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#1
Hi everyone!
Can anyone help me out by thinking of a term that describes all the words that come from a single root?
For example:
Helpful, helpless, helplessness, would all be ???s of the word ‘help’.
Technical, technicality, technically etc
I’m sure there’s a technical term, but I can’t think what it is.
Thanks,
Rachel
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#2
Derivatives, I would say.
From the OED
derivative: Formed from another word; not primitive; Gram. A word derived from another by some process of word-formation; any word which is not a primitive word or root.
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#3
Derivatives, I would say.
From the OED
derivative: Formed from another word; not primitive; Gram. A word derived from another by some process of word-formation; any word which is not a primitive word or root.
Etymology.
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#4
With respect, etymology is the practice of discovering the origins of words, not a word to describe the words derived from a common root.
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#5
Thanks guys. Derivative sounds good. What about ‘paronym’ — just found it on google but haven’t investigated yet…
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#6
Paronym’s new on me. The OED has this to say:
1. A word which is derived from another word, or from a word with the same root, and having a related or similar meaning (e.g. childhood and childish); a derivative or cognate word. 1991 E. DECHANT Understanding & teaching Reading x. 361 Paronyms are words with the same root: wise, wisdom.
Also means:
2. A word from one language which translates into another with only minor changes in form, or with no change at all; a word formed by adaptation of a foreign word. Opposed to heteronym.
3. a. A word similar in sound or appearance to another; esp. a near homonym.
b. A play on words that are similar in appearance or sound; = PARONOMASIA n.
I do love the OED…
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The root word.
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Q: Word from which another word is derived?
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Derived words
The derived words or complex words are words that come from another word which is called a primitive word. For example, the word tree it is a primitive word since it does not derive from any other. Several derived words can be extracted from this word. For example: grove, arboreal, wooded, little tree.
So a derived word belongs to the same semantic field than the primitive word. This means that the derivative will have some conceptual relationship with its primitive words. Following the example of the word tree (primitive word) we know that its derived word grove means «set of trees».
How are derived words formed?
Derived words are formed by adding suffixes or prefixes to the primitive word:
Examples of words derived from suffixes
- Whiteness: primitive word White + suffix —ura
- Tablespoon: primitive word spoon + suffix —gives
- To flourish: primitive word flower + suffix -ecer
- True: primitive word truth + suffix -ero
- Violinist: primitive word fiddle + suffix -ist
- Self-conscious: primitive word complex + suffix -ada
- Contemplative: primitive word contemplate + suffix -ivo
- Long lasting: primitive word Lasted + suffix -ero
- Irritable: primitive word irritate + suffix -able
- Nose or proboscis: primitive word nose + suffixes -on or -udo
- Blackish: primitive word black + suffix -I think
- Original: primitive word source + suffix -inal
- Parasitic: primitive word parasite + suffix -Aryan
- Leaden: primitive word lead + suffix -i
- Unbreakable: primitive word to break + suffix -ible
- Pinkish: primitive word pink + suffix -eo
Words derived from prefixes
- Antiaircraft: prefix anti- + primitive word aerial
- Atheist: prefix to- + primitive words teo (God)
- Bilingual: prefix bi- + primitive word lingual (language)
- Live together: prefix with- + primitive word to live
- Undo: prefix des- + primitive word make
- Single color: prefix monkey- + primitive word Colour.
- Pluricellular: prefix pluri- + primitive word cell
- Polysyllable: prefix cop- + primitive word syllable
- Predict: prefix pre- + primitive word say
- Redo: prefix re- + primitive word make
- Underground: prefix sub- + primitive word land
- Overlap: prefix Super- + primitive word set
- Transfer: prefix after- + primitive word happen
- Sole proprietorship: prefix uni- + primitive word person
- Deputy director: prefix vice- + primitive word director
Examples of derived words
In the following examples, a primitive word, from which several derived words emerge.
- Love: love affair, love affair.
- Old: antiquity, ancient.
- Weapon: armor, armament, armed.
- Garbage: garbage dump, garbage dump.
- Corpse: cadaverous.
- Coffee: caffeine, cafeteria, coffee maker.
- Box: fit, drawer, cashier.
- Countryside: camping, camping.
- Singing: song, singer-songwriter, songbook, singer.
- Car: lane, road, cart.
- Letter: postman, primer, wallet, correspondence.
- Light blue: matchmaker.
- Darling: heavenly, heavenly.
- Movie theater: filmmaker, cinema, cinephile, cinematographer.
- Sure: clarity, chiaroscuro.
- Class: classification, class.
- Weather: acclimatize, climate.
- Coward: cowardice, cowardice.
- Blanket: shelter, shelter.
- Food: eat, trough, dining room.
- Cream: creamy, creamy.
- Notebook: bind.
- Finger: thimble.
- Tooth: dental, dentist, toothpaste.
- Ten: tithe, tenth.
- Elite: elitist, elitism.
- Broom: brush, brush.
- Fiction: fictitious.
- Flower: vase, florist, flourish, flourishing, floral, bloom.
- Fry: fried, deep fryer, frying.
- Front: face, frontal, face.
- Cold: cool, cold.
- Fruit: frugal, fruitful, fruity, greengrocer, fruity.
- People: gentilicio, courtesy.
- Balloon: encompass, global, globalization.
- Live: habitation, habit, habitual, habitat.
- Flour: flour.
- Story: historical, history, historicity, historian.
- Leaf: litter, defoliate.
- Man: manhood, shoulder pads.
- Invention: reinvent, inventory, invention, inventive, inventor.
- Young: youth, rejuvenate, jovial.
- Jewel: jewelry, jewelery.
- Juice: wipe, juicy, juicer.
- Pencil: pen.
- Milk: milkman, dairy.
- Book: bookstore, bookcase, notebook.
- Wrench: key chain.
- Rain: drizzle, rainy.
- Light: luminous, luminous, luminescent, star, illuminate.
- Hand: slap, mitt, handle, handle, handlebar.
- Makeup: make-up remover, makeup artist, makeup artist.
- Best: improve, improvement, improvement.
- Less: minority, lessen, minimal.
- Mine: ore, miner, mining.
- Wet: soak, wet.
- Death: deadly, deadly, deadly.
- Woman: womanizer, slut, little women.
- World: worldly, worldly.
- Music: musician, musical, musicalization.
- Boy: childhood, childish, babysitter.
- Knot: knot, unknot.
- New: novelty, newbie, renew.
- Hate: hateful, hateful.
- Eye: sideways eye, buttonhole, dark circles, eyeing.
- Dark: darkness, darkening, chiaroscuro.
- Bread: bakery, baker, breadmaker, breading.
- Paper: ballot, stationery, paper.
- Tablets: filling, filling.
- Hair: fur, hairy.
- Person: personal, character, personify.
- Fish: fishing, fish tank, fish.
- Painting: painterly, paint, brush, brushes.
- Flat: stomp, stomp.
- Feather: feather duster, plumage, feather jacket, plumage.
- Town: population, town, small town, popular.
- Lung: pneumonia, pulmonary.
- Pulse: pulse, bracelet, pulse, pulse.
- Fist: stab, dagger, handful, punch.
- Pure: purify, purity.
- Crank: unhinged, unhinged.
- Clock: watchmaker, watchmaker.
- rose: rosedal, pinkish, roses.
- Salt: salty, salt shaker, salty, salty.
- Blood: bloody, bleeding, bleeding.
- Sign: signal, signaling, pointing.
- Be quiet: silence, silent.
- Sun: solar, solstice, sunny.
- Shadow: parasol, parasol, hat, hatter.
- Sound: rattle, rattle.
- Subject: fasten, fastened.
- Tapestry: upholstery, upholstery.
- To have: fork, holding.
- Theory: theorem, theorize.
- Sad: sadden, sadness, sadly.
- Green: greenish, greenish, verdigris.
- Old: old age, aged.
- Wind: windy.
- Live: live together.
- Shoe: shoemaker, shoemaker, shoemaker, slipper.
See also:
На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.
На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.
слово, от которого
словом, от которого
термин, от которого
That’s the word from which I begin this morning.
Именно с этих слов хочется начать сегодняшнее утро.
It’s the word from which we get «biology,» the study of life.
Первое — это «био́с», от которого мы получили слово «биология», наука о жизни.
In this context, Nakamoto is an etymon, or a word from which a later word is derived.
В этом контексте Накамото является этимоном, или формой, из которой происходит более позднее слово.
At times We send one word from which an entire message must be determined.
В вихре событий Мы иногда пошлем одно слово, по нему нужно установить весь смысл.
What do you call a word from which another word is derived?
What does the Slavic word from which the name Dubrovnik originates mean?
Что означает славянский термин, от которого, предположительно, происходит название «Дубровник»?
For this reason, the name «Symbol of Faith» is often replaced with the synonym «Believe» — the first word from which this prayer begins.
По этой причине название «Символ веры» частенько заменяют синонимом «Верую» — по первому слову, с которого эта молитва начинается.
But the Greek word from which «cross» is translated in the New Testament, stauros, does not require this meaning.
Но греческое слово «stauros», которое переводится, как «крест» в Новом Завете не обязательно имеет это значение.
They were called «paid fighters», solidarius, a Latin word from which the word «soldier» comes.
(Изначально их называли «платные бойцы», solidarius — латинским словом, от которого произошло слово «солдат»).
It is the same word from which we get the word «deacon.»
The archaeologists of Tampa University found a clay pot labeled «sicars» which means «to smoke rolled tobacco leaves» and it is considered that this is the word from which the term cigar is derived.
Археологи Тампского университета обнаружили глиняный горшок с надписью «сикары», который означает «курить катаные листья табака», и считается, что это слово, из которого вызывается термин «сигара».
When, therefore, people call the liberals apologists for private property, they are completely justified, for the Greek word from which «apologist» is derived means the same as «defender.»
Следовательно, когда люди называют либералов апологетами частной собственности, они совершенно правы, поскольку греческое слово, от которого произошло «апологет», означает именно «защитник».
The word from which «bowed down» comes (proskuneō) is usually translated «worship,» because it represents the most common Near Eastern act of adoration and reverence.
Слово, от которого происходит глагол «поклонился» (проскунео), означает самое распространённое на Ближнем Востоке проявление обожания и почтения.
Despotes (Master) — This is the Greek word from which we ge despot, which refers to a ruler with absolute power or authority.
«Господа»-перевод греч. термина деспотес, от которого происходит слово «деспот», означающее человека, наделённого абсолютным авторитетом и властью.
It must be the one word from which all things are and all things speak.
Она должна быть тем единым словом, от которого произошло и говорит все сущее1
In the 4th Century, St Jerome used the termsicera to describe drinks made from apples; this may be the word from which ‘cider’ is derived.
В 4-м веке иллирийский писатель Святой Иероним использовал и описывал напитки из яблок, это может быть слово, от которого ‘сидр’ является производным.
‘Koryo’ was the name of a medieval Korean Dynasty (918-1392 AD) and is the word from which the word ‘Korea’ is derived.
А Кэсон был столицей государства Корё (918-1392), от названия которого происходит слово «Корея»
The name Lucifer, in Isaiah, is the very word from which Eleleus, one of the names of Bacchus, evidently comes.
У пророка Исаии имя Люцифер — это то же самое слово, от которого произошло имя Элелеус — одно из имен Бахуса.
Hence «Cybernetics,» which I derived from the Greek word kubernetes, or «steersman,» the same Greek word from which we eventually derive our word «governor.»
Отсюда термин «кибернетика», который я произвел от греческого слова kubernts, или «рулевой», «кормчий»,- то же самое греческое слово, от которого мы в конечном счете производим слово «governor» («правитель»).
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Where do new words come from? How do you figure out their histories?
An etymology is the history of a linguistic form, such as a word; the same term is also used for the study
of word histories. A dictionary etymology tells us what is known of an English word before it became the word entered
in that dictionary. If the word was created in English, the etymology shows, to whatever extent is not already
obvious from the shape of the word, what materials were used to form it. If the word was borrowed into English,
the etymology traces the borrowing process backward from the point at which the word entered English to the
earliest records of the ancestral language. Where it is relevant, an etymology notes words from other languages that
are related («akin») to the word in the dictionary entry, but that are not in the direct line of borrowing.
How New Words are Formed
An etymologist, a specialist in the study of etymology, must know a good deal about the history of English
and also about the relationships of sound and meaning and their changes over time that underline the reconstruction
of the Indo-European language family. Knowledge is also needed of the various processes by which words are created
within Modern English; the most important processes are listed below.
Borrowing
A majority of the words used in English today are of foreign origin. English still derives much of its vocabulary
from Latin and Greek, but we have also borrowed words from nearly all of the languages in Europe. In the modern
period of linguistic acquisitiveness, English has found vocabulary opportunities even farther afield. From the
period of the Renaissance voyages through the days when the sun never set upon the British Empire and up to
the present, a steady stream of new words has flowed into the language to match the new objects and
experiences English speakers have encountered all over the globe. Over 120 languages are on record as sources
of present-day English vocabulary.
Shortening or Clipping
Clipping (or truncation) is a process whereby an appreciable chunk of an existing word is omitted,
leaving what is sometimes called a stump word. When it is the end of a word that is lopped off, the process
is called back-clipping: thus examination was docked to create exam and gymnasium
was shortened to form gym. Less common in English are fore-clippings, in which the beginning of a
word is dropped: thus phone from telephone. Very occasionally, we see a sort of fore-and-aft
clipping, such as flu, from influenza.
Functional Shift
A functional shift is the process by which an existing word or form comes to be used with another
grammatical function (often a different part of speech); an example of a functional shift would be the development
of the noun commute from the verb commute.
Back-formation
Back-formation occurs when a real or supposed affix (that is, a prefix or suffix) is removed from a word to
create a new one. For example, the original name for a type of fruit was cherise, but some thought that word
sounded plural, so they began to use what they believed to be a singular form, cherry, and a new word was
born. The creation of the the verb enthuse from the noun enthusiasm is also an example of a
back-formation.
Blends
A blend is a word made by combining other words or parts of words in such a way that they overlap (as
motel from motor plus hotel) or one is infixed into the other (as chortle from
snort plus chuckle — the -ort- of the first being surrounded by the ch-…-le
of the second). The term blend is also sometimes used to describe words like brunch, from
breakfast plus lunch, in which pieces of the word are joined but there is no actual overlap. The
essential feature of a blend in either case is that there be no point at which you can break the word with everything
to the left of the breaking being a morpheme (a separately meaningful, conventionally combinable element) and
everything to the right being a morpheme, and with the meaning of the blend-word being a function of the meaning of
these morphemes. Thus, birdcage and psychohistory are not blends, but are instead compounds.
Acronymic Formations
An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase. Some acronymic terms still clearly show their
alphabetic origins (consider FBI), but others are pronounced like words instead of as a succession of
letter names: thus NASA and NATO are pronounced as two syllable words. If the form is written
lowercase, there is no longer any formal clue that the word began life as an acronym: thus radar (‘radio
detecting and ranging’). Sometimes a form wavers between the two treatments: CAT scan pronounced either like
cat or C-A-T.
NOTE: No origin is more pleasing to the general reader than an acronymic one. Although acronymic etymologies are
perennially popular, many of them are based more in creative fancy than in fact. For an example of such an alleged
acronymic etymology, see the article on posh.
Transfer of Personal or Place Names
Over time, names of people, places, or things may become generalized vocabulary words. Thus did forsythia
develop from the name of botanist William Forsyth, silhouette from the name of Étienne de Silhouette, a
parsimonious French controller general of finances, and denim from serge de Nîmes (a fabric made
in Nîmes, France).
Imitation of Sounds
Words can also be created by onomatopoeia, the naming of things by a more or less exact reproduction of the
sound associated with it. Words such as buzz, hiss, guffaw, whiz, and
pop) are of imitative origin.
Folk Etymology
Folk etymology, also known as popular etymology, is the process whereby a word is altered so as to
resemble at least partially a more familiar word or words. Sometimes the process seems intended to «make sense of» a
borrowed foreign word using native resources: for example, the Late Latin febrigugia (a plant with medicinal
properties, etymologically ‘fever expeller’) was modified into English as feverfew.
Combining Word Elements
Also available to one who feels the need for a new word to name a new thing or express a new idea is the very
considerable store of prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms that already exist in English. Some of these are native
and others are borrowed from French, but the largest number have been taken directly from Latin or Greek, and they
have been combined in may different ways often without any special regard for matching two elements from the same
original language. The combination of these word elements has produced many scientific and technical terms of Modern
English.
Literary and Creative Coinages
Once in a while, a word is created spontaneously out of the creative play of sheer imagination. Words such as
boondoggle and googol are examples of such creative coinages, but most such inventive brand-new
words do not gain sufficiently widespread use to gain dictionary entry unless their coiner is well known enough so
his or her writings are read, quoted, and imitated. British author Lewis Carroll was renowned for coinages such
as jabberwocky, galumph, and runcible, but most such new words are destined to pass in
and out of existence with very little notice from most users of English.
An etymologist tracing the history of a dictionary entry must review the etymologies at existing main entries and
prepare such etymologies as are required for the main entries being added to the new edition. In the course of the
former activity, adjustments must sometimes be made either to incorporate a useful piece of information that has
been previously overlooked or to review the account of the word’s origin in light of new evidence. Such evidence
may be unearthed by the etymologist or may be the product of published research by other scholars. In writing new
etymologies, the etymologist must, of course, be alive to the possible languages from which a new term may have
been created or borrowed, and must be prepared to research and analyze a wide range of documented evidence and
published sources in tracing a word’s history. The etymologist must sift theories, often-conflicting theories of
greater or lesser likelihood, and try to evaluate the evidence conservatively but fairly to arrive at the soundest
possible etymology that the available information permits.
When all attempts to provide a satisfactory etymology have failed, an etymologist may have to declare that a word’s
origin is unknown. The label «origin unknown» in an etymology seldom means that the etymologist is unaware of various
speculations about the origin of a term, but instead usually means that no single theory conceived by the etymologist
or proposed by others is well enough backed by evidence to include in a serious work of reference, even when qualified
by «probably» or «perhaps.»