – to use physical pressure or force, especially with your hands, in order to move something into a position that is further away from you.

183. quality – how good or bad something is.

184. question – a sentence or phrase used to find out information.

185. rain – drops of water from clouds.

186. reaction – behaviour, a feeling or an action that is the direct result of something.

187. reading – the skill or activity of getting information from books.

188. reason – the cause of an event or situation, something that provides an excuse or explanation.

189. record – (verb) to store sounds or moving pictures using electronic equipment. (noun) the best or fastest ever done. (noun) a flat plastic disc on which music is recorded.

190. regret – a feeling of sadness about something sad or wrong, or about a mistake that you have made.

191. relation – the way in which two people or groups of people feel and behave towards each other.

192. religion – the belief in, and worship of, a god or gods.

193. request – the act of politely or officially asking for something.

194. respect – admiration felt or shown for someone or something that you believe has good ideas or qualities.

195. rest – to stop doing a particular activity in order to relax and regain your strength.

196. reward – something given in exchange for good behaviour or good work.

197. rice – the small seeds of a particular type of grass, cooked and eaten as food.

198. river – a natural wide flow of fresh water across the land into the sea, a lake or another river.

199. road – a long hard man-made surface built for vehicles to travel along.

202. run – to move along, faster than walking, by taking quick steps.

203. salt – a common white substance found in sea water and in the ground, used especially to flavour food or to preserve it.

204. sand – a substance that consists of very small grains of rock, found on beaches and deserts.

205. sea – the salty water that covers a large surface of the Earth.

206. seat – a piece of furniture in a building or vehicle, that has been designed for someone to sit on.

207. secretary – someone who works in an office, writing letters, making phone calls and arranging meetings.

208. selection – the act of choosing someone or something.

209. sense – an ability to understand, recognize, value, or react to something, especially any of the five abilities to see, hear, smell, feel and taste.

210. shade – slight darkness caused by something blocking the direct light from the sun.

211. shake – to move or make something or someone move, backwards and forwards or up and down in short quick movements.

212. shame – an uncomfortable feeling of guilt or of being ashamed, because of your own or someone else’s bad behaviour.

213. shock – the emotional or physical reaction to a sudden unexpected and usually unpleasant event or experience.

214. side – a flat outer surface of an object, especially one that is not the top, bottom, the front nor the back.

215. sign – to write your name, usually on a written or printed document, to show that you agree with its contents.

216. silver – a chemical element that is a valuable shiny white metal, used for making cutlery, jewellery, coins or decorative objects.

217. sister – a girl or woman who has the same parents as another person.

218. size – how large or small someone or something is.

219. sky – the area above the earth, in which clouds, the sun, moon and stars can be seen.

220. sleep – the resting state in which the body is not active and the mind is unconscious.

221. slip – to slide without intending to, or to move out of the correct position.

222. smash – to cause something to break noisily into a lot of small pieces.

223. smell – to have a particular quality that others can notice with their noses.

224. smile – a happy or friendly expression on the face in which the ends of the mouth curve up slightly, often with lips parted so that teeth can be seen.

225. smoke – the mixture of gas and very small pieces of carbon that is produced when something burns.

226. sneeze – when you sneeze, air and often small drops of liquid suddenly come out of your mouth and nose in a way that you cannot control.

227. snow – the small soft, white pieces of ice that sometimes fall from the sky when it is extremely cold.

228. soap – a substance used for washing the body, that is usually hard, often has a pleasant smell and produces a mass of bubbles when rubbed with water.

229. society – a large group of people who live together in an organized way. All the people in a country, or in several similar countries, could be referred to as a society.

230. son – someone’s male child.

231. song – a usually short piece of music where words are sung.

232. sort – (noun) a group of things that are of the same type, or that share similar qualities. (verb) to put a number of things in an order, or to separate them into groups.

233. sound – something that you can hear or that can be heard.

234. soup – a usually hot liquid food made from meat, vegetables or fish.

235. space – an empty area that is available to be used. The area around everything that exists, continuing in all directions.

236. start – to begin doing something.

237. step – to move by lifting your foot, and putting it down in a different place, or to put your foot in or on something.

238. stone – a piece of the hard solid substance that is found in the ground, and that is often used for building.

239. stop – to not continue to operate, to not move anymore, or to make someone or something not move anymore.

240. story – a description either true or imagined, of a connected series of events.

241. structure – the way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in this way.

242. sugar – a sweet substance especially from the plants sugar cane and sugar beet, used to make food and drinks sweet.

243. suggestion – an idea, plan or action that is suggested, or the act of suggesting it.

244. summer – the season of the year between spring and autumn when the weather is the warmest, lasting from June to September in the UK.

245. surprise – an unexpected event.

246. swim – to move through water by moving parts of your body.

247. talk – to say words aloud; to speak to someone.

248. taste – the flavour of something, or the ability of a person or animal to recognize different flavours.

249. tax – money paid to the government that is based on your income or the cost of goods or services you have bought.

250. teaching – the job of being a teacher; the role/act of educating another person in any particular subject.

251. thing – used to refer in an approximate way to an object or to avoid naming it.

252. thought – the act of thinking about or considering something, an idea or opinion, or a set of ideas about a particular subject.

253. time – the part of existence that is measured in minutes, days or years, or this process considered as a whole.

254. touch – to put your hand or another part of your body lightly onto and off something or someone.

255. trade – the activity of buying and selling or exchanging goods and/or services between people or countries.

256. transport – the movement of people or goods from one place to another.

257. trouble – problems or difficulties, or a negative characteristic of someone.

258. turn – to (cause to) move in a circle round a fixed point or line.

259. use – to put something such as a tool, skill or building to a particular purpose.

260. value – the amount of money that can be received for something.

261. view – an opinion, belief or idea, or a way of thinking about something; what someone can see in their peripheral vision.

262. voice – the sounds that are made when people speak or sing.

263. walk – to move along by putting one foot in front of the other.

264. war – armed fighting between two or more countries or groups, or a particular example of this.

265. wash – to clean something using water and usually soap.

266. waste – an unnecessary or wrong use of things such as money, substances, time, energy or abilities.

267. water – a clear liquid, without colour or taste, that falls from the sky as rain, and is necessary for animal and plant life.

268. way – a route, direction or path.

269. weather – the conditions in the air above the earth such as wind, rain or temperature, especially at a particular time or over a particular area.

270. week – a period of seven days, usually from Monday to Sunday.

271. weight – the amount that someone or something weighs.

272. wind – a current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt.

273. wine – an alcoholic drink generally made from grapes but that can also be made from other fruits or flowers.

274. winter – the season between autumn and spring, when the weather is the coldest.

275. woman – an adult female human being.

276. wood – a hard substance that forms the branches and trunks of trees and can be used as a building material, for making things, or as a fuel.

277. word – a single unit of language that has meaning and can be spoken or written.

278. work – an activity, such as a job, that a person uses physical or mental effort to do, usually for money.

279. writing – a person’s style of writing with a pen on paper that can be recognized as their own.

280. year – a period of twelve months.