Word formation verbs nouns english

При изучении английского один из важных аспектов — новые слова. Как правило, студенты пишут их в тетрадь/приложение, с примерами и переводом. Стараются запомнить новую лексику. Но одной зубрежкой здесь не обойтись. Предлагаю научиться пользоваться словообразованием, то есть изменять уже знакомые слова.

Словообразование (word formation) — это способы, при которых из одного слова можно сделать новые. Путем добавления суффикса, приставки, сокращения или конверсии. Овладев словообразованием вы будете гораздо свободнее чувствовать себя в английской лексике.

4 способа словообразования в английском

Английский язык известен своим способом формирования и использования слов и предложений. Образование новых слов из существующего корневого слова путем прибавления слога или другого слова — общий процесс; однако есть несколько способов, которыми это можно сделать.

Образование слов классифицируется на четыре типа в зависимости от того, как осуществляется процесс образования. 

• Добавляя префиксы
• Добавляя суффиксы
• Преобразование из одного класса слов в другой
• Образовать сложные слова

Начать практиковать английский вы можете уже сегодня. В  Telegram-канале вы найдете интересные тексты, разборы фраз, а также много другой полезной информации.

  Добавление префиксов

Приставка (prefix)– это буква или группа букв, которые добавляются к началу слова (at the beginning of the word) с целью образовать новое слово. Наиболее часто используемые префиксы включают «in-», «un-», «dis-», «im-», «ir-» и т. д.

Примеры словообразования путем добавления приставки:

Добавление суффиксов

Суффикс – это короткий слог, добавляемый в конце основного слова. Добавление суффиксов обычно изменяет класс  конкретного слова. Наиболее распространенные суффиксы включают «-ment», «-ness», «-ity», «-ous», «-tion», «-sion», «-al», «-able», «-ible», ‘-ive’, ‘-ly’, ‘-ate’, ‘-er’, ‘-or’ и т. д. 

Примеры словообразования путем добавления суффикса:

Преобразование

Процесс преобразования фокусируется исключительно на изменении класса конкретного слова. Обратите внимание, как некоторые существительные используются для выполнения роли глагола или прилагательного, действующего как существительное, просто добавляя другое слово или слегка изменяя написание фактического слова.

• The rich should help the poor. / Богатые должны помогать бедным.

Прилагательные, такие как «богатый» и «бедный», используются как существительные с артиклем «the».

• Everyone is talented. / Все талантливы.

«Талантливый» — причастие прошедшего времени используется в качестве прилагательного. Слово образовано добавлением суффикса «ed» к концу существительного «талант».

• There will definitely be a lot of ups and downs in life. / В жизни определенно будет много взлетов и падений.

Предлоги «вверх» и «вниз» используются как существительные с добавлением «s» в конце.

• He texted me about the meeting only at the last minute. / Он написал мне о встрече только в последнюю минуту.

Существительное «текст», используемое для обозначения текстового сообщения, отправленного по телефону, используется в качестве глагола в предложении путем добавления «ed» в конце слова.

• The financial aid had to be approved before we could make a decision. / Финансовая помощь должна была быть одобрена, прежде чем мы смогли принять решение.

Существительное «финансы» используется как прилагательное, добавляя к нему «ial» в конце, а глагол «решать» используется как существительное, удаляя «de» и добавляя к слову «sion».

Формирование сложных слов

Сложные слова образуются путем соединения одной части речи с другой, образуя определенный класс слов. Существует множество способов образования сложных слов. Глаголы соединяются с прилагательными, образуя составные глаголы, причастие настоящего времени сочетается с существительным, образуя составное существительное, два существительных соединяются, образуя составное существительное, прилагательное и существительное соединяются, образуя составное существительное, наречие в сочетании с существительным образуют составное существительное, прилагательное в сочетании с причастием прошедшего времени образует составное прилагательное и так далее. 

Далее предлагаю более подробно разобрать словообразование в каждой части речи.

Приставки как способ словообразования в английском 

Приставки в английском языке являются одним из самых сложных грамматических аспектов для изучения. Приставки типа im-, in-, un- могут изменить весь смысл предложения. Приставки можно разделить на две группы: отрицательные и все остальные. Наиболее употребительные отрицательные приставки: un-, in-, dis-.

Отрицательные приставки в английском языке

Отрицательные приставки

Приставка un-

Также un- присоединяется к глаголам, чтобы выразить противоположное действие.

Приставка in-

Нет правил, регулирующих, когда используется un-, а когда in-, хотя по смыслу эти приставки не отличаются. Важная разница в том, что in- НЕ используется в глаголах.

Приставка in — видоизменяется в некоторых случаях:

• перед l превращается в il-
• перед r превращается в ir-
• перед m и p превращается в im-

Приставка dis-

Dis- может выражать отрицание или противоположное действие.

Отрицание:

Противоположное действие:

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Другие отрицательные приставки

Среди прочих отрицательных приставок много международных, латинского и греческого происхождения, встречающихся и в русском языке.

• aab— (без-, не-, а-): abnormal — ненормальный, amoral — аморальный.
• anti- (анти-, противо-): antivirus — антивирус, antibiotic — антибиотик.
• counter- (контр-, противо-): counterstrike — контрудар, counter-clockwise — против часовой стрелки.
• de- (лишать, удалять): decode — раскодировать, deformation — расформирование.
• non- (отрицание, отсутствие): non-stop — безостановочный, non-alcoholic — безалкогольный.

Приставки с разными значениями

• В современном английском языке есть слова с неотделяемыми приставками, в них входят приставки, перечисленные в таблице выше, но, отделив их, мы не получим самостоятельного слова. Например: reduce (сокращать), discuss (обсуждать), prepare (готовить). На самом деле эти приставки — уже и не приставки вовсе. Когда-то давно они приросли к корням слов, ныне уже неупотребительным и видоизмененным, и постепенно сами вошли в состав корня слова. К примеру, в слове prepare (готовить) pre — это уже не приставка, а часть корня слова.
• В разговорной речи в ходу слово «ex» — оно в точности соответствует нашему «бывший, бывшая» и имеет значение «бывший мужпарень, бывшая женадевушка»: My ex texted me — Мой бывший написал мне СМС.

Суффиксы как способ словообразования в английском

Суффикс — это буква или группа букв, присоединяемые к концу слова для образования нового слова или для изменения грамматической функции (или части речи) слова. Например, глагол  read  превращается в прилагательное readable добавлением суффикса -able.

Понимание значений общих суффиксов может помочь вам понять значения новых слов, с которыми вы сталкиваетесь. В некоторых случаях написание корня   или  основы слова  изменяется при добавлении суффикса. Например, в словах, оканчивающихся на y , которым предшествует согласная (например, существительное beauty и прилагательное ugly), y  может измениться на i при добавлении суффикса (как в прилагательном beautiful и существительном ugliness). 

Подробная статья о суффиксах в английском языке — «СУФФИКСЫ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ — ПРОСТЫМ ЯЗЫКОМ». В статье не только суффиксы прилагательных, но и словообразование существительных и глаголов с помощью суффиксов.

Как образуются глаголы в английском

Глаголы в английском языке образуются с помощью суффиксов (обособленных, неотделяемых), префиксов и с помощью конверсии.

Префиксы для образования глаголов

Суффиксы для образования глаголов

Суффиксы помогают преобразовывать одну часть речи в другую. Например, The butter is very soft because of the heat. – The butter softens when it is hot. / Масло очень мягкое из-за тепла. — Масло размягчается, когда оно горячее. 

Другой пример — «-ize », который превращает существительные в глаголы. We should try to synthesize all of this information so that it is easier to understand. / Мы должны попытаться синтезировать всю эту информацию, чтобы ее было легче понять.

Наиболее распространенные глагольные суффиксы и их значение:

Как образуются наречия  в английском

Наречие — это слово, которое изменяет глагол, прилагательное или другое наречие. Другими словами, наречия описывают действия или другие описательные слова. 

В большинстве случаев наречие образуется путем добавления «ly» к прилагательному.

Иногда прилагательное оканчивается на «у». В этих случаях замените «y» на «i» и добавьте «ly». 

С использованием суффиксов -wise, -ward, -like и пр.

Очень важно, чтобы слова образовывались правильно: помимо  суффикса -ly, наречия могут образоваться и при помощи иных суффиксов: -wise, -ward, -like.

Некоторые слова относятся и к наречию, и к прилагательному.

far/near —  далеко/близко;

early/late — рано/поздно;

high/low — высоко/низко;

little/much — мало/много.

Таблица словообразования по частям речи 

Для того чтобы разобраться в множестве вариантов и лучше усвоить образование слов в английском языке, я подготовила таблицу.

Объединение суффиксов и приставок: преобразование слов в английском языке

Важнейшим элементом в процессе преобразования является смысл. Слово, которое не претерпевает структурных изменений, но изменяет грамматические категории (и, следовательно, в некоторой степени значение), претерпело преобразование. 

Ключевая характеристика словообразования – это его продуктивность. От одного корня можно образовать целую группу слов, добавляя разные приставки и суффиксы. Приведем несколько примеров.

• Для possible словообразование может выглядеть следующим образом: possible (возможный) — possibility (возможность) — impossibility (невозможность).
• Цепочка переходов для слова occasion: occasion (случай) — occasional (случайный) — occasionally (случайно).
• Для слова agree словообразование можно выстроить в цепочки с приставкой и без приставки: agree (соглашаться) — agreeable (приемлемый / приятный) — agreeably (приятно) — agreement (соглашение, согласие).
  agree (соглашаться) — disagree (противоречить, расходиться в мнениях) — disagreeable (неприятный) — disagreeably (неприятно) — disagreement (разногласие).

Конверсия в английском

Конверсия – это процесс словообразования, при котором слово одной грамматической формы становится словом другой грамматической формы без изменения в написании или произношении. 

Например, существительное email появилось в английском задолго до глагола. Еще десятилетие назад единственным возможным вариантом было сказать: send an email (отправить имейл. Здесь email — существительное), в то время как сейчас мы можем просто email people («имейлить» людям. Здесь email является глаголом).  

Сокращение в английском

Часто аббревиатуры можно встретить в интернет переписках и в различных мессенджерах. Ими заменяют часто используемые выражения, которые слишком долго писать целыми. Например, сокращения btw — by the way, idk — I don’t know. Более подробно эту тему я разбирала в статье «АНГЛИЙСКИЙ МОЛОДЕЖНЫЙ СЛЕНГ — 100 САМЫХ ПОПУЛЯРНЫХ ФРАЗ»

Словообразование важный аспект при изучении английского языка. Он относится к процессам, посредством которых создаются новые слова. Глубоко понять английский невозможно без погружения в эту тему.

PROGRESS English School поможет вам освоить новые английские слова и выражения. Мы разработали курс «Интенсив», который всего за 1-3 месяца улучшит ваш английский на 1-3 уровня. 

Word formation. Noun suffixes in English (grade 9)

This is a lesson from the cycle «Word formation in English»  and in it we will consider the common noun suffixes: -er / or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence / ance (5). Exercises on word formation of a noun will help you understand how nouns are formed in English using suffixes, as well as prepare for English exams in the form of the OGE and USE.

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Basic noun suffixes in English (grade 9)

Remember 5 main noun suffixes. 

1. er / or (worker)
2. tion (informaproduction)
3. ing (reading)
4. ness (happyness)
5. ence / ance (difference)

Next, let’s dwell in more detail on each of them.

1. Suffixes of nouns formed from a verb

1. -er / or (doer suffix) dance — dancer work — workercollect — collector

   invent — inventor

2. -tion (process suffix) collect — collection

   invent — invention
3. -ingsuffer — suffering warn — warning

   mean — meaning

Remember three suffixes -er (-or), -tion, -ing, with the help of which nouns are formed from the verb.

2. Suffixes of nouns formed from an adjective

1. -nessill — illness

   kind — kindness

2. -ance / -ence (corresponding adjectives have suffixes: -ant / -ent) important — importance

   different — difference

Remember two suffixes: -ness, -ence (ance), with the help of which nouns are formed from an adjective.

Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises

 Suffixes -ness & -tion Are the most common noun suffixes.
Exercise 1. Suffix -ness. Translate these nouns and indicate the adjectives from which they are derived.

foolishness, happiness, seriousness, illness, readiness, richness, strangeness, carelessness, whiteness, cleverness, greatness, brightness

Note.

Source: http://englishinn.ru/slovoobrazovanie-suffiksyi-sushhestvitelnyih-v-angliy.html

Formation of verbs in English

Download this online tutorial in PDF

Verbs in English are formed using suffixes (detached, non-separable), prefixes and using conversion.

Formation of verbs using separate suffixes

New verbs are often formed from existing ones using separate suffixes. The most common single suffixes are: back, away, down, in, off, on, out, up, over… Separated suffixes are usually added to monosyllabic verb stems. Matching in form with adverbs, individual suffixes in some cases retain spatial shades of meaning, slightly changing the meaning of the original stem:

to go (to go) — to go away (to leave),

to come (to come) — to come back (to return),

to look (look) — to look up (look up)

In other cases, adding a separate suffix creates a verb with a completely new meaning:

to give (to give) — to give up (to give up some activity), to get (to receive) — to get off (get off the vehicle), to go (to go) — to go on (to continue doing something).

Examples of verbs with separate suffixes:

away: to go away to leave; to run away escape; to throw away to throw; to do away with smth. destroy, liquidate something; to take away

back: to come / go back — return

down: to sit down to sit down; to settle down to settle; to come down to go down; to climb down to get down, get off; to slow down to slow down (The vehicle slowed down at the next turn) to write down to write

in: to come in to enter (Come in, please!) to get in to enter the transport; to hand in hand in, hand over (Hand in your papers!) to run in to run in; to drop in visit

off: to bite off bite off; to cut off cut off, chop off; to take off take off (Take off your cap and boots) to switch off off (Switch off the lights, it isn’t dark.) to get off off the vehicle (This is where I usually get off).

on: to call on to attend (He often called on Helen when she was ill.) to go on to continue (Go on writing!) to carry on to continue some work; to put on put on, put on; to switch on turn on, turn on the light (Switch on the lights, it’s getting dark.) to get on live (How is Mike getting on?)

out: to get out to go out (Get out! Go away!) to run out to run out; to take out take out; to find out find out; to carry out execute (We should carry out our research.) to cut out cut; to make out understand, understand (I can’t make anything out).

over: to come over to come (Hey, Kate, come over to my place!) to talk over to discuss; to think over to think (We should think it over).

up: to come up to come; to drive up to drive up by car; to cheer up to cheer up, to cheer up (Cheer up, Jack! Don’t be sad, Jack!) to get up to get out of bed; to look up to look up; to shut up to shut up (Shut up, Terry!) to make up invent, compose; to wake up wake up

Formation of verbs using inseparable suffixes

Of the suffixes of the usual type for the formation of verbs, the suffix -ize is often used, which forms verbs with an abstract meaning: to realize, to privatize, to mobilize, to organize.

There are also verbs formed from adjectives using the -en suffix: broad (wide) — to broaden (expand) to lengthen, to widen, to redden, to darken.

Forming verbs using prefixes

With the help of prefixes, verbs are usually formed from the verbs themselves. Frequent verb prefixes are as follows:

The prefix ge-, which means repeated action:

reread

rebuild

rewrite (write again, rewrite)

Verbs with other meanings also have this prefix: to remember, to respect, to recover, etc.

The prefix dis-, which means an action opposite to that expressed by the derivative verb stem:

to disagree, to disappear, to disapprove, to discover, to dis.

The prefix mis-, which means an action performed by an error: to misunderstand (misunderstand), to mispronounce (mispronounce), to misbehave (misbehave), to mistake (make a mistake, mistakenly consider someone else).

Formation of verbs using conversion

Thus, verbs are formed mainly from nouns:

dust — to dust

a bomb (bomb) — to bomb (bomb)

water — to water

a hand (hand) — to hand (hand)

a head — to head

a finger (finger) — to finger (press with a finger)

winter (winter) — to winter (winter)

The number of verbs formed from nouns by conversion is very large.

Source: http://englishgu.ru/obrazovanie-glagolov-v-angliyskom-yazyike/

Suffixes in English: 40 Most Common

Hey.

Source: https://corp.lingualeo.com/ru/2016/11/16/suffiksyi-v-angliyskom-yazyike/

Methods of forming nouns in English

How to replenish vocabulary more than 3 times without memorizing? Adopt this method and — voila! Vocabulary enlarged before our eyes.
This method is word formation. How does this work for nouns?

Briefly — about the main thing Usually the topic is studied indefinitely. There is a more effective method: covering the entire «puzzle» at a time. Seeing a clear picture, you can easily refine the little things without negativity.

So, the formation of nouns in English assumes skills:

1. convert a noun from a verb and vice versa;
2. use affixes;
3. put a different emphasis;
4. replace the consonant at the root;
5. form compound words.

Many do not assume how many words they ALREADY know. They simply do not know how to use this wealth competently.
Having learned 5 skills, you can refer to the dictionary just to check it.

1. Conversion

Nouns in English are related to verbs in an interesting way: they can be the same word. This method is called  conversion… This is the first skill. Using it, it is easy to guess about the translation of 60% of English words. Moreover, verbs can be converted not only into nouns, but also into adjectives.

The examples below will help you understand the phenomenon of conversion.

Example: love = to love / love.  

Verb convergent word noun

Many are embarrassed that in translation into Russian, both words are not the same root. But the language is different.
It’s funny, but the British created it for themselves! For native speakers, these are absolutely identical words: to milk — milk (milk), to name — name (name — name).

2. Affixation

This «scary» word means suffixes plus prefixes. All prefixes are of two types: negative and significant.
Acquaintance with negative ones has already taken place through borrowing: dysfunction, antispam, deflation. Significant — different in meaning, but amenable to logic.

Prefixes

2 groups of prefixes will allow you to find the meaning of a word by context without a dictionary. If you learn the meaning of each prefix separately, the brain starts to panic, it looks for the right algorithm. It takes time, and speech slows down.

And most importantly, the desire to study the language at all disappears.

Example: everyone knows the prefixes «dis-«, «de-«, «anti-«. But for some reason they do not notice them in English!
An important detail: most negative prefixes of nouns work with verbs.  

Negative prefixes

Significant prefixes

Most are present in their native language, in borrowings.

You can check the skill of forming nouns in English using a dictionary, but after an independent attempt.
For example, form words: disqualification, pseudoscience, professional, extraordinary, hyperactive, and others. Such training is enjoyable and helps to understand the language.

Source: https://www.study.ru/courses/elementary/obrazovanie-sushchestvitelnyh

Suffixes in English — Learn All

There can be confusion between suffixes and endings in English (both are often called word endings), besides, English terminology in this matter is slightly different from Russian. Therefore, let’s start with the basic concepts.

The ending is an inflectional morpheme. It changes the form of a word, but not its meaning, and at the same time carries a grammatical load:

• pencil — pencils (ending indicates plural)
• work — worked (the ending indicates the elapsed time)

The suffix, in turn, is a derivational morpheme. Suffixes in English create new words, either by changing the meaning of the original one, or by converting one part of speech to another:

• red — reddish (red — reddish)
• teach — teacher (teach — teacher)

There are very few endings in English — these are -s (-es), -ed and -ing. There are a lot of suffixes in English. In this article, we will consider only the most common ones.

Profession and occupation suffixes (-er, -ent, -ess)

The -er suffix is ​​perhaps the most common and productive for «doers.» With it, you can form a noun from almost any verb.

• write> writer — write> writer
• bake> baker — oven> baker
• paint> painter — paint> painter

Most modern words denoting the performer of an action are formed precisely with his help. This also applies to inanimate objects.

• printer — printer
• scanner — scanner

Many words that come from French and Latin have the -or suffix:

• doctor — doctor
• tailor — tailor
• actor — actor

The English suffix -ist often denotes an activity related to science and medicine:

• scientist — scientist
• dentist — dentist
• biologist — biologist

It also denotes an adherent of any views and beliefs:

• pacifist — pacifist
• communist — communist
• realist — realist

Other suffixes in English of words of Latin and Greek origin:

Suffix -ian:

• musician — musician
• librarian — librarian
• mathematician — mathematician

Suffix -ent:

• student — student
• resident — resident, resident
• agent — agent

Suffix -ant:

• informant — informant
• assistant — assistant
• confidant — confidant

The -ess suffix is ​​one of the few «feminine» suffixes in English:

• waitress — waitress
• actress — actress
• princess — princess

Process, action, phenomenon suffixes (-ment, -ion, -ism)

The suffix in English -ment is needed when forming verbal nouns and means an action or its result:

• movement — movement
• entertainment — entertainment
• concealment — concealment

The -ion suffix also denotes an action, process, or result of that process:

• revolution — revolution
• isolation — isolation
• restriction — restriction

The suffix -ism denotes a system of views, beliefs:

• racism — racism
• communism — communism
• pacifism — pacifism

State, quality, property suffixes (-ance / -ence, -dom, -hood, -ity, -ness, -ship, -th)

The -ance / -ence suffix in a noun usually matches the -ant / -ent suffix in an adjective:

• different — difference
• important — importance (important — importance)
• independent — independence

The suffixes in English -hood and -ship mean a person’s condition associated with his age, social relations, and sometimes activity; or a group of people united by this state.

• childhood — childhood
• motherhood — motherhood
• priesthood — clergy
• friendship — friendship
• internship — internship, internship

The suffix -dom means states and properties of a broader meaning:

• freedom — freedom
• wisdom — wisdom
• martyrdom — Martyrdom

The suffix in English -ness means possession of some quality and serves to form nouns from adjectives:

• kindness — kindness
• usefulness — usefulness
• vastness — vastness

The -th suffix more often means physical properties:

• strength — strength
• length — length
• warmth — warm

The suffix -ity means property, quality, and is common for words of Latin origin:

• brevity — brevity
• velocity — speed
• purity — purity

Adjective suffixes

The suffix -ful in English means possession of quality (and is related to the adjective full — «full»):

• beautiful — beautiful
• useful — useful

The -less suffix is ​​opposite in meaning to the previous one and means lack of quality:

• careless — carefree
• harmless — harmless

The suffix -able, -ible characterizes the property or accessibility for any action:

• edible — edible
• portable — portable, portable
• admirable — admirable

The suffixes -ic and -al mean «related, related»:

• heroic — heroic
• mythic — mythical
• cultural — cultural
• musical — musical

The -ous suffix also carries a characteristic:

• dangerous — dangerous
• nutritious — nutritious

The English suffix -ish has several meanings:

expresses similarity (in terms of appearance, behavior)

• girlish — girlish
• childich — childish, childish
• foolish — stupid

weakens the meaning of an adjective

• reddish — reddish
• narrowish — narrowish

means nationality, language or country

• English — English
• Swedish — Swedish

The suffix -ive means possession of a property, the ability:

• attractive — attractive
• sedative — sedative

The English suffix -y is used to form many simple adjectives:

• rainy — rainy
• dirty — dirty
• sunny — sunny

Vertex suffixes

Verb suffixes are not so diverse and almost all have the meaning of «doing something» or «becoming something.»

Suffix -ate

• motivate — to motivate
• activate — activate

Suffix -en

• lengthen — lengthen
• strengthen — strengthen

Suffix -ify

• verify — confirm
• clarify — to clarify

Suffix -ize, -ise

• visualize — render
• neutralize — neutralize

Adverb suffix

Adverbs are formed with just one suffix in English -ly:

• loudly — loudly
• beautifully — beautifully
• politely — politely

We read further:

10 ways to tell an adjective from an adverb in English

What are the types of sentences in English

5 simple rules for word order in English

Adverb, know your place!

Source: https://skyeng.ru/articles/chto-vy-ne-znali-o-suffiksah-v-anglijskom

Plural in English — online lessons for beginners

Read the entire lesson and do a short, easy listening exercise (a translation is shown after each assignment). In the second block of the exercise, you will be asked to write the same phrases under dictation, so listen and read carefully the phrases that you compose in the first block.  

  Start exercise  

In most cases, the plural in English is formed very simply — the ending “-s» or «-Is«, which read differently depending on the consonant in front of it — voiced or voiceless:

For words ending in «s, ss, ch, tch, x» (hissing or whistling sounds), the ending «-Is«, Which reads loudly [of].

In a side-by-side exercise (see the main exercise below), an English noun is shown; to see it in the plural, just click on the word.

In the lesson exercise, beginners will be able to compose phrases on their own — click on the English words to translate the phrase proposed in Russian. A few words that we will meet in the exercise:

• to want [that uOnt] — to want (the verb following the verb «to want» requires the use of a particle «to«- I want to help you — I want to help you) to have [tu hEv] — to have one [uan] — one

Features of the use of plural nouns

Grammatical addition: in English, the plural can be in «countable nouns«. There are a number of nouns that are used only in the singular (we emphasize, in English; the use of words in Russian and English can both coincide and diverge, but we need to get out of the habit of making comparisons with the native language, and plunge into the logic of English):

• money [mani] — money hair [hea] — hair advice [adv] — advice

A number of other nouns are used only in the plural form:

• glasses [glAsiz] — glassesgoods [goodz] — goods trousers [trauzez] — trousers people [people] — people (singular, but implies the plural)

A number of English nouns form the plural in a special way:

• man — men [men] — [men] — man / men, people woman — women [umen] — [wiming] — woman / women (we prepare the organs of speech for pronouncing [y], but immediately pronounce the next sound) child — children [child] — [chIldren] — child / children

A separate lesson will be devoted to these features of the plural in English; now it is important for beginners to remember the basic rule for the formation of the plural.

Plural adjectives

Adjectives in english do not change in the plural and do not change by gender:

• good guy [good boy] — good boy good boys [good boys] — good boys good girl [good girl] — good girl good girls [good girls] — good girls

A noun before another noun can act as an adjective; in this case, it is not used in the plural:

• life situations — life situations

▲ Start online exercise

Next: Articles A, AN, THE and a bit of TO. • Tutor: preparation for the exam and exam, passing international exams.
• «My day» / «Working day» / «My day off»
• TEST elementary / intermediate

Source: http://english.prolingvo.info/beginner/plural.php

Formation of adjectives in English

The formation of adjectives in English is a rather important and interesting topic. Of course, you can speak English at a fairly high level without going into such details, but such information will not be superfluous.

As in Russian, English adjectives can be derived from other parts of speech. These are usually verbs and nouns. Adjectives are formed using suffixes and prefixes. So, first things first.

Formation of English adjectives using prefixes

Prefixes, or prefixes, are added at the beginning of a word and change its meaning. Usually they change the meaning of the adjective to the opposite, negative. A few examples:

• un— (unlucky)
• in— (invisible)
• dis— (discontent)
• il— (illegal)
• ir— (irrational)
• im— (immovable)

There are several prefixes that change the meaning of a word, but without a negative meaning:

• pre— (pre-emptive)
• hyper— (hypertensive, hyperactive)

Formation of English adjectives using suffixes

There are a lot of varieties of English adjectives formed in the suffix way. As an example, there is a picture with the main suffixes, as well as a few examples of words.

• ful (wonderful, graceful)
• less (pointless, careless)
• able (vulnerable, tolerable)
• ible (terrible, permissible)
• ant (pleasant, hesitant)
• ent (different, patient)
• ic (scientific, iconic)
• ive (active, impressive)
• y (angry, dirty)
• ing (interesting, worrying)
• ed (confused, excited)
• al (general, typical)
• (i) an (Victorian, American)
• You reprise the theme of the  (gorgeous, famous)
• ish (childish, Irish)

There is also a classification of English adjectives according to the parts of speech from which they are derived. Adjectives can be formed from nouns, verbs, as well as from other adjectives using various suffixes and prefixes, examples of which have already been considered. The very form of the word may also change. For example, the adjective long is formed from the noun length with a change at the root of the word.

Source: https://english-bird.ru/forming-adjectives/

Formation of nouns in English: suffixes, prefixes, etc.

To do it right assignments 26 — 31 from section «Grammar and Vocabulary» on the Unified State Exam in English, You need to know the most used prefixes and suffixes of nouns. 

I want to say right away that the article will be long, so be patient and read it to the end.

Helpful advice: 

Be sure to learn all the words from this article, as they are selected from real assignments of past years, which were proposed for implementation on the exam in English.

Work separately with each block, spelling out the words, even if they seem familiar to you.

Remember that in assignments 26 — 31 along with your ability to form new words using various affixes, your spelling skills are assessed!

Education model: Verb + er = Noun

When adding a suffix — er to a verb or noun, a noun is formed, denoting a profession, occupation of a person, as well as the names of some objects:

To write — writer, to sing — singer, to drive — driver, to teach — teacher, to examine — examiner, to learn — learner, to build — builder, to loaf — loafer (quitter)

Trumpet — trumpeter (trumpeter), bank — banker (banker), finance — financier (financier)

To contain — container (container), to dust — duster (duster), to grate — grater (grater), to mix — mixer (mixer), to shake — shaker (shaker), to blend — blender (blender), to open — opener (can-opener)

Mince (minced meat) — mincer (meat grinder)

Exception:   to lie (lie) — LIAR   (liar / liar)

Education model:Verb + or = noun

When adding a suffix — or a noun denoting a profession, occupation of a person is formed to the verb (these are mainly nouns of Latin and French origin):

To act — actor (actor), to advise — advisor / —er (advisor, consultant), to animate — animator (animator), to conduct — conductor (conductor), to create — creator (creator), to decorate — decorator (decorator, painter, wallpaper passer), to direct — director (director, director), to educate — educator (teacher), to illustrate — illustrator (illustrator), to invent — inventor (inventor), to invest — investor (investor, contributor), to instruct — instructor (instructor), to translate — translator (translator), to sail — sailor (sailor), to visit — visitor (visitor), to conquer — coqueror (conqueror)

Here are some more nouns with the suffix —or, to remember:

doctor, professionalor, sculptureor, sponsor, ancestor (ancestor), tutor, mentor (mentor)

Education model: Noun + ist = Noun

When adding a suffix  -ist a noun is formed to the noun, denoting a profession, occupation of a person:

art — art (artist), cello — cell (cellist), chemistry — chem (chemist, pharmacist), drama — dramat (playwright), ecology — ecolog (ecologist), economics — econom (economist), geology — geolog (geologist), genetics — genetic (geneticist), guitar — guitar (guitarist), journal — journal (journalist), medal — medal (medalist), meteorology — meteorolog (meteorologist), optimism — optim

Source: https://crownenglishclub.ru/dlya-nachinayushhih/obrazovanie-sushhestvitelnyh-v-anglijskom-yazyke-suffiksy-pristavki-i-dr.html

Formation of words in English in examples

As in our native Russian, in other languages, words are also added, for example, with suffixes, as a result of which a new word is obtained. Knowledge of how words are formed in English opens up quite a lot to the student. Having mastered some simple rules and looking at a few examples, you will soon learn to intuitively “create” new phrases as you speak. Fortunately, this is easier in English than in Russian.

Nouns are the basis for word formation. It is from them that, as a rule, comes the formation of verbs, adjectives, as well as their various degrees. It is worth noting that English words are not inflected for cases, only prepositions are used for this.

There are many types of word formation. However, they are not difficult to learn. For a start, it’s a good idea to know how they are created.

Conversion: we create a new one without changing anything

It is common in the English language such a change when nothing changes, except for the part of speech. Such is the pun, however, it is. Most often, a noun is transformed, becoming a verb. In this case, the spelling and pronunciation remain the same. This is called conversion.

Attention! This is not a rule, that is, you cannot just take any noun and use it instead of a verb. It’s just that a lot of words are created in English that way. There are many examples:

• a look — look
• to look at — look
• present — a gift
• to present — to be present; present
• present — present

It should be separately noted here that the word «present» in English is one of the many forms of the verb. It is included here to illustrate how multifaceted the use of the same word is in this case.

There are also words where the spelling remains the same, but the stress changes. A change in stress occurs along with a change in part of speech:

Conversion words are not worth experimenting with. Especially if you are with native speakers or if you are communicating with those who know it better than you. This type and the moments when it can be applied are studied in the process, as if by themselves.

Composition

Composition is a simple «mathematics of words». In this case, 2 words just add up into one. This is akin to our «plumbing» and the like. It’s the same in English.

New words are formed in this way simply — there are practically no additional letters for connection, most often the original words are simply written together or with a hyphen:

• Schoolday — school day (in Russian it is advisable to replace it with «school day»).
• Air-base — air base.

Changing parts of speech using suffixes

There are several suffixes in English that allow you to conveniently change the part of speech. In this case, most often the «connecting part» does not change.

In Russian it is more difficult: beauty is beautiful. That is, to transform it into an adjective, you also need to change the ending of the original «beauty». In English, a suffix is ​​simply added, and occasionally you only have to change one letter.

Here only the letter «y» has changed. In many cases, this is not required either.

How to write adjective comparison forms

Comparison of adjectives is about the same as in Russian. Let’s remember: high — higher — highest (highest).

In English, suffixes are used for this:

— er for comparison;

— the + word + suffix est for superlative.

• tall (high) — taller — the tallest.

This is how all comparisons are formed; no more than a dozen exceptions. It should be remembered that if the original variant ends in «y», then before the suffix it will be replaced with «i». Also, in all cases when the word ends with «e», instead of «er» will be simply «r», instead of «est» — «st». The second «e» is, as it were, eaten.

This addition rule is valid for any suffixes, not just comparative degrees. Exceptions are very rare.

«-Ful» and «-less» for adjectives

There are not so many adjectives that exist on their own, which have not been affected in any way by the word formation of English words. More than half of all adjectives are formed with various suffixes. Among them «-ful» and «-less» — they require separate consideration.

Literally, they can be translated as «a lot, full» and «little, not enough», respectively.

• Success is success.
• Successful — «full of success», or rather successful.

This is how many adjectives are formed. In this case, as in all others, it must be borne in mind that not every method and not every word is suitable. Big experiments are not worth carrying out. But knowing all the suffixes will make translation from English several times easier. Just knowing the translation of one noun, reading a book or listening to another person, you can instantly draw a conclusion about what this or that adjective means.

• help — help
• helpless — helpless

If you come across words familiar to you with the addition of the suffixes «-ful» and «-less», you can first translate them verbatim and immediately recall a simpler and more frequently used translation.

Formation of adjectives from verbs

There is another way to «make» an adjective from a verb. There are the following suffixes used for this purpose:

1. — able;
2. — en;
3. — al;
4. — ible;
5. — ant;
6. — ent.

It should be noted that these are far from all, but the most used suffixes. As you learn English, you will most likely soon learn to guess what this or that suffix means if you didn’t know it before:

• Eat — eatable
• Effect — effective

How to make a noun out of a noun?

Also, with the help of simple suffixes -or and -er, the names of professions, statuses and the like are created. Sometimes from nouns, and sometimes from other parts of speech, verbs, for example.

• Bike — biker
• Teach — teacher
• Work — worker

This rule is quite common. Basically, this is how the occupation is indicated in English: by adding a suffix, as a rule, to a noun or to a verb, you get a new noun that characterizes a person by his activities or hobbies. Sometimes such a word can also mean the object with which the action is performed:

• To mix — mixer

Other endings are also used for the same purpose: -ment, -ent, -ant:

• to study — student

How do you know which ending to use? Most often, short endings are added to short words, and long endings to long ones. Also, if you don’t know how to do it correctly, try to orient yourself by ear: substitute what sounds better. The rules were invented for a reason, they are quite intuitive.

«-Ly» and «-en»: Formation of adverbs and adjectives

To make an adjective or adverb out of a noun, the suffix «-ly» or «y» is often added:

• Friend — friendly
• Luck — lucky

With the help of all the same «-ly» and «-y», adverbs can be formed from adjectives:

• Sad — sadly
• Bad — badly

There is also a suffix «-en», with the help of which an object is converted into a property:

• Wood — wooden
• Gold — golden

Word formation using prefixes

In addition to suffixes, there are also so-called prefixes in English. In a sense, they are analogous to Russian prefixes and prepositions, many of them can even be translated.

Among the common ones are «un-«, as well as «ir-«, analogs of the particle «not»:

• Irregular — irregular
• Unknown — unknown

For the same purpose, the following prefixes are used:

1. of;
2. im;
3. il;
4. mis;
5. non;
6. say;
7. anti.

There are also prefixes that mean «over», «over», «overly»:

1. about;
2. super;
3. ultra;
4. extra.

The list of the listed forms of word formation in English, given above, is not complete. This topic is very extensive, it requires more in-depth study. However, the main methods of word formation are shown, those that are used most often.

It will be difficult to just learn and apply them, but you can easily recognize new words in the language, just remembering this set of rules. It should be noted that it is very difficult to predict which particular suffix or prefix will be used. But in the process of studying you will often meet with them and gradually you will be able to remember their meaning automatically.

Article recommended by an expert: Maria Solomatina

Source: https://1hello.ru/grammatika/obrazovanie-slov-v-anglijskom-yazyke-v-primerax.html

Nouns in English (The Nouns): gender, classification, method of formation, 100 popular nouns

In this article we will talk about nouns in English, about their structure, classification, method of formation and use cases. And also you will find out which nouns are the most popular today.

A noun (the noun) is a word that is the name of something, for example, a person, object, place, quality, concept, etc. Answers the questions what is this? (what is this?) and who is this? (who is this?). The noun comes from the Latin word nomen (name).

Gender of nouns in English

In some languages, the noun has gender. This means that it «forces» other words, such as an adjective, to change their spelling according to certain rules. In Russian: a beautiful girl, an interesting film, etc. The gender category in grammar has nothing to do with the gender (gender) category in biology.

In English grammar, nouns have no gender category. But, on the other hand, the concept of the biological sex of a person or an object has a definite impact on some areas of English grammar.

The choice of a particular noun in English depends on where the personal or possessive pronoun occupies in the sentence. But such a difference in gender is noticeable only with nouns in the singular.

For example, the

— He didn’t appreciate his help. — He did not appreciate his help
— He didn’t appreciate it. — He didn’t appreciate it.

Despite the fact that before the word help is the possessive pronoun his, it does not become masculine, however, there is a certain «echo».

But with all this, according to some groups of nouns in English that name people, it is possible to determine whether it is masculine or feminine.

man — woman
husband — wife

The genus of some animals can be distinguished by their name.

Male (male) A cock — cock

A bull — bull

Female A hen — chicken

A cow — cow

Below is a table of masculine / feminine nouns.

As for the neuter gender, it can only be determined by the pronouns it and its.

— The truth will emerge. It always does. — The truth will be revealed. It always opens up.

Nouns denoting inanimate objects and abstract concepts are also neuter: government, summer, brochure, etc.

With some nouns of a general gender (i.e. when the word can be both masculine and feminine), you can determine the gender if you have the necessary information. But if there is no such knowledge, then choosing a suitable pronoun becomes problematic. For example,

— a driverhe / she (driver) — the cookhe / she (cook)

— doctorhe / she (doctor)

In the informal colloquial version of the English language, a solution was found — the pronoun their is most often used instead of his / her, even despite the singular number. Many believe that this is grammatically incorrect, however, this option has taken root and is widely used.

— Someone has left their coat in my room. “Someone left their coat in my office.

— Today, I picked up a few things at the store, and then I picked up my childs at school. Just a regular day in my lifes, many other daies! — Today I bought a few things in the store, then I took the children from school. Just an ordinary day in my life, just like every other day!

At first glance, quite normal sentences with several nouns. But this is only for the first time. In fact, several errors can be found here. Pay attention to the following words — childs, lifes, daies. The plural is incorrectly formed in these words.

Using the example of this sentence, it becomes clear that it is important to pay attention, it is necessary to use the noun in the singular or in the plural, and, accordingly, to know the rules for the formation of plural.

There are several basic rules for the formation of plural nouns in English.

• 1. Most nouns in English require the addition of an ending —s. For example,

Source: https://englishmix.ru/grammatika/nouns/sushhestvitelnye-v-angliyskom-the-noun

Word formation in English

High USE results in English are a real opportunity for school graduates to enter universities for specialties that require proficiency in English. According to the official data, the section «Grammar and Vocabulary», where the language competence of graduates is checked, the examinees perform worse than the sections «Listening» and «Reading», so preparation for it requires serious attention. But word formation tasks seem to be especially difficult for graduates.

In different textbooks, word formation exercises are found, but there is no proper systematization in any of them. In this regard, it became necessary to create a system of exercises together with the generalization and systematization of students’ knowledge on the topic «Word formation».

At first glance, it may seem that there are many such exercises in any collection. But the structure of this collection is such that the systematization is carried out from simple to complex with increasing and expanding information.

First, students practice word formation using affixes of only nouns, then only adjectives, then nouns and adjectives, after which verbs, adverbs and numbers are added. There are exercises to recognize the suffixes of various parts of speech, to determine the composition of words.

The selection of exercises ends with a test, which includes all types of exercises.

This system of exercises can be used in preparation for the exam by repeating the topic «Word formation with the help of affixes».

Word formation using affixes

Many new words in English are formed by affixing, when the prefixes en-joy, dis-, re-read or the suffixes develop-ment, self-ish are added to the beginning or end of a word (root). Affixes are prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes are at the beginning of a word, and suffixes are at the end. Prefixes, as a rule, change the meaning of a word, but do not change its belonging to one or another part of speech:

order (noun) order — disorder (noun) disorder.

Suffixes are used to form one part of speech from another:
beauty (noun) beautiful (adjective) beautiful.

Negative prefixes

Negative prefixes — un-, in-, dis-, non-.
Un- comfortable — uncomfortable, limited — unlimited. The prefix un- is sometimes attached to verbs to express the opposite action: to load — to unload, to lock — to unlock,

in-

ability — inability, complete — incomplete. Before l, the prefix in- turns into il-, before r — into ir-, and before m and p — into im-: legal — illegal, regular — irregular,

patient — impatient.

Dis- This prefix expresses negation or opposite action: negation opposite action to — to dis, to appear — to disappear, honest — dishonest, to arm — to disarm. Non- Words prefixed with non- are most often hyphenated:

conductor — non-conductor.

Prefixes with different meanings

Source: http://www.englishege.ru/grammar/150-slovoobrazovanie-v-anglijskom-yazyke.html

The participle in English (The Participle)

According to the impersonal forms of the verb, we only have the English participle for dessert. And here I have 2 news for you. I’ll start with the good one: a participle in English can correspond to a Russian participle. Bad news: the English participle can also correspond to the Russian participle. And bonus news: the English participle can be easily confused with a gerund. And in a whisper: the English participle has several forms. 

Now, don’t panic! Once you probably confused the letters «G» and «J» in the English alphabet, but this is already a distant past. We’ll figure it out, put it on the shelves and go to practice.

What is an English participle

This is another impersonal form of the verb that combines the following properties:

— verb (denotes action)
broken heart — broken heart;

— adjective (can answer the question «which»)  
working machine — a working mechanism;

— adverbs (can answer the question «how?», «Where?», «Where?», «When?», «Why?», «For what purpose?», «To what extent?») 
He was rather furious asking Ann about the school marks — He was pretty angry asking Anya about her grades. (Was angry when? Asking for grades)

Forms of the English participle

There are two main types:

1. participle I (Participle I), or present participle (Present Participle):

1.1. Present Participle Simple
This is an imperfect analogue of our Russian participle or gerunds.

Walking Look at that walking man. Look at that man walking.

I can’t be serious walking with you in the street. I can’t be serious walking down the street with you.

1.2. Present participle perfect
This is a perfect analogue of the Russian gerunds.

Having done
Having done the work she went home. After completing the work, she went home.

Source: https://iloveenglish.ru/theory/anglijskaya_grammatika/prichastie_v_anglijskom_yazike

English nouns (The Noun)

›Grammar and rules› Nouns ›English nouns (The Noun): structure, education, role in a sentence

The bitter truth when learning English is that it will not be very easy to immediately form beautiful sentences with introductory words and participial phrases. The fact is that, as in Russian, you first need to gain an active and passive vocabulary.

At the initial stage, it is not necessary to memorize some high-flown and fanciful adjectives in order to amaze the native speakers. Even if you achieve this goal, the conversation will not work out for you, because conversations in everyday life are usually about everyday trifles.

That is why let’s look at English nouns, touch on their differences, ways of education and compose the top 100 most common English words of this part of speech.

First, let’s figure out what English nouns are.

The Noun ([naun]) or noun in English is an independent part of speech that denotes an object / person / phenomena / abstract concepts and answers the questions what is this? (what is this?) and who is this? (who is this?).

Depending on their structure, meaning and method of formation, nouns can be divided into several groups.

English nouns: structure

English nouns are formed by:

• Rhoda (gender)
• Case
• Number

Gender of nouns

The gender of nouns in English is masculine, feminine and neuter. There is no grammatical ending for separating genders in English, so they do not change by gender, they do not obey any grammar rule, which greatly facilitates the use of nouns. However, when replacing nouns with pronouns, it should be borne in mind that:

• The pronouns he (he) and she (she) are used when talking about people:

• The pronoun it (it) is used when talking about the neuter gender, that is, about inanimate objects and animals.

Now pet owners often use pronouns she / he in relation to them when they know their gender, so this English form of noun replacement is also possible.

Cases of nouns

The grammar of the English language has two cases in its arsenal:

• The general case is the case that absolutely all nouns have. In this form, they are given in dictionaries and textbooks. The noun has no ending in this case.

• Possessive case — a case that is usually characteristic of animate objects. Such a case shows that some object or feature belongs to a particular person. The form is formed by adding an apostrophe to the noun and the ending –s. Let’s take a look at some of the features of using this form on tables:
• If the noun is in singular, an apostrophe and the ending -s are added to it:

• If the noun is plural and ends in -s, then only an apostrophe is added to it:

• If a singular noun ends in -s, you can use two options:

• If a subject or sign refers to several nouns at once, then the apostrophe and the ending are used only with the last one:

• If a subject or sign refers to several nouns separately, then an apostrophe and an ending are used with each:

Source: https://speakenglishwell.ru/anglijskie-sushhestvitelnye-the-noun/