Where does the word Jeans come from? The word Jeans comes from a twilled cotton fabric called ‘Genoa fustian’; often used to make durable workwear. Labourers in the United States referred to their workwear as ‘ Jeans’, after the city Genoa, where the fabric was initially woven.
In this post
- 1 What was the original name of jeans?
- 2 How did bluejeans get its name?
- 3 What are Levi jeans named after?
- 4 What jean means?
- 5 Where does the word denim come from?
- 6 Who invented blue jeans and why?
- 7 Why are jeans blue?
- 8 What is difference between jeans and denim?
- 9 What does Levi’s stand for?
- 10 Why are Levi’s called 501?
- 11 Why did Levi invent blue jeans?
- 12 Is jean the feminine of John?
- 13 Does jean mean John?
- 14 What does jean mean girl?
- 15 What does Nimes mean in French?
- 16 Did Latvia invent jeans?
- 17 Where did blue jeans originate?
- 18 Did a black person invent jeans?
- 19 When did jeans become blue?
- 20 Who wore jeans first?
What was the original name of jeans?
(Although, we should note that they were called “waist overalls” or “overalls” until 1960, when baby boomers adopted the name “jeans.”)
How did bluejeans get its name?
Davis and Levi Strauss on May 20, 1873. Prior to the Levi Strauss patented trousers, the term “blue jeans” had been long in use for various garments (including trousers, overalls, and coats), constructed from blue-colored denim.
The company traces its origin to Levi Strauss (1829–1902), a Bavarian immigrant who arrived in San Francisco in 1850 during the Gold Rush, bringing dry goods for sale to miners. Hearing of the miners’ need for durable pants, Strauss hired a tailor to make garments out of tent canvas.
What jean means?
God Is Gracious
The name Jean is primarily a gender-neutral name of English origin that means God Is Gracious. French male name; English female name.
Where does the word denim come from?
The term “denim” derives from the French “serge de Nimes”, meaning “serge (a sturdy fabric) from Nimes”. Yet the fabric is no longer produced anywhere in France. Sagot therefore buys the denim canvas from the Venice region of Italy, made on an old shuttle-loom from the 1950s. Nimes once had a booming textile industry.
Who invented blue jeans and why?
On May 20, 1873, San Francisco businessman Levi Strauss and Reno, Nevada, tailor Jacob Davis are given a patent to create work pants reinforced with metal rivets, marking the birth of one of the world’s most famous garments: blue jeans.
Why are jeans blue?
Blue was the chosen color for denim because of the chemical properties of blue dye. Most dyes will permeate fabric in hot temperatures, making the color stick. The natural indigo dye used in the first jeans, on the other hand, would stick only to the outside of the threads, according to Slate.
What is difference between jeans and denim?
What Is the Difference Between Denim and Jeans? Simply put, the difference between denim and jean is that denim is a fabric and jeans are a garment. Denim fabric is used to make a wide variety of garments, including jackets, overalls, shirts, and jeans. Jeans are a type of garment commonly made from denim cloth.
What does Levi’s stand for?
It means “united,” “joined,” or, sometimes, “joined in harmony.” It has Biblical roots: in the Old Testament, Levi is the son of Jacob and Leah. The Levites are also one of the 12 tribes of the Israelites. In this way, Levi is a name signifying the unification or founding of something.
Why are Levi’s called 501?
It started off with a registered trademark of the “Two Horse Pull” icon which was Levi’s® symbol of quality. In 1890, the XX would be renamed to 501®, a nod to the manufacturing batch number the denim jeans were assigned.
Why did Levi invent blue jeans?
Levi Strauss & Co. and Jacob Davis receive a U.S. patent for an “Improvement in Fastening Pocket-Openings.” By adding metal rivets to work pants, which would be known as blue jeans, they created stronger pants for working men.
Is jean the feminine of John?
The French form of John, but also an English and Scottish form of Jane, which is a feminine form of John, originally from the Hebrew name Yochanan meaning “God is gracious”.
Does jean mean John?
From English Jean, from a Middle English feminine form of John, from Old French Jehane.
What does jean mean girl?
Jean is a girl’s name of English origin meaning “God is gracious.” Originally a feminine of John, Jean was popular in Scotland long before it became a favorite elsewhere.
What does Nimes mean in French?
Nîmes. / (French nim) / noun. a city in S France: Roman remains including an amphitheatre and the Pont du Gard aqueduct.
Did Latvia invent jeans?
Jacob William Davis (born Jākobs Jufess; 1831–1908) was a Latvian born American tailor who is credited with inventing modern jeans. Growing up in Latvia, he emigrated to the United States as a young man and spent some time in Canada as well.
Where did blue jeans originate?
Blue jeans were actually an accidental discovery in the 18th century, when people in Nimes, France attempted to replicate a sturdy Italian fabric called serge. What they created was “serge de Nimes” or, as it’s been shortened to, “denim.”
Did a black person invent jeans?
Enslaved BLACKS INVENTED BLUE JEANS. They did it in South Carolina and other Southern states in the mid-1700s by knowing how to skillfully process the indigo plant that had been skillfully cultivated by their ancestors 6,000 years ago! (It wasn’t Levi Strauss in 1873.)”
When did jeans become blue?
But the birth of blue jeans came under surprising circumstances—and the ancestral trousers barely resemble the blue jeans of today. It all started in 1871, when tailor Jacob Davis of Reno, Nevada, had a problem.
Who wore jeans first?
Jeans are pants made from denim or dungaree cloth. They were invented by Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss in 1873 and a worn still but in a different context. Jeans are named after the city of Genoa in Italy, a place where cotton corduroy, called either jean or jeane, was manufactured.
Today it is very difficult to find such a person,who does not wear jeans. The origin of the word, however, which we so often use in everyday life, is unknown to almost anyone. In order to better understand what we are saying, and learn a little more about such familiar and convenient things, we decided to write this article. A lot of interesting facts, which will be given below, will tell you not only about how the first jeans appeared. The origin of the word, the term, as well as its adaptation in Russian speech, is what we are going to reveal.
Romance history
Since the beginning of the 16th century in the Italian provinceGenoa was very developed weaving. Among the whole variety of materials that were produced there was also a very rough twill with a diagonal weave. The fabric was not in great demand among the aristocracy, because in those days it did not even have its own name. Over time, this material interested the French and, buying it in Genoa, they called it — Gene. When the fabric was already more or less adapted in France, the name was transformed into Janne. From there already and moved to English a little bit modified — Jean, which remains until our days. Thus, it turns out that the history of the origin of the word «jeans» does not apply to American immigrants, to cowboys from the wild west and horsemen. The word is purely European, which only later fell into the vastness of America.
Denim, who has not changed at all
Surely each of us is familiar with the term»Denim». In many modern and ancient sources it is used as a synonym for the word «jeans». The origin of this word is also a very fascinating story. After they began to supply Italian fabric to France, the designers drew attention primarily to its unattractive color — light brown. Because it was decided to paint the material in a blue tone, and all this was done in a town called Nim. So the term «denim» appeared, which now can mean both a certain color tone, and an element of the wardrobe of a man or a woman.
Coping in antiquity
According to some sources, for the first timesuch a fabric was used by people as early as 300 AD. e. In this period, the story of the origin of the word «jeans» begins, as in the documentation the material is written under the names denim and gene. It is curious that a very extensive supply of such a fabric could be traced from Genoa to the UK. The English, when they received this product, renamed it in their own way, and the word jean was known to us. Later, in 1429, Christopher Columbus set out on his expedition to find a new way to India. The sails with which his ship was capped were sewn from a denim unpainted cloth. However, it is officially believed that the origin and history of the word «jeans» originate directly from the 16th century. After Columbus discovered the New Earth, his «canvas» also became famous. It was from this matter, which was then called then jen, then denim, that most Italian sailors began to wear pants. By the way, by their cut they had a lot in common with modern jeans.
Looking for answers in painting
In the USSR it was customary to believe that jeans pants- this is the work of American designers, in fact, like the material itself. In fact, if you look closely at some old canvases, you can find a funny thing. Some canvases depict people who are clothed in clothes from a given fabric or simply in ordinary jeans. The origin of the word just dates from the same years as the work of unknown masters. In one of the paintings you can see a woman standing in a dark blue skirt. By the type of fabric, you can determine that it is denim. There is also a canvas where a boy in a denim shirt is depicted, from beneath which a white lining sticks out. Many sailors and even vagabonds who lived in Europe in the 16th century, were sealed by artists in denim trousers straight cut. It’s funny that it was not possible to establish the identity of the artist (or artists) to whom these paintings belong. Therefore, conditionally in history he was given the name «Master of blue jeans».
Distribution of the term and clothing itself
The origin of the word «jeans» in a more modernunderstanding can really be attributed to America. During the period when the Wild West was being built, when the middle and southern parts of America were populated by farmers from Europe, it was for them that they began to sew jeans outfits. Since the majority of the population spoke precisely in English, the name of the material that was supplied here for sewing working uniforms was attributed to the letter s. This indicates, as it were, the plural of an uncountable noun — a fairly common occurrence in the English language (trousers, shorts). By the beginning of the 20th century, this «uncountable noun» moved to the expanses of the Russian Empire, although only the richest people knew of it, who had the opportunity to purchase foreign goods. In our country, the word «jeans» was turned into a plural according to our rules, in the course of which the «jeans» that everyone knew today turned out.
The official history of jeans
Due to the fact that for all cowboys and othersworkers who came to the States, it was necessary to sew massively the working form, it was decided to use the described fabric as the main material. The patent for the production of a new type of clothing was first acquired by Leib Strauss (or Levi Strauss), the son of a certain Jew who had long been living in America. According to the official version, it was he who came up with the very design of jeans, which for many years was considered a classic. At that time, such a development was a real sensation. Pants had a total of four pockets. Two were located in front, one behind, and one on the front of the pants — small, for the clock. Pants for the working class, which were sold in America, were painted in the color of indigo — saturated blue. At that time, their price was $ 1 and 46 cents for one unit of the product.
Unofficial version of creating jeans
All sources, describing the origin of jeans,for some reason, with full certainty that this is the work of Levi Strauss. But if you dig more carefully in history, then very interesting facts come to light, which point to the opposite. In accordance with them, the design of new work clothes was developed by Jacob Davis (by the way, a native of Russia). It was he who came up with pants that can be sewn from natural and durable fabric, and plus to this make them a real design discovery. He designed pockets, pants, and rivets. Money for a patent was not found in the workaholic, therefore he borrowed them from Strauss. The same one took the discovery to himself, and everyone forgot about Davis.
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Published August 21, 2016
Whether they’re boot-legged, low-rise, or skinny, most Americans have at least one pair that they can’t live without. Blue jeans are as American as apple pie, right?
Well, kind of. The word “jean” comes from the French jean fustian. Fustian is a type of twilled cotton cloth originally from Genoa, Italy. But the plural form of the word was first used in the United States, in 1843. Levi Strauss designed a pair of durable work trousers for laborers, complete with copper rivets that reinforced wear-and-tear seams. Eventually, average Joes and Janes adopted jeans, and they became the preferred casual pants for many Americans.
A lot of jeans are made of denim, “a heavy, Z-twist, twill cotton for jeans, overalls, and other work and leisure garments,” which derives from the French serge de Nîmes. Serge is another another twill fabric, “from Nimes,” a town in Southern France!
And of course, “pants” is short for pantaloons, a type of tights that were popular centuries ago. But what you might not know is that pantaloons were associated with “Pantaloun“, a silly old man character in Italian comedy who wore tight trousers over his skinny legs. The character was originally San Panteleone, a Christian martyr and a popular saint in Venice.
Read more!
So, whether you prefer jeans or some other kind of trousers, here’s one last bit of trivia for the next time someone tells you to do something by the seat of your pants (which means “by human instinct”). Supposedly, the expression was originally used to refer to pilots who were able to sense the condition of the plane by the engine vibrations they felt through the seat of their pants. But we have to wonder—what was the best fabric for their flying attire?
History of Denim & the Origin of Jeans
Denim jeans have become an integral part of everyday life, so much so that most of us never stop to question where our favourite pair came from, how they were manufactured, nor their history.
Despite the range of innovative materials available, denim remains one of the most versatile, durable and highly sought after fabrics on the market. Jeans transcends gender, age, and class – with most people owning more pairs than there are days in the week. Their appeal will always be timeless but the design and the fabric technology involved will forever evolve with the times.
Now, new forms of ‘sustainable’ denim are emerging as manufacturers respond to the consumer demand for ecological fabrics as well as environmentally sound production processes.
Farmers wearing denim jeans in the 1930’s.
The Birth of Serge de Nîmes
While historians still debate the birth place of denim, the fabric was classified as a twill weave fabric using one coloured thread and one white one. A widely held view is that it was ‘born’ in Nîmes, France.
Serendipity played its part. During an unsuccessful replication attempt of a hard wearing cotton fabric known as ‘jeane’ (named after the city of Genoa, in Italy ) the fabric weavers of Nîmes realised they had developed a unique and sturdy fabric unlike anything else.
This fabric was made using a twill weave, with the weft passing under the warp threads. The weavers used indigo to dye the warp threads blue, but left the weft threads their natural white colour. This process gave the fabric a unique blue colour on one side, with white on the other. They called it Serge de Nîmes (translated to ‘twill of Nîmes’).
Where does the name Denim originate?
The word “denim” comes from a twill fabric called “Serge de Nîmes”, first woven in Nîmes, France.
About Indigo
Synonymous with the classic image of the denim jean, indigo is among the oldest dyes to be used in textile dyeing and responsible for the iconic blue hue.
Formulated from an organic dye with a distinctive blue shade; indigo was originally manufactured and exported from India (where it was given its name) during the Greco-Roman era. A natural dye extracted from the leaves of certain plants, this process was important economically because blue dyes were once rare. Originally made from the plant called indigofera tinctoria, it became a highly prized commodity leading to Persian, Levantine, and Greek exporters imposing heavy tax duties. As such, this classic blue hue became a rare luxury in Europe.
It was only after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route to India in 1497, that indigofera tinctoria entered the markets of other colonies. Importers could now avoid the heavy duties imposed and consequently, the use of indigo in European clothing manufacture rose significantly
In 1865, the German chemist Adolf von Baeyer began working on the synthesis of natural indigo. He finally succeeded in doing this in 1883, paving the way for the first industrial mass production of synthetic indigo in 1897. Significantly cheaper to produce, synthetic indigo was also more reliable, due to the longer lasting colour which offered permanence and durability.
Late 1800’s Levi advertisement.
The Origin of Levis Strauss & Co.
Levi Strauss had moved to San Francisco during the 1853 California ‘gold rush’ to start a Western branch of his family’s dry goods business. He was a German immigrant to the USA, moving to New York in 1851 to work with his brother.
Levi sold many products. One of which was a sturdy imported cotton fabric, denim.
One of his customers was a tailor called Jacob W. Davis. Originally from Reno, Nevada , Davis had bought Levi’s denim fabric for his business, where he produced rugged items like tents, horse blankets and wagon covers. He was commissioned by a gold mining company to create trousers which were strong and could withstand hard work.
Davis improved the strength and durability of the denim workwear using metal rivets; because Levi’s fabric was so integral to them he proposed a partnership . They became partners and on May 20, 1873, the two men received U.S. Patent 139,121 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The patented rivet was later incorporated into the company’s jean design and advertisements. The manufacturing of denim overalls began in the 1870s and the company created their first pair of jeans in the 1890s.
It was only after the 19th century that competitors for the denim market began to appear: namely Wrangler (1905) and Lee (1911).
Where does the word Jeans come from?
The word Jeans comes from a twilled cotton fabric called ‘Genoa fustian’; often used to make durable workwear. Labourers in the United States referred to their workwear as ‘ Jeans’, after the city Genoa, where the fabric was initially woven.
Early 20th century – Denim as Workwear
In the early 20th century, denim was adopted as the preferred workwear fabric choice for western cowboys, miners, farmers in the US. Not only was the fabric cheap, but denim was more durable and sturdy than the popular alternative – ‘jean’ (traditionally made from cotton, linen and wool). After Levi’s & Strauss patented the metal rivets to make them more hard-wearing, they began producing the iconic denim blue trousers that became a common feature among working men.
Jeans & American West
The classic symbol of the American West is now a staple in wardrobes. Modern jeans began to appear in the 1920s, but sales were largely confined to the working people of the western United States, such as cowboys, lumberjacks, and railroad workers. It’s thought that Levi’s jeans were first introduced to the East during the dude ranch craze of the 1930s.
Dude ranches arose in response to the romanticisation of the American West that began to occur in the late 19th century. Today, tumbleweed, rodeos and Wyatt Earp are as much symbols of our Western ideal as the humble denim jean. In 1893, historian Frederick Jackson Turner stated that the United States frontier was demographically “closed” which in turn conjured feelings of nostalgia for bygone days. With the ruthless lifestyle of the Wild West now gone, this nostalgia could be explored without the risk of gunslingers and shoot-outs. It was an era when the Wild West could be commercialised and romanticised.
The Western adventures of famous figures were made available to paying guests from cities of the East, who were referred to as ‘dudes’.
Some guest ranch visitors expected a somewhat sanitised and more luxurious version of the “cowboy life”, while others were more tolerant of the authentic odours and timetable of a working ranch.
Another chapter unfolded during World War II, when blue jeans were declared an ‘essential’ commodity and were sold only to those engaged in defence or military work.
1940s – Denim During the War
In the 1940s, the American GIs brought their beloved denim pairs with them overseas. Although the production of denim workwear (or waist overalls as they were known at the time) declined during the war, due to shortage of the raw materials needed to produce them, the end of the war marked a change in their perception. The denim jean became less associated with workwear and more closely linked to leisure wear.
1950s – Denim’s Rise to Fame
The dark hue and stiffness of denim made it a popular fabric for trousers in the 1950s. Zippers were incorporated for the first time in 1954 and the younger generation began to wear denim trousers as leisurewear. As more and more you people began wearing denim they began referring to them as ‘jeans’ rather than denim overalls. Meanwhile, movie star icons such as Marilyn Monroe were reimagined the denim jean as an empowering and moderately sexualised style.
James Dean and Marlon Brando redefined the humble denim jean forever with their highly stylised roles in cult movies such as ‘The Wild One’ and ‘Rebel without a Cause’. Naturally, everyone wanted to emulate these idols. Culturally, jeans became a symbol of the youth rebellion during the 1950s and 1960s as college students started wearing them as a protest against the Vietnam War and the formality of the establishment. At the same time, the denim jean became popular among motorcycle boys and juvenile delinquents, largely influenced by these screen idols. Straight-legged jeans became associated with these rebellious figures, which led to many US schools banning them from being worn. It seemed that nothing could slow down the popularity of denim jeans as one newspaper quoted: “90% of American youth wear jeans everywhere, except in bed or church”.
Other countries quickly started to get accustomed to wearing jeans too. American servicemen on duty in Europe and Japan would often wore them when off- duty to show that they were Americans. The denim jean became a cultural signifier. The trousers showed the world a happier way of life; something that people needed, especially after what they had endured during World War II.
Marlon Brando wearing jeans, in The Wild One.
1960s – The Hippie Revolution
From the late 1950s, denim was readily associated with rebelliousness, individuality and self-expression. Students began wearing jeans to college and the humble jean trouser became an unofficial uniform at protests, discos and all range of social activities. At the same time, women were starting to embrace sexual liberation through their clothing. Their denim jeans came to reflect this spirit as they wore bolder styles with slimmer waists and wider, ‘bell-bottoms’
1970s – Jean Americana
As demand grew for flared and bell bottom styles, the trend spread from the US to Europe and was no longer associated with the niche hippie movement. Denim jeans became the go-to style for youths in all areas of life.
Decorated denim also rose in popularity as people chose to customise their jeans with sequin, embroidery, paint or beads. Denim jeans became a sartorial route to individuality.
1980s – The Rise of Designer Denim
In the 1980s, denim managed to sneak itself into other subcultures such as punk, grunge and rock. New finishes such as acid wash became popular and the denim skirt and ripped jeans make their mark in the sector too. The 1980s was also a pivotal point for denim as more fashion designers began incorporating the fabric into their collections. Brands such as Calvin Klein and Armani launched designer jeans for the first time, ushering in the age of premium denim. Adriano Goldschmied, the father of premium denim, also helped popularise a new denim fit in ‘80s – the skinny fit (hello stretch denim!) Some designers followed in his strides with jeans so tight that customers would need to lay down in order to zip them up.
1990s – Hip Hop denim
The 1990s ushered in another era in denim culture and styling with the emergence of baggy jeans and dungarees. Pop groups such as TLC, the Spice Girls and Destiny’s Child helped boost these styles amongst their fans. The 1990s also saw the rise of the ‘boot cut’ – a slimmer, more subtle denim flare more suitable for daily wear – as well as the wide-legged JNCO style, which were extremely wide from the waist down. Oversized denim jackets, paired with jeans of a contrasting shade of indigo, became a key look with celebrities during this era.
Denim Facts:
- In the 50s, jeans were seen by many as a form of rebellion, leading them to be banned from schools, theatres and restaurants.
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Jeans originated in America, but became popular outside of the US when off duty soldiers wore their jeans while off duty overseas.
- One bale of cotton contains enough raw material to produce 325 pairs of jeans.
- Jeans were originally created as practical work wear, and their indigo colour was chosen so that it would better hide the dirt when worn by miners and labourers.
- The term “jeans” gained popularity in the 50s. Before then, they were usually referred to as waist overalls.
- Levi Strauss patented his idea on May 20th 1873, and nowadays this date is considered to be the birthday of blue jeans.
- The most common colour of stitching on jeans is Orange, which was originally done to match the copper rivets that were used to construct Levi jeans.
- The smaller pocket inside the front pocket of a pair of jeans was originally designed for a pocket watch. Nowadays, wrist watches are far more popular, but the watch pocket remains on most jeans as a stylistic touch and a nod to their history.
2000s – DIY Denim
In the 2000s, customised denim became a hot trend since it enabled wearers to express themselves creatively through their style, a big part of the Millennial mind-set. Ripped jeans, embroidered and pinned together – DIY jeans were officially in. High-rise styles gave way to low-rise ultra-skinny models, as seen on the likes of Paris Hilton, Nicole Richie and Jarvis Cocker.
2019 Denim’s Timeless DNA
Our current decade has seen the return of every denim style, cut and wash imaginable – and then some. While most people are reluctant to let go of their skinny jeans, high-waisted denim, flared jeans and straight-legged styles have all made a comeback.
The 2010s have also seen a the return of raw selvedge denim – which requires wearing in – as well as light, softer denim created using environmentally friendly technologies. Utility and workwear are once again becoming key trends and denim-focused menswear brands such as Jack & Jones are honing in on this demand for value, price and comfort. Today, most mass market fashion brands offer their own denim range, although Levi’s, Wrangler and Lee still remain iconic household names for their heritage status. Meanwhile, premium denim brands launched in Los Angeles continue to steer the fashion market, with labels such as Paige, Citizens of Humanity, MUD, J Brand and Hudson leading the pack.
Each year over 70 million pairs of jeans are sold in the UK. Jean sales contribute £1.6 billion to the fashion industry each year.
The Future of Denim
As we edge closer to a new decade, we ask ourselves ‘what the future of denim will look like?’ Mirroring the direction take by the fashion industry as a whole, brands are being steered by consumers’ concerns over whether or not their products are sustainable and the denim manufacturing market is responding to this.
While many premium brands have honoured sustainable practices for some years, the launch of denim ranges from rapidly growing fast fashion etailers and a strong performance from those pioneering premium brands is also helping the breadth of the denim industry to thrive.
Wrangler’s Icon collection is made from 20% recycled denim, while Jack & Jones relaunched its low-impact denim range last year. Meanwhile, Primark – the fast-fashion pin-up of the industry – has launched jeans made from 100% sustainable cotton.
Sean Gormley, creative director of Wrangler, says, “We’re finding that buyers want to be able to give their customer a better, more sustainable product, […] Increasingly, you can’t call yourself a premium product unless your credentials are sustainable.”
So, it seems that the future of the classic indigo blue denim jean will be green in spirit but classic in form. Forever in blue jeans, indeed.
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From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jeans are a type of pants made from heavy, strong cotton material (fabric) called denim. They were invented in the United States by Levi Strauss in 1872. In the late 1800s, jeans were worn by workers. Jeans are one of the most obvious symbols of American cultural influence in the world. They are worn in many countries around the world.
In the 1950s, jeans became a popular fashion for teenagers and young adults. In the 1950s, jeans were part of rockabilly fashion for teenagers. Now, jeans are a very popular type of pants. They are usually worn as casual fashion clothing. Jeans are made in many styles and colors.
The word «jeans» came from the French name of the city in Italy where a strong cotton fabric was made. The Italian city’s name, Genoa, was spelled «jene» in Middle English and «Gênes» in the French language.[1]
References[change | change source]
- ↑ «Bartleby.com». Archived from the original on 2005-05-13. Retrieved 2009-07-09.