Word forms adjectives from verbs

Change the verbs in bold into their correct adjective form so that they are grammatically correct in the context of the sentences.

1.At the recruitment drive we were shown a lot of promote material, but it wasn’t very inspire.

2.Recently, there have been some innovate and impress plans to change the student social areas.

3.In the interests of the environment, we all need to change their waste habits, so the college is introducing an oblige code for recycling and cutting down on waste.

4.The task we were given was very repeat and as a result it quickly became very bore.

5.Everybody was very excite when we were told about the cultural trip to Europe, but I was a little doubt it would go ahead.

6.Our new Director of Studies isn’t very decide and needs to play a more act role in the day-to-day running of the college.

7.Computer software designers need to be far more invent if they want to keep up with a changing and change market.

8.The Coke and coffee machines have both been out of order five times this week, and the air conditioning hasn’t been working for a month: these continue breakdowns, coupled with the continue heat, have resulted in a lot of short tempers.

9.My tutor isn’t very approach: in fact, some of my fellow students find him a little bit frighten!

10.Her presentation wasn’t very convince, and several of her classmates were extremely criticize of her arguments.

11.The market for all-include holidays (in which customers pay for their flight, accommodations, meals, and drinks in advance) has become very compete.

12.Our tutor is very help and support, but unfortunately he isn’t very depend.

13.The mistake was easily rectify, but it would have been far more prefer if it hadn’t happened in the first place.

14.Fees are non-negotiate, and you will need to pay a non-refund deposit of $500 before we can enroll you.

15.There is restrict access to the building, and all visitors will need to show a validate pass and some form of ID.

16.Participation in the evening training seminars is entirely volunteer, but we hope that everyone will attend these highly construct sessions.

17.The accident was avoid, and it wouldn’t have happened if you hadn’t been so care.

18.He’s a very create and imagine artist, and his commitment to helping young painters is admire.

19.When you apply for a job, it is very important to be specify about your occupy qualifications, and any previous experience.

20.A good job should offer an attract salary and other excel benefits, such as a company car and free healthcare package.

21.The two comments were contradict, and it was clear the student who wrote the essay wasn’t very enthuse about his subject.

22.An act lifestyle is prefer to a sedentary one, and is certainly much healthier.

Working words

Exercise 1

This exercise lets you review some of the more common uses of “grammar”-type words (prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, prepositions, etc.) in context. Use one word to complete each gap in the sentences. In some cases, there may be more than one alternative answer, but you should just give one of them.

1.I’m afraid __________ say you have absolutely __________ chance __________ passing the exam.

2.A few years __________, people __________ to write letters to each other. __________ days, it’s all e-mails and text messages.

3.You can’t leave early, __________ if you promise to work late tomorrow.

4.__________ 1999 and 2003, the book sold __________ a million copies.

5.One or two of my friends live abroad, but __________ of them live __________ my home.

6.Please __________ quiet. I’m trying to concentrate __________ my project.

7.__________ it rains tomorrow, we can go __________ a picnic.

8.We wanted to see the exhibition __________ the art gallery, but knowing how __________ other people __________ be there, we decided to give it a miss.

9.In __________ of missing most of his lessons, he __________ to pass the exam.

10.I adore spicy food. __________ is the reason I’m so keen __________ Mexican cooking.

11.Jan Kelly, a teacher __________ works at St. Clare’s in Portland, Oregon, has __________ been given a “Teacher of the Year” award.

12.He approached his English lessons __________ enthusiasm, and __________ excellent progress as a result.

13.His sudden change of heart took everyone __________ surprise, since previously he __________

been very interested in the project.

14.He spent the second half of his life living in _______ remote village of Hogstail Common,

__________ he wrote most of his novels.

15.__________ the time she retired, she __________ worked for the company for thirty two years, and during __________ time, she only took one or two days __________ sick.

16.I’ve __________ working on this essay __________ over a week, but __________ matter how much I work, I just can’t seem to finish __________.

Exercise 2

Instructions as above.

1.Some people try to __________ up cigarettes by smoking _____ they feel sick, or by limiting themselves to one or __________ a day, but __________ methods are not very effective.

2.There were at __________ sixty people in the room, which was far __________ than the organizers expected, and __________ there were only 20 chairs, most of us __________ to stand.

3.I enjoy working __________ people who come __________ a wide range of backgrounds.

__________ is the reason why I’m so keen __________ working for the U.N.

4.“Interphone”, __________ is in __________ city center, is __________ of the biggest companies in

_______ country.

5.Up __________ a few years ago, people __________ have the same career for life. Nowadays,

__________ can reasonably expect __________ change careers two __________ three times.

6.In spite __________ being rather lazy, he is always able __________ get good results and has made

__________ good impression __________ his tutors.

7.He spent __________ greater part of his life working __________ Barcelona, __________ he produced most of his most famous works of art.

8.__________ 2001 and 2004, unemployment figures dropped to an all-time low, but __________

2004 to 2007 __________ rose __________ their highest level ever.

9.One __________ two of our lecturers commute from the country, but __________ of them live

__________ the college or in the accommodations __________ the college provides.

10.Students are __________ allowed to miss a class __________ they inform their tutor at __________

three days in advance, __________ they are ill, in which case they should try to call the college on the day itself.

11.Please come __________ time to your lessons, and __________ prepared to work a __________

harder from __________ on.

12.We discussed holding the interviews __________ our Washington branch, but knowing how many people would apply __________ the job, we decided to use our bigger offices __________ New York.

13.In most respects he was a typical student, but __________ made him different __________

everybody else in his class __________ his enthusiasm for working __________ weekends.

14.I agree __________ I’m not perfect. I’m __________ capable _______ making mistakes as

__________ else.

15.He approached his course __________ enthusiasm, __________ all the assignments he was set, and

__________ excellent progress as a result.

Also see Pronouns and determiners on pages 46 – 47

Children and the family

Exercise 1

Complete definitions 1 – 15 with words and expressions from the box. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box.

1.__________ is the period in someone’s life when they change from being a child to being a young adult. A boy or a girl who is at this stage in their life is called an __________.

2.A __________ is someone who has not reached the age at which they are legally an adult.

3.Your brothers and sisters are sometimes referred to as your __________.

4.A couple (for example, a husband and wife) who are __________ no longer live together. If a married couple get __________, their marriage is legally ended.

5.A __________ is a family that looks after someone else’s child in their own home for a period of time. A child who lives with this family is called a __________. The verb is __________.

6.A __________ is a formal word for a young person, and can also be used as a word for a young person who has committed a crime.

7.A __________ child is one who is mentally strong and able to deal with problems without becoming upset. A child who is badly behaved and refuses to obey his / her parents, teachers, etc., can be described as __________.

8.Your __________ are those in your life when your character and beliefs are most strongly influenced.

9.If you bring someone else’s child into your family and legally make him or her your own child, we say that you __________ him / her.

10.A __________ is a child between the ages of 13 and 19.

11.An __________ is a baby or very young child. This period in a child’s life is called __________.

12.__________ and __________ both mean the same thing: to take care of children while they are growing up.

13.An __________ is a family group that includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc. A __________ is a family unit consisting of a mother, a father, and their children.

14.A __________ or __________ parent is one who makes their children follow rules and behave in a very “correct” way. The opposite of this is __________.

15.A __________ is a child or other relative to whom you give food, money, and a home. This word can also be an adjective.

Exercise 2

Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box.

Exercise 3

Complete this case study with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. You may need to change the form of some of the words.

Bob’s problems began during his (1) ________________. His parents got (2) ________________ when he was young, and neither of his parents wanted to raise him or his brother and sister, so he was

(3) ________________ by a (4) ________________ chosen by his parent’s social worker. Unfortunately, his foster-father was a strict (5) ________________ and often beat him. Bob rebelled against this strict

(6) ________________ and by the time he was eight, he was already (7) ________________ stealing from shops and playing truant. By the time he reached (8) ________________ sometime around his thirteenth birthday, he had already appeared in court several times, charged with (9) ________________. The judge blamed his foster parents, explaining that children needed (10) ________________ parents and guardians who would look after them properly. The foster father objected to this, pointing out that Bob’s (11) ________________ – his two brothers and sister – were (12) ________________ children who behaved at home and worked well at school.

This has raised some interesting questions about the modern family system. While it is true that parents should not be too (13) ________________ with children by letting them do what they want when they want, or be too (14) ________________ by sheltering them from the realities of life, it is also true that they should not be too strict. It has also highlighted the disadvantages of the modern (15) ________________

where the child has only its mother and father to rely on (or the (16) ________________, in which the mother or father has to struggle particularly hard to support their (17) ________________). In fact, many believe that we should return to traditional family values and the (18) ________________ family: extensive research has shown that children from these families are generally better behaved and have a getter chance of success in later life.

Exercise 4

Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from the vocabulary box in Exercise 1, and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.

Some people believe that children nowadays have too much freedom. Others believe that children are protected too much by their parents. Which of these statements do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your decision.

Education

Exercise 1

Complete definitions 1 – 14 with words and expressions from the box. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box.

1.A ______________ is an educational course that you take at home, receiving your work and sending it back by mail or email. A ______________ is a lesson in the evening for people who work during the day. People who have a job might be given ______________ by their employer, which means that can take a day off work about once a week to attend a course of study.

2.The ______________ is an examination that students must take before they can go to university.

3.A ______________ is a period of time in which students are taught a subject in school (also called a

______________.

4.A ______________ is a talk given to a group of students at college or university about a particular

______________. The person who gives this talk is called a ______________. A ______________ is a meeting at which a group of students discuss something they are studying. A ______________ is a meeting at which one student, or a small group of students, discusses something he / she is studying with his / her ______________.

5.______________ is the ability to read and write. ______________ refers to basic skills in mathematics.

6.A ______________ is a small book that provides information about a university. Once a students who has read this book decides he / she would like to study there, he must ______________ (in other words, he / she puts his / her name on the official list of students).

7.A ______________ is a main department at a university. This word can also be used to refer to the teaching staff of a school, college, university, etc.

8.______________ refers to sports and exercise that children do at school as a school subject.

9.A ______________ is a school that is funded by taxes. A ______________ is a school where the parents of the children who attend it must pay ______________.

10.A ______________ is school for very young children (aged 4 or 5), which prepares them for the first

______________ at school. An ______________ is a school for the first six or eight years of a child’s education. It is also known as a ______________.

Food and diet

Exercise 1

Complete definitions and sentences 1 – 12 with words and expressions from the box. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box.

1._____________ are the parts of fruit, vegetables and grains that your body cannot digest, and helps food to pass through your body. _____________ is the oil found in food, and there are three main types of this: _____________, polyunsaturated, and _____________.

2._____________ are units used for measuring how much energy you get from food. _____________

is a substance found in food such as eggs, milk, and meat that people need in order to grow and be healthy. _____________ is a white chemical element that is an important part of bones and teeth, and is found in food products such as eggs, milk, and cheese. _____________ are found in foods such as sugar, bread, and potatoes, and supply your body with heat and energy.

3.People who weigh more than they should often go on a _____________ to help them lose weight. Some of them may go to a _____________, an informal expression for a place where people can go to try to lose weight by eating in a healthy way and doing lots of _____________.

4._____________ food is food which is produced without using artificial chemicals. _____________

food is food produced from animals which are allowed to move around and feed naturally.

_____________ food is food that has been produced from a plant or animal that has had its gene structure changed in order to make it more productive or resistant to disease.

5.People who eat too much, or who don’t eat enough (often because they think they look fat), suffer from a medical condition known generally as an _____________. Examples of this include

_____________ and _____________.

6.A _____________ is someone who doesn’t eat meat. A _____________ is someone who doesn’t eat meat or other products derived from animals (including cheese and milk).

7._____________ is food that is made very quickly, especially food like burgers and pizzas that you can take out. It is sometimes called _____________, because it is often not very healthy or

_____________.

8.Someone who is heavier than they should be is _____________. If they are a lot heavier than they should be, they are _____________. The noun is _____________. This can result in _____________, cancer, _____________, and many other serious illnesses.

9.E-coli, _____________, and _____________ are three kinds of _____________.

10.Meat, vegetables, and dairy products are three of the main _____________.

11.If you eat a _____________, you eat the correct amounts of the right sorts of food; you do not eat too much of one particular sort of food.

The media

Exercise 1

Complete sentences and definitions 1 – 12 with words and expressions from the box. You will not need all of the words and expressions.

1._____________ is the crime of saying something about someone that is not true and is likely to damage their reputation (the adjective is _____________). _____________ is the illegal act of writing things about someone that are not true (the adjective is _____________).

2.If you _____________, you guess something that is not expressed directly (for example, if a newspaper reports a story, it might not tell you the truth or give you all the information you want, so you try to guess what that information is).

3._____________ is an occasion when someone finds out or uses information about your private life, especially illegally.

4.A _____________ is a newspaper that is printed on large sheets of paper, and usually contains serious news. A _____________ is a newspaper that is printed on smaller sheets of paper and generally contains stories about famous people (papers like these are sometimes referred to as the

_____________, because many of the stories and either untrue, or are about sex and crime).

_____________ refers to television programs that are intended to be shocking or exciting.

5.If a media company is accused of _____________ its stories or programs, it means that it presents these stories or programs in a simple and attractive way without giving many details.

6.A _____________ is someone who writes news reports for newspapers, television, etc. A

_____________ often does the same thing, and then tells people the news himself / herself (for example, by appearing on a television program).

7.The process of removing parts of books, films, letters, etc., that are considered unsuitable for moral, religious, or political reasons is called _____________.

8.A _____________ is someone who owns and controls several different newspapers, television stations, etc., and is very rich as a result.

9._____________ programs are television programs in which ordinary people are put into artificially created environments and situations in order to entertain people (the most famous example is “Big Brother”).

10.A _____________ is a radio or television program that deals with real people, events, places, etc., and is designed to inform people about different things. A _____________ program is one that deals mainly with political, social, and economic events that are happening now.

11._____________ is the practice of paying people a lot of money for information that can be used in newspaper stories, especially stories about crime or famous people.

Money and finance

Complete sentences and paragraphs 1 – 20 with a word or expression from the box. In each case, the word / expression you need is connected in some way with the word in bold in the same sentence / paragraph (for example, it might have a similar meaning, it might be an opposite, or it might be a word that is sometimes confused with that word). In some cases you might need to change the form of the word in the box.

1.Income is the money you receive (your wage or salary is part of your income), and _____________

refers to the money you spend.

2.If you lend money, you let someone use your money for a certain period of time. If you

_____________ money, you take someone’s money for a short time, and then you pay it back.

3A discount is the percentage by which a full price is reduced in a store. A _____________ is money paid back to a customer when, for example, they return something to a store.

4.If a person or company is insolvent, they have lost all their money. If a person or company is

_____________, they have lost all their money, have then borrowed a lot, and cannot pay it back.

5.A bank statement is a detailed written document from a bank showing how much money has gone into and come out of a bank account. A _____________ is the amount of money you have in your bank account.

6.If your bank account is in the red, the amount of money you have spent is greater than the money you have made, and so you have less than $0 in your bank account. If your account is

_____________, you have more than $0 in your bank account.

7.An invoice is a note, or bill, sent to you to ask for payment for goods or services, and a

_____________ is a note (from a store, for example) which shows how much you have paid for something.

8.When you make a profit, you gain money from selling something which is more than the money you paid for it. When you make a _____________, you have spent money which you have not gotten back.

9.Something which is overpriced is too expensive. Something which is _____________ costs much more than its true value.

10.If you save money, you keep it so that you can use it later. If you _____________ money, you put it into property, stocks, etc., so that it will increase in value.

The play was written over four hundred years ago, but today many parents would give similar advice to their children. Imagine the conversation they would have now:

Exercise 4

Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1, and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.

Some people say that “Money makes the world go round”; others say that “Money is the root of all evil”. Which of these do you agree with? Use examples and details in your answer.

Nature and the environment

Exercise 1

Replace the words and expressions in bold in sentences 1 – 15 with one of those from the box. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box.

1.In some countries, building is restricted or completely banned in the area of farmland or woods and parks which surround a community.

2.More and more companies are using boxes, cartons, and cans which can easily be decomposed by organisms such as bacteria, or by sunlight, sea, water, etc., for their products.

3.The burning of some fuels creates carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and methane which rise into the atmosphere.

4.Farmers have cleared acres of thick wooded land in tropical regions where the precipitation is very high to provide pasture for their cattle.

5.Planting trees and bushes can provide some protection from the gradual wearing away of soil.

6.We should all try to process waste material so that it can be used again.

7.Many shops now sell fruit and vegetables which are cultivated naturally, without using any chemical fertilizers or pesticides.

8.This bread is made from wheat which has been altered at a molecular level so as to change certain characteristics which can be inherited.

9.Most modern cars use fuel which has been made without lead additives.

10.Polluted precipitation which kills trees often falls a long distance from the source of the pollution.

11.Human activity has had a devastating effect on the living things, both large and small, in many parts of the word.

12.The gases and other substances which come from factories using oil, coal, and other fuels which are the remains of plants and animals can cause serious damage to the environment.

13.Don’t drink that water. It’s been made dirty by something being added to it.

14.Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, and other people concerned with protecting the environment are holding an international summit in Geneva next month.

15.The heating up of the earth’s atmosphere by pollution is threatening life as we know it.

Exercise 2

Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box.

Exercise 3

Read this essay and complete the gaps with one of the words or expressions from the box in Exercise 1.

“Environmental degradation is a major world problem. What causes this problem, and what can we do to prevent it?”

There is no doubt that the environment is in trouble. Factories burn (1) _____________ which produce

(2) _____________ , and this kills trees. At the same time, (3) _____________ rise into the air and contribute to (4) _____________ which threatens to melt the polar ice cap. Meanwhile farmers clear huge areas of

(5) _____________ in places such as the Amazon to produce feeding land for cattle or produce wood for building. Rivers and oceans are so heavily (6) _____________ by industrial waste that it is no longer safe to go swimming. Cars pump out poisonous (7) _____________which we all have to breathe in. (8) _____________

and overfishing are killing off millions of animals, including whales, elephants, and other (9) _____________

In fact, all around us, all living things large and small which comprise our finely balanced (10) _____________

are being systematically destroyed by human greed and thoughtlessness.

There is a lot we can all do, however, to help prevent this. The easiest thing, of course, is to (11) _____________ waste material such as paper and glass so that we can use it again. We should also check that the things we buy from supermarkets are packaged in (12) _____________ which decomposes easily. At the same time, we should make a conscious effort to avoid foods which are (13) _____________ (at least until someone proves that they are safe both for us and for the environment). If you are truly committed to protecting the environment, of course, you should only buy (14) _____________fruit and vegetables, safe in the knowledge that they have been naturally cultivated. Finally, of course, we should buy a small car that uses (15) _____________ which is less harmful to the environment or, even better, make more use of public transportation.

The serious (16) _____________, however, do much more. They are aware of the global issues involved and will actively involve themselves in (17) _____________ by making sure our forests are kept safe for future generations. They will oppose activities which are harmful to animals, such as (18) _____________. And they will campaign to keep the (19) _____________ around our towns and cities free from new building.

We cannot all be as committed as them, but we can at least do our own little bit at grass roots level. We, as humans, have inherited the earth, but that doesn’t mean we can do whatever we like with it.

Exercise 4

Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from Exercise 1, and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.

Some people think that the government should spend as much money as possible on protecting the environment. Others think this money should be spent on other things such as education and healthcare. Which one of these opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

On the road

Exercise 1

Some of the words and expressions from the box below have been defined in sentences 1 – 16. In some cases, these definitions are correct, and in some they are wrong. Decide which are which.

1.Rush hour is the time of day when there are not many vehicles on the road because most people are at home.

2.If a service such as public transportation is subsidized, all of its running costs are paid for by the government or a local authority.

3.A traffic school is a school for people who want to learn to drive a motor vehicle.

4.An expressway is a wide road (usually in a city) where people can drive quickly, and is the U.S. equivalent of a British dual carriageway.

5.Road rage is anger or violent behavior by one driver toward another driver.

6.Traffic calming measures are fines and other penalties imposed by the police on bad or dangerous drivers.

7.In the U.S.A., the interstate is part of the national public transportation system (including trains and buses) which people use to travel around the country.

8.Someone who has been accused of joyriding has stolen a car in order to drive it for pleasure, usually in a dangerous way.

9.A turnpike is a main road in the eastern part of the U.S.A. that drivers must pay to use.

10.Someone who backs out in a vehicle drives it very quickly and dangerously, usually in a busy or built-up area.

11.A cycle lane is a part of the road that is set aside for people on bicycles, and which may not be used by drivers of motor vehicles.

12.A traffic-free zone is a main road between major towns and cities that drivers do not have to pay to use.

13.Fatalities (in this context) refers to people who are injured in accidents on the road.

14.A black spot is a place on a road where a lot of car accidents happen.

15.A mile is a measure of distance equivalent to 1.609 kilometers.

16.A sidewalk is a part of the road in a town or city where drivers can park their vehicle.

Exercise 2

Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box.

Exercise 3

Complete this article with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. You may need to change the form of some of the words.

(1) _____________ and (2) _____________ on our roads are increasing from year to year: last year, 2,827 people were killed and almost 300,000 hurt in traffic-related accidents in the state. Most of these were caused by drivers (3) _____________ in built-up areas, where many seem to disregard the 30mph (4) _____________, or (5) _____________, especially around July 4th and Thanksgiving, when more alcohol is consumed than at any other time. In many cases, it is (6) _____________ who are the victims, knocked down as they are walking across the street at (7) _____________ by drivers who seem to have forgotten that a red (8) _____________

means “Stop”.

But these innocent victims, together with the help of the highway patrol and local safety groups, are fighting back. In New Stockholm, a city plagued by (9) _____________ and (10) _____________ caused by traffic, and a notorious accident (11) _____________ for pedestrians and cyclists, the city council has recently implemented its new (12) _____________, which has improved the flow of traffic to the benefit of those on foot or on two wheels. (13) _____________ measures such as speed bumps have slowed traffic down. (14) _____________ programs have helped reduce the number of cars in the city, as office workers and shoppers leave their cars outside the city and bus in instead. Harley Street, the main shopping thoroughfare, has been designated a (15) _____________, closed to all vehicles during the day. There are more (16) _____________ on main routes into the city, making it safer for the huge number of students and residents who rely on bicycles to get around. And (17) _____________ public transportation has helped to keep down the cost of using buses. Meanwhile, the police and the courts are coming down hard on drivers who misuse the roads, handing down large (18) _____________ or even jail sentences on selfish, inconsiderate drivers who believe it is their right to (19) _____________ the roads; for these people, (20) _____________ is not offered as a softer alternative.

Exercise 4

Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1, and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?: It is time we all relied less on private motor vehicles to get around, and instead used other forms of transport. Use specific examples and details to support your answer.

Science and technology

Exercise 1

Complete definitions 1 – 15 with words and expressions from the box. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box.

1._____________ is the practice or science of changing the genes of a living thing, especially in order to make it more suitable for a particular purpose.

2.A _____________ is a rule, law, or plan that protects people or something from harm or problems.

3._____________ is the study of living things.

4.A _____________ is someone who does not like, trust, or want to use technology, especially computers.

5.A _____________ is a discovery or achievement that comes after a lot of hard work.

6._____________ is the study or use of computers and electronic systems for storing and using information.

7.If something is _____________, it is changed slightly in order to improve it.

8.A _____________ is a scientist who studies or works in genetics.

9._____________ is the use of technology to make copies of natural things (for example, artificial body parts).

10.A _____________ is a scientist or other technical expert with a high position in industry or government.

11._____________ is the detailed study of something in order to discover new facts.

12._____________ is the science that studies the effects of low temperatures, especially the use of low temperatures for preserving the bodies of dead people.

13.An _____________ is a scientific test to find out what happens to someone or something in particular conditions.

14._____________ is the length of time that someone is likely to live.

15._____________ is the invention or use of new ideas, methods, equipment, etc.

Exercise 2

Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box.

Exercise 3

Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. You may need to change the form of some of the words.

“Science and technology have come a long way in the last 60 years, and our lives have become better as a result. Do you agree with this statement?”

The second half of the twentieth century saw more changes than in the previous two hundred years. Penicillin has already been (1) _____________ and used to treat infections; there have been many remarkable advances in medicine that have helped to increase our average (2) _____________ way beyond that of our ancestors. Incredible (3) _____________ such as television have changed the way we spend our leisure hours. Perhaps the most important (4) _____________, however, has been the microchip. Nobody could have imagined, when it was first (5) _____________, that within a matter of years, this tiny piece of silicon and circuitry would be found in almost every household object from the kettle to the DVD recorder. And nobody could have predicted the sudden proliferation of computers that would completely change our lives, allowing us to access information from the other side of the world via the (6) _____________ or send messages around the world by (7) _____________ at the touch of a button. Meanwhile, (8) _____________ into other aspects of information technology is making it easier and cheaper for us to talk to friends and relations around the world. Good news for (9) _____________ who love modern technology, bad news for the (10) _____________ who would prefer to hide from these modern miracles.

But everything has a price. The development of (11) _____________ led to mass automation in factories, which in turn led to millions losing their jobs. The genius of Einstein led to the horrors of the atomic bomb and the dangerous uncertainties of (12) _____________ (we hear of accidents and mishaps at nuclear power stations around the world, where (13) _____________ to prevent accidents were inadequate). The relatively new science of (14) _____________ has been seen as a major step forward, but putting modified foods onto the market before scientists had properly (15) _____________ them was perhaps one of the most irresponsible decisions of the 1990s. Meanwhile, pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies continue to (16) _____________

on animals, a move that many consider to be cruel and unnecessary.

Of course we all rely on modern science and technology to improve our lives. However, we need to make sure that we (17) _____________ it rather than the other way round.

Exercise 4

Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1, and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.

What, in your opinion, has been the single most important scientific or technological development of the last fifty years? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Exercise 2

Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box.

Exercise 3

Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from Exercise 1. You may need to change the form of some of the words, and one of the words you will need is the extra word you revealed by doing Exercise 1.

“Describe a place where you live or have lived, outlining its good points and bad points”.

For seven years I lived in Singapore, a (1) _____________ of almost three million people. Like London, Paris, and New York, Singapore is a (2) _____________ city, with people from different parts of the world living and working together. I enjoyed the (3) _____________ lifestyle I led there, and made the most of the superb

(4) _____________, ranging from the excellent stores to some of the best restaurants in the world. In the evenings and at weekends there were always (5) _____________: with such diverse attractions as classical western music, an exhibition of Malay art, or a Chinese opera in the street, it was difficult to get bored. Perhaps most impressive, however, was the remarkable transportation (6) _____________, with excellent roads, a swift and efficient bus service, and a state-of-the-art subway system which could whisk

(7) _____________ from the suburbs straight into the heart of the city (this was particularly important, as the government banned private cars from entering the (8) _____________ during the morning and afternoon

(9) _____________ in order to reduce (10) _____________ on the roads and (11) _____________ from the exhausts).

Of course, living in a city like this has its disadvantages as well. For a start, the (12) _____________ can be very high – renting an apartment, for example, is very expensive. And as the city is expanding, there are a lot of (13) _____________ where new apartments are continually being built to deal with the (14) _____________

which is a direct result of the government encouraging people to have more children.

Fortunately, Singapore doesn’t suffer from problems that are common in many cities such as (15) _____________, which is partly the result of the government imposing very severe penalties on anyone bringing narcotics into the country, so it is safe to walk the streets at night. In fact, the (16) _____________housing estates there are probably the safest and most orderly in the world.

Singapore wouldn’t be ideal for everyone, however, especially if you come from the countryside and are used to a (17) _____________ lifestyle. The traditional villages that were once common have disappeared as the residents there realised there were no (18) _____________ for their future and moved into new government housing in the city. Nowadays, there is very little (19) _____________ around the city, which means that Singapore imports almost all of its food. And despite a “green” approach to city planning, the (20) _____________ which has eaten into the countryside has had a detrimental effect on the (21) _____________.

Exercise 4

Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from Exercise 1, and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.

Some people prefer to live in the countryside or in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Travel

Exercise 1

Look at the words and expressions in the box, then answer questions 1 – 16. Some of these questions ask you to explain what a word or expression means, and some of them ask you to complete a sentence with the appropriate word(s) or expression(s).

1.What does the expression persona non grata mean?

2.Complete this sentence: _____________ is the nervous or confused feeling that people sometimes get when they arrive in a place that is very different from the place they normally live.

3.What is the difference between a travel agency and a tour operator?

4.Complete this sentence: An _____________ is a short trip somewhere, usually for one day or part of a day.

5.Complete this sentence: A _____________ seat is the cheapest type of seat on a plane or train. The most expensive type of seat is called _____________. Between these two, there is _____________.

6.Would you be happy if the country that you were staying in deported you?

7.Complete this sentence: _____________ refers to the large numbers of people that travel for their vacation, usually over long distances.

8.What is the difference between a package tourist and an independent traveler?

9.Is a refugee the same as an expatriate?

10.What do you think the letters UNHCR stand for?

11.Complete this sentence: _____________ is the business of creating and selling vacations that give people the chance to learn about a natural environment, and which cause little damage to the environment itself.

12.If someone has been repatriated, what has happened to them?

13.What is a cruise? What is a safari?

14.Why might someone want a green card?

15.If someone is trafficking something, are they doing something that is legal or something that is illegal?

16.Complete this sentence: A person who has been _____________ has been forced to move from one part of their country to another (often because of a war or other threatening situation).

Exercise 2

Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box.

Exercise 3

Read this essay and complete the gaps with one of the words or expressions from the box in Exercise 1. You may need to change the form of some of the words.

“There are two types of traveler: those who do it because they want to, and those who do it because they have to. Discuss this statement, using specific examples”.

Most of us have, at some point in our lives, experienced the joys of travel. We go to the (1) _____________ to pick up our brochures. We book a two-week (2) _____________ with flights and accommodations included, (or if we are (3) _____________, we make our own way to the country and travel around from place to place with a rucksack on our back). We make sure we have all the right currency, our passport, and any

(4) _____________ that are necessary to get us into the country. We go to the airport and (5) _____________. We strap ourselves into our tiny (6) _____________ aircraft seats and a few hours later we (7) _____________

from the aircraft, strange new sights, smells, and sounds greeting us. Nowadays, it seems, the whole world goes on vacation at once: the age of (8) _____________ is in full swing!

But for the great majority of people around the world, travel is done in the face of great adversity and hardship. They never get to indulge in an (9) _____________ vacation in a luxury hotel with all meals and drinks included. They never get to explore the lush Amazon rain forest or the frozen wastes of the Arctic on an (10) _____________ vacation. For them, travel is a matter of life and death. I refer, of course, to all the (11) _____________ escaping from their own countries, or the (12) _____________, moved from one part of their country to another by an uncaring government, or (13) _____________ forced to find a job and seek a living wherever they can.

Can you imagine anything worse than the misery these people must face? Let’s not confuse them with those (14) _____________, who choose to live in another country and often have nice houses and high salaries. These people are simply desperate to survive. As well as losing their homes because of war or famine or other natural disasters, they must come to terms with their new environment: for many, the (15) _____________ can be too great. And while many countries with an open policy on (16) _____________ will welcome them in with open arms, others will simply turn them away. These people become (17) _____________, unwanted and unwelcome. Even if they manage to get into a country, they will often be (18) _____________ or repatriated. Their future is uncertain.

Something to think about, perhaps, the next time you are (19) _____________ to your five-star hotel by a palm-fringed beach or sitting in a coach on an (20) _____________to a pretty castle in the countryside.

Exercise 4

Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1, and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.

What are the good things and bad things about traveling? Use specific examples to explain your answer.

Work

Exercise 1

Look at the words and expressions in the box, and answer questions 1 – 14. You may need to change the form of some of the words.

1.Replace the word in bold in this sentence with another word from the box which has a similar meaning: “A lot of people wanted the job, but she was the best candidate”.

2.What is the difference between a wage and a salary?

3.Complete this sentence: _____________ is a painful condition of the muscles in the hands and the arms caused by doing the same movement many times (for example, using a computer over a long period of time).

4.Replace the word in bold in this sentence with another word from the box which has a similar, but less formal, meaning (you will need to change the form of the word): “When he was caught stealing from the company, he was instantly dismissed”.

5.Complete this sentence: The word raise in the box is similar in meaning to _____________ (which is also in the box).

6.What is the difference between a blue-collar worker and a white-collar worker?

7.True or false?: When a company downsizes its work force, this means that it pays its workers less than before.

8.Complete this sentence: _____________ are extra payments or benefits that you get in your job (for example, free meals, health insurance, company car, etc.).

9.What do you think sick building syndrome is?

10.Complete this sentence: If you have _____________, you have work which is reliable and will last for a long time.

11.True or false?: retire and resign have the same meaning.

12.Complete this sentence: Banks, hospitals, and hotels are examples of _____________.

13.Would you be happy if you had adverse working conditions?

14.Complete this sentence: A person who is _____________ is not permanently employed by one company, but sells their services to more than one company.

Exercise 2

Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box.

Exercise 3

Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. You may need to change the form of some of the words.

“Some people live to work and others work to live. In most cases, this depends on the job they have and the conditions under which they are employed. In your opinion, what are the elements that make a job worthwhile?”

In answering this question, I would like to look first at the elements that combine to make a job undesirable. By avoiding such factors, potential (1) _____________ are more likely to find a job that is more worthwhile, and by doing so, hope to achieve happiness in their work.

First of all, it doesn’t matter if you are an (2) _____________ worker cleaning the floor, a (3) _____________

(4) _____________ worker on a production line in one of the (5) _____________, or a (6) _____________

worker in a bank, store, or one of the other (7) _____________: if you lack (8) _____________, with the knowledge that you might lose your job at any time, you will never feel happy. Everybody would like a

(9) _____________ in which he or she is guaranteed work. Nowadays, however, companies have a high turnover of staff, (10) _____________ new staff and (11) _____________ others on a weekly basis. Such companies are not popular with their workers.

The same can be said of a job in which you are put under a lot of (12) _____________ and worry, a job which is so (13) _____________ that it takes over your life, a job where you work (14) _____________ and so never get to see your family or friends, or a physical job in which you do the same thing every day and end up with the industrial disease that is always in the papers nowadays – (15) _____________.

With all these negative factors, it would be difficult to believe that there are any elements that make a job worthwhile. Money is, of course, the prime motivator, and everybody wants a good (16) _____________. But of course that is not all. The chance of (17) _____________, of being given a better position in a company, is a motivating factor. Likewise, (18) _____________ such as a free lunch or a company car, an (19) _____________ plan to make you work hard such as a regular (20) _____________ above the rate of inflation, (21) _____________ in case you fall ill and a company (22) _____________ plan so that you have some money when you retire all combine to make a job worthwhile.

Unfortunately, it is not always easy to find all of these. There is, however, an alternative. Forget the office and the factory floor and become (23) _____________ and work for yourself. Your future may not be secure, but at least you will be happy.

Exercise 4

Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1, and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.

“It is more important to have a job you enjoy doing than a job which pays well.” How far do you agree with this statement? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.