Word ireland in gaelic

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Éire (Irish: [ˈeːɾʲə] (listen)) is Irish for «Ireland», the name of both an island in the North Atlantic and the sovereign state of the Republic of Ireland which governs 84% of the island’s landmass. The latter is distinct from Northern Ireland, which covers the remainder of the northeast of the island. The same name is also sometimes used in English ( AIR-ə).

Etymology[edit]

The modern Irish Éire evolved from the Old Irish word Ériu, which was the name of Ireland and of a Gaelic goddess. Ériu is generally believed to have been the matron goddess of Ireland, a goddess of sovereignty, or simply a goddess of the land. Ériu has been derived from reconstructed Archaic Irish *Īweriū,^[1][2] and further from the Proto-Celtic *Φīwerjon- (nominative singular Φīwerjū).^[3] This suggests descent from the Proto-Indo-European *piHwerjon- («fertile land» or «abundant land»),^[1] from the adjective *piHwer- («fat») – cognate with Ancient Greek píeira and Sanskrit pīvarī, («fat, full, abounding»).^[1] The Archaic Irish form was borrowed into Ancient Greek. During his exploration of northwest Europe (circa 320 BCE), Pytheas of Massilia called the island Ierne (written Ἰέρνη).
The Pseudo-Aristotelian text On the Universe (393b) has:

Ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγισται τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο, Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι, Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη.

Translation: There are two very large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne.^[4] (modern Great Britain and Ireland).

In his book Geographia (circa 150 CE), Claudius Ptolemaeus called the island Iouernia (written Ἰουερνία; ou represented /w/) and named a tribal group called the (Ἰούερνοι, Iouernoi or Iverni who lived in the southwest.^[1] This was borrowed into Latin as Hibernia.

The evolution of the word would follow as such:

• Proto-Celtic *Φīwerjon- (nominative singular *Φīwerjū)
  • Archaic Irish *Īweriū
    • Old Irish Ériu
      • Modern Irish Éire

An Old Irish by-form of this placename was íriu, meaning «land, earth».^[1] In Irish mythology, Íth is the first of the Milesians (Irish) to see Ireland from Iberia. Later, he is the first to step ashore and praises the island’s abundance, saying to the Tuatha Dé Danann: «You dwell in a good land. Abundant are its mast and honey and wheat and fish».^[1]

A 19th-century proposal, which does not follow modern standards of etymology, derives the name from Scottish Gaelic: ì (island) + thiar (west) + fónn (land), which together give ì-iar-fhónn, or «westland isle».^[5] The etymology fails in that tiar (the historical form) has no *téir forms which would allow the development of the *é of Éire; moreover, Old Irish í («island») was a late loanword from Old Norse ey («island»), and so did not exist in prehistoric Ireland.

Difference between Éire and Erin[edit]

While Éire is simply the name for the island of Ireland in the Irish language, and sometimes used in English, Erin is a common poetic name for Ireland, as in Erin go bragh. The distinction between the two is one of the difference between cases of nouns in Irish. Éire is the nominative case, the case that is used for nouns that are the subject of a sentence, i.e., the noun that is doing something as well as the direct object of a sentence. Erin derives from Éirinn, the Irish dative case of Éire, which has replaced the nominative case in Déise Irish and some non-standard sub-dialects elsewhere, in Scottish Gaelic (where the usual word for Ireland is Èirinn) and Manx (like Irish and Scottish Gaelic, a Goidelic Celtic language), where the word is spelled «Nerin,» with the initial n- probably representing a fossilisation of the preposition in/an «in» (cf. Irish in Éirinn, Scottish an Èirinn/ann an Èirinn «in Ireland»). The genitive case, Éireann (e.g. stair na hÉireann «the history of Ireland, Ireland’s history»), is found in the Gaelic forms of the titles of companies and institutions in Ireland e.g. Iarnród Éireann (Irish Rail), Dáil Éireann (Irish Parliament), Poblacht na hÉireann (The Republic of Ireland) or Tuaisceart Éireann (Northern Ireland).

As a state name[edit]

Article 4 of the Irish constitution adopted in 1937 by the government under Éamon de Valera states «Éire is the name of the state, or in the English language, Ireland«.^[6] The Constitution’s English-language preamble also describes the population as «We, the people of Éire». Despite the fact that Article 8 designated Irish as the «national» and «first official» language, Éire has to some extent passed out of everyday conversation and literature, and the state is referred to as Ireland or its equivalent in all other languages.
The name «Éire» has been used on Irish postage stamps since 1922;^[7] on all Irish coinage (including Irish euro coins); and together with «Ireland» on passports and other official state documents issued since 1937. «Éire» is used on the Seal of the President of Ireland.

Initially, after 1937 the United Kingdom insisted on using only the name «Eire» and refused to accept the name «Ireland». It adopted the Eire (Confirmation of Agreements) Act 1938 putting in law that position. At the 1948 Summer Olympics in London the organisers insisted that the Irish team march under the banner «Eire» notwithstanding that every other team was marching according to what their name was in English.^[8] The UK Government generally avoided all reference to «Ireland» in connection with the state and used what Senator Thomas O’Connell described as «sneering titles such as Eirish».^[9] However, the term «Eirish» was also used by some writers in the US, who referred to «the Eirish people».^[10] Using the genitive form Éireann as an adjective, the UK media would refer to «Eireann Ministers»^[11] and the «Eireann Army».^[12] The Ireland Act 1949 changed this to «Republic of Ireland». It was not until after the 1998 Good Friday Agreement that the UK government accepted the preferred name of simply «Ireland», at the same time as the Republic of Ireland dropped its territorial claim over Northern Ireland.^{[citation needed]}

Before the 1937 Constitution, «Saorstát Éireann» (the Irish name of the Irish Free State) was generally used.^[13]

During the Emergency (as the Second World War was known), Irish ships had «EIRE» (and the Irish tricolour) painted large on their sides and deck, to identify them as neutrals.

In the 1947 Sinn Féin Funds case, a co-defendant was cited as «the Attorney General of Eire» in the High and Supreme Court cases, and there were similar cases where «Eire» was used in the late 1940s as a descriptor of the state in English.^[14]

In 1922–1938 the international plate on Irish cars was «SE». From 1938 to 1962 it was marked «EIR», short for Éire. In 1961 statutory instrument no. 269 allowed «IRL»,^[15] and by 1962 «IRL» had been adopted. Irish politician Bernard Commons TD suggested to the Dáil in 1950 that the Government examine «the tourist identification plate bearing the letters EIR … with a view to the adoption of identification letters more readily associated with this country by foreigners».^[16] «EIR» is also shown in other legislation such as the car insurance statutory instrument no. 383 of 1952 and no. 82 of 1958.^[17][18]

Under the 1947 Convention Irish-registered aircraft have carried a registration mark starting «EI» for Éire.

From January 2007, the Irish Government nameplates at meetings of the European Union have borne both Éire and Ireland, following the adoption of Irish as a working language of the European Union.

Spelling Eire rather than Éire[edit]

In 1938 the British government provided in the Eire (Confirmation of Agreements) Act 1938 that British legislation would henceforth refer to the Irish Free State as «Eire» (but not as «Ireland»). This was altered by the Ireland Act 1949, where the English-law name of the state was changed to «Republic of Ireland».^[19] The 1938 Act was repealed in 1981, and in 1996 a British journalist described Eire as «now an oddity rarely used, an out-of-date reference».^[20]

Within Ireland however, the spelling «Eire» was incorrect. When Irish language texts were printed in Gaelic type, both capital and lower-case letters were printed with diacritics (written accents). From the later 1940s, in conjunction with other reforms, printing switched to the same «Roman type» used for most other Latin alphabet languages.^{[clarification needed]} There was some uncertainty about whether the síneadh fada (acute accent) should be written on upper-case letters. While it was preserved in all-Irish texts, it was often omitted when short fragments of Irish appeared alone or in English texts. Noel Davern asked in the Dáil in 1974 why Irish stamps had EIRE rather than ÉIRE. The reply from the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs was:^[21]

The accent has been omitted on most Irish stamps issued over the past ten years in the interests of artistic balance and in accordance with a common practice in the printing of Irish in Roman script for display purposes. This is a prevailing typographical convention and is common to several European languages, including French.

Davern considered EIRE to be worse than a misspelling, because eire is a word in its own right, meaning «a burden, load or encumbrance».^[21][22] The minister stated, «The word on the stamp … does not mean ‘eire’ and it is not understood to mean ‘eire’ by anybody except Davern.»^[21] Stamps later used a Gaelic type with the accent preserved.

English rarely uses diacritics for English words, and often omits them from written loanwords from any source language; the acute accent is often omitted when ÉIRE is written in English—in that context, the omission or expression is regarded by English speakers who do not speak Irish as a negligible variation, reflecting two accepted spellings without further implication, in the same way as Mexico and México are seen as being the same. But for an Irish-speaker the diacritic changes the pronunciation.

Other uses[edit]

Éire has been incorporated into the names of Irish commercial and social entities, such as Eir (formerly Eircom and Telecom Éireann) and its former mobile phone network, Eircell.^[23] Ireland’s postal code system is known as Eircode. In 2006 the Irish electricity network was devolved to EirGrid. The company «BetEire Flow» (eFlow), named as a pun on «better», is a French consortium running the electronic tolling system at the West-Link bridge west of Dublin.^[24] According to the Dublin Companies Registration Office in 2008, over 500 company names incorporate the word Éire in some form.^[25]

Footnotes[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Noel Browne, Against the Tide
• Constitution of Ireland (1937)
• Stephen Collins, The Cosgrave Legacy
• Tim Pat Coogan, De Valera (Hutchinson, 1993)
• Brian Farrell, De Valera’s Constitution and Ours
• F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine
• David Gwynn Morgan, Constitutional Law of Ireland
• Tim Murphy and Patrick Twomey (eds.) Ireland’s Evolving Constitution: 1937–1997 Collected Essays (Hart, 1998) ISBN 1-901362-17-5
• Alan J. Ward, The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992 (Irish Academic Press, 1994) ISBN 0-7165-2528-3

But once they got going in the name game, monikers fairly cascaded in: Éire, Erin, the Emerald Isle, the Republic, Land of Saints and Scholars — and whatever you’re having yourself.

The terms Republic of Ireland (ROI), the Republic, the 26 counties or the South are the alternative names most often encountered.

What do we call Ireland?

Republic of Ireland

What Green nickname does Ireland go by?

the Emerald Isle
Ireland has long been known as the Emerald Isle. Drennan’s poem was the first time Ireland was referred to in this way in print, but it’s easy to see why this nickname has stuck with the island for so long. Ireland is famous for its lush, rolling green hills.

What is the nickname for Dublin?

The Pale
List

How are you in Irish slang?

Grand (an iconic bit of Irish slang) Grand means OK. You’ll hear it most commonly used as a response to, ‘How’s it going’/’How are you feeling? ‘/’How are you today?

Why is Ireland called Erin?

Erin is a Hiberno-English word for Ireland originating from the Irish word “Éirinn”.
Erin.

Who owns Ireland?

the United Kingdom
The island of Ireland comprises the Republic of Ireland, which is a sovereign country, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland endured a hard-fought birth.

What does the girl name Ireland mean?

Etymology & Historical Origin of the Baby Name Ireland
Ireland received her name from the early Érainn people – essentially evolving from the ancient Celtic Φīwerjū to the Old Irish Ériu to the modern Éire (Erin) – and is said to mean “land of abundance; fertile land” in reference to the island’s lush landscape.

What Is an Irish emerald?

A stone not native to Ireland – even though Ireland is referred to as the Emerald Isle and Emeralds are used widely in Irish Jewelry, Emeralds are in fact largely from Colombia and their association to Ireland is purely thanks to their vivid green color.

Why are there no snakes in Ireland?

The island was too cold for snakes during the last Ice Age, up until about 10,000 years ago. And it has been separated from Europe for some time — unlike Britain, which had a land bridge up until about 6,500 years ago — so snakes couldn’t get there once things warmed up.

Is Ireland on the flag?

Flag of Ireland

What is a nickname for an Irishman?

1. Micks. Since many Irish last names begin with Mc or Mac, if follows that this nickname became one (derogatory) way to refer to the Irish.

What do you call an Irish boy?

Irish Translation. buachaill. More Irish words for boy. giobóg noun. boy, scarecrow.

What is the nickname for Wicklow?

The Garden County
Wicklow — The Garden County.

What do Irish call babies?

What does bairn mean? Bairn is a Scottish or Northern English word for child.

Is Shenanigans an Irish word?

Although “shenanigan,” for instance, meaning trickery or mischief, is often attributed to the Irish Gaelic “sionnachuighim,” meaning “I play the fox,” others claim it derives from an American Indian word.

What is Goodnight Irish?

Sleep well! Codladh sámh!

What do the Irish say before drinking?

So how do you say “Cheers”? “Cheers” in Irish is sláinte which is pronounced a bit like “slawn-che”. Sláinte means “health”, and if you’re feeling brave, you can say sláinte is táinte (“slawn-che iss toin-che”), meaning “health and wealth”. “Cheers” is one of the words included in lesson 10 of our course.

What did the Irish call the Vikings?

Vikings in Ireland. France and Ireland as well. In these areas they became known as the “Norsemen” (literally, north-men) and laterally as the “Vikings”. They called themselves “Ostmen”.

Is Ireland a poor country?

In terms of GDP per capita, Ireland is ranked as one of the wealthiest countries in the OECD and the EU-27, at 4th in the OECD-28 rankings.

Gaelic Matters > Irish Words

Get to grips with some Gaelic Irish Words

If you want to learn to speak Gaelic or Gaeilge or Irish as it is also known, it is worth getting to grips with the basic list of Gaelic Irish words below. If you spend some time in Ireland, you will see Gaelic on lots of signs and placenames and hear it on Irish television and radio.

While English is certainly the dominant language in all but some Gaeltacht (Irish speaking) areas, a trip to Ireland will be so much richer if you have at least a smattering of Irish Gaelic.

It is important to know also that some Gaelic words vary from one dialect to another. In Ireland there are three key dialects in the North (Ulster), West (Connaught) and South (Munster). For example, the word for table in Connaught and Munster Irish is bord while in Ulster Gaelic it is tábla.

Because of TV and improved communications, most Gaelic speakers are also now more familiar with and influenced by each other’s dialects, so learning one dialect does not cause the communication difficulties it might once have.

Anyway, most people in Ireland learn standard (caighdeán) Gaelic in school, basically a mix of all three dialects. I have taken the most common form of the Irish words below. I give a non-linguistic pronunciation guide to the words below, a fairly literal translation and the English translation.

And while it can be a little daunting for someone learning the language at the beginning, it is important to know that the form of a Gaelic word can and does change, not only in the singular and plural forms, but also depending on whether it is used in the nominative, vocative, accusative, and genitive cases.

«What the hell does that mean?», I hear some of you ask. While I won’t go into all the details (for that you need a more intensive grammar lesson), the easiest way to explain is with an example of the kind of changes that Irish words can undergo.

In the pronunciation guide for all the Gaelic Irish words below I have left ‘ch’ as is. This is because ‘ch’ in Gaelic does not have an equivalent sound in English. That said, many people will be familiar with the throaty sound made in the Scottish and Irish word ‘loch’. This is the correct sound. If you are not able to replicate this sound, pronounce ‘ch’ as a ‘k’. It may not be correct but you will be understood. Just don’t pronounce ‘ch’ as ‘ch’ in ‘church’ which no one will understand.

Gaelic Irish Words by category

I have also included what is a simple video of the categories on this page but should be enough to help you with getting the pronunciation right. I am not a native speaker but it should be reasonably accurate.

Food
Eating
Days of the Week
Months of the Year
Counting 1-10
People and Family
Colours/Colors
Modes of Transport
Around the House
Parts of the Body

Irish Gaelic Phrases and Expressions Page

Food

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Eating

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Days of the week in Gaelic

Months of the Year in Gaelic

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Counting

The Gaelic Irish words used for counting change somewhat when used with an object. For example, if I am just counting 1-3 (cardinal numbers), it will be simply a haon, a dó, a trí. However, if I put an object (noun) with it to count boats it will become aon bhád amháin, dhá bhád, trí bhád. I include both below for numbers 1-10.

1 to 10 in Gaelic

Middle Left

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People and Family

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Colours

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Means of Transport

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House

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Irish words for Parts of the Body

I am open to correction or suggested improvements on anything above. I would also love to hear of other categories of Gaelic Irish words you think should have been included as basics. Get in touch with me through the contact GaelicMatters page. Or add a comment below

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Other Pages Related to Irish Words

Visit the Irish Gaelic Phrases and Gaelic Expressions Page

Our Learn Irish Gaelic Page

Gaelic Matters > Irish Words

Привели грамматические различия между ирландским и британским вариантами английского, а также рассмотрели особенности ирландской лексики.

Ирландский английский — один из самых интересных и трудных для понимания вариантов английского. Соседствуя с ирландским языком, он перенял его лексику и грамматические конструкции. В результате ирландский вариант английского способен поставить в тупик не только изучающего английский, но и носителя английского языка.

Современная Ирландия — билингвальная страна, в которой официально признаны английский и ирландский языки. Начиная с XIX века английский язык играет ведущую роль, поэтому большинство ирландцев владеют им, как родным, а ирландский язык знает чуть меньше половины населения. За несколько столетий соседства оба языка оказали значительное влияние друг на друга. В итоге ирландский английский (Irish English) или гиберно-английский (Hiberno-English, от латинского названия Ирландии — Hibernia) обрел свой уникальный колорит.

Грамматика ирландского английского

Грамматика ирландского английского представляет собой комбинацию грамматических элементов английского и ирландского языков. При этом она считается достаточно консервативной, поскольку сохранила некоторые черты английской эпохи Елизаветы I (конец XVI — начало XVII века). Особенностей немало, хотя большинство из них остаются атрибутами разговорной речи и региональных диалектов. В статье приведем десять наиболее любопытных фактов о грамматике ирландского варианта английского языка:

1. Слова yes (да) и no (нет) редко используются при ответе на вопрос. Ирландцы склонны повторять вспомогательный глагол, например:

   — Are you hungry?
   — I am.
   — Ты голоден?
   — Да.

   — Has she been to the USA?
   — She hasn’t.
   — Она была в США?
   — Нет.

2. Существует несколько местоимений «вы»‎: единственное число — you, множественное число — ye:

   Did ye all read the paper? — Вы все читали газету?

   Обратите внимание, что в Дублине ye — это местоимение единственного числа, а yous/youse — множественного.

3. Для описания событий из недавнего прошлого используется конструкция after + герундий:

   My car is after fixing. — Я только что починил машину.
   She is after losing her job! — Она недавно потеряла работу.

4. Вместо привычного нам сказуемого используется следующая конструкция: вспомогательный глагол + the + герундий:

   If I had the doing of that exam again, I would prepare better. — Если бы мне снова пришлось сдавать этот экзамен, я бы лучше подготовился.

5. Предложения с would do и would have done нередко заменяют простое прошедшее и настоящее время:

   We would have lived in one city when we were children. — В детстве мы жили в одном городе.

6. Глаголы состояния используются во временах группы Continuous:

   I am understanding it now. — Теперь я понимаю.
7. Глагол to be (быть) имеет две формы настоящего времени. Одна из них совпадает со стандартным употреблением (am/is/are), другая — habitual be — описывает привычное состояние. Оно образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола do/does. В переводе на русский значение глагола можно передать наречием «всегда»:

   She does be tired in the mornings. — Она всегда уставшая по утрам.

8. Глагол will используется вместо shall в приглашениях и предложениях:

   Will I open the window? — Мне открыть окно?
   Will we go to the cinema? — Пойдем в кино?

9. So используется в tag-фразах для усиления значения, а также для опровержения отрицательного утверждения:

   This is a difficult question, so it is. — Это сложный вопрос, действительно сложный.

   — You are not a good person.
   — I am so!
   — Ты нехороший человек.
   — Неправда, я хороший человек!

10. Частица to в глагольных фразах может опускаться:

    I’m not allowed (to) speak to strangers. — Мне нельзя разговаривать с незнакомыми людьми.

Лексика ирландского варианта английского

Ирландский английский включает лексику ирландского происхождения. Особенно много заимствований встречается в области культуры, мифологии и кулинарии — там, где в английском языке не нашлось аналогов. Например: a boxty (образовано от ирландского bacstaí) означает «традиционные картофельные оладьи», a banshee (образовано от bean sídhe) переводится как «сказочное создание, похожее на фею или ведьму». Также в ирландском английском немало сленга для описания более общих явлений и действий.

Произношение в ирландском варианте английского

В англоязычном мире сложилось представление о типичном ирландском произношении, которое сильно отличается от того, как говорят в Оксфорде или Нью-Йорке. Все открытые звуки (вроде /æ/ или /a:/) становятся «меньше», поэтому складывается ощущение, что ирландцы почти не открывают рот. Согласные звучат более мягко: слово a cat произносится как /kyat/, а garden — /gyarden/. Звук /r/ меняется до неузнаваемости, перемещаясь вперед ближе к зубам. А одной из самых важных особенностей ирландского английского считается его музыкальная интонация. Однако типичные ирландцы существуют только в голливудских фильмах, в реальности все не так просто. Дело в том, что на территории Ирландии существует несколько региональных акцентов. Произношение жителей северных регионов республики отличается от того, как говорят люди живущие на юге или в центральной части острова. И даже в одном Дублине различают два акцента — северный и южный. Чтобы понять, насколько они отличаются друг от друга, посмотрите видео Guide to Irish Accents.

Полезные ресурсы

Мы обозначили некоторые характеристики, которые делают ирландский английский одним из самых любопытных национальных вариантов языка. Тем, кто хочет познакомиться с ним ближе, узнать его историю и погрузиться в культуру Ирландии, а также послушать речь современных жителей республики, мы предлагаем изучить подборку полезных ресурсов.

Видеоролики:

• How to do an Irish Accent — тренинг по ирландскому акценту;
• Learn Niall Horan’s Irish English Accent — еще один тренинг;
• Learn IRISH slang, vocabulary and expressions — об ирландском сленге;
• Irish Slang and Phrases — еще о сленге;
• Actors Teach You English, Scottish and Irish Slang — урок ирландского, шотландского и британского сленга от известных актеров;
• The Irish Language (Gaelic) — об ирландском языке.

Подкасты:

• The Explainer — актуальная новостная повестка Ирландии;
• An Irishman Abroad — о жизни ирландцев в Ирландии и за рубежом;
• The Irish Times Women’s Podcast — о женщинах в Ирландии.

Статьи:

• Craic and Culture — блог о культуре и туризме в Ирландии, в том числе статья про сленг — 101 Irish Slang Words;
• ThoughtCo — статьи о языке, истории и культуре Ирландии, например: Irish English (language variety) — об особенностях ирландского английского в целом и его региональных вариантах, Irish Mythology: History and Legacy — о мифологии и верованиях, The Legend of St. Patrick — о главном национальном герое,The 50 Most Common Irish Surnames — об ирландских фамилиях;
• The Irish For: Brexit and the rise of Hiberno-English — колонка о перспективах ирландского английского в Европейском союзе;
• Hiberno-English in Transition — научная статья об истории и современности гиберно-английского языка;
• “Is it English what we speak?” Irish English and Postcolonial Identity — научная статья о языке и идентичности в Ирландии.

Хотите свободно общаться с иностранцами и узнавать об их культуре из первых уст? Тогда записывайтесь на уроки английского к носителям языка.

Надеемся, теперь вам не составит труда найти общий язык с интересным собеседником из ирландского паба. Поделитесь в комментариях, какой еще вариант английского вам было бы интересно разобрать.