The letters from A — Z are used in various combinations to form words. These words have different meanings. These meanings help us to understand the language. They also help us to visualise different objects.
Simple Words with Their Meanings
Let us go through some simple and widely used words and their meanings. The pictures will help us to visualise the meanings.
Words and Their Opposites
In the above examples, we have seen some commonly used words in day to day life and their meanings. Now some of the words from the above list have the exact opposite meanings. Pairs of such words that have opposite meanings are called opposites. Let us find such opposites from the above examples and learn some new pairs.
1) Laugh X cry/weep/wail
2) Buy X sell
3) Borrow X steal/lend
4) Whisper X Scream
5) Appreciate X insult
Recap
Meanings of words that we learned:
- Laugh: An action that shows that someone is very happy
- Weep: Cry loudly
- Wail: A long cry of pain
- Buy: To get something by paying money for it
- Borrow: Take something with the intention of returning it
- Whisper: Talk very softly
- Swim: Moving in water with the help of particular action of arms and legs
- Run: Move quickly using legs
- Appreciate: Praise
- Scream: Make a loud cry showing strong emotions.
Quiz for Words — Their Meanings and Opposites
|
Q.1 |
Which among the following make a correct pair with the word: Domestic? |
| a) |
Forgive |
| b) |
Forget |
| c) |
Foreign |
| d) |
Traditional |
|
Q.2 |
Which among the following is odd one from the given option? |
| a) | Engine |
| b) | Steering Wheel |
| c) | Car |
| d) | Tyre |
|
Q.3 |
Which among the following make a correct pair with the word: Failure? |
| a) | Struggle |
| b) | Success |
| c) | Story |
| d) | Sad |
|
Q.4 |
Which among the following is odd from the given images set? |
| a) |
 |
| b) |  |
| c) |  |
| d) |  |
|
Q.5 |
Which among the following make a correct pair with the word: fast? |
| a) |
Slow |
| b) |
Rapid |
| c) |
Rare |
| d) |
Right |
|
Q.6 |
Which among the following make a correct pair with the word: Few? |
| a) | Hare |
| b) | More |
| c) | Many |
| d) | Much |
|
Q.7 |
Identify the odd one from the options: |
| a) | Samveda |
| b) | Ayurveda |
| c) | Atharvaveda |
| d) | Rigveda |
|
Q.8 |
Which among the following make a correct pair with the word: Host? |
| a) | Organize |
| b) | Halt |
| c) | Guest |
| d) | Ghost |
|
Q.9 |
Which among the following is odd one from the given images set? |
| a) |
 |
| b) |  |
| c) |  |
| d) |  |
|
Q.10 |
Which among the following make a correct pair with the word: God father? |
| a) |
Goon uncle |
| b) |
God moon |
| c) |
God mother |
| d) |
None of these |
Your Score: 0/10
There are 26 letters between A to Z that can be used in several combinations to form words. All the words give out different meanings, and they can also be used to identify the objects in place.
Therefore, understanding each word and its meaning is very important for every class one student. Here, we will discuss words along with their meanings.
These are some of the simple words, which we use in our daily routine.
- Cry- This word means someone is in extreme pain, and his or her tears are rolling out.
- Laugh – Laugh means you are very happy about something or someone cracks a job, and you cannot stop yourself from laughing.
- Buy- It means you are willing to purchase a particular product, and you are paying money for it.
- Bye – It means that you are saying bye to someone. For example, suppose you are going to school, and you are saying bye to your parents.
- Appreciate – It means you are praising someone for the work they have done. For example, suppose your friend has acquired good marks in the class, and you are praising them for their work.
We hope the above information related to words and its meaning was helpful for you in understanding the concept.
Learning Videos for 1st Grade English — Words and their Meanings
Words and their Meanings Sample Questions for Class 1
Question 1
The tea cup is ________ than the soda bottle.
A. Hotter
B. Colder
C. Drier
D. Wetter
Question 2
Mr. Sharma is ________ than Rita.
A. Bitter
B. Slower
C. Faster
D. Older
Question 3
See more practice tests
See more practice tests
The packing box is _________ than the gift box.
A. Smarter
B. Heavier
C. Prettier
D. Clever
Question 4
What emotion does the picture show?
A. Crying
B. Smiling
C. Laughing
D. Scared
Question 5
What emotion does the picture show?
A. Smiling
B. Scared
C. Laughing
D. Crying
English vocabulary words with Hindi Part-2
Shiv education is provided basic English vocabulary words with Hindi meaning, We have covered here around 275 very basic English vocabulary words with Hindi. Hopefully, it would help people who are at the beginner level and willing to learn English from scratch.
Please click on 275 English Vocabulary Words With Hindi to see video.
Vocabulary for class 1 with hindi meaning
About – के बारे में
Add – जोड़ना
After – के बाद
Ago – पूर्व
Any – कोई भी
As – जैसा
Ask – पूछना
Ate – खाया
Away – दूर
Baby – बच्चा
Back – वापस
Bad – खराब
Bag – थैला
Base – आधार
Bat – बल्ला,चमगादड़
Bee – मधुमक्खी
Before – इससे पहले
Being – किया जा रहा है
Best – श्रेष्ठ
Bike – बाइक
Bill – बिल
Bird – चिड़िया
Black – काला
Blue – नीला
Boat – नाव
Both – दोनों
Bring – लाओ
Brother – भाई
Brown – भूरा
Bus – बस
Buy – खरीदना
By – द्वारा
Cake – केक
Call – बुलावा
Change – परिवर्तन
Child – बच्चा
Word meaning english with hindi for class 1
City – शहर
Clean – स्वच्छ
Cold – सर्दी
Corn – मकई
Could – सकता है
Cry – रोना
Cut – कट गया
Daddy – पिता
Dear – प्रिय
Deep – गहरा
Deer – हिरन
Doing – कर रहा है
Doll – गुड़िया
Door – द्वार
Down – नीचे
Dress – पोशाक
Drive – चलाना
Drop – टपकना,गिरना
Dry – सूखा
Duck – बत्तख,शून्य
Each – प्रत्येक
Eat – भोजन करना
Egg – अंडा
End – समाप्त
Fall – गिरना
Far – दूर
Farm – खेत
Fast – तेज
Father – पिता जी
Feed – खाना खिलाना
Feel – महसूस
Feet – पैर का पंजा
Fell – गिर गया
Find – खोज
Fine – ठीक
Fire – आग
Vocabulary word meaning for class 2
First – प्रथम
Fish – मछली
Five – पांच
Fix – निश्चित करना
Flag – झंडा,ध्वजा
Floor – मंज़िल
Fly – उड़ना,मक्खी
Food – भोजन,आहार
Foot – पैर
Four – चार
Fox – लोमड़ी
From – से,द्वारा
Full – भरा हुआ
Funny – हास्यजनक
Game – खेल
Gave – दिया
Girl – लड़की
Give – जादेना
Glad – प्रसन्न
Goat – बकरी
Goes – जाता है
Going – जा रहा
Gold – सोना
Gone – गया हुआ
Grade – वर्ग
Grass – घास
Green – हरा
Grow – बढ़ना
Hand – हाथ
Happy – प्रसन्न
Hard – मुश्किल
Hear – सुनना
Help – मदद
Here – यहाँ
Hill – पहाड़ी
Hit – मारना
Word meaning english with hindi for class 2
Hold – पकड़ना
Hole – छेद
Hop – कूदना
Hope – आशा
Horse – घोड़ा
House – मकान
How – किस तरह
Ice – बर्फ
Inch – इंच
Inside – के भीतर
Job – काम
Jump – कूद
Just – केवल
Keep – रखना
King – राजा
Know – जानना
Lake – झील
Land – भूमि
Last – अंतिम
Late – देर से
Lay – रखना
Left – बाएं
Leg – टांग
Light – रोशनी
Line – रेखा,पंक्ति
Little – थोड़ा
Live – जीवित,सजीव
Long – लंबा
Look – देखना,रूप
Lost – खो गया
Lot – बहुत
Mad – पागल
Made – बनाया गया
Make – बनाना
Many – अनेक
Meat – मांस
Word meaning english with hindi for class 2
Men – पुरुषों
Met – मिला
Mile – मील
Milk – दूध
Mine – मेरी
Miss – कुमारी
Moon – चांद
More – अधिक
Most – अधिकांश
Mother – मां
Move – चाल
Much – बहुत
Must – जरूर
Myself – खुद
Nail – नाखून
Name – नाम
Need – जरुरत
New – नया
Next – आगे
Nice – अच्छा
Night – रात
North – उत्तर
Now – अभी
Nut – अखरोट
Off – बंद
Only – केवल
Open – खुला हुआ
Other – अन्य
Our – हमारी
Outside – बाहर
Over – के ऊपर
Park – उद्यान
Part – भाग
Pay – वेतन
Pick – चुनना
Plant – पौधा,कारख़ाना
Word meaning for class 2
Pony – छोटा घोड़ा
Post – पद,डाक
Pull – खींचना
Put – रखना
Rabbit – खरगोश
Rain – बारिश
Read – पढ़ना
Rest – आराम
Riding – सवारी
Road – सड़क
Rock – चट्टान
Room – कक्ष
Said – कहा हुआ
Same – समान
Sang – गाया
Saw – देखा
Say – कहते हैं
School – स्कूल
Sea – समुद्र
Seat – सीट
Seem – लगता है
Seen – देखना
Send – भेजना
Set – लगाना
Sheep – भेड
Ship – जहाज
Shoe – जूता
Show – प्रदर्शन
Sick – बीमार
Side – बापक्ष
Sing – गाना
Sky – आकाश
Sleep – नींद
Small – छोटा
Snow – हिमपात
Some – कुछ
Word meaning for class 2
Soon – जल्द ही
Spell – जादू
Start – शुरू
Stay – रहना
Still – फिर भी,स्थिर
Store – दुकान,संग्रह करना
Story – कहानी
Take – लेना
Talk – बातचीत
Tall – लंबा
Teach – सिखाना,पढ़ाना
Tell – कहना
Than – की जगह,से
Thank – धन्यवाद
Them – उन्हें
Then – फिर,तब
There – वहाँ
They – वे,उन्होनें
Thing – चीज़
Think – सोचना
Three – तीन
Time – समय
Today – आज
Told – बोला था
Too – बहुत
Took – लिया
Train – रेल गाडी
Tree – पेड़
Truck – ट्रक
Try – प्रयत्न
Use – उपयोग
Very – बहुत
Walk – चलना
Want – इच्छा करना
Warm – गरम
Wash – धोना
Word meaning for class 1 to class 2
Way – मार्ग
Week – सप्ताह
Well – कुंआ,अच्छी तरह
Went – चला गया
Were – थे
Wet – क्या
What – कहानी
When – कब
While – जबकि
White – सफेद
Who – कौन
Why – क्यों
Wind – हवा
Wish – इच्छा
With – साथ में
Woke – उठा
Wood – लकड़ी
Work – काम
Yellow – पीला
Yet – अभी तक
Your – आपका,तुम्हारी
Zoo – पशु-वाटिका
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Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:
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1 слайд
Word Meaning
Lecture # 6
Grigoryeva M. -
2 слайд
Word Meaning
Approaches to word meaning
Meaning and Notion (понятие)
Types of word meaning
Types of morpheme meaning
Motivation
-
3 слайд
Each word has two aspects:
the outer aspect
( its sound form)
catthe inner aspect
(its meaning)
long-legged, fury animal with sharp teeth
and claws -
4 слайд
Sound and meaning do not always constitute a constant unit even in the same language
EX a temple
a part of a human head
a large church -
5 слайд
Semantics (Semasiology)
Is a branch of lexicology which studies the
meaning of words and word equivalents -
6 слайд
Approaches to Word Meaning
The Referential (analytical) approachThe Functional (contextual) approach
Operational (information-oriented) approach
-
7 слайд
The Referential (analytical) approach
formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denotedistinguishes between three components closely connected with meaning:
the sound-form of the linguistic sign,
the concept
the actual referent -
8 слайд
Basic Triangle
concept (thought, reference) – the thought of the object that singles out its essential features
referent – object denoted by the word, part of reality
sound-form (symbol, sign) – linguistic sign
concept – flowersound-form referent
[rәuz] -
9 слайд
In what way does meaning correlate with
each element of the triangle ?In what relation does meaning stand to
each of them? -
10 слайд
Meaning and Sound-form
are not identical
different
EX. dove — [dΛv] English sound-forms
[golub’] Russian BUT
[taube] German
the same meaning -
11 слайд
Meaning and Sound-form
nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages
EX. [kot] Russian – a male cat
[kot] English – a small bed for a childidentical sound-forms have different meanings (‘homonyms)
EX. knight [nait]
night [nait] -
12 слайд
Meaning and Sound-form
even considerable changes in sound-form do not affect the meaningEX Old English lufian [luvian] – love [l Λ v]
-
13 слайд
Meaning and Concept
concept is a category of human cognitionconcept is abstract and reflects the most common and typical features of different objects and phenomena in the world
meanings of words are different in different languages
-
14 слайд
Meaning and Concept
identical concepts may have different semantic structures in different languagesEX. concept “a building for human habitation” –
English Russian
HOUSE ДОМ+ in Russian ДОМ
“fixed residence of family or household”
In English HOME -
15 слайд
Meaning and Referent
one and the same object (referent) may be denoted by more than one word of a different meaning
cat
pussy
animal
tiger -
16 слайд
Meaning
is not identical with any of the three points of the triangle –
the sound form,
the concept
the referentBUT
is closely connected with them. -
17 слайд
Functional Approach
studies the functions of a word in speech
meaning of a word is studied through relations of it with other linguistic units
EX. to move (we move, move a chair)
movement (movement of smth, slow movement)The distriution ( the position of the word in relation to
others) of the verb to move and a noun movement is
different as they belong to different classes of words and
their meanings are different -
18 слайд
Operational approach
is centered on defining meaning through its role in
the process of communicationEX John came at 6
Beside the direct meaning the sentence may imply that:
He was late
He failed to keep his promise
He was punctual as usual
He came but he didn’t want toThe implication depends on the concrete situation
-
19 слайд
Lexical Meaning and Notion
Notion denotes the reflection in the mind of real objectsNotion is a unit of thinking
Lexical meaning is the realization of a notion by means of a definite language system
Word is a language unit -
20 слайд
Lexical Meaning and Notion
Notions are international especially with the nations of the same cultural levelMeanings are nationally limited
EX GO (E) —- ИДТИ(R)
“To move”
BUT !!!
To GO by bus (E)
ЕХАТЬ (R)EX Man -мужчина, человек
Она – хороший человек (R)
She is a good person (E) -
21 слайд
Types of Meaning
Types of meaninggrammatical
meaninglexico-grammatical
meaning
lexical meaning
denotational
connotational -
22 слайд
Grammatical Meaning
component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different wordsEX. girls, winters, toys, tables –
grammatical meaning of pluralityasked, thought, walked –
meaning of past tense -
23 слайд
Lexico-grammatical meaning
(part –of- speech meaning)
is revealed in the classification of lexical items into:
major word classes (N, V, Adj, Adv)
minor ones (artc, prep, conj)words of one lexico-grammatical class have the same paradigm
-
24 слайд
Lexical Meaning
is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributionsEX . Go – goes — went
lexical meaning – process of movement -
25 слайд
PRACTICE
Group the words into 3 column according to the grammatical, lexical or part-of –speech meaning
Boy’s, nearest, at, beautiful,
think, man, drift, wrote,
tremendous, ship’s, the most beautiful,
table, near, for, went, friend’s,
handsome, thinking, boy,
nearer, thought, boys,
lamp, go, during. -
26 слайд
Grammatical
The case of nouns: boy’s, ship’s, friend’s
The degree of comparison of adj: nearest, the most beautiful
The tense of verbs: wrote, went, thoughtLexical
Think, thinking, thought
Went, go
Boy’s, boy, boys
Nearest, near, nearer
At, for, during (“time”)
Beautiful, the most beautifulPart-of-speech
Nouns—verbs—adj—-prep -
27 слайд
Aspects of Lexical meaning
The denotational aspectThe connotational aspect
The pragmatic aspect
-
28 слайд
Denotational Meaning
“denote” – to be a sign of, stand as a symbol for”establishes the correlation between the name and the object
makes communication possibleEX booklet
“a small thin book that gives info about smth” -
29 слайд
PRACTICE
Explain denotational meaningA lion-hunter
To have a heart like a lion
To feel like a lion
To roar like a lion
To be thrown to the lions
The lion’s share
To put your head in lion’s mouth -
30 слайд
PRACTICE
A lion-hunter
A host that seeks out celebrities to impress guests
To have a heart like a lion
To have great courage
To feel like a lion
To be in the best of health
To roar like a lion
To shout very loudly
To be thrown to the lions
To be criticized strongly or treated badly
The lion’s share
Much more than one’s share
To put your head in lion’s mouth -
31 слайд
Connotational Meaning
reflects the attitude of the speaker towards what he speaks about
it is optional – a word either has it or notConnotation gives additional information and includes:
The emotive charge EX Daddy (for father)
Intensity EX to adore (for to love)
Imagery EX to wade through a book
“ to walk with an effort” -
32 слайд
PRACTICE
Give possible interpretation of the sentencesShe failed to buy it and felt a strange pang.
Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking!
He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man.
The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve.
He was longing to begin to be generous.
She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles. -
33 слайд
PRACTICE
Give possible interpretation of the sentences
She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang.
(pain—dissatisfaction that makes her suffer)
Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking!
(make loud sharp sound—-the behavior that implies that the person is frightened)
He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man.
(to go at slow speed—was suffering or was ill)
The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve.
(to move smth towards oneself— to try to attract smb’s attention)
He was longing to begin to be generous.
(to start doing— hadn’t been generous before)
She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles.
(colour— a labourer involved into physical work ,constant contact with water) -
34 слайд
The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning
the situation in which the word is uttered,
the social circumstances (formal, informal, etc.),
social relationships between the interlocutors (polite, rough, etc.),
the type and purpose of communication (poetic, official, etc.)EX horse (neutral)
steed (poetic)
nag (slang)
gee-gee (baby language) -
35 слайд
PRACTICE
State what image underline the meaningI heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind.
You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that.
They seized on the idea.
Bill, chasing some skirt again?
I saw him dive into a small pub.
Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
He only married her for her dough. -
36 слайд
PRACTICE
State what image underline the meaning
I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind.
(to understand completely)
You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that.
(to behave humbly in order to win favour)
They seized on the idea.
(to be eager to take and use)
Bill, chasing some skirt again?
(a girl)
I saw him dive into a small pub.
(to enter suddenly)
Why are you trying to pin the blame on me?
(to blame smb unfairly)
He only married her for her dough.
(money) -
37 слайд
Types of Morpheme Meaning
lexical
differential
functional
distributional -
38 слайд
Lexical Meaning in Morphemes
root-morphemes that are homonymous to words possess lexical meaning
EX. boy – boyhood – boyishaffixes have lexical meaning of a more generalized character
EX. –er “agent, doer of an action” -
39 слайд
Lexical Meaning in Morphemes
has denotational and connotational components
EX. –ly, -like, -ish –
denotational meaning of similiarity
womanly , womanishconnotational component –
-ly (positive evaluation), -ish (deragotary) женственный — женоподобный -
40 слайд
Differential Meaning
a semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemesEX. cranberry, blackberry, gooseberry
-
41 слайд
Functional Meaning
found only in derivational affixes
a semantic component which serves to
refer the word to the certain part of speechEX. just, adj. – justice, n.
-
42 слайд
Distributional Meaning
the meaning of the order and the arrangement of morphemes making up the word
found in words containing more than one morpheme
different arrangement of the same morphemes would make the word meaningless
EX. sing- + -er =singer,
-er + sing- = ? -
43 слайд
Motivation
denotes the relationship between the phonetic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the othercan be phonetical
morphological
semantic -
44 слайд
Phonetical Motivation
when there is a certain similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those produced by animals, objects, etc.EX. sizzle, boom, splash, cuckoo
-
45 слайд
Morphological Motivation
when there is a direct connection between the structure of a word and its meaning
EX. finger-ring – ring-finger,A direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes
EX think –rethink “thinking again” -
46 слайд
Semantic Motivation
based on co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same wordEX a watchdog –
”a dog kept for watching property”a watchdog –
“a watchful human guardian” (semantic motivation) -
-
48 слайд
Analyze the meaning of the words.
Define the type of motivation
a) morphologically motivated
b) semantically motivatedDriver
Leg
Horse
Wall
Hand-made
Careless
piggish -
49 слайд
Analyze the meaning of the words.
Define the type of motivation
a) morphologically motivated
b) semantically motivated
Driver
Someone who drives a vehicle
morphologically motivated
Leg
The part of a piece of furniture such as a table
semantically motivated
Horse
A piece of equipment shaped like a box, used in gymnastics
semantically motivated -
50 слайд
Wall
Emotions or behavior preventing people from feeling close
semantically motivated
Hand-made
Made by hand, not machine
morphologically motivated
Careless
Not taking enough care
morphologically motivated
Piggish
Selfish
semantically motivated -
51 слайд
I heard what she said but it didn’t sink in my mind
“do down to the bottom”
‘to be accepted by mind” semantic motivationWhy are you trying to pin the blame on me?
“fasten smth somewhere using a pin” –
”to blame smb” semantic motivationI was following the man when he dived into a pub.
“jump into deep water” –
”to enter into suddenly” semantic motivationYou should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that
“to move along on hands and knees close to the ground” –
“to behave very humbly in order to win favor” semantic motivation
![Meaning and Sound-formare not identical
different
EX. dove - [dΛv]...](https://documents.infourok.ru/2d0c9b9d-1c12-4da2-8c1e-80496902c301/slide_10.jpg "Meaning and Sound-formare not identical
different
EX. dove - [dΛv]...")
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Word Meaning Lecture # 6 Grigoryeva M.
Word Meaning Approaches to word meaning Meaning and Notion (понятие) Types of word meaning Types of morpheme meaning Motivation
Each word has two aspects: the outer aspect ( its sound form) cat the inner aspect (its meaning) long-legged, fury animal with sharp teeth and claws
Sound and meaning do not always constitute a constant unit even in the same language EX a temple a part of a human head a large church
Semantics (Semasiology) Is a branch of lexicology which studies the meaning of words and word equivalents
Approaches to Word Meaning The Referential (analytical) approach The Functional (contextual) approach Operational (information-oriented) approach
The Referential (analytical) approach formulates the essence of meaning by establishing the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denote distinguishes between three components closely connected with meaning: the sound-form of the linguistic sign, the concept the actual referent
Basic Triangle concept – flower concept (thought, reference) – the thought of the object that singles out its essential features referent – object denoted by the word, part of reality sound-form (symbol, sign) – linguistic sign sound-form [rәuz] referent
In what way does meaning correlate with each element of the triangle ? • In what relation does meaning stand to each of them? •
![Meaning and Sound-form are not identical different EX. dove - [dΛv] English [golub’] Russian](https://present5.com/presentation/54919015_285694613/image-10.jpg "Meaning and Sound-form are not identical different EX. dove - [dΛv] English [golub’] Russian")
Meaning and Sound-form are not identical different EX. dove — [dΛv] English [golub’] Russian [taube] German sound-forms BUT the same meaning
![Meaning and Sound-form nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages EX. [kot]](https://present5.com/presentation/54919015_285694613/image-11.jpg "Meaning and Sound-form nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages EX. [kot]")
Meaning and Sound-form nearly identical sound-forms have different meanings in different languages EX. [kot] Russian – a male cat [kot] English – a small bed for a child identical sound-forms have different meanings (‘homonyms) EX. knight [nait]
Meaning and Sound-form even considerable changes in sound-form do not affect the meaning EX Old English lufian [luvian] – love [l Λ v]
Meaning and Concept concept is a category of human cognition concept is abstract and reflects the most common and typical features of different objects and phenomena in the world meanings of words are different in different languages
Meaning and Concept identical concepts may have different semantic structures in different languages EX. concept “a building for human habitation” – English Russian HOUSE ДОМ + in Russian ДОМ “fixed residence of family or household” In English HOME
Meaning and Referent one and the same object (referent) may be denoted by more than one word of a different meaning cat pussy animal tiger
Meaning is not identical with any of the three points of the triangle – the sound form, the concept the referent BUT is closely connected with them.
Functional Approach studies the functions of a word in speech meaning of a word is studied through relations of it with other linguistic units EX. to move (we move, move a chair) movement (movement of smth, slow movement) The distriution ( the position of the word in relation to others) of the verb to move and a noun movement is different as they belong to different classes of words and their meanings are different
Operational approach is centered on defining meaning through its role in the process of communication EX John came at 6 Beside the direct meaning the sentence may imply that: He was late He failed to keep his promise He was punctual as usual He came but he didn’t want to The implication depends on the concrete situation
Lexical Meaning and Notion denotes the Lexical meaning is reflection in the realization of a mind of real objects notion by means of a definite language system Notion is a unit of Word is a language thinking unit
Lexical Meaning and Notions are Meanings are internationally limited especially with the nations of the same EX GO (E) —- ИДТИ(R) cultural level “To move” BUT !!! To GO by bus (E) ЕХАТЬ (R) EX Man -мужчина, человек Она – хороший человек (R) She is a good person (E)
Types of Meaning Types grammatical meaning of meaning lexico-grammatical meaning lexical meaning denotational connotational
Grammatical Meaning component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words EX. girls, winters, toys, tables – grammatical meaning of plurality asked, thought, walked – meaning of past tense
Lexico-grammatical meaning (part –of- speech meaning) is revealed in the classification of lexical items into: major word classes (N, V, Adj, Adv) minor ones (artc, prep, conj) words of one lexico-grammatical class have the same paradigm
Lexical Meaning is the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions EX. Go – goes — went lexical meaning – process of movement
PRACTICE Group the words into 3 column according to the grammatical, lexical or part-of –speech meaning • • Boy’s, nearest, at, beautiful, think, man, drift, wrote, tremendous, ship’s, the most beautiful, table, near, for, went, friend’s, handsome, thinking, boy, nearer, thought, boys, lamp, go, during.
• Grammatical 1. The case of nouns: boy’s, ship’s, friend’s 2. The degree of comparison of adj: nearest, the most beautiful 3. The tense of verbs: wrote, went, thought • Lexical 1. Think, thinking, thought 2. Went, go 3. Boy’s, boys 4. Nearest, nearer 5. At, for, during (“time”) 6. Beautiful, the most beautiful • Part-of-speech Nouns—verbs—adj—-prep
Aspects of Lexical meaning The denotational aspect The connotational aspect The pragmatic aspect
Denotational Meaning “denote” – to be a sign of, stand as a symbol for” establishes the correlation between the name and the object makes communication possible EX booklet “a small thin book that gives info about smth”
PRACTICE Explain denotational meaning • • A lion-hunter To have a heart like a lion To feel like a lion To roar like a lion To be thrown to the lions The lion’s share To put your head in lion’s mouth
PRACTICE • A lion-hunter A host that seeks out celebrities to impress guests • To have a heart like a lion To have great courage • To feel like a lion To be in the best of health • To roar like a lion To shout very loudly • To be thrown to the lions To be criticized strongly or treated badly • The lion’s share Much more than one’s share • To put your head in lion’s mouth
Connotational Meaning reflects the attitude of the speaker towards what he speaks about it is optional – a word either has it or not Connotation gives additional information and includes: The emotive charge EX Daddy (for father) Intensity EX to adore (for to love) Imagery EX to wade through a book “ to walk with an effort”
PRACTICE Give possible interpretation of the sentences • She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang. • Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking! • He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man. • The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve. • He was longing to begin to be generous. • She was a woman with shiny red hands and workswollen finger knuckles.
PRACTICE Give possible interpretation of the sentences • She failed to buy it and felt a strange pang. (pain—dissatisfaction that makes her suffer) • Don’t be afraid of that woman! It’s just barking! (make loud sharp sound—-the behavior that implies that the person is frightened) • He got up from his chair moving slowly, like an old man. (to go at slow speed—was suffering or was ill) • The girl went to her father and pulled his sleeve. (to move smth towards oneself— to try to attract smb’s attention) • He was longing to begin to be generous. (to start doing— hadn’t been generous before) • She was a woman with shiny red hands and work-swollen finger knuckles. (colour— a labourer involved into physical work , constant contact with water)
The pragmatic aspect of lexical meaning the situation in which the word is uttered, the social circumstances (formal, informal, etc. ), social relationships between the interlocutors (polite, rough, etc. ), the type and purpose of communication (poetic, official, etc. ) EX horse (neutral) steed (poetic) nag (slang) gee-gee (baby language)
PRACTICE State what image underline the meaning • I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind. • You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that. • They seized on the idea. • Bill, chasing some skirt again? • I saw him dive into a small pub. • Why are you trying to pin the blame on me? • He only married her for her dough.
PRACTICE State what image underline the meaning • I heard what she said but it didn’t sink into my mind. • (to understand completely) • You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that. (to behave humbly in order to win favour) • They seized on the idea. (to be eager to take and use) • Bill, chasing some skirt again? (a girl) • I saw him dive into a small pub. (to enter suddenly) • Why are you trying to pin the blame on me? (to blame smb unfairly) • He only married her for her dough. (money)
Types of Morpheme Meaning lexical differential functional distributional
Lexical Meaning in Morphemes root-morphemes that are homonymous to words possess lexical meaning EX. boy – boyhood – boyish affixes have lexical meaning of a more generalized character EX. –er “agent, doer of an action”
Lexical Meaning in Morphemes has denotational and connotational components EX. –ly, -like, -ish – denotational meaning of similiarity womanly , womanish connotational component – -ly (positive evaluation), -ish (deragotary) женственный женоподобный
Differential Meaning a semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes EX. cranberry, blackberry, gooseberry
Functional Meaning found only in derivational affixes a semantic component which serves to refer the word to the certain part of speech EX. just, adj. – justice, n.
Distributional Meaning the meaning of the order and the arrangement of morphemes making up the word found in words containing more than one morpheme different arrangement of the same morphemes would make the word meaningless EX. sing- + -er =singer, -er + sing- = ?
Motivation denotes the relationship between the phonetic or morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word on the one hand, and its meaning on the other can be phonetical morphological semantic
Phonetical Motivation when there is a certain similarity between the sounds that make up the word and those produced by animals, objects, etc. EX. sizzle, boom, splash, cuckoo
Morphological Motivation when there is a direct connection between the structure of a word and its meaning EX. finger-ring – ring-finger, A direct connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes EX think –rethink “thinking again”
Semantic Motivation based on co-existence of direct and figurative meanings of the same word EX a watchdog – ”a dog kept for watching property” a watchdog – “a watchful human guardian” (semantic motivation)
• PRACTICE
Analyze the meaning of the words. Define the type of motivation a) morphologically motivated b) semantically motivated • Driver • Leg • Horse • Wall • Hand-made • Careless • piggish
Analyze the meaning of the words. Define the type of motivation a) morphologically motivated b) semantically motivated • Driver Someone who drives a vehicle morphologically motivated • Leg The part of a piece of furniture such as a table semantically motivated • Horse A piece of equipment shaped like a box, used in gymnastics semantically motivated
• Wall Emotions or behavior preventing people from feeling close semantically motivated • Hand-made Made by hand, not machine morphologically motivated • Careless Not taking enough care morphologically motivated • Piggish Selfish semantically motivated
what she said but it didn’t sink in my mind “do down to the bottom” ‘to be accepted by mind” semantic motivation I heard Why are you trying to pin the blame on me? “fasten smth somewhere using a pin” – ”to blame smb” semantic motivation I was following the man when he dived into a pub. “jump into deep water” – ”to enter into suddenly” semantic motivation You should be ashamed of yourself, crawling to the director like that “to move along on hands and knees close to the ground” – “to behave very humbly in order to win favor” semantic motivation