What do you call words that share the same root (e.g., «network», «networks», «networking»). Also, does the shortest one of them have a specific name (e.g., «network»)?
simchona
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asked Oct 29, 2010 at 11:29
1
I would call network a «stem», networks (noun or verb) an «inflected form», networking (participle) an «inflected form», and networking (noun) a «derived term».
«Root» is not the same as «stem» in my book; network has two roots, net and work.
answered Oct 29, 2010 at 11:57
RegDwigнtRegDwigнt
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A set of words that can be grouped together is called a word family. A word family can be form-based or meaning-based. The question describes a form-based word family and the shortest form is sometimes a root, however, I agree with RegDwight’s answer that the word network is composed of two roots.
Form-based families are important because they reveal sometimes hidden patterns of spelling in words that children already know; for example, the verb root pronounced ‘seev’ is spelt ceive (receive, deceive, conceive), and always corresponds to ception in the corresponding noun (reception, deception, conception).
Meaning-based families are important because they reveal links and patterns of meaning in words that children already know; for example, many adjectives and nouns are related as in the trio big — little — size. The specific meaning relations they contain (see below) are also an important component of reasoning skills.
answered Jul 14, 2011 at 17:15
z7sg Ѫz7sg Ѫ
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In linguistics, words that share a common etymology are called cognates. Merriam-Webster gives this definition:
3a : related by descent from the same ancestral language
Cognates can be in the same language or two different languages. Wiktionary provides these examples:
English mother is cognate with Greek μητέρα (mitéra), German Mutter, Russian мать (matʹ) and Persian مادر (madar).
English shirt is cognate with English skirt, short, and curt … all of these are descended from the Proto-Indo-European root (s)ker-, meaning ‘to cut’.
answered Aug 31, 2016 at 17:35
cobaltduckcobaltduck
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Задание №8134.
Грамматика и лексика. ЕГЭ по английскому
Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
It is also known as Alyeska, the “great land”, an Aleut word ___ (FORM) from the same root.
Решение:
It is also known as Alyeska, the “great land”, an Aleut word FORMED from the same root.
Он также известен как Алеска, «великая земля», алеутское слово, образованное от того же корня.
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Источник: ФИПИ. Открытый банк тестовых заданий
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Тест с похожими заданиями
Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово FORM так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
It is also known as Alyeska, the “great land”, an Aleut word __________________ from the same root.
1
Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «MEAN» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
The name of Alaska
Do you know the origin of the place name Alaska? The name Alaska comes from the Aleut word alaxsxaq, __________________ “object toward which the action of the sea is directed” – that is, the mainland.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2018 по английскому языку.
2
Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово CONSIDER так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Its nicknames are the Land of the Midnight Sun and America’s Last Frontier. Its first nicknames were “Seward’s folly” and
“Seward’s icebox” to laugh at the secretary of state who negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia, which __________________ foolish at the time.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2018 по английскому языку.
3
Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово LOCATE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
A landmark for the new millennium
Have you seen the photos of the London Eye? The London Eye is a giant observation wheel __________________ in the Jubilee Gardens on the South Bank of the river Thames.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2018 по английскому языку.
4
Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово DESIGN так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
The structure __________________ by the architectural team of David Marks and Julia Barfield, husband and wife.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2018 по английскому языку.
5
Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово WIN так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
They submitted their idea for a large observation wheel as part of a competition to design a landmark for the new millennium. None of the entrants __________________the competition.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2018 по английскому языку.
6
Задания Д25 № 3199 
i
Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово THEY так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
However, the couple pressed on and eventually got the backing of British Airways, who sponsored __________________ project.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2018 по английскому языку.
7
Образуйте от слова ABSOLUTE однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Pronunciation is important
Some learners of English think that pronunciation is not very important. That is __________________ wrong.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку.
8
Образуйте от слова EXTEND однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Even if you have an acceptable grasp of the English language, with good grammar and an __________________ vocabulary, native English speakers may find you very difficult to understand you if you don’t work on your pronunciation.
Источник: Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку
9
Образуйте от слова ESSENCE однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Correct, clear pronunciation is __________________ if you really want to improve your level of English.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку.
10
Образуйте от слова FAMILIAR однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Pay particular attention to any sounds that you are __________________ with or that do not exist in your native tongue.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку.
11
Образуйте от слова RUSSIA однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.
For example, __________________ have difficulty pronouncing the “th” sound, as it does not exist in their native language.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку.
Источники:
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2016 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2017 по английскому языку;
Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2018 по английскому языку.
Many words in English are formed from the same root or base word. By adding different suffixes, a range of new words can be formed.
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters that are added to the end of a word to make a new word. Generally, suffixes have a particular meaning. When a suffix is added to a base word and that base word becomes a noun, it is called a noun suffix.
Here are some rules:
- Adding a suffix usually changes the class of the word (for example, verb to noun).
For example:
Root/Base word: Entertain (verb)
Suffix: -ment
New word: Entertainment (noun)
- Adding a suffix can mean the class of the word remains the same but the meaning of the new word changes.
For example:
Root/Base word: quest (noun)
Suffix: -ion
New word: question (noun)
- Adding a suffix can cause a spelling change.
For example:
Root/Base word: supervise
Suffix: -or
New word: supervisor
Here are some commonly used noun suffixes and what they mean:
| Suffixes forming nouns | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -ant/-ent | someone who does something or something that has a particular function | student, president, resident, assistant, defendant, accountant, deodorant |
| -ee | someone who does something | addressee, interviewee, referee, trainee, employee, refugee, trustee, lessee, retiree |
| -er, -or | someone who does something, something that does a particular job | writer, teacher, worker, dancer, buyer, actor, supervisor |
| -ism | belief, behaviour, theory or act of | journalism, criticism, vegetarianism, humanism |
| -ist | person connected with, person with a belief in | journalist, feminist, violinist, pianist |
| -ment | forming abstract nouns | government, enjoyment, management, improvement, development |
| -ness | quality or state | happiness, kindness, forgiveness, goodness |
| -sion, -tion | quality or state | discussion, excursion, population, information, communication, question |
| -ship | quality or state | friendship, citizenship, leadership, membership |
| -ity | quality or state | ability, security, similarity, curiousity |
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Posted 3 Feb 2021Wed 3 Feb 2021 at 10:28pm, updated 3 Feb 2021Wed 3 Feb 2021 at 6:46am
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Lecture
№4
How
English words are made. Word-building.
Words
are divided into smaller units which are called morphemes. Morphemes
do not occur as free forms but only as constituents (составляющая)
of words. All morphemes are subdivided into two large classes: roots
(or radicals) and affixes.
In their turn, affixes
fall into prefixes
which precede the root in the structure of the word (mis-pronounce,
re-read, un-well) and suffixes
which
follow the root (teach-er, dict-ate, cur-able).
Words
which consist of a root and an affix or several affixes are called
derived
words
or derivatives
(производное
слово).
They are produced by the process of word-building known as affixation
or derivation
(деривация,
словопроизводство).
Derived words are extremely numerous in the English vocabulary.
The
so-called root
word
which has only a root morpheme in its structure is competing with
derived words. This type is widely represented by a great number of
words belonging to the original English stock or to earlier
borrowings (house, room, book, work, port, street, table), and, in
Modern English, has been enlarged by the type of word-building called
conversion
(to hand, v. formed from the noun hand; to can, v. from the noun
can).
Another
wide-spread word-structure is a compound
word
consisting of two or more stems (stem is a part of word consisting of
root and affix; in English words stem and root often coincide)
(dining-room, mother-in-law, bluebell). Words of this structural type
are produced by the word-building process called composition
(словосложение).
Words
like flu,
lab, pram
(детская
коляска)
are called shortenings,
contractions or curtailed words
and are produced by the way of word-building called shortening
(contraction
— сокращение).
The
four types (root words, derived words, compounds (сложное
слово),
shortenings) represent the main structural types of Modern English
words, and conversion, derivation and composition the most productive
ways of word-building.
The
process of affixation consists in creating a new word by adding an
affix or several affixes to some root morpheme. The role of the affix
in this procedure is very important and therefore it is necessary to
consider certain facts about the main types of affixes.
From
the etymological point of view affixes can be classified into the
same two large groups as words: native and borrowed.
Some Native Suffixes
|
Noun-forming |
-er |
Worker, |
|
-ness |
Coldness, |
|
|
-dom |
Freedom, |
|
|
-hood |
Childhood, |
|
|
-ship |
Friendship, |
|
|
— |
Length, |
|
|
-ing |
Feeling, |
|
|
Adjective-forming |
-ful |
Careful, |
|
-less |
Careless, |
|
|
-y |
Cozy, |
|
|
-ish |
English, |
|
|
-ly |
Lonely, |
|
|
-en |
Wooden, |
|
|
-some |
Handsome, |
|
|
Verb-forming |
-en |
Widen, |
|
Adverb-forming |
-ly |
Warmly, |
Affixes
can be also classified into productive and non-productive types.
Productive affixes are affixes which take part in deriving new words
in this peculiar period of language development. The best way to
identify productive affixes is to look for them among neologisms
which are usually formed on the level of living speech and reflect
the most productive and progressive patterns in word-building.
Some Productive Affixes
|
Noun-forming |
-er, |
|
Adjective-forming |
-y, |
|
Adverb-forming |
-ly |
|
Verb-forming |
-ize/ise |
|
Prefixes |
un- |
Some Non-Productive Affixes
-
Noun-forming
suffixes-th,
-hoodAdjective-forming
suffixes-ly,
-some, -en, -ousVerb-forming
suffix-en
Semantics of Affixes
The
morpheme, and therefore affix, which is a type of morpheme, is
generally defined as the smallest indivisible component of the word
possessing its own meaning. Meanings of affixes are specific and
considerably differ from those of root morphemes. Affixes have widely
generalized meanings and refer to the concept conveyed/carried by the
whole word to a certain category, which is vast (обширный,
громадный)
and all-embracing (всеобъемлющий).
So,
the noun-forming suffix -er
could be defined as designating persons from the object of their
occupation or labour (painter – the one who paints) or from their
place of origin or abode (местожительство)
(southerner – the one living in the South).
The
meaning of a derived word is always a sum of the meanings of its
morphemes: un/eat/able = “not fit to eat” where not stands for
un-
and fit for -able.
There are numerous derived words whose meanings can be easily deduced
from the meanings of their constituent parts. But the constituent
morphemes within derivatives do not always preserve their current
meanings and are open to complicated semantic shifts.
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