Word forms of analysis

There
are two basic types of means with the help of which grammatical forms
are built: synthetical and analytical. Synthetical (synthetic)
grammatical forms are built by means of the morphemic composition of
the word. This includes the morphemic means, which were described in
the previous unit: outer inflexion with the help of adding
grammatical suffixes to the stems of the words, e.g.: cat — cats;
inner inflexion, or vowel interchange inside the root, e.g.: goose —
geese; and suppletivity, when different roots are combined within the
same paradigm, e.g.: go – went. Analytical grammatical forms are
built by the combination of the notional word with auxiliary words,
e.g.: come — have come. Analytical forms consist of two words which
together express one grammatical meaning; in other words, they are
grammatically idiomatic: the meaning of the grammatical form is not
immediately dependent on the meanings of its parts. Analytical
grammatical forms are intermediary between words and
word-combinations. Some analytical forms are closer to a word,
because the two parts are inseparable in their grammatical
idiomatism; for example, the forms of the perfect aspect: come — have
come. The components of some other analytical forms are more
independent semantically, and they are less idiomatic grammatically;
for example, the degrees of comparison: beautiful — more beautiful –
most beautiful. Such combinations of an auxiliary component and a
basic component are treated by some linguists as free
word-combinations, but as they are correlative members of grammatical
paradigms and express some specific grammatical meaning, they should
be recognized as analytical grammatical forms too. Some lexical means
regularly involved in the expression of common grammatical meanings
can also be regarded as marginal cases of suppletivity or specific
analytical forms, e.g.: the use of quantifiers with uncountable nouns
or repetition groups – a bit of joy, the last two items of news,
thousands and thousands, etc.

Analytical
grammatical forms are prevalent in English; modern English is an
analytical type of language.

Types
of word-form derivation

These
fall under two main headings:

(a)
those limited to changes in the body of the word, without having

recourse
to auxiliary words (synthetic types),

(b)
those implying the use of auxiliary words (analytical types).

Besides,
there are a few special cases of different forms of a word

being
derived from altogether different stems.

5

Synthetic
Types

The
number of morphemes used for deriving word-forms in Modern

English
is very small (much smaller than either in German or in Russian,

for
instance.

There
is the ending -s
(-es), with
three variants of pronunciation and

the
endings -en
and
-ren,
in
one or two words each, viz. oxen,
brethren

(poet.),
children.

There
is the ending -‘s,
with the same three variants of pronunciation as

for
the plural ending, used to form what is generally termed the genitive
case of

nouns.

For
adjectives, there are the endings -er
and
-est
for
the degrees of

comparison.

For
verbs, there is the ending -s
(-es) for
the third person singular

present
indicative, with the same three variants of pronunciation noted above

for
nouns, the ending -d
(-ed) for
the past tense of certain verbs (with three

variants
of pronunciation, again), the ending -d
(ed) for
the second participle

of
certain verbs, the ending -n
(-en) for
the second participle of certain other

verbs,
and the ending -ing
for
the first participle and also for the gerund.

Thus
the total number of morphemes used to derive forms of words is

eleven
or twelve, which is much less than the number found in languages

of
a mainly synthetical structure.

It
should also be noted that most of these endings are mono-semantic,

in
the sense that they denote only one grammatical category and not two
or

three
(or more) at a time, as is the case in synthetic languages. For

example,
the plural -s
(or
-es)
denotes
only the category of plural number, and

has
nothing to do with any other grammatical category, such as case.

Sound
Alternations

Sound
alternations are a way of expressing grammatical categories which

consists
in changing a sound inside the root. This method appears in Modern

English,
for example, in nouns, as when the root vowel [au] of mouse
is

changed
into [aı] in mice,
etc.

This
method is much more extensively used in verbs, such as write
—

wrote
—
written,
sing — sang —
sung,
meet — met —
met,
etc.
On the whole,

vowel
alternation does play some part among the means of expressing

grammatical
categories, though its part in Modern English has been much

reduced
as compared to Old English.

Analytical
Types

These
consist in using a word (devoid of any lexical meaning of its

own)
to express some grammatical category of another word.

There
can be no doubt in Modern English about the analytical character of

such
formations as, e. g., has
invited or
is
invited, or
is
inviting, or
does
not

invite.
The
verbs have,
be, and
do
have
no lexical meaning of their own in

these
cases. The lexical meaning of the formation resides in the participle
or

infinitive
following the verb have,
be or
do.
Some
doubt has been expressed

about
the formations shall
invite and
will
invite. There
is a view that shall

and
will
have
a lexical meaning.

While
the existence of analytical forms of the English verb cannot be

disputed,
the existence of such forms in adjectives and adverbs is not

nowadays
universally recognised. The question whether such formations as

more
vivid, the most vivid, or,
again, more
vividly and
most
vividly are
or

are
not analytical forms of degrees of comparison of vivid
and
vividly,
is

controversial.
We can only say here that if these formations are recognised as

analytical
forms of degrees of comparison, the words more
and
most
have
to

be
numbered among the analytical means of morphology.

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #

This page will improve your understanding and use of the different word forms of ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS: to look at / examine something carefully, to break it into smaller parts, often for science / research.

See the Macmillan Dictionary definition of ANALYSIS here.

Example sentence:

The scientists analysed the food he had eaten to find out if it had been poisoned.

The different forms of the word ANALYSIS are:

verb: to analyse (American spelling: analyze)

noun: analysis

noun (person/thing): analyst / analyseradjective: analytical / analytic (not very common)

adverb: analytically

You can see a list of other word form exercises on this page here.

You can see my article about word form here.

Просмотр содержимого документа

«Synthetic and Analytic Forms»

The menas used for building up grammatical forms are either synthetic or analytic. Synthetic grammatical forms are realized by the inner morphemic cimposition of the word, while analytic grammatical forms are built up by a combination of two and more words.Synthetic grammatical forms include inner inflection, outher inflexion and suppletivity. Inner inflexion is used in English in irregular verbs and in forming the number of some nouns. Outer inflection is used to build up the number and case forms of the noun; the person , number, tense, participal and gerundial forms of the verb; the degrees of comparison of the adjective and adverb. Suppletivity is based on the use of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differetation; go-went, bad-worse, I-me. Analytic forms imply at least two parts which present a combination of an auxiliary word with a basic word. In some cases there may be more than two parts. Some linguists disttinguish idiomatic and non-idiomatic grammatical combinations. They maintain that grammaticaly idiomatic combinations are those whose releyant grammatical meaning is not depend on the meaning of their components taken separately. In non-idiomatic grammatical combinations the components preserve to some extent their meaning.