Word meaning different from others

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She’s quite different from her sister.

Она сильно отличается от своей сестры. / Она совсем непохожа на сестру.

His version of the fight was different from mine.

Его рассказ о драке отличался от моего.

The actuality was quite different from the theory.

Действительность сильно отличалась от данной теории.

How are humans different from the rest of creation?

Как люди отличаются от всего остального мироздания?

Her public self is very different from her private self.

На публике она совсем не такая, как наедине с собой.

Women’s experiences are qualitatively different from men’s.

Переживания /ощущения, впечатления/ женщин качественно отличаются от мужских.

His policies are far different from those of his predecessor.

Его политика сильно отличается от политики её предшественника.

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Примеры, отмеченные *, могут содержать сленг и разговорные фразы.

She found the business world very different from academia.  

Her recollection of the accident is very different from mine.  

Architecturally, Chengdu is quite different from most of China.  

She is politically very different from most of her contemporaries.  

He was as different from Garp as an ostrich is different from a seal.  

…her romance novels are nowise different from those of scores of other writers…  

It was a world away from (=completely different from) the grand hotels she was used to.  

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When
the semantic component serves to distinguish one word from all others
containing identical morphemes, then that semantic component contains
differential meaning. Differential meaning can be illustrated in the
following examples: in the compound words
barman, boatman,
cabman,
and caveman,
the components bar,
boat, cab,
and cave
serve to distinguish these words from one another; therefore, they
have differential meaning.

6.3 6 Distributional Meaning

Distributional
meaning is the meaning of
the
order and arrangement of morphemes composing the word. Lyons (1968)
states the idea that the attachments between elements within a word
are firmer than are the attachments between words themselves (as
cited in Saeed, p. 57). Some examples may illustrate this approach.
The order of the morphemes is fixed in the following lexemes: reader,
disappointment,
and actually.
The order of the morphemes cannot be changed without disturbance of
its meaning. The following formations, er+read,
or ment+appoint+dis
do
not make any sense, therefore proving the arrangement of morphemes is
fixed, and these morphemes cannot be rearranged arbitrarily.
Distributional meaning may be observed not only in lexemes but in
collocations as well; for example, in collocations kick
the bucket, in a stew of something and someone,
and get
one’s wires crossed,
the
arrangement of words is fixed, and any attempt to make changes in the
structure will disturb the meaning. Summing up, distributional
meaning is the meaning of the pattern of the arrangement of the
morphemes composing the word and the arrangement of lexemes creating
a collocation. Distributional meaning is found in all words composed
of more than one morpheme (builder,
not erbuild)
and in trite metaphors: a
flight of fancy,
a
heart of gold,
and a
shadow of a smile.

6.4 Phonetic, Morphological, and Semantic Motivation of Words

The
term motivation
denotes “the relationship existing between the phonemic or
morphemic composition and structural pattern of the word, on the one
hand, and its meaning on the other” (Arnold, p. 33). Three main
types of motivation are observed: phonetical, morphological, and
semantic.

Phonetical
motivation occurs when there is a certain similarity between the
sound-form of a word and its meaning when speech sounds may suggest
spatial and visual dimensions, shape, and size, e.g., tick-
tock,
cuckoo,
ratatat
and sizzle.
These lexemes are phonetically motivated because the sound clusters
are a direct imitation of the sounds these words denote. This process
in linguistics is onomatopoeia,
which is “the use of a word for which the connection between sound
and meaning seems non-arbitrary because the word’s sound echoes its
meaning” (Denham & Lobeck, 2011, p. 140). Although the examples
of onomatopoeia show that a certain non-arbitrary element of lexemes
exists, these formations are never organic elements of a language
system (de Saussure, 1959, p. 69). Moreover, these sound imitations
are not the same in all languages; for example, English bow-bow
corresponds to French ouaoua,
which proves that even sound imitations in different languages are
somewhat arbitrary. Other examples illustrate this assumption: cuckoo
(English),kukučka
(Slovak),
kukushka
(Russian), koekoek
(Dutch), Kuckuck
(German),
dzeguze
(Latvian), gegutė
(Lithuanian),
kukavica
(Slovenian),
guguk
kuşu
(Turkish), and kuke
(Tatar). Interjections are closely related to onomatopoeia; however,
they do not contradict the arbitrariness of the sound-form (e.g.,
English ouch!
refers to French aïe!,
to Russian oi!,
to Ukranian oi!,
and to Turkish uf!).
Interjections are “spontaneous expressions of reality dictated, so
to speak, by natural forces (de Saussure, 1959, p. 69). As seen from
the argument above, phonetical motivation, a direct connection
between the phonetic structure of the word and its meaning, is not
universally recognized in modern linguistic science.

Morphological
motivation is the relationship between morphemes. All one-morpheme
words (e.g., bring, cut, reach, room, and build) are unmotivated. In
words composed of more than one morpheme, “the carrier of the
word-meaning is the combined meaning of the component morphemes and
the meaning of the structural pattern of the word” (Ginzburg at
al.,
p.25). The derived word re-submit
is
motivated because its morphological structure suggests the idea of
submitting again. In this example, we can observe a direct connection
between the structural pattern of the word and its meaning.
Morphological motivation is relative, and the degree of motivation
varies: there exist various grades of motivation, ranging from the
extremes of complete motivation (e.g., endless)
to lack of motivation (e.g., matter,
number,
and repeat).
An example of partial motivation is cranberry.
There is no lexical
meaning in the morpheme cran-,
but the lexemes blackberry
and
blueberry
are examples of complete morphological motivation (blue + berry and
black + berry); they are named for the color of their berries. The
lexeme raspberry
is also motivated because it takes its name from English rasp
(to scrape roughly), in reference to the thorny canes bearing the
berries. Morphological motivation is understood as a direct
connection between the lexical meaning of the component morphemes,
the pattern of their arrangement, and the meaning of the word. The
degree of morphological motivation may be partial and complete. There
are cases where unmotivated words are observed.

Semantic
motivation is the “co-existence of direct and figurative meanings
of the same word within the same synchronous system” (Arnold,
p.34). It
functions as an association between the primary and secondary
(derived) meanings of a word based on a
metaphorical extension of the primary meaning.
Metaphorical
extension may be viewed as “generalisation of the denotative
meaning of a word permitting it to include new referents which are in
some way like the original class of referents” (Ginzburg at
al.,
1979, p. 27), e.g., foot
and the foot
of
the mountain. Metaphor is a word or a phrase that does not carry the
literal meaning of a lexeme or a phrase but is a figurative meaning.
Similarity of various aspects and/or functions of different classes
of referents may account for the semantic motivation of a number of
minor meanings (Ginzburg et
al.,
1979, p. 27); for example, any extension associated with foot
is semantically motivated (foot
locker, football, footnote,
flatfoot,
footage,
and the foot
of
the mountain. Metaphoric extension may be observed in the so-called
trite metaphors, such as foot
the bill, footloose and fancy-tree, get off on the wrong foot, have a
foot in the door, not to put a foot wrong, put one’s best foot
forward, put one’s foot down, and
put one’s foot in it).
Semantic motivation suggests a direct connection between the primary
and figurative meanings of the word. This connection may be
understood as a metaphoric extension of the primary meaning based on
the similarity of different classes of referents denoted by the word.

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Last Updated:
13 Apr 2023
— Updated example sentences