Word formation verb to person

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In a
sentence or text you have to change the form of a word, e.g. from a noun to an
adjective, or from a verb to a noun. For example:

The
_____ was very nervous. (sing)

You
have to complete the sentence with the person noun (singer). You change
the verb (sing) into the person noun (singer).

·        
Look at the word you have to change. Which words do you know that
are in the same word family?

·        
The beginning of the word is often the same and the end of the
word changes.

·        
What form is the new word? A verb? A noun? An adjective? An
adverb?

·        
Nouns often end: -ment, -ion, -ness, -ity.

·        
People nouns often end: -er, -or, -ist, -ian.

·        
Adjectives often end: -able, -ible, -ive, -al, -ic, -ed, -ing.

·        
Some verbs end: -ise, -ate, -en.

·        
Adverbs often end: -ly.

·        
Is the new word negative? If so, you may need a prefix, e.g. un- (unhappy),
im- (impolite), in- (inexperienced), dis- (dishonest),
etc.

·        
If you don’t know the new word, guess. You
may be right!

There are many word beginnings (prefixes) and word
endings (suffixes) that can be added to a word to change its meaning or its
word class. The most common ones are shown here, followed by examples of how
they are used in the process of word formation. More can be found in the
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.

Verb Formation

The endings ize and ify can be added to nouns and
adjectives to form verbs.

Noun + ize = Verb

American + ize = Americanize Legal + ize = legalize

This will make the factory more modern. This will
modernize the factory. Adjective + ize = Verb

 False + ify = Falsify Humid + ify = humidify

These tablets make the water pure. They purify the
water.

Adverb Formation

The ending ly can be added to most adjectives to form
adverbs.

Adjective + ly = Adverb

Easy + ly = easily His behaviour was stupid. He
behaved stupidly

Noun Formation

The endings er, ment, and ation can be added to many
verbs to form nouns.

Verb + er = Noun Fasten + er = faster Open
+ er = opener

John drives a bus. He is a bus driver.

Amaze + ment = amazement Retire + ment = retirement

Children develop very quickly. Their development is
very quick.

Admire + ation = admiration Organize + ation =
organization

The doctor examined me. The doctor gave me an
examination.

The endings ity/ty and ness can be added to many
adjectives to form nouns.

 Stupid + ity = stupidity Don’t be so cruel. I hate
cruelty

Adjective Formation

The endings y, ic, ical, ful, and less can be added to
many nouns to form adjectives. The ending able can be added to many verbs to
form adjectives.

Noun + y = Adjective Dirt + y = dirty

That was an awful smell. It was very smelly.

Atom + ic = atomic That was a book of poetry. It was a
poetic book.

Hope + ful = hopeful His broken leg caused pain. It
was very painful.

Care + less = careless The operation didn’t cause
pain. It was painless.

Verb + able = Adjective Love + able = lovable You can
wash this coat.

It’s washable Opposites Prefixes added to the front of
many words can produce an opposite meaning. un + fortunate = unfortunate I’m
not very happy. In fact I’m very unhappy.

 Put the correct
form of the word in brackets into the blank .

1. The results were very strange! In fact,
they were ___________________ ! (BELIEVE)

2. He has an unfortunate
___________________ to understand people’s feelings (ABLE)

3. Due to the clerk’s
______________________ we missed the train (STUBBORN)

4. What we saw was beyond all
______________________ (EXPECT)

5. She is a student of the
______________________ (HUMAN)

6. The book contains some great
______________________ (ILLUSTRATE)

7. Please give us details of your present
______________________ (OCCUPY)

8. What is the ______________________ of
the Danube River (LONG)

9. The ______________________ of our
agriculture is important if we want to produce more food (MECHANIC)

10. Drug ______________________ is a
problem causing great concern (ADDICT)

11. The ______________________ of the
awards is scheduled for next Friday (PRESENT)

12. I have been sworn to
______________________ so I can’t say a word (SECRET)

13. After losing her job she was
______________________ for a month (EMPLOY)

14. Pushing into a queue is considered to
be extremely ______________________ (POLITE)

15. The audience gave the violinist a
round of ______________________ (APPLAUD)

16. He isn’t happy with his job because he
feels he is ______________________ (PAY)

17. We have just been shown another
example of ______________________ killing (SENSE)

18. My sister’s ______________________
makes hers social life difficult (SHY)

19. I’m not sure at all I really can’t say
with ______________________ (CERTAIN)

20. My ______________________ is the
history of Elizabethan England (SPECIAL)

21. The police were told by their
______________________ where to find the criminal (INFORM)

22. He received many medals for his acts
of ______________________ during the war (HERO)

23. The ______________________ of the
company is said to be dangerous to small firms (EXPAND)

24. For all of us, Marilyn Monroe was the
______________________ of beauty (PERSON)

25. I can guarantee the ______________________
of our new product (RELY)

26. The government is encouraging heavy
______________________ (INVEST)

27. People who suffer from
______________________ should buy themselves a pet (LONELY)

28. George and I have been friends since
______________________ (CHILD)

29. Everybody is worried about the
______________________ of the rain forest (DESTROY)

30. Some MPs are calling for
______________________ without trial (DETAIN)

31. My grandfather was given a medal for ______________________
(BRAVE)

32. My father takes great
______________________ in his work (PROUD)

33. This bag contains all my photographic
______________________ (EQUIP)

34. ______________________ is probably the
most useful form of energy (ELECTRIC)

35. John turned up on the wrong day
because of a ______________________ (UNDERSTAND)

36. Jake had another
______________________ with his boss (AGREE)

37. The bank robbers were sentenced to
twelve years of ______________________ (PRISON)

38. Mary suddenly felt sick, so we needed
a ______________________ for her part in the play (REPLACE)

39. Failure to apply in time may result in
a ______________________ of benefits (LOSE)

40.
Pat was accused of stealing some ______________________ documents (CONFIDENT)

 Put the correct
form of the word in brackets into the blank.

1. In the future the public will have a
wider __________________ of television programs. (CHOOSE)

2. Looking after the health of 700
children is heavy ______________________ . (RESPONSIBLE)

3. The town spent more money on
__________________ and health than ever before (HOUSE)

4. Do you have any particular
__________________ where we sit? (PREFER)

5. There’s a __________________ contrast
between what he does and what he says. (STRIKE)

6. The party turned out to be a huge
______________________ (DISAPPOINT)

7. He was fined and __________________ for
reckless driving (QUALIFY).

8. Is it possible to remove the smell from
the books that have been in _______________ for such a long time? (STORE)

9. Many people are interested in job
__________________ more than in earning large amount of money (SATISFY).

10. I hadn’t made a __________________ ,
so I just got on the first flight available. (RESERVE)

11. The anti-doping association believes
that all sports must be free of drug __________________ (USE).

12. The country is facing a population
__________________ . (EXPLODE)

13. It is __________________ to fasten
your seat-belts before take-off (ADVISE)

14. She claimed __________________ benefit
for over six months. (EMPLOY)

15. Tax __________________ is one of the
biggest problems that face the new country. (EVADE)

16. You can basically wear what you want
but there is an _____________ law that says you must not wear jeans. (WRITE)

17. The __________________ course is being
paid for by the company. (MANAGE)

18. It’s a __________________ shame that
she didn’t have a better chance in life. (CRY)

19. The farm house we stayed in was
completely off the __________________ track. (BEAT)

20. The police searched the house
_______________________ . (SYSTEM)

21. He is a __________________ -paid
senior executive. (HIGH)

22. A full-scale ____________________ of
our company is urgently needed (ORGANIZE)

23. Are we going to be saved
__________________ by our oil supplies? (ECONOMY)

24. Experts have tried to find a
__________________ to the personnel problems. (SOLVE)

25. She’s a specialist in psychology and
human __________________ . (BEHAVE)

26. The __________________ of the most
important port of the country eliminated all trade. (BLOCK)

27. The __________________ system of some
countries used to be based on gold. (MONEY)

28. He recovered from his injuries in the
__________________ hospital (NAVY)

29. He has loved her __________________
ever since they first met. (PASSION)

30. The importance of this
__________________ has been extremely overrated. (INVENT)

31. He is a convinced __________________
of Chinese communism (FOLLOW)

32. Jane’s party was more of an
__________________ test than anything else. (ENDURE)

33. The government has committed itself to
developing __________________ sources of energy. (NEW)

34. He took a job as a sales
__________________ in a big department store. (ASSIST)

35. The potential benefits of this
treatment __________________ the risks. (WEIGH)

36. Make sure the hairdryer is
__________________ before you fix the switch. (CONNECT)

37. They say that travel
__________________ the mind. (BROAD)

38. Without his teacher’s __________________
he would have given up long ago. (ENCOURAGE)

39. Dickens’s last novel was
__________________ The Mystery of Edwin Drood. (TITLE)

40.
She has known me for two years now but she still __________________ my name. (PRONOUNCE)

Hello, guys! Welcome to Grammar Zone!

Today we are going to talk about verbs and the
suffixes that help us to build them.

·                  
According to their morphological
composition verbs can be divided into simple, derivative, compound and
phrasal.

Simple verbs have only
one root: to ask, to build, to come.

Derivative verbs
are composed with the help of prefixes or suffixes: to beautify, to
brighten, to stimulate, to organize, to misunderstand, to discourage.

Compound verbs are
two words which combine to make one meaning.

The first word is usually a noun, an adjective or a
preposition, and the second word is a verb.

The words are sometimes written as one word and
sometimes joined by hyphens.

hand-wash (noun + verb)

highlight (adjective + verb)

overcome (preposition + verb)

Sorry, I was daydreaming. What did you say?

Do you have to hand-wash this sweater or can it go in
the washing machine?

The airline upgraded me to business class.

Compound verbs are much less common than compound
nouns or compound adjectives.

Phrasal verbs
consist of a verbal stem and a postposition: to come in, to look out, to
give in, to bring up.

·                  
Verbs sometimes have the same form as
nouns or adjectives.

Verbs related to nouns

Could you hand me the dictionary?

We should position the noticeboard where
everyone can see it.

I’ll email Sally to see if she is free on
Thursday.

Verbs related to adjectives

I needed to calm my nerves before the
interview.

The government hopes to slow the growth in
road traffic over the next five years.

As they get older, most people’s hair starts
to thin.

As you see, it is not always possible to identify a
verb by its form.

However, some suffixes can show that the word is
probably a verb.

Verbs with the suffixes ATE, EN, FY, ISH, IZE
are regular; they add «ed» for the simple past and past participle.

Let’s start with —ize/-ise.

-ize
is the most popular suffix for verb-formation in Present-day English.

Both forms are used, but the –ise form
is more common in British English and the –ize form is more
common in American English.

The suffix -ize forms new verbs from
nouns and has the following set of meanings:

·                  
to provide with

·                  
to make (generally with adjective bases)

·                  
to become

·                  
to perform

·                  
to act like

·                  
to make into

For example:

apology (извинение) – apologize
(приносить извинения)

sympathy (сочувствие) – sympathize
(сочувствовать)

character (характер) – characterize
(характеризовать)

summary (итог) – summarize
(суммировать, подводить итог)

critics (критика)
– criticize (критиковать)

emphasis (значение, акцент) – emphasize
(придавать особое значение, подчеркнуть)

symbol (символ)
– symbolize (символизировать)

It’s a lot easier to criticize than
to offer useful suggestions.

There is also another common suffix
that results in the creation of verbs: -ate.

It is much more likely to appear in
verbs that come from the past participles of Latin verbs.

The suffix –ate has the
following meanings:

·                  
to act on

·                  
to cause to become or be modified

·                  
to furnish with

·                  
to make something have a particular
quality

For example:
accommodate, associate, calculate, celebrate, communicate, concentrate,
congratulate, decorate, dedicate, educate, fascinate, investigate, isolate,
populate, regulate, relate, stimulate, translate.

He’s calculated that it would take
him five years to save up enough for a car.

The suffix –ate have
some other parts of speech:

Nouns with ATE:
advocate, candidate, certificate, chocolate.

Adjectives with ATE:
accurate, appropriate, considerate, graduate, fortunate, immediate, private.

Another verb suffix –ify
has the following meanings:

·                  
to make something be in a particular state
or condition

·                  
to fill someone with a particular feeling

·                  
to do something in a silly or annoying way

·                  
to make something or someone be like or
typical of a person or group

For example:

beautify – украшать

clarify – разъяснять

classify
– классифицировать, систематизировать

falsify
– искажать, подделывать

horrify
–ужасать, страшить

terrify
– ужасать, запугивать

identify
– распознавать

justify
– оправдывать, извинять

purify
– очищать

qualify
– оценивать

satisfy
– удовлетворять

simplify – упрощать

I was terrified by the bull and
wanted to run out of the field.

The suffix –en is used
for building verbs from nouns and adjectives meaning quality or state. The
verbs having this suffix mean:

·                  
to make something have a particular
quality.

For example:

black (черный) – blacken
– делать черным, загрязнять

broad (широкий)
– broaden – расширять

cheap (дешевый)
– cheapen – снижать стоимость

dark (темный)
– darken – затемнять

deep (глубокий)
– deepen – углублять

high (высокий)
– heighten – повышать, усиливать

long (длинный)
– lengthen – удлинять

short (короткий)
– shorten – укорачивать, сокращать

wide (широкий)
– widen – расширять

strong (сильный)
– strengthen – усиливать

shark (острый)
– sharpen – заострять

quick (быстрый)
– quicken – ускорять

I’ve asked my mum to shorten my trousers.

The name William is often shortened to Bill.

Note:

The prefix EN in many verbs is similar in meaning to
the verbal suffix EN.

For example: enable,
enact, enchant, enclose, encounter, encourage, endanger, enforce, engage,
engrave, enjoy, enlarge, enlighten, enlist, enrich, ensure, encourage.

The suffix –en is also
typical of some other parts of speech:

Nouns with EN:
chicken, garden, heaven, kitten, specimen, token, etc.

Adjectives with EN:
alien, golden, open, silken, sudden, wooden, woolen, etc.

Past participles with EN:
beaten, broken, chosen, forbidden, taken, written, etc.

Now it’s time to practice the rule.

Form the verbs from the given words. Remember the
rules of the tenses. Some of the verbs are irregular.

We had such an unpleasant experience last summer when
we arrived at our holiday destination. The rent of our holiday cottage
was very cheapened.

The owners characterized the place as “a
country cottage in a quiet picturesque village”. The cottage was big enough to accommodate
all our family.

However, when we got to the place we were not satisfied
with the view. It was not the same as we had hoped at all. There
were lights everywhere. Crowds of people were shouting and celebrating
something all the night.

Only in the morning we realized that there had
been a football match at the stadium near the village.

That`s all for today.

Join us at our grammar lessons at videouroki.net and
you’ll deepen your knowledge of grammar.

It’s
a process of creating new words from material available in the
language after a certain structural and semantic formulas and
pattern, forming words by combining root & affix morphemes.

2 Types of word formation:

1)
Compounding (словосложение)

2)
Word – derivation

Within
the types further distinction may be made between the ways of forming
words. The basic way of forming words is word-derivation affixation
and conversion apart from this shortening and a number of minor ways
of formal words such as back-forming, blending, sound imitation are
traditionally referred to formation.

Different types of word
formation:

Affixation
is
the formation of new words by means of suffixes and prefixes to
stemsbasis.

Affixes may be grouped

1) according to their
linguistic origin. We distinguish affixes of Germanic origin (full,
less), of Romanic origin (ion), of Greek origin (ise, izm);

2) according to the parts of
speech. We distinguish noun forming, adj. forming and verb forming
affixes;

3)
according to semantic functions. They may denote persons, quality,
negation. Many suffixes originated from separate words: hood
originated for the noun hood, which meant state or condition; full –
полный
(adj. In O.E) now it is suffix. Suffixes may change the part of
speech: critic (al).

All
suffixes are divided into lexical
and grammatical.

Lexical
suffixes build new word. Productive
affixes. For
ex: read-readable, happy-happiness, act-actor.

Grammatical
suffixes change the grammatical form of a word. Often used to create
neologisms and nonce-words (I
don’t like Sunday evenings: I feel so mondayish).

For ex: finish-finished, say-says, rose-roses.

Some
productive suffixes:

Noun
forming – er,
ing, is, ist, ance

Adj
– forming – y,
ish, ed, able, less

Adv
– forming – ly

Verb – forming — Ize, /ise,
ate

Prefixies
—
Un, die, re

Conversion
(zero derivation) it is one of the major ways of enriching EV &
referrers to the numerous cases of phonetic identity of word forms of
2 words belonging to different part of speech.. The new word has a
meaning which differs from that of original one though it can ><
be associated with it. nurse
(noun) to nurse – to feed

A certain stem is used for the
formation of a categorically different word without a derivative
element being added.

Bag
– to bag, Back – to back , Bottle – to bottle This
specific pattern is very productive in English

The
most popular types are noun →verb or verb→noun To
take off – a take off

Conversion
can be total
or partial.
Partial: the then
president (тогдашний).
An adverb is used as an adjective, only in this particular context.
Total: work
– to work

Conversion
may be the result of shading of English endings. The historical
changes may be briefly outlined as follows: in O.E. a verb and a noun
of the same root were distinguished by their endings. For ex: the
verb ‘to love’ had a form (Old Eng.) ‘lufian’. This verb had
personal conjunctions. The noun ‘love’ had the form ‘lufu’
with different case endings. But in the course of time, the personal
and case endings were lost. There are numerous pairs of words (e. g.
love, n. — to love, v.; work, n. — to work, v.; drink, n. — to
drink, v., etc.) which did, not occur due to conversion but coincided
as a result of certain historical processes (dropping of endings,
simplification of stems) when before that they had different forms
(e. g. O. E. lufu, n. — lufian, v.).

The
two categories of parts of speech especially affected by conversion
are nouns and verbs. Verbs made from nouns are the most numerous
amongst the words produced by conversion: e. g. to
hand, to back, to face, to eye, to mouth, to nose, to dog, to wolf,
to monkey, to can, to coal, to stage, to screen, to room, to floor,
to blackmail, to blacklist, to honeymoon,
and very many others.

Nouns
are frequently made from verbs: do (e. g. This
is the queerest do I»ve ever come across.
Do — event, incident), go (e. g. He
has still plenty of go at his age.
Go — energy), make,
run, find, catch, cut, walk, worry, show, move,
etc. Verbs can also be made from adjectives: to
pale, to yellow, to cool, to grey, to rough
(e. g. We
decided to rough it in the tents as the weather was warm),
etc.

Other
parts of speech are not entirely unsusceptible to conversion as the
following examples show: to
down, to out (as in a newspaper heading Diplomatist Outed from
Budapest), the ups and downs, the ins and outs, like, n, (as in the
like of me and the like of you).

Compounding
& word comparison. Compound
words are made of 2 derivational stems. The types of structure of CW:
neutral,
morphological &syntactic.

In
neutral
compound
the process is released without any linking elements sunflower.
There
are three types of neutral compounds simple compounds went a compound
consist of a simple affixes stems.

Derivate/
derivational compound
— has affixes babysitter.

Contracted
–
has a shorten stems. TV-set

Morphological
C –
few
in number. This type is non productive. Represented by words, where 2
stems are combined by a linking vowel/ consonant Anglo-Saxon,
statesman, craftsmanship.

Syntactic
C
– formed of segments of speech preserving articles, prepositions,
adverbs. Mother-in-law

Reduplication.
New
word are made by stem ether without any phonetic changes Bye-Bye
or variation of a root vowel or consonant ping-pong

Shortening.
There
are 2 ways of producing them:

1.
The word is formed from the syllable of the original word which in
term may loose its beginning –phone,
its ending vac
(vacation) or
both
fridge.

2.
The word is formed from the initial letter of a word group BB,
bf – boyfriend. Acronyms are
shorten words but read as one UNO
[ju:nou]

TYPES OF WF

Sound
imitation – words
are made by imitating different links of sounds that may be produced
by animals, birds…bark
– лаять,
mew – мяукать…some
names of animals, birds & insects are made by SI coo-coo
– кукушка,
crow – ворона.

To
glide, to slip are
supposed to convey the very sound of the smooth easy movement over a
slippery surface.

Back
formation a
verb is produced from a noun by subtraction (вычитание)
bagger
– to bag, babysitter – to babysit

Blending
— Is
blending part of two words to form one word (merging into one word),
combining letters/sounds they have in common as a connecting element.
Smoke
+ fog = smog, Breakfast + lunch = brunch, Smoke + haze = smaze
(дымка)

—
addictive type: they are transformable into a phrase consisting of
two words combined by a conjunction “and” smog
→ smoke & fog

—
blending of restrictive type: transformable into an attributive
phrase, where the first element serves as modifier of a second.
Positron
– positive electron,
Medicare
– medical care

Borrowings.
Contemporary
English is a unique mixture of Germanic & Romanic elements. This
mixing has resulted in the international character of the vocabulary.
In the comparison with other languages English possesses great
richness of vocabulary.

All languages are mixtures to
a greater or lesser extent, but the present day English vocabulary is
unique in this respect.

A brief look on various
historical strata of the English vocabulary:

1) through cultural contacts
with Romans partly already on the continent and all through the
influence of Christianity a very early stratum of Latin-Greek words
entered the language.

Their origin is no longer felt
by the normal speaker today in such word: pound, mint, mustard,
school, dish, chin, cleric, cheese, devil, pepper, street, gospel,
bishop.

The
same can be said about some Scandinavian words (from about the 10^th
century) that today belong to the central core of the vocabulary.

It
means that their frequency is very high. They,
their, them, sky, skin, skill, skirt, ill, dies, take… They
partly supersede the number of OE words OE
heofon – heaven (sky) Niman – take
Steorfan – die

A
more radical change & profound influence on the English
vocabulary occurred on 1066 (Norman Conquest). Until the 15^th
cent., a great number of French words were adopted. They belong to
the areas of court,
church, law, state.

Virtue, religion,
parliament, justice, noble, beauty, preach, honour…

The
influx of the words was the strongest up to the 15^th
cent., but continued up to the 17^th
cent.

Many French borrowings
retained their original pronunciation & stress

Champagne,
ballet, machine, garage…

Separate, attitude,
constitute, introduce…

Adjectives in English –
arrogant, important, patient

Sometimes with their
derivatives:

Demonstrative –
demonstration

Separate – separation

17-18 cc. due to the
establishing of cultural, trade relations many words were borrowed
from Italian, Spanish, Dutch, French.

Italian:
libretto,
violin, opera

Spanish:
hurricane, tomato, tobacco

Dutch:
yacht,
dog, landscape

French:
bouquet,
buffet

From the point of view of
their etymology formal words are normally of classical Romanic
origin, informal – Anglo-Saxon.

Nowadays many Americanisms
become familiar due to the increase of transatlantic travel & the
influence of broadcast media.

Even
in London (Heathrow airport) “baggage”
instead of “luggage”

The present day English
vocabulary is from being homogeneous.

6.
Neologisms new
word expressions are created for new things irrespective of their
scale of importance. They may be all important and concern some
social relationships (new form/ state)
People’s republic. Or
smth threatening the very existence of humanity nuclear
war
or the thing may be short lived. N
is
a newly coined word, phrase/ a new meaning for an existing word / a
word borrowed from another language.

The
development of science and industry technology: black
hole, internet, supermarket.

The
adaptive lexical system isn’t only adding new units but readjust
the ways & means of word formation radio
detection and ranging – RADAR

The
lex. System may adopt itself by combining several word-building
processes face-out
(noun) – the radioactive dust descending through the air after an
anatomic explosion. This
word was coined by composition/ compounding & conversion.

Teach
–in (n) –a student conference/ series of seminars on some burning
issue of the day, meaning some demonstration on protest. This
pattern is very frequent lis–in
, due-in
means protest demonstration when fluking traffic. Bionies
– the
combination of bio & electron.

Back
formation:
air-condion
– air-conditioner – air-conditioning

Semi-affixes
(могут
быть
как
самостоятельные
слова)
chairman
used
to be not numerous and might be treated as exceptions now, evolving
into separate set.

Some
N abscessed with smth and containing the elements mad
& happy: powermad, moneymad, auto-happy.

Conversion, composition,
semantic change are in constant use when coining N

The
change of meaning rather an introduction of a new additional meaning
may be illustrated by the word NETWORK
– stations for simultaneous broadcast of the same program.

Once
accepted N may become a basis for further word formation. ZIP
– to zip – zipper –
zippy.

The
lex. System is unadaptive system, developing for many centuries and
reflecting the changing needs, servicing only in special context.
Archaism
& historisms.

Archaism
–
once common but are now replaced by synonyms. Mostly they are poetic:
morn
– arch, morning – new word, hapless – arch, unlucky – modern.

Historism
– when
the causes of the word’s disappearance are extralinguistic, eg. The
thing named is no longer used. They are very numerous as names for
social relations, institutions, objects of material culture of the
past, eg. many types of sailing craft belong to the past: caravels,
galleons.A
great many of
H
denotes various types of weapons in historical novels: blunderbuss
— мушкетер,
breastplate. Many
of them are in Voc in some figurative meaning: shiel
– щит,
sword. – меч.

7.
Homonymy.
Different
in meaning, but identical in sound or spelling form

Sources:

1.
The result of split of polysemy capital
– столица,
заглавная
буква

Homonymy
differs from polysemy because there is no semantic bond (связь)
between homonyms; it has been lost & doesn’t exist.

2.
as the result of leveling of grammar in flections, when different
parts of speech become identical in their forms. Care
(in OE) — caru(n), care (OE) – carian (v)

3.
By conversion
slim – to slim, water – to water

4.
With the help of the same suffix fro the same stem. Reader
– the person who reads/a book for reading.

5.
Accidentally. Native words can coincide in their form beran
– to bear, bera (animal) – to bear

6.
Shortening of different words. Cab
(cabriolet, cabbage, cabin)

Homonyms can be of 3 kinds:

1.
Homonyms proper (the sound & the spelling are identical)
bat – bat
— flying
animal (летучая
мышь)
— cricket bat (бита,
back — part of body, away from the front, go to back

2.
Homophones (the same sound form but different spelling)
flower – flour, sole – soul, rain – reign, bye-by-buy

3.
Homographs (the same spelling)
tear [iə] – tear [εə, lead [i:] – lead [e]

Homonyms in English are very
numerous. Oxford English Dictionary registers 2540 homonyms, of which
89% are monosyllabic words and 9,1% are two-syllable words.

So,
most homonyms are monosyllabic words. The trend towards
monosyllabism, greatly increased by the loss of inflections and
shortening, must have contributed much toward increasing the number
of homonyms in English.

Among the other ways of
creating homonyms the following processes must be mentioned:

From
the viewpoint of their origin homonyms are sometimes divided into
historical and etymological. Historical
homonyms are those which result from the breaking up of polysemy;
then one polysemantic word will split up into two or more separate
words. Etymo1ogiсal
homonyms are words of different origin which come to be alike in
sound or in spelling (and may be both written and pronounced alike).

Borrowed
and native words can coincide in form, thus producing homonyms (as in
the above given examples). In other cases homonyms are a result of
borrowing when several different words become identical in sound or
spelling. E.g. the Latin vitim — «wrong», «an immoral
habit» has given the English vice — вада
«evil conduct»; the Latin vitis -«spiral» has
given the English »vice» — тиски
«apparatus with strong jaws in which things can be hold
tightly»; the Latin vice — «instead of», «in
place of» will be found in vice — president.

8.
Synonymy.

A
synonym – a word of similar or identical meaning to one or more
words in the same language. All languages contain synonyms but in
English they exist in superabundance. There no two absolutely
identical words because connotations, ways of usage, frequency of an
occurrence are different. Senses of synonyms are identical in respect
of central semantic trades (denotational meaning) but differ in
respect of minor semantic trades (connotational). In each group of S
there’s a word with the most general meaning, with can substitute
any word of the group. TO
LOOK AT — to glance – to stare

Classification:

Weather the different in
denotational/ connotational component

1.
Ideographic
synonyms. They
bear the same idea but not identical in their referential content,
different shades of meaning or degree. BEAUTIFUL
– fine, handsome – pretty,
to
ascent – to mount – to climb.

2.
Stylistic
synonyms. Different
in emotive and stylistic sphere.

child girl happiness	Infant maid bliss	Kid
neutral	elevated	colloquial
To die	To kick the bucket

Eat
— Devour (degradation),
Face
— muzzle
(морда)

Synonymic condensation is
typical of the English language.

It
refers to situations when writers or speakers bring together several
words with one & the same meaning to add more conviction, to
description more vivid. Ex.:
Lord & master, First & foremost, Safe & secure,
Stress & strain, by force & violence

Among
synonyms there’s a special group of words –
euphemism used
to substitute some unpleasant or offensive words. Drunk
– marry

According to interchangability
context S are classified

3.
Total
synonyms
An extremely rare occurrence. Ulman: “a luxury that language
can hardly afford.” M. Breal spoke about a law of distribution in
the language (words should be synonyms, were synonyms in the past
usually acquire different meanings and are no longer
interchangeable). Ex.: fatherland
— motherland

4.
Contextual
synonyms.
Context can emphasize some certain semantic trades & suppress
other semantic trades; words with different meaning can become
synonyms in a certain context. Ex.: tasteless
– dull, Active – curious, Curious – responsive

Synonyms can reflect social
conventions.

Ex.:

clever	bright	brainy	intelligent	Dever-clever
neutral	Only speaking about younger people by older people	Is not used by the higher educated people	Positive connotation	Stylistically remarked

5.
Dialectical
synonyms.
Ex.:
lift – elevator, Queue – line, autumn – fall

6.
Relative
some
authors classify group like:
like – love – adore, famous- celebrated – eminentthey
denote different degree of the same notion or different shades of
meanings and can be substituted only in some context.

Antonymy.
Words
belonging to the same part of speech identical in speech expressing
contrary or contradictory notion.

Комиссаров
В.Н.
classify them into absolute/
root (late/early)they
have different roots
,
derivational (to
please-to
displease) the
same root but different affixes. In most cases “-“ prefixes from
antonyms an,
dis, non.
Sometimes they are formed by suffixes full
& less.
But they do not always substitute each other selfless
– selfish, successful – unsuccessful .the
same with “-“ prefixes
to appoint – to disappoint.

The
difference is not only in structure but in semantic. The DA
express
contradictory notions, one of then excludes the other active
– inactive. The
AA
express
contrary notion: ugly
–
plain – good-looking – pretty –
beautiful

Antonimy
is
distinguished from complementarily
by being based on different logical relationshipd for pairs of
antonyms like
good – bad, big – small.
He
is good (not bad). He is not good (doesn’t imply he is bad).
The negation (отрицание)
of one term doesn’t implies the assertion of the other.

John
Lines suggests proper
hot-warm
– tapped – cold &
complementary antonyms only
2 words negative and assertion not
male — female.

There’s
also one type of semantic opposition conversives
words
denote one reference as viewed from different points of view that of
the subject & that of the object.
Bye
– sell, give — receive

Conversness
is
minor image relations of functions husband
– wife, pupil – teacher, above – below, before — after

9.
Phraseology.
Phrasiological units/ idioms – motivated word group. They are
reproduced as readymade units. Express a singe notion, used in
sentence as one part of it.

Idiomaticy
—
PU when the meaning of the whole
is
not deducible from the sum of the meanings of the parts. Stability
of PU implies that it exist as a readymade linguistic unit, which
doesn’t allow of any variability of its lexical component of gr.
Structure.

In
ling. literature the term
Phraseology is
used for the expressions where the meaning of one element is depended
on the other. Vinogradov: “irrespective of structure and properties
of the units”. Smernitsky: “it denotes only such set expressions
which do not possess expressiveness or emotional coloring”. Arnold:
“it says that only denotes such set expressions that are
imaginative, expressive and emotional”. Ammosova call them fixed
context units – we
can’t substitute an element without changing the meaning of the
whole. Ahmanova insists on the semantic intearity of such phrases:
“prevailing over the structural separates of their element”.
Kuning lays stress on the structural separatness of the elements in
the PU on the change of meaning in the whole as compared with its
elements taken separately with its elements and on a certain minimum
stability.

Phraseology
(Webster’s
dictionary) mode of expression peculiarities of diction. That is
choice and arrangement of words and phrases characteristic of some
author.there are difficult terms. Idioms word equivalents & these
difficult units or terminology reflects certain differences in the
main criteria used to distinguish.

The
features: 1.
lack of semantic motivation 2. Lexical & grammatical stability

Semantic
classification:2
criteria: 1). The degree of semantic isolation 2). The degree of
disinformation

1.
Opaque in meaning (трудный
для
понимания)
the meaning of the individual words can’t be summed together to
produce the meaning of the whole.to
kick the bucket = to die It
contains no clue to the idiomatic meaning of this expression.The
degree of semantic isolation is the highest.

The 3 typesof PU:

1.
Phraseological fusions. The degree of motivation is very low. one
component preserves its direct meaning Ex.:
to pass the buck = to pass responsibility – свалить
ответственность,

2.
Phraseological unities. Clearly motivated. Transparent both
components in their direct meaning but the combination acquires
figurative sense to
see the light = to understand, old salt — морской
волк

3.
Phraseological combinations. There is a component used in its
direct meaning. There are lots of idioms (proverbs, saying). To
be good at smth.:
Curiosity
killed the cat, but satisfaction brought it back
Idioms institutionalized formulas of politeness:How
do you do?Good-bye (God be with you) How about a drink?

Structural classification
of PU

Prof. A.I. Smirnitsky worked
out structural classification of phraseological units, comparing them
with words. He points out one-top units which he compares with
derived words because derived words have only one root morpheme. He
points out two-top units which he compares with compound words
because in compound words we usually have two root morphemes.

Among
one-top units he
points out three structural types;

a)
units of the type «to give up» (verb + postposition type), e.g. to
art up, to back up, to drop out, to nose out, to buy into, to
sandwich in etc.;

b)
units of the type «to be tired» . Some of these units remind the
Passive Voice in their structure but they have different prepositions
with them, while in the Passive Voice we can have only prepositions
«by» or «with», e.g. to
be tired of, to be interested in, to be surprised at etc.
There are also units in this type which remind free word-groups of
the type «to be young», e.g. to be akin to, to be aware of etc.
The difference between them is that the adjective «young» can be
used as an attribute and as a predicative in a sentence, while the
nominal component in such units can act only as a predicative. In
these units the verb is the grammar centre and the second component
is the semantic centre;

c)
Prepositional- nominal phraseological units. These units are
equivalents of unchangeable words: prepositions, conjunctions,
adverbs, that is why they have no grammar centre, their semantic
centre is the nominal part, e.g.
On the doorstep (quite near), on the nose (exactly), in the course
of, on the stroke of, in time, on the point of
etc. In the course of time such units can become words, e.g.
tomorrow,
instead etc.

Among
two-top units
A.I. Smirnitsky points out the following structural types:

a) attributive-nominal such
as: a month of Sundays, grey matter, a millstone round one’s neck
and many others. Units of this type are noun equivalents and can be
partly or perfectly idiomatic. In partly idiomatic units (phrasisms)
sometimes the first component is idiomatic, e.g. high road, in other
cases the second component is idiomatic, e.g. first night. In many
cases both components are idiomatic, e.g. red tape, blind alley, bed
of nail, shot in the arm and many others.

b) verb-nominal phraseological
units, e.g. to read between the lines , to speak BBC, to sweep under
the carpet etc. The grammar centre of such units is the verb, the
semantic centre in many cases is the nominal component, e.g. to fall
in love. In some units the verb is both the grammar and the semantic
centre, e.g. not to know the ropes. These units can be perfectly
idiomatic as well, e.g. to burn one’s boats,to vote with one’s
feet, to take to the cleaners’ etc.

Very close to such units are
word-groups of the type to have a glance, to have a smoke. These
units are not idiomatic and are treated in grammar as a special
syntactical combination, a kind of aspect.

c) phraseological repetitions,
such as : now or never, part and parcel , country and western etc.
Such units can be built on antonyms, e.g. ups and downs , back and
forth; often they are formed by means of alliteration, e.g cakes and
ale, as busy as a bee. Components in repetitions are joined by means
of conjunctions. These units are equivalents of adverbs or adjectives
and have no grammar centre. They can also be partly or perfectly
idiomatic, e.g. cool as a cucumber (partly), bread and butter
(perfectly).

Phraseological units the same
as compound words can have more than two tops (stems in compound
words), e.g. to take a back seat, a peg to hang a thing on, lock,
stock and barrel, to be a shaddow of one’s own self, at one’s own
sweet will.

Syntactical classification
of PU

Phraseological
units can be classified as parts of speech. This classification was
suggested by I.V. Arnold. Here we have the following groups:

a) noun phraseologisms
denoting an object, a person, a living being, e.g. bullet train,
latchkey child, redbrick university, Green Berets,

b) verb phraseologisms
denoting an action, a state, a feeling, e.g. to break the log-jam, to
get on somebody’s coattails, to be on the beam, to nose out , to
make headlines,

c) adjective phraseologisms
denoting a quality, e.g. loose as a goose, dull as lead ,

d) adverb phraseological
units, such as : with a bump, in the soup, like a dream , like a dog
with two tails,

e) preposition phraseological
units, e.g. in the course of, on the stroke of ,

f) interjection phraseological
units, e.g. «Catch me!», «Well, I never!» etc.

In I.V.Arnold’s
classification there are also sentence equivalents, proverbs, sayings
and quatations, e.g. «The sky is the limit», «What makes him
tick», » I am easy». Proverbs are usually metaphorical, e.g. «Too
many cooks spoil the broth», while sayings are as a rule
non-metaphorical, e.g. «Where there is a will there is a way».

WORD FORMATION

NOUNS

OCCUPATIONS Verb + (- or)

• Meaning: a person or thing that does something as a job

• Examples: act – actor;
• sail – sailor;
• conduct – conductor;

OCCUPATIONS Verb + (- ant)

• Meaning: a person or thing that

• Examples: inhabit – inhabitant;
• depend – dependant;

OCCUPATIONS Noun + (- er) Verb + (-er) Adjective + (- er)

• Meaning: a person or thing that;
• a person concerned with;
• a person belonging to;

• Examples: foreign — foreigner;
• Dublin – Dubliner;
• win – winner;

OCCUPATIONS Noun + (- ist)

• Meaning: a person who uses a thing;
• a person who does something;

• Examples: violin – violinist;
• guitar — guitarist;

OCCUPATIONS Noun + (- ian)

• Meaning: a specialist in;
• a person who does something as a job or hobby;

• Examples: physics – physician;
• history — historian;

STATES Noun |Verb + (-dom)

• Meaning: the group of;
• the condition or state of;

• Examples: king – kingdom;
• free — freedom;

STATES Noun + (-hood)

• Meaning: the state or quality of;
• a group of people of the type mentioned;

• Examples: brother – brotherhood;
• neighbour — neighbourhood;

STATES Noun + (-ship)

• Meaning: the state or quality of;

• Examples: citizen –citizenship;
• member – membership;

QUALITIES Adjective + (-ity)

• Meaning: condition or quality of;

• Examples: able – ability;
• creative — creativity;

QUALITIES Verb + (-ment)

• Meaning: action or result of;

• Examples: arrange – arrangement;
• excite — excitement;

QUALITIES Adjective + (-ness)

• Meaning: the state or quality of;

• Examples: ill – illness;
• happy – happiness;

QUALITIES Adjective|Verb + (-th)

• Meaning: connected with

• Examples: true – truth;
• deep — depth;
• grow – growth;

ACTIVITIES or PROCESSES Verb + (-al)

• Meaning: a process or state of;

• Examples: survive – survival;
• arrive — arrival;

ACTIVITIES or PROCESSES Verb + (- ing)

• Meaning: the quality of material; an activity;

• Examples: drive – driving;
• swim — swimming;
• mean – meaning;

ACTIVITIES or PROCESSES Verb + (-ure)

• Meaning: action; process or result of

• Examples:
• fail – failure;
• please — pleasure;

ACTIVITIES or PROCESSES Verb + (- ion/ation/ition/sion/tion/xion)

• Meaning : the action or state of;

• Examples: dictate – dictation;
• compete – competition;
• direct – direction;

Find suffixes

• business
• computer
• movement
• Information
• tourist
• announcement
• relationship

• entertainment
• denial
• reading
• width
• departure
• attraction
• development

Словообразование в английском языке

Доброго времени суток, дорогие друзья, с вами Георгий Филатов!  В этом уроке мы с вами поговорим о словообразование в английском языке. Другими словами, эта тема называется word formation, то есть формирование слов.  Что такое формообразование? Сперва мы поговорим именно об этом понятие.

Формообразование – это способы благодаря которым можно из одного слова сделать уже другое по смыслу. Обычно мы этому слову даем уже другой оттенок или переводим его в другую часть речи. Как же это выглядит на практике? 

Возьмем для начала русский язык, чтобы вам было понятно.

Вода (сущ.) – Водный (прил.)

В данном примере с помощью суффикса мы перевели слово и одной части речи в другую, а конкретно из существительного мы сделали прилагательное. 

Водный – Безводный.

А в этом примере слово уже совсем поменяло свое значение. Смысл поменялся всего лишь благодаря присоединению приставки «без».

Вот как раз эти суффиксы и приставки это и есть способы словообразования в английском языке.

Напоминаю вам, что окончаний в английском языке практически не встречается и все изменения слов происходят благодаря суффиксам и приставкам.

               В этой статье представлены несколько способов словообразования в английском языке. Без исключений никак не обойтись, предупрежу вас заранее. Придется много запоминать, но к сожалению, или счастью это единственная альтернатива. Английский язык – язык исключений.

Словообразование существительных в английском языке.

Суффиксы существительных.

               Существительное — это слово которое отвечает на вопрос КТО/ЧТО. В английском языке есть очень интересный способ, как из глагола сделать существительное, которое по смыслу будет соответствовать исполнителю данного действия.

               Для этого вам достаточно к глаголу добавить суффикс –er / — or , приписать его после глагола и вы получите исполнителя действия.

Пример:

teach – teacher (учить — учитель)

swim – swimmer (плавать — пловец)

drive – driver (водить — водитель)

Очень много глаголов попадают под это правила, но бывают и исключения. Иногда по какой-то причине, суффикс –er не работает, и мы должны использовать суффикс –or.

Пример:

Visit – visitor (посещать — посетитель)

Act – actor (играть на сцене — актёр)

Помимо этих двух суффиксов, есть и еще два –ant/-ent. Они более редкие, поэтому они будут встречаться вам менее часто, но знать их нужно.

Пример:

Assist –assistant (помогать — помощник)

Study – student  (учиться — студент)

Суффикс –ist. Тоже редкий, но встречающийся суффикс.

Пример:

art – artist (рисование – художник)

journal – journalist  (журнал — журналист)

cycle –cyclist (велосипед – велосипедист)

ТАБЛИЦА СУФФИКСОВ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Названия профессий или исполнителей, образованные от глагола – действия.

VERB OR NOUN	+	=PERSON/JOB
teach drive build	-er	teacher driver builder
visit act	-or	visitor actor
assist study	-ant/-ent	assistant student
art journal cycle	-ist	artist journalist cyclist

Некоторое существительные, которое заканчиваются на окончание –er  —  не обязательно люди, это могут быть и предметы.

Пример:

cooker – газовая плита

photocopier – прибор, которые делает фотокопии

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

               Словообразование с помощью суффиксов также возможно национальностей. Существуют несколько суффиксов с помощью, который мы можем указать национальность человека или его родной язык.

               От названия страны можно несколькими способами образовать национальность либо язык. В английском языке они сходятся. Это такие суффиксы как: —ese, -(i)an, —ish.  Например, слово English вам сразу должно напомнить об этом суффиксе.

                Конечно же нет какого-то четкого правила, когда мы должны использовать какой-либо из этих суффиксов. Их конечно же нужно запоминать. Но в целом вы должны знать, что есть перечень данных суффиксов: —ese, -(i)an, —ish, которые помогут вам изменить название страны в национальность.

Chinese – Китайский [ЧАЙНИЗ]

Japanese – Японский [ДЖАПАНИЗ]

Portuguese — Португальский [ПОРТУГИЗ]

Italian – Итальянский [ИТАЛИАН]

Russian – Русский [РАШН]

Hungarian – Венгерский [ХАНГЭРИАН]

English –Английский [ИНГЛИШ]

Spanish – Испанский [СПЭНИШ]

Polish –Польский [ПОЛИШ]

Swedish – Шведский [СВИДИШ]

COUNTRY	+	=NATIONALITY/LANGUAGE/ADJECTIVE
China japan Portugal	-ese	Chinese Japanese Portuguese
Italy Russia Hungary	-i(an)	Italian Russian Hungarian
England Spain Poland Sweden	-ish	English Spanish Polish Swedish

Не обходится без исключений данных правил, когда национальности и языки имеют свое самобытное название, которое не сходится с названием страны.

Пример:

Greece – Greek (Греция -Греческий)

Thailand – Thai (Таиланд – Тайский)

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ АБСТРАКТНЫХ ПОНЯТИЙ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ.

               Для того, чтобы создать абстрактное понятие существительного от другого глагола у нас есть ещё несколько способов. Такие суффиксы как –ment, –ion, –tion, –action, —sion.

               Данные суффиксы очень древние и все, что касается исключений, обычно относится к очень старым английским словам. Давайте взглянем как же можно образовать абстрактные понятия. Этот прием очень распространен, и я уверен, что эти суффиксы вам часто встречались в речи или литературе.

Move –movement (двигаться — движение)

Argue – argument (спорить — спор)

Govern – government (править — правительство)

Communicate — communicate (общаться — общение)

Educate – education (обучаться — обучение)

Produce – production (производить — производство)

Examine – examination (экзаминировать — экзамен)

Invite – invitation (приглашать — приглашение)

Inform – information (информировать – информация)

Discuss – discussion (обсуждать — обсуждение)

Decide – decision (решать — решение)

VERB	+	NOUN
move argue govern	-ment	movement argument government
communicate educate	-ion	communication education
produce	-tion	production
examine invite inform	-action	examination invitation information
discuss decide	-sion	discussion decision

ПЕРЕХОД ОТ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОГО В СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ

С помощью суффиксов –ness, -ity, — ance, -ence мы сможем из прилагательного сделать существительное. Посмотрим, как это реализуется на практике.

ADJECTIVE	+	=NOUN
happy dark ill	-ness	Happiness darkness illness
Able active national	-ity	Ability activity nationality
Important distant	-ance	Importance distance
Independent different silent	-ence	Independence different silence

Happiness – счастье

Darkness – темнота

Illness –болезнь

Ability – возможность

Activity – активность

Nationality — национальность

Importance – важность

Distance – расстояние

Independence – независимость

Difference – разница

Silence – тишина

               В русском языке если бы мы попробовали описать суффиксы с помощью, которых мы меняем часть речи, нам бы потребовалось на это очень много времени. Так же не исключено, что нам потребовалась даже целая книга, где указаны все правила и исключения.

               Это происходит из-за того, что в русском и в английском языках словообразование формировалось веками. Эти слова копились и наполнялись не одно столетие. Именно из-за этого сложно составить какую-либо хорошую и качественную систему суффиксов, которая бы работала на все сто.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Теперь мы поговорим о прилагательных, о суффиксах, которые работают с прилагательными. Существует способ, благодаря которому мы можем существительное превратить в прилагательное. Таких суффиксов очень много, поэтому запоминайте их.

NOUN OR VERB	+	=ADJECTIVE
centre music nation	-al	central musical national
beauty care help pain use	-ful	beautiful careful helpful painful useful
care pain use	-less	careless painless useless
comfort fashion	-able	comfortable fashionable
dirt health rain wind	-y	dirty health rainy windy
danger fame	-ous	dangerous famous
act attract expense	-ive	active attractive expensive

Centre – central (центр — центральный)

Music – musical (музыка — музыкальный)

Nation – national (нация — национальный)

Beauty – beautiful (красота — красивый)

Care – careful (забота — заботливый)

Help – helpful (помощь – готовый помочь)

Pain –painful (боль – болезненный)

Use –useful (использование – полезный)

Care –careless (забота — беззаботный)

Pain –painless (боль — безболезненный)

Use –useless (использование — бесполезный)

Comfort – comfortable (комфорт — комфортный)

Fashion – fashionable (мода — модный)

Dirt – dirty (грязь — грязный)

Health – healthy (здоровье — здоровый)

Rain – rainy (дождь — дождливый)

Wind – windy (ветер — ветреный)

Danger – dangerous (опасность — опасный)

Fame – famous (слава — знаменитый)

Act – active (действие — активный)

Attract – attractive (привлекающий — привлекательный)

Expense – expensive (расход — дорогой)

ПРИСТАВКИ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

               Теперь немного затронем с вами тему приставок в английском языке. И поговорим с вами об отрицательных приставках, которые используются с английскими прилагательными. Чаще всего используются три приставки: in-, un-, im-. Все эти приставки дают отрицательное значение прилагательному.

	+ADJECTIVE	= ADJECTIVE WITH NEGATIVE MEANING
UN-	Comfortable happy healthy helpful lucky tidy usual	Uncomfortable unhappy unhealthy unhelpful unlucky untidy unusual
IN-	Complete correct expensive formal	Incomplete incorrect inexpensive informal
IM-	Patient perfect polite possible	Impatient imperfect impolite impossible

Comfortable- uncomfortable (комфортный- некомфортный)

Happy – unhappy (счастливый- несчастный)

Healthy- unhealthy (здоровый— нездоровый)

Helpful- unhelpful (помогающий- не готовый помочь)

Lucky- unlucky (удачливый — неудачный)

Tidy- untidy (чистый — грязный)

Usual- unusual (обычный — необычный)

Complete- Incomplete (законченный – незавершенный)

Correct- incorrect (правильный — неверный)

Expensive- inexpensive (дорогой — недорогой)

Formal- informal (обычный — необычный)

Patient- Impatient (терпеливый — нетерпеливый)

Perfect – imperfect (совершенный — несовершенный)

Polite- impolite (вежливый — невежливый)

Possible- impossible (возможный — возможный)

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАРЕЧИЙ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

И завершающий суффикс в данной статье, о котором я хотел бы вам рассказать это суффикс – ly.

Для того чтобы превратить прилагательное с наречие (как?) нам необходим суффикс –ly.

Таблица суффиксов наречий в английском языке

ADJECTIVES	ADBERB
Angry	Angrily  (злобно)
Bad	Badly (плохо)
Brave	Bravely (храбро)
Careful	Carefully  (заботливо)
Easy	Easily (легко)
Happy	Happily (счастливо)
Immediate	Immediately  (немедленно)
Nervous	Nervously (нервно)
Polite	Politely  (вежливо)
Quick	Quickly (быстро)
Quite	Quietly (тихо)
Slow	Slowly  (медленно)
Tired	Tiredly (устало)