Word in english and arabic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Arabic is a Semitic language and English is an Indo-European language. The following words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English. Most entered one or more of the Romance languages, before entering English.

To qualify for this list, a word must be reported in etymology dictionaries as having descended from Arabic. A handful of dictionaries have been used as the source for the list.^[1] Words associated with the Islamic religion are omitted; for Islamic words, see Glossary of Islam. Archaic and rare words are also omitted. A bigger listing including words very rarely seen in English is at Wiktionary dictionary.

Given the number of words which have entered English from Arabic, this list is split alphabetically into sublists, as listed below:

• List of English words of Arabic origin (A-B)
• List of English words of Arabic origin (C-F)
• List of English words of Arabic origin (G-J)
• List of English words of Arabic origin (K-M)
• List of English words of Arabic origin (N-S)
• List of English words of Arabic origin (T-Z)
• List of English words of Arabic origin: Addenda for certain specialist vocabularies

Addenda for certain specialist vocabularies[edit]

Islamic terms[edit]

Arabic astronomical and astrological names[edit]

Arabic botanical names[edit]

The following plant names entered medieval Latin texts from Arabic. Today, in descent from the medieval Latin, they are international systematic classification names (commonly known as «Latin» names): Azadirachta, Berberis, Cakile, Carthamus, Cuscuta, Doronicum, Galanga, Musa, Nuphar, Ribes, Senna, Taraxacum, Usnea, Physalis alkekengi, Melia azedarach, Centaurea behen, Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula, Cheiranthus cheiri, Piper cubeba, Phyllanthus emblica, Peganum harmala, Salsola kali, Prunus mahaleb, Datura metel, Daphne mezereum, Rheum ribes, Jasminum sambac, Cordia sebestena, Operculina turpethum, Curcuma zedoaria, Alpinia zerumbet + Zingiber zerumbet. (List incomplete.)^[2]

Over ninety percent of those botanical names were introduced to medieval Latin in a herbal medicine context. They include names of medicinal plants from Tropical Asia for which there had been no prior Latin or Greek name, such as azedarach, bellerica, cubeba, emblica, galanga, metel, turpethum, zedoaria and zerumbet. Another sizeable portion are ultimately Iranian names of medicinal plants of Iran. The Arabic-to-Latin translation of Ibn Sina’s The Canon of Medicine helped establish many Arabic plant names in later medieval Latin.^[2] A book about medicating agents by Serapion the Younger containing hundreds of Arabic botanical names circulated in Latin among apothecaries in the 14th and 15th centuries.^[3] Medieval Arabic botany was primarily concerned with the use of plants for medicines. In a modern etymology analysis of one medieval Arabic list of medicines, the names of the medicines —primarily plant names— were assessed to be 31% ancient Mesopotamian names, 23% Greek names, 18% Persian, 13% Indian (often via Persian), 5% uniquely Arabic, and 3% Egyptian, with the remaining 7% of unassessable origin.^[4]

The Italian botanist Prospero Alpini stayed in Egypt for several years in the 1580s. He introduced to Latin botany from Arabic from Egypt the names Abrus, Abelmoschus, Lablab, Melochia, each of which designated plants that were unknown to Western European botanists before Alpini, plants native to tropical Asia that were grown with artificial irrigation in Egypt at the time.^[5]

In the early 1760s Peter Forsskål systematically cataloged plants and fishes in the Red Sea area. For genera and species that did not already have Latin names, Forsskål used the common Arabic names as the scientific names. This became the international standard for most of what he cataloged. Forsskål’s Latinized Arabic plant genus names include Aerva, Arnebia, Cadaba, Ceruana, Maerua, Maesa, Themeda, and others.^[6]

Some additional miscellaneous botanical names with Arabic ancestry include Abutilon, Alchemilla, Alhagi, Argania, argel, Averrhoa, Avicennia, azarolus + acerola, bonduc, lebbeck, Retama, seyal.^[7] (List incomplete).

Arabic textile words[edit]

The list above included the six textile fabric names cotton, damask, gauze, macramé, mohair, & muslin, and the three textile dye names anil, crimson/kermes, and safflower, and the garment names jumper and sash. The following are three lesser-used textile words that were not listed: camlet,^[8] morocco leather,^[9] and tabby. Those have established Arabic ancestry. The following are six textile fabric words whose ancestry is not established and not adequately in evidence, but Arabic ancestry is entertained by many reporters. Five of the six have Late Medieval start dates in the Western languages and the sixth started in the 16th century. Buckram, Chiffon, Fustian, Gabardine, Satin, and Wadding (padding). The fabric Taffeta has provenance in 14th-century French, Italian, Catalan, Spanish, and English, and today it is often guessed to come ultimately from a Persian word for woven (tāftah), and it might have Arabic intermediation. Fustic is a textile dye. The name is traceable to late medieval Spanish fustet dye, which is often guessed to be from an Arabic source.^[10] Carthamin is another old textile dye. Its name was borrowed in the late medieval West from Arabic قرطم qartam | qirtim | qurtum = «the carthamin dye plant or its seeds».^[11] The textile industry was the largest manufacturing industry in the Arabic-speaking lands in the medieval and early modern eras.

Arabic cuisine words[edit]

The following words are from Arabic, although some of them have entered Western European languages via other languages. Baba ghanoush, Falafel, Fattoush, Halva, Hummus, Kibbeh, Kebab, Lahmacun, Shawarma, Tabouleh, Tahini, Za’atar . Some cuisine words of lesser circulation are Ful medames, Kabsa, Kushari, Labneh, Mahleb, Mulukhiyah, Ma’amoul, Mansaf, Shanklish, Tepsi Baytinijan . For more see Arab cuisine. Middle Eastern cuisine words were rare before 1970 in English, being mostly confined to travellers’ reports. Usage increased rapidly in the 1970s for certain words.

Arabic music words[edit]

Some words used in English in talking about Arabic music: Ataba, Baladi, Dabke, Darbouka, Jins, Khaleeji, Maqam, Mawal, Mizmar, Oud, Qanun, Raï, Raqs sharqi, Taqsim.

Arabic place names[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

‘I am naturally a stern and silent fellow; even forbidding. But there’s something about etymology and where words come from that overcomes my inbuilt taciturnity.’ ― Mark Forsyth, The Etymologicon: A Circular Stroll Through the Hidden Connections of the English Language

According to the Linguistic Society, there are more than 6,900 distinct different languages around the world. The Arabic language is the 5th most spoken language worldwide, falling just behind English, Chinese, Hindi and Spanish. The language has such a strong linguistic presence globally that it seems only natural that it should have an influence over the lexicology of Western European languages, such as French and English.

In fact, the English language is composed of a multitude of words and phrases that have been loaned from the Arabic language. Our whole alphabet, from A to Z, from algebra, alchemy and albatross right through to zenith and zero, English vocabulary is composed of hundreds of words of Arabic origin.

Thus, it is interesting to have a closer look at some of the foundations of our dictionary, alphabet, lexicography and phonetics by examining the different languages that have influenced them.

On a personal note, I did not suspect the international origin of certain words that I use almost every day — that is the beauty of linguistics!

Not only is becoming familiar with English versions of common words used in Arabic an intriguing endeavour, it is also a great way to learn Arabic and will even enable you to become a master multilingual speaker and Arabic translator!

Why not learn arabic online?

English Words from Arabic — A Short History

Loanwords

Artichoke, giraffe, divan (furniture), café or coffee — there are so many phrases that we use on a daily basis that are actually made up of words borrowed or translated from the Arabic language. More specifically, these are what are known as loanwords in the world of linguistics.

Many words from our English vocabulary are actually loanwords that have their roots in the Arab world and were derived from classical Arabic terminology many moons ago. A word or phrase may have evolved or altered slightly from the original, but it will have the same roots as is explained in any English-Arabic translation or etymology dictionary.

C.A.M.’s Fennell noted in the book, Stanford Dictionary of Anglicized Words and Phrases (1987), that Arabic is the ‘seventh-leading supplier of loanwords to English’. This makes it a keen contender for having one of the strongest influences over the English language, outrun only by languages such as French, Spanish, Greek, Italian and Latin.

But, we ask ourselves, how has this Semitic language of the Islamic world come to impregnate itself into the English language in such a long-lasting way? How have certain words derived their meaning from the phonetic Arabic pronunciations?

Arabic Enters Europe

Hundreds of years ago, the sheer global magnitude of the Arabic language as a result of the expansion of the Islamic civilisation during the seventh century meant that Arabic was able to easily infiltrate itself into other languages. The Arab world was able to extend out beyond the borders of Middle Eastern countries and develop a lexicon, phonetic system and etymology so distinctive that it is still present in English vocabulary today.

Thus, the Arab culture was able to linguistically dominate the Occident right up until the thirteenth century in an enormous number of domains, which we will learn more about later on.

After a period of a so-called linguistic explosion, Western countries, principally from the South, began to take the reins and Islamic Spain started to have a greater linguistic influence over the English language. This is why we still have so many words that are derived from Arabic terminology.

What was then to follow was of course colonisation, world migration, other languages and trades, which were to bring with them a whole host of new terms with their origins in the Arabic language.

Literature also played an important role in Arabic finding its way into the English language. Essentially, while Plato was translated and brought to us by Latin authors, the philosophy of Aristotle was largely imported by Arab thinkers and translators.

So one way of learning Arabic is to learn which English words have Arabic roots, even if the phonetics may have changed slightly from the original.

You may think you are a monolingual when in fact each one of us is bilingual and a walking talking Arabic — English dictionary!

Do you know some of the most beautiful Arab cities?

Common Arabic Phrases Used Day-to-Day in English

English-Arabic Dictionary

We probably don’t think about it nearly enough, but several lexical terms that are used day in and day out by English language speakers around the world are actually derived from the Arab world and Arabic script and conversation.

This has been one way that Arab culture has been imported across to the West. Little by little, it has transformed itself into the vocabulary we all know and use today. This is just a simple question of etymology, morphemes and locution!

An English — Arabic dictionary is a tool that both helps to inform us of the origin of words and allows us to learn Arabic. The idea here is to take certain words and understand their dialectal variations, derogatory and colloquial definitions, phonetics, etymology and quite simply, their fundamental meanings.

Example of English Words from Arabic

A short and very simple example that we can all remember is as follows:

If I order you a coffee without sugar and also a carafe of orange juice, how many of the words in the sentence I use will be derived from Arabic?

Four! It’s as simple as that!

So, let us have a look at the terms allow us to gain a better understanding of the etymology of our lexicography and the roots of particular words.

• Café or Coffee — this drink — the English noun for which is now so famous in the UK -originated in Yemen in the 15th century and got its name thanks to its Arabic counterpart qahwa. The word qahwa evolved to kahve as it reached Turkey and then again to caoua in Algeria before moving on to becoming café in France and finally, transforming into the coffee that we know and love today. In Arab speaking countries, the word signified a grain of roasted coffee and the associated hot drink that would have been prepared at the time. This linguistic origin also refers to the drink that was discovered in Europe in the seventeenth century thanks to Venitian merchants. Those who enjoy history may also be interested to know that the first coffee house was introduced to the UK in 1651. Another theory as to the origin of the word also suggests that there is a consensus among some geographers that it originates from a province in Ethiopia called Kaffa. Thus, it is called K’hawah, which means invigorating in Arabic.
• Sugar or Sucrose — at the end of the twelfth century, the Italian locution, zucchero, began to be used. The term is itself actually derived from the Arabic equivalent, sukkar, that comes from Sanskrit (meaning grain).  For all the versions of the noun (for example, be it sugar or sucrose, or even the French, sucré), each nickname, each meaning, ultimately originates from the Arabic. It is the Arab world who began to refer to sugar through dialogue and speech in the way that we know it today in European languages. Pfeifer, a linguist specialising in Germanic languages, explains that Arabs and the Arabic speaking world brought the sugar cane culture to Andalucia, Egypt and Sicily.
• Carafe — originating from the Arabic word, gharfa, which meant a form of ladle to hold water, not much is known about the history of this loanword. From gharfa of medieval Arabic, the word travelled to Sicily in the fourteenth century and later to Northern Italy where it morphed into caraffa and eventually to British shores where it became a carafe (a drinks vesicle usually made of glass).
• Orange — the first use of this noun dates back to the thirteenth century. Originally, the orange was a fruit from China that was introduced to the rest of the world by Portuguese sailors in the fifteenth century.
  In Arabic, the word Orange actually means… …Portugal!
  The evolution of the term into the English noun we now use has been quite an incredible etymological adventure. For several centuries, the term Orange travelled many linguistic paths and took on multiple definitions before it eventually began to refer to the fruit and finally, the colour it refers to in modern English. In short, after having given us words like arancia in Italian, naranjaen in Spanish, or even laranja in Portuguese, the term Orange that we now use in English has been given its name from the Arabic equivalent and refers to oranges that are sweet rather than bitter.

Thus, it is safe to say that the Arabic language has an etymological richness that always keeps one guessing!

If you’re not much one for guessing games, you could take Arabic courses London or elsewhere in the UK!

Unexpected Etymology

Not to mention the phrases in the list above (we can also recall aubergine, gazelle or even hazard as being English words translated from Arabic), we can say with some confidence that the Arabic language is an inexhaustible source of morphemes, colloquial language and lexical meanings that covers a large number of areas:

• Clothes: jumper, cotton, mohair, satin, gilet, etc,
• Games: hazard, chess, checkmate, racket, etc,
• Music: lute, guitar, tanbur, tabla etc,
• Mathematics: zero, algebra, etc.

It is quite clear that among the multitude of words whose origin or etymology is rooted in Arab culture and the Arabic speaking world, there are some words whose roots are rather more unexpected and surprising than others.

Part of what makes up the richness of literary Arabic and Arabic from the dictionary is that it has such a diverse etymology and rare phonetic system, which has resulted in some words being indispensable, either for the simple reading of a historical dictionary or for learning of Arabic vocabulary online.

One way of learning a language is by discovering certain words of the same origin or with similar pronunciations and going from there!

The existence  of a locution, or a morpheme (defined as ‘a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming’), can sometimes be more surprising than simply being a bit of terminology that is part of the English language and has the same origin as Arabic words.

So get out your reading glasses and your travel dictionary as we take a closer look!

Are you looking to get a tattoo in Arabic?

Arabic in English — Phrases that you Wouldn’t Think Were Arabic!

• Jumper — this noun, which now is such an important part of our everyday clothing vocabulary was actually loaned from the Italian term giubba, which was itself adapted from the Arabic word jubba or giubba. The literal meaning of the word is a kind of men’s gown or robe or a kind of undergarment like a vest. From its previously usage making reference as a masculine garment, it has since changed meaning under English hands to become a unisex item that keeps us all warm in the winter months!
• Spinach — a plant that we know of today as something with which to make delicious soups and become as strong as Popeye actually has a long and quite fascinating history. The ancient Greeks and Romans were unaware of its existence and it wasn’t until Arabs migrating to Spain in medieval times brought the leafy vegetable over for trading that the Arabic term isfanakh began to circulate around Europe. Slowly but surely, the term eventually transformed into the word spinach in English after the vegetable was introduced to England in the 1400s.
• Magazine — the origins of magazine are still fairly recognisable when looking at its Arabic counterpart makhazin. It is actually more the word’s meaning that has changed rather than its phonetics. It initially referred to a storeroom in English, originating from the Arabic verb to store khazan. Magazines in England were actually places where military items such as gunpowder and bullets were stored, the French term for shop magasin has perhaps retained more of the original meaning than the English. Around the seventeenth century, the term started to refer to information on goods and topics relating to the army and the navy until it finally evolved to mean our favourite copy of Cosmo, Bliss, Men’s Health or even National Geographic!
• Safari — adventures around the Australian outback or through grasslands in Kenya are probably what spring to mind when you see this word, which makes its foreign roots perhaps not that surprising. However, the word actually originally comes from Arabic rather than from any indigenous African or Australian languages as we might have thought! Whilst the term did probably reach us through the Swahili version safari meaning journey, it ultimately came from the Arabic noun safar that also signifies a journey.

Well, it is safe to say that learning the Arabic origins of English words also makes for quite a journey in itself! The terms above are just four examples among many of common Arabic words used in English.

It is true that whilst learning the Arabic language and learning the English language may seem like polar opposite activities nowadays, the English dictionary is a testament to the fact that several English morphemes and phrases come from the same root as those of many Arabic terms. This is probably not really enough vocabulary to turn us into fluent Arabic speakers or foreign language experts but at least it gives non-native Arabic speakers something to get their teeth into and start the learning process!

Learning Arabic from English words in this way can pave the way for making your very own dialectal and etymological dictionary, which takes into account the literal sense of words that can be found in any phonetic English dictionary. Apart from the abovementioned terms, we can also easily see that many many terms we use all the time like chemistry, massage and fanfare, all come from Arabic.

Find an Arabic teacher here.

To summarise, there are so many words in the English language that we use daily and that we would never really have expected to have foreign roots let alone the same linguistic roots as Arabic words.

All this talk of Arabic is enough to make me want to take some Arabic classes!

That is the beauty of language and the captivating power of etymology!

Discover the best Arab architecture.

See the most beautiful Arabian cities.

Top 50+ English Words—of Arabic Origin!
Posted by on Feb 21, 2012 in Arabic Language, Culture, Vocabulary

Introduction

Fiction is one of the most ancient and effective non-verbal methods representing the national flavor of a particular culture. Even if we take into account that any work of fiction is translated so that it could be perceived by a bearer of another culture (language), and some of the unique lexical features may be lost or unreliable, cultural realities, despite this, are still reflected in the text (Hock, 1996). This is due primarily to the fact that any national culture is based on its own unique picture of the world, which in turn is inextricably linked with the history of the people. Despite the fact that most of the lexical units from the Arabic language penetrated into English naturally — through cultural contacts and assimilation of Arabic and European speakers, literature also contributed to this process.

This article is based on the context analysis of words of Arab origin from the famous work of “One Thousand and One Nights.” This work was chosen as an object of research, because it is the result of not only one author-representative of the Arab culture, but in fact, it is folk art. Various researchers put forward different theories about the origin of this storybook, but they failed to come to agreement or identify a specific author (Adzieva, 2014: 17). “One Thousand and One Nights” is a collection of ancient eastern folk tales, compiled around the time of the Golden Age of Islam (8-14th c.). This collection is also known as “Arabian Nights” according the very first translation into English. The history of the “Arabian nights” is complex and confusing. Many scientists have tried to trace the path that this book has gone since its origin until nowadays [Fassler, 8].

    The very first European version was the translation into French (1704-1717) by Anthony Galland (Anchi, 2017). These translations were based on the Syriac version of the Arabic text. A curious moment was that Galland also included in his collection such tales as “The Lamp of Aladdin” and “Alibaba and the Forty Thieves”, which first appeared in his translation, but were not in the original version of the manuscript. Later, another translation by Edward Lane (1840, 1859) appeared. This version of the translation is still considered one of the classic translations of the “Arabian Nights,” since it was as close as possible to the original, in contrast to the translations of Galland (Salye, 2009).

    In 2008, Penguin Classics released a new version of the three-volume story collection. In addition to the original text of the book “One Thousand and One Nights”, this edition contains the stories of Aladdin, Ali Baba, as well as an alternative ending to “Seven Adventures of Sinbad” from a translation by Anthony Galland.

    This version of translation was taken as the basis of the analysis of Arabisms in the text, since it is more consistent with modern lexical norms.

    Main part

    The main purpose of this study is an attempt to trace and conduct an etymological analysis of words of Arabic origin in English in the context of fiction. In this regard, we selected 15 lexical units of Arabic origin representing various semantic fields.

1. Giraffe

“The Muslims pursued them with their Indian swords and only a few of the elephants and giraffes escaped.” (Lyons, 2008: night 664)

This designation of the animal comes from the Arabic “zarāfa”. Apparently, it came to Arabic from African languages. Around the end of the 16th century this designation appears in Italian — “giraffa”, Spanish and Portuguese — “girafa”, and in French — “girafe”. And also, around this period, apparently, it was borrowed from French by the English language.

An interesting fact is that before this word was borrowed by English, this animal was called Camelopard. (Abbreviation from the Greek Camelopardalis). The combination of Camelos “Camel”, because of the long neck and pardos “Leopard” (panther), because of spots on the body (Onions, 2003).

    Figure 1

    The way of borrowing of the word “giraffe” by English

1.    Apricot

    “There were fruit trees with two types of every fruit, pomegranates sweet and sour on the branches, almond-apricots, camphor-apricots and Khurasanian almonds, plims intertwined in the branches of ban trees, oranges gleaming like fiery torches, citrons weighing down the branches, lemons, the remedy for loss of appetite, sorel, which cures jaundice, and dates, red and yellow, on their parent trees, the creation of the Lord on high.” (Lyons, 2008: night 630)

    This example illustrates a number of fruit names. Three of them have Arabic roots.

    Typically, words of Latin origin travel from Latin to French, and then end up in English. However, the “apricot” made a short southward detour. Initially, among the Greeks, this fruit sounded like “berikokkia.” Then the Arabs borrowed this word, adding the article and it turned into “al-burquq.” Thanks to the Arabic presence in Spain (711-1492 a.d.), the borrowing came into Spanish in the form of “albaricoque.” Then in French — “abricot.” This word first came to English in the form of “abrecock,’ but over time (probably influenced by the French) the sound “ck” changed to “t” and the word (1300 a.d.) acquired a modern look, used to this day (Online etymology dictionary, 2020).

    Figure 2

    The way of borrowing of the word “apricot” by English

1. Orange

    It is established that the roots of the name of this fruit date back to Sanskrit — “naranga-s” (orange-tree). Then the Persians borrowed it in the form of “Narang.” In this form, it fell into the Arabic language — “nāranj.” Only from the old French — “Orenge,” in English it acquired a modern form of “Orange.” It has been used as an adjective for color since about the 1540s. Prior to this, words like citrine or saffron were used to describe the orange color. The first use of the phrase Orange juice dates back to 1723 (Online etymology dictionary, 2020).

    Figure 3

    The way of borrowing of the word “orange” by English

1. Lemon

    In Arabic, the word “līmūn” means a common name for all fruits of this type. Around the 14th century, this word was borrowed by the Old French — “limon.” In modern French, this token is also present, but has changed its meaning and today limes are called by this term (Online etymology dictionary, 2020).

    Figure 4

The way of borrowing of the word “lemon” by English

1. Chemistry

“He won renown for the depth of his knowledge of medicine, astronomy, geometry, astrology, chemistry, natural magic, and the spiritual sciences, as well as others.” (Lyons, 2008: night 535)

Oddly enough, regarding the etymology of the word chemistry, there is still no clear answer. Scientists only agree that this word comes from “alchemy,” which in turn was borrowed from the Arabic “al-kīmiyā,” where “al” is the Arabic definite article, and the root of the word comes from the ancient Greek — “khemeioa.” The first mention dates back to about the 300th year a.d. There is an assumption that the roots of the word go back to the ancient name of Egypt — Khemia, which literally means — black earth (Hoad, 1996).

Figure 5

The way of borrowing of the word “chemistry” by English

1. Almanac

“One day he summoned men of learning, astrologers, scientists, and almanacexperts and told them to examine his horoscope to see whether God would grant him this wish.” (Lyons, 2008: night 499)

The meaning of the word Almanac is interpreted as a collection of astronomical data. Presumably, the roots of this word date back to the Spanish-Arabian times of the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Arabs (14th century), and meant “calendar.” (Smith, 2007)

Figure 6

The way of borrowing of the word “almanac” by English

7)Camphor

“Whoever wants to get some camphor must use a long tool to bore a hole at the top of the tree and then collect what comes out.” (Lyons, 2008: night 545)

According to the Oxford Dictionary, camphor is a white substance with a strong odor used in medicine as well as in the manufacture of plastic and in order to drive insects away from fabric clothing. This substance is obtained from trees in East Asia and Indonesia (Fassler, 2013). The etymology of this word has come a long way from Sanskrit — “karpūra,” where it literally meant “the camphor tree”, then, through the Malaysian, it was borrowed from Arabic, slightly changing its phonetic characteristics — “kāfūr.” And subsequently, around the 14th century, it came to English through French and Latin (Merriam-Webster: 2019).

Figure 7

The way of borrowing of the word “camphor” by English

8)Assassin

“On the fourth day he appeared before the Khalfah, who asked him for the murderer. ‘Can I see the invisible or search out the hidden?’ answered Jafar. ‘Can I find an unknown assassin in a whole cityful of people?” (Lyons, 2008: night 119)

The origin of this word comes from the territory of modern Lebanon during the Crusades. According to the most common theory, a sect of Muslim fanatics led by Hassan-i Sabbah has settled in these mountains. This group of people was famous for the fact that they killed the leaders of the hostile clans under the influence of hashish (a cannabis-based narcotic substance). In Eastern Europe, they were assigned such a reputation around the 12-13th centuries (Dahler, 2013).

The word itself comes from the Arabic “hashīshīn” (the one who uses hash). The term was spread in Italy at the beginning of the 14th and 15th centuries — “Assissini”. In the middle of the 16th century, the word entered the French language, later it was borrowed by English.

Figure 8

The way of borrowing of the word “assassin” by English

9) Sheikh

“And the sheikh, master of the gazelle, being greatly astonished, said: ‘By Allah, your faith, my brother, is indeed a rare faith!” (Lyons, 2008: night 487)

The literal meaning of the Arabic “sheikh” (šayḵ) is translated as “old man”. While the word itself comes from the verb “šāḵa”, which means “to get older, grow old”. In the records dated to the 1570s it is found in the meanings: “head of the Arab family”, as well as “head of the Muslim religion”. The word gained universal fame in the English-speaking society after the publication of the novel in the Arabic setting of the British writer Edith Maud Hall “The Sheikh” in 1919. A movie version of the book under the same title soon followed (Cannon, 1994). The main role was played by Rudolf Valentino, thanks to whom in the 1920s everyone associated this word with a “strong and romantic Arabian lover”. Nowadays, the meaning of the word is closer to its original and usually refers to the «ruler of the tribe», «member of the royal family.» Usually, this title is awarded to a newborn man in the royal family.

Figure 9

The way of borrowing of the word “sheikh” by English

10) Gazelle — any of the many species of antelopes. The main habitat of these animals is the deserts, meadows, and savannahs of Africa. They can also be found in central Asia and in the south of the Indian peninsula.

The borrowing of this word in English dates from about 1600. Presumably, it was based on the northern Arabic pronunciation — “Ghazal” and passed into Spanish like “gacela” and Old French “gazel” in the 14th century (Merriam-Webster, 2019). After a while, the word began to be used in English.

Figure 10

The way of borrowing of the word “gazelle” by English

11) Allah

In the Muslim religion, the word Allah (Allāh) refers to the meaning of the one God. Etymologically, the term is supposedly a modified construction of “al-Ilāh” — “God” (lit.). The origin of the word may refer to the earliest Semitic writings, in which the words in the meaning of God looked like: “il”, “el” and “eloah”. The last two are even found in the Hebrew Bible. The word “Allah” has a strong association with the Islamic religion because of the special status of the Arabic language in the Quran — the holy scripture of Islam. It is believed that the original language in which the text of the Quran was written by the hand of God is Arabic. Thus, for Muslims, the Arabic language is of particular importance (Cannon, 1994).

Figure 11

The way of borrowing of the word “Allah” by English

12) Sugar.

“…I have a guiltless love, dear lad,

Which I should hide although you had

Thrown all the sweetness in eclipse

Of a thousand China trading ships

With the lithe verses of your hips

And the sugar of your lips.” (Lyon, 2008: night 112)

It is generally accepted that the word comes from the Arabic “sukkar”. However, it is assumed that its ancestors originated from Persian and Sanskrit. Around the 12th century, the word is borrowed from the medieval Latin “succarum” and the old French “sucre”. Soon after it came into use of the Old English language (13th century), the word had the form “sugre”, but subsequently it took on that modern form in which we now know it (Darwish Hosam, 2015: 108).

Sugar was exotic for medieval Europe until the moment the Arabs began to cultivate it in Sicily and Spain. Subsequently, many European languages ​​adopted it with minimal phonetic changes.

Figure 12

The way of borrowing of the word “sugar” by English

13)Mattress

“After a long conversation, he brought out a mattress and a quilt for me, and let me sleep that night in a corner of his shop.” (Lyons, 2008: night 785)

The word “mattress” comes from the Arabic verb “taraha”, which means “he threw (down)” with the addition of the noun prefix “ma-”. Then, in combination with the Arabic definite article, presumably at the beginning of the 12th century in the territory of Sicily, this word was borrowed by the Catalan (almatrac), Spanish (almadraque) and the medieval Latin (matracium), which literally means “a thing thrown under your feet”. Subsequently, the term appears in Italian (materasso) and in the ancient French (materas).

The first mention of this word in English dates from around the beginning of the 14th century, where the word was borrowed directly from French and had the same spelling. Obviously, over the time, it acquired a modern look and meaning — a component of the bed, in the form of a bag filled with soft and resilient material (Onions, 2003).

Figure 13

The way of borrowing of the word “mattress” by English

14)Massage 

“After a few moments of consideration, the old man covered the faces of the sleepers and, sitting on the ground before them, began to massage the feet of Ali-Nur, for whom he had taken a sudden liking.” (Lyons, 2008: night 445)

Regarding the origin of the word “massage”, there are two main theories. According to both of them, the word came into English from French, however, according to the first theory, the word came into French from colonial India, where the Portuguese used the word “amassar” (knead), which in its turn came into Portuguese from the Latin “massa” (mass, dough).

The second version involves borrowing the word by French from the Arabic “masser” (to massage), which comes from the verb “massa” (touch, feel) (Smith, 2007). Thus, the French could borrow this word during the Napoleonic military campaign in Egypt. This word begins to spread since 1819, in the meaning of «knead». It gained its modern interpretation a little later, in 1874.

Figure 14

The way of borrowing of the word “massage” by English

15) Sherbet

“Then she dressed him in clean clothes belonging to her husband, made him drink a glass of delicious sherbert, and sprinkled his face with rosewater.” (Lyons, 2008: night 501)

Despite the fact that the word “sherbet” has been present in the English language for several centuries, its meaning has changed over time and differs from the modern interpretation. This word got into English directly from the Turkish language of the Ottoman Empire (šerbet) and Persia (šarbat), meaning a traditional Middle Eastern sweet drink diluted with fruit syrup or juice. The word came into Turkish from Persia, and the Persian people had borrowed from Arabic (šarba), which literally means “drink”, which in turn is formed from the verb “to drink” (šariba). By the way, the solid “t” at the end of the word appeared due to the peculiarities of Turkish and Persian Arabic pronunciation (Abu Ghosha, 1977: 112).

The drink spread very quickly in eastern Europe at the beginning of the 16th century. Although, in English, the first mentions date back to the beginning of the 17th century, this drink was probably known even earlier. Throughout the 19th century, sherbert was used to mean a cool sweet drink with the addition of effervescent tasty powder, although nowadays, in Britain in particular, sherbert will most likely mean something like candy or powder that is eaten by dipping a finger into it. It is worth noting that even in the modern language there are several forms of the word. So, for example, sherbet (pronounced “sher-but”) and sherbert (pronounced sher-bert) have the same meaning, although the “sherbert” variant is less used. The modern American interpretation distinguishes between the words “sherbet” and “sorbet”. Sherbet is more like ice cream with milk and fruit, while sorbet has a simpler composition of ice and fruit juice (Bale, 2006).

Figure 15

The way of borrowing of the word “sherbert” by English

Materials and methods

The basis of this article were the work “One Thousand and One Nights” (translated into English by Anthony Galland), various etymological dictionaries, such as: Merriam-Webster Online dictionary, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, Online Etymology Dictionary, as well as articles and works of some famous researchers such as Jassem Z., Bale J., Adzieva E., Smith A.

Results and conclusion

We made a random sampling of English words with Arabic roots, in particular: giraffe, apricot, orange, lemon, chemistry, almanac, camphor, assassin, sheikh, gazelle, Allah, sugar, mattress, massage, sherbert. According to scientists, in the English language, there are about 170 borrowings from the Arabic language (Smith, 2007). About 50 of them came to English directly from Arabic, while the rest were derived through other languages. Based on the analysis, we were able to find out that only two words from the above list — Sheikh and Allah, were borrowed directly from Arabic. Another one — sherbet, first came to Turkish, and only then to English. The rest, for the most part, became common in French and only after that they came into English. This is explained, firstly, by the fact that the south of Europe, in particular Spain, was heavily influenced by Muslim culture for several centuries. Another reason why the French language has absorbed so many Arabic words is, of course, the Crusades, the initiative of which came largely from the French crusaders of the time. As a result, we can conclude that most of the Arabisms were borrowed by the English language not directly, but through other European languages ​​and, in particular, French.