Word groups that are sentences

Kinds of a Sentence According to Structure: A sentence is a group of words which have at least one subject and one verb and expresses a complete thought.

Every language has its own alphabets
i.e. the letters of that language arranged in the order fixed by custom. The
alphabet of the English language consists of 26 letters, from a to z.

When two ore more letters combine
they make a word. For example,

T + h + e = The

Here “The” is a word.

When two or more words combine they
make a sentence.

The + exercise + is + necessary +
for + health.

“The exercise is necessary for
health” is a sentence because it is a combination or group of words that makes
complete sense.

Sentence Definition: A combination or group of words that makes complete sense
is called a sentence.

Now look at another example

The sun rises in the east.

In this sentence the last three
words, “in the east”, form a group that makes sense but not complete sense.

Phrase Definition: A combination or group of words that makes sense, but
complete sense, is called a phrase.

We see that when we make a sentence
we do two things:

First we name some person or thing; and then say or
predicate something about that person or thing. 

It means that in order to make
complete sense every sentence must have two parts.

1. What is a subject?
   The part that names the person or thing we are talking about is called the
   subject of that sentence.
2. What is a predicate?
   The part that tells or predicates something about that person or thing is
   called the predicate of that sentence.

In above example “The sun” is the subject;
and

“rises in the ease” is the predicate.

Important Note: In imperative sentences the subject is not mentioned
because it is understood. For example, “Clean the blackboard.” Here the subject
you the person we are talking to) is understood.

KINDS
OF SENTENCES

There are four kinds of sentences

1. Statement or Assertive or Declarative Sentence
2. Imperative Sentence
3. Interrogative Sentence
4. Exclamatory Sentence

Statement
or Assertive or Declarative Sentence

In assertive or declarative sentence
we make a statement or declaration or simply affirm or deny something. For
example, I have not made any mistake.  or I have passed my exam.

Imperative
Sentences

In an imperative sentence we give a
command or make a request. For example, “Follow the rules.”

Interrogative
Sentence

In an interrogative sentence we ask
a question. For example, “Will you post this letter today?”

Exclamatory
Sentence

In an exclamatory sentence we
express strong feelings. For example, “How beautiful she is!”

Such sentences usually begin with what
or how and end with a sign of exclamation (!).

CLAUSE

Sometimes in a long sentence we find
another group of words that contains a subject and a predicate,
for example,

I think that     
   he (subject)       has done the work. (predicate)

Clause Definition: Such a group of
words that contains a subject and a predicate and is a part of larger sentence
is called a clause.

There are four types of clauses but only two are mentioned here:

Main or Independent Clauses are those that are complete in themselves and can stand
alone. For example, he was driving the car the he recently bought.

The first part of this sentence ‘he
was driving the car’ makes complete sense and can thus stand alone. Therefore,
it is an independent clause.

Two such clauses can also be joined
by a conjunction
to form a complete sentence.

Although he is poor, yet he is
courageous.

Conjunction:  although, yet

Clause-1: he is poor

Clause-2: he is courageous

Subordinate or Dependent Clauses cannot stand along as a complete sentence. They are
included as sub-clauses in a main clause and are linked to it by linking
words such as that and wh-words like which and where.

He was driving the car that
he recently bought.

The first part of this sentence can
stand alone but the second part i.e. that he recently bought cannot.

So this part of the sentence that
cannot stand alone is called a subordinate or dependent clause because it is a
dependent clause and is dependent upon the main statement.

Kinds
of sentence according to clause

Sentences can be divided into three
kinds according to the number of clauses they have.

Simple
Sentence

A simple sentence expresses one main
idea as it has only one subject and one predicate, for example, “Asmar war born
in New York.”

Structure of simple sentence: [
Subject + Verb ]

Compound
Sentence

A compound sentence expresses two or
more main ideas as it has two or more independent clauses, for example, “It was
raining and we had no umbrella with us.”

Complex
Sentence

A complex sentence contains one main
clause and one or more subordinate clauses as it expresses one main idea and
one or more less important ideas. For example, “She wept bitterly (main
clause), when her mother died. (subordinate clause).

Important Note: In a complex sentence the subordinate clause may appear at
the end of the sentence. It may also appear at the beginning of a sentence.
e.g. She took a lunch because she was feeling hungry. OR Because she was
hungry, she took a lunch. 

Compound-Complex
Sentence

A compound-complex sentence consists
of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. It is
called complex-compound sentence. For example,

She went to park and I went to
college where I attended my class.

In above sentence there are two independent
clauses; “She went to park”, and “I went to college” and one dependent clause
“where I attended my class.”

the
sentence is
investigated in the so-called Major syntax. the sentence in the
contrasted languages has a large number of typologically relevant
features in common. The existence of such isomorphic features both in
the simple and in the composite sentence is predetermined by the main
common types of aspects characteristic of the sentence as a peculiar
language unit.

These
aspects are three: 1) structural; 2) semantic and 3) pragmatic. This
aspective trichotomy directly correlates with the meaning, form and
functioning of the sentence in speech where it realises its explicit
form of an utterance corresponding to a logically complete
proposition.

These
three aspects are practically of universal nature; they constitute
the main basis for a systemic arrangement and systemic contrasting of
simple and composite sentences in all languages. Apart from this, the
mentioned aspects can also serve as reliable distinguishing features
between the main syntactic units, i. e. sentences on the one hand and
the word-groups that are used to form sentences, on the other.

The
principal distinguishing features characterising the sentence as a
universal language unit are as follows: 1) the sentence is the main
language unit; 2) it is the main syntactic unit and 3) it is the main
integral part of speech, in other words — the principal communicative
unit. Unlike

word-groups,
sentences in the contrasted languages are distinguished from
word-groups and words, that are as lower in rank language units, by
some peculiar features, the main of which are the following four: 1)
an intonation contour; 2) predication; 3) modality; 4) and a relative
sense completion.

1. Typology of the Sentence

2. According
   to the way in which the expressed content correlates with reality,
   there are distinguished in the contrasted languages the following
   common structural types of sentences: 1) two-member sentences 2)
   one-member sentences.

Binary
sentence structures are more characteristic of English, i.e. they are
represented by a larger variety of paradigmatic subtypes than in
Ukrainian. This quantitative correlation of two-member sentences in
English and Ukrainian constitutes the main typological difference in
the system of simple sentences of the two languages.

As
a result, English two-member sentences are represented by a larger
variety of extended and expanded models, than Ukrainian two-member
sentences. Consequently, English two-member sentences are represented
by a larger variety of paradigmatic subtypes than in Ukrainian.

The
basic kernel structure of two-member sentences constitutes the binary
S — P (Subject — Predicate) model which can be extended through
complementation to S — P — O, S — P — O — M, S — P — О
— М — M, etc. Thus, a kernel (ядерна основа) of the
simple extended sentence Dave
stayed in the house for another four months (Cardwell)
is, of course, Dave
stayed which
is enlarged (extended) to Dave stayed
in the house and
then to the complete sentence Dave stayed
in the house for another four months… (Caldwell).
This process of extension can be observed in Ukrainian as well: Дейв
залишився, Дейв залишився
в будинку, Дейв
залишався
жити в будинку ще якихось чотири місяці,

Simple
two-member sentences in the contrasted languages are equally exposed
to the syntactic process of expansion, i. e. enlargement of their
component part through the co-ordinate catenation of homogeneous
elements/parts of the sentence. Cf.: Mr.
Dick and I
soon became the best of
friends…

Two-member
sentences in the contrasted languages may be of two subkinds: 1)
conventionally complete and 2) properly complete. The former are
elliptical sentences in which any part/some parts of the sentence
is/are deleted: «And when are you going?» — «On
Monday».

These
and other sentences of the kind do not in any way depend on the
preceding sentences. They lack the subject (or the subject and the
predicate), which is easy to define, however, from the content of the
sentence. Cf. (I am) much obliged to you. (Are/were you) sleeping in
this morning? (It) looks like rain, etc.

The
only two-member sentences, which are non-existent in Ukrainian, are
the following:

1. Impersonal
   sentences which are introduced by the impersonal pro noun/subject
   it:
   It
   is thundering. It drizzles. It snowed. It has rained/ snowed.

2. Indefinite
   personal sentences in which the subject is expressed by the
   indefinite personal pronouns one,
   they, you, eg:
   One
   says.
   They
   say.
   You
   don’t
   say so.

3. Sentences
   with the above-mentioned introductory «it» or «there»
   like It
   is
   time to start. There
   is
   nothing/much to say.

4. Sentences
   with the implicit agent and passive predicate verb fol lowed by a
   preposition like He was sent
   for. The
   project is objected
   to everywhere.

5. Sentences
   with the above-mentioned secondary predication con structions as the
   following:

I
thought him
to be a teacher. We
saw her
cross the street. She
made herself
seem friendly.
All were waiting for the
results to be announced. He is
said to
be a sportsman. She was
seen crossing
the
street. She is said to
be preparing for
the examination. He entered the room, pipe
in month.

Such
English two-member sentences have in Ukrainian either simple or
complex definite personal sentences for their semantic equivalents.
Cf. Я думав, що він учитель. Ми бачили, як
він переходив вулицю. Кажуть,
що
він спортсмен. Усі
чекали оголошення наслідків/що
оголосять наслідки. Він
зайшов у кімнату з
люлькою в зубах.

6. Sentences
with the gerundial complexes used as predicative (sec ondary
predication) constructions. These sentences have in Ukrainian complex
or simple sentences for their semantic equivalents. For exam ple: We
learnt of his
being decorated. They
spoke of
her passing all
exams successfully. You can rely on her
coming in
time. Ми дізналися про його
нагородження (про
те, що його нагороджено). Ви можете
розраховувати на її
вчасний прихід (на
те, що вона вчасно прийде). Говорять про
її
успішне складання всіх іспитів/що вона
успішно склала всі іспити.

The
bulk of two-member sentences are of common structural form in the
contrasted languages. These are sentences with the subject expressed
by a notional word or its equivalent and the predicate expressed by a

finite
verb, eg: Breakfast was not yet over… (Mansfield) She looks
entirely different off the stage. (Parker) That was Coleman. (Maken)
At dark the rain stopped. (Caldwell)

Such
sentences have their structural and semantic equivalents in Ukrainian
as well: Ідуть дощі. (Коцюбинський) Сава
Андрійович раптом замовк. Любив дід
гарну бесіду й добре слово. (Довженко)

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Here we are, with another topic reflecting the importance of grammar that is the types of sentences in English. A sentence is basically a group of words that make sense. If words are not arranged in an ordered manner, it will create no sense and your message will not be communicated. So sentence structure plays an important role, not only in the English language but in any language.

After learning word formation, students must be aware of sentence structure and there are different types of sentences that will be the highlight of this article today.

IELTS Online Preparation Course!!

What is a Sentence?

A sentence is a group of words that makes sense. Without an order of words, sense will not be created. Its basic structure is subject+ verb+ object.

Components of the Sentence-

A sentence is formed in two parts that are, subject and predicate.

• The subject is the noun or pronoun of whom the sentence is about. It is affixed in the front part of the sentence. For example- John is cooking.

Here John is a subject.

• The predicate is the rest of the part of the sentence that depicts what a subject does. For example- John is cooking.

Here is cooking is the predicate.

How many types of sentences are there in English Grammar?

Part 1

Here are basically four kinds of sentences which are as follows:-

1. Affirmative or Declarative Sentences

Affirmative or declarative types of sentences are the sentences that are common types of sentences. It is a simple statement that gives information or tells us something.

For example

• Mr. Brown is 35 years old.
• Martha is learning to dance.
• The sunsets in the West.

These common sentences just end with a full stop and it is composed of subject and predicate. The order of this sentence is subject+ verb+ object.

Affirmative Negative Sentence

A negative sentence is a not sentence that tells that statement is not positive. The word (not) is used after the subject and helping verb.

• Martha is not learning to dance.
• The sun does not set in the East.
• Mr. Brown is not 35 years old.

2. Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative sentences are the type of sentences that usually ends up with a question mark or these are question type of sentences in which a question is asked. The structure of an interrogative question is that the helping verb is used before a noun and a pronoun in a sentence. Helping verb+ subject+ an object?

For example

• Did you make a noise?
• Will you participate in the competition today?
• Can you do this task?
• Is he working in this company as a sales manager?

Interrogative Negative Sentence

Putting a not in between makes a sentence negative. However, the use of not in an interrogative sentence is done after the subject. For example:-

• Did you not make a noise? (Kya tum ne shor nahi daala?)
• Will you not participate in the competition today?
• Can you not do this task?
• Is he not working in this company?

3. Imperative Sentences

Imperative sentences are the type of sentences that give command or order. It is also known as a command sentence in which an order is issued to the listener. The structure of an imperative sentence is sometimes informal or the language used is informal.

For example

• Give me a glass of water.
• Do your work properly.
• Do make a noise.
• Go and get yourself vaccinated.

Negative Imperative Sentences

Again it is an order not to do something. It is basically a restraining order given to the listener which restricts them to do something.

For example:-

• Do not give me a glass of water.
• Do not work properly.
• Do not make a noise.
• Don’t get yourself vaccinated.

Imperative Interrogative Sentences

An imperative sentence is sometimes asked in the form of an A question too, which makes it of this particular type. It is a question statement asked in the form of a command or an order only.

For example:-

• Will you do your work?
• Shall we go out now?
• Will you please stop making noise?

4. Exclamatory Sentences

An exclamatory type of sentence is a sentence that expresses great emotions such as an emotion of happiness, anger, sadness, joy, Excitement, surprise, grief, etc. These types of sentences usually end up with a sign of exclamation.

For example

• Ah! What great news it is!
• Hurrah! We won the match.
• What an exciting movie it was!

Negative Exclamatory Sentences

When the emotions are expressed using a negative form in a sentence makes a sentence of this type. It is making a statement is an expression of emotion as a question. Complicated? Well, let’s not make it more complex and give some examples.

For example:-

• Hey! Don’t you know how to prepare this dish!
• Ah! What great news it is! Isn’t it?

A structure of an exclamatory sentence is not necessarily an order of a simple sentence. Still, this type of sentence makes sense as the emotions are in the form of words that come out suddenly. In these types of sentences, the helping verb can be used at the last to express fully.

Part 2

Another set of types of sentences is

1. Simple Sentence

A simple sentence is just like an affirmative sentence and is a complete sentence on its own. It gives the whole information in one sentence only and is an independent one. It is a complete thought in itself.

For example:-

• John is living next door.
• Mr. Gupta is not doing his shift work.
• The boys went to the park.

2. Compound Sentence

Another type is a type of compound sentence where the two or more independent simple clauses are connected with a conjunction. Remember that these sentences are independent of one another and make complete sense.

For example:-

• Arthur is writing a letter whereas Michal is going to post it.

Here, in this sentence, the conjunction whereas is connecting two independent sentences and both the sentences can independently make sense.

3. Complex Sentence

A complex sentence is a hybrid of a simple and complex sentence. It contains one independent clause and the other one or more clauses are dependent on that independent one. In this type of sentence, one sentence is independent and another one is dependent on that sentence. The dependent clause had a subject and a verb but no complete thought.

For example:-

• John is writing a letter because of his promise to his mother.
• The boys went to the park as they had a match to play.
• Nowadays, due to automation, many banking systems are providing online services.

IELTS Exam of writing does not demand writing complex sentences but good IELTS Writing skills can give a higher band score. I hope you all are clear with the topic of sentences. Keep practicing for good writing

Best of luck!

In this article, we will discuss what is sentence in English?, Parts of sentence, and Types of sentences: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory sentences.

A sentence is a group of words that helps a person to express himself.

In every communication, there is a need of a group of words to communicate. Such a group of words, which can communicate a complete message is called a sentence.

For Example:

• I am going to school.
• James is a doctor.
• What is your name?
• My name is Tony.

In any language,

• Letters help in making words.
• Words help in making Sentences.
• Sentences help in making Paragraphs.

Actually, a sentence is a collection of meaningful words that helps to share our thoughts or ideas with other persons.

To write or speak any language, you need words. These meaningful word helps to create a sentence which helps a person to express himself.

A sentence can be one word or more than one word, means if a single word is sufficient to express himself than that word is also a sentence.

For example,

• Mother: Do you want to go to school?
• Son: No.
• Mother: Why?
• Son: I am not feeling well today.

In the above example, all are the sentences, because all these single words are sufficient to express himself. If you convey a message in a single word, so that is also called a sentence.

A group of words doesn’t mean it makes a sentence, those words which make complete sense (you can understand), is called a Sentence.

Actually, Sentences are arranged in a systematic way that gives us complete sense.

Example 1:

• Rahul is reading a book. ✔
• book rahul a reading is. ✘

Example 2:

• John is a Good Boy.   ✔
• Boy is good John.     ✘

Parts of Sentence

Every sentence consists of two parts:

Subject + Predicate

Subject:

A subject is what we are talking about. It can be a noun or pronoun that performs some action.

What is being told about that sentence is the subject of that sentence.

The subject is a noun or pronoun, which has been being talked about or that which is doing that work.

Predicate:

Predicate shows some details about the subject. It contains a verb that explains about the subject or what subject is doing and also contains objects that are affected by the subject’s actions.

For Example,

• I love you.
• You are beautiful
• He opened the door.
• Rohit pushed sunny.

Types of Sentence

• Assertive or Declarative sentence (statement: fact, opinion or an idea)
• Interrogative sentence (question)
• Imperative sentence (command: order, advice, or request)
• Exclamatory sentence (exclamation)

Assertive or Declarative sentence

Those sentences make statements or assertions. These sentences can be a fact, opinion, or idea.

For example,

• John is a good boy.
• Snow is white.
• I love chocolates.
• Gold is Yellow.
• The sun rises in the east.

Interrogative sentence

Such sentences are used to ask questions. If someone asks you a question than it is an interrogative sentence.

These types of sentences are asked to take information and always end with a question (?) mark.

For example,

• What is your name?
• Are you playing?
• Did he come here?
• Do you speak the truth?

Imperative sentence

Such sentences are used to permit command or request.

When someone gives you order, advice, or request, then those are imperative sentences.

For example,

• Open the door.
• Be quiet.
• Never tell a lie.
• Come to the park.
• Always respect elders.
• Never speak to me like that again.
• Everybody look!
• Relax, everybody.
• Nobody move!
• You keep out of this!

Exclamatory sentence

Such sentences are used to express strong emotions.

These are sudden and strong emotions, there has been an expression of a sudden feeling in the mind.

These types of sentences end with an exclamation mark (!).

For example,

• What a shame!
• Wow, he just won a gold medal!
• What a liar he is!
• My god!
• Wow!
• How lovely to see you!

you can read this article: What is noun? and Types of Noun

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Mini Quiz

We can also look at the types of connectives used in a sentence:

• Simple sentences don’t contain any connectives.

• Coordinating conjunctions are used in compound sentences.

• Subordinating conjunctions are used in complex sentences.

• Both types of conjunctions are used in compound-complex sentences.