Word for well expressed

фразеология метеоконсультации

This is the 0600 UTC surface synoptic (significant weather, high level) chart. – Это приземная синоптическая (особых явлений, высотная) карта за 0600 UTC.

This prognostic significant weather (high level, 200, 300 hPa) chart is valid for 1800 UTC. – Эта прогностическая карта особых явлений (высотная, 200, 300 гПа) на 18 UTC.

Wind speed and displacement of baric systems on our charts is given in kmh. – Скорость ветра и смещения барических систем на наших картах указана в км/ч.

Altitudes on our charts are given in decametres. – Высоты на наших картах даны в декаметрах.

This cyclone (anticyclone) according to data of barric topography is tracked up to the altitude of… km. – Этот циклон (антициклон) по данным барической топографии прослеживается до высоты… км.

The cyclone (anticyclone) centred at (Northern, Southern…) Norway is displacing North-East (South…) with the speed of… kmh. – Циклон (антициклон), расположенный над (северной, южной…) Норвегией смещается к северо-востоку (югу…) со скоростью… км/ч.

The low (high) centred North (South…) of the Bahames is moving North-Eastward (South-Eastward…) at about 20 kmh and is deepening. – Циклон (антициклон), расположенный севернее (южнее…) Багамских о-вов, смещается в северо-восточном (юго-восточном…) направлении со скоростью 20 км/ч углубляясь.

The 300 hPa chart shows a trough lying North-East to South-West across the track. – На карте 300 гПа поверхности прослеживается ложбина, пересекая маршрут с северо-востока на юго-запад.

The trough is expected to remain in the present position for the next 12 hours. – Предполагается, что положение ложбины сохранится на ближайшие 12 часов.

The semi-permanent high (low) over the Baltic sea is bilding up. – Квазистационарный антициклон (циклон) формируется над Балтийским морем.

Weather along the route (section of the route) will be influenced by… Northern (Southern, Eastern…) periphery of deepening, (filling) cyclone (anticyclone, trough, crest, warm sector of the cyclone). – Погода по маршруту (участку маршрута) обуславливается… северной (южной, восточной) периферией углубляющегося (заполняющегося) циклона (антициклона, ложбины, гребня, теплым сектором циклона).

Weather conditions on the route… to… are therefore expected to be… – Поэтому по маршруту… ожидаются метеоусловия…

Flight in cold (warm, secondary cold, occluded) front zone. – Полет в зоне холодного (теплого, вторичного холодного, окклюдированного) фронта.

Flight along cold (warm…) front (cold front with waves). – Полет вдоль холодного (теплого) фронта (холодного фронта с волнами).

While crossing cold (warm…) front… – При пересечении холодного (теплого…) фронта…

Cold (warm…) front is displacing North (Northeast…) with the speed… kmh, to the East (West…). – Холодный (теплый…) фронт смещается к северу (северо-востоку…) со скоростью… км/ч, на восток (запад…).

An active warm front lying South-East to North-West along the coast of Norway at 12 UTC is moving East at 30 kmh. It is preceded by a narrow belt of heavy snow. – Активный теплый фронт, пролегающий с юго-востока на северо-запад вдоль побережья Норвегии на 12 UTC, смещается на восток со скоростью 30 км/ч. Ему предшествует узкая зона сильного снегопада.

Front is well expressed in temperature contrasts (wind regime, precipitation…). – Фронт хорошо выражен в температурных контрастах (в ветровом режиме, осадках…).

A cold (warm…) front is shown on 12 UTC surface chart. – На приземной карте, за 12 UTC показан холодный (теплый…) фронт.

It is recommended not to cross cold front zone, to go above clouds at a distance not less than 1000 m from CB. – Рекомендуется не пересекать зону холодного фронта, идти над облаками на расстоянии не менее 1000 м от куч.-дождевых облаков.

Warm (high warm) front is placed over Norway at 18 UTC. – Теплый (высотный теплый) фронт расположен над Норвегией на 18 UTC.

In connection with it, it is expected… – В связи с этим ожидается…

Scattered (broken, overcast) clouds (layers), embedded CB – Рассеянная (значительная, сплошная) облачность (слой), маскированная куч.-дождевая

Base of cloud… km. – Нижняя граница облачности… км.

Top… km. – Верхняя граница… км.

CB top above… km. – Верхняя границы куч.-дождевой облачности выше… км.

Cloud base will be lowering to… m (km) (rapidly). Increasing cloud layers, (local) thunderstorm(s) (probability of thunderstorm, thunderstorm situation is shown on the charts as RISK &) – Нижняя границы облачности понизится до… м (км) (быстро). Повышающаяся облачность, (местами) гроза(ы), (вероятность грозы, т.е. грозовое положение на картах RISK |^)

Cb clouds with tops above 10 km and associated thunderstorms are expected to effect the route – Предполагается по маршруту влияния куч.-дождевой облачности с верхней границей свыше 10 км и связанные с ней грозы.

Light (moderate, severe) icing in cloud (precipitation). – Слабое (умеренное, сильное) обледенение в облаках (осадках).

Moderate (severe) turbulence in cloud (surface layer). – Умеренная (сильная) турбулентность в облаках (приземном слое).

(Orographic) Moderate (severe) clear air turbulence is expected North of… (the jet stream) at… km – (Орографическая) умеренная (сильная) турбулентность в ясном небе ожидается к северу от… (оси струйного течения) на высоте… км

To escape icing (turbulence) we advise you to choose flight level over… km. – Чтобы избежать обледенения (турбулентности) рекомендуем выбрать высоту полета выше… км.

Data from boards confirm presence of moderate (severe) icing (turbulence) in cloud. – Бортовые данные подтверждают наличие умеренного (сильного) обледенения (турбулентности) в облаках.

Radar (satellite) data confirm presence of thunderstorms, CB clouds. – Радиолокационные (спутниковые) данные подтверждают наличие грозовых очагов, куч.-дождевой облачности.

Displacing Northward (Southward…). – Смещение к северу (югу…).

Visibility… km (m) (in rain). – Видимость… км (м) (в дожде).

Changing for the best (worse) – Улучшение (ухудшение)

The altitude of tropopause is… km – Высота тропопаузы… км

Sharp slope of tropopause is observed over area of… – Резкий наклон тропопаузы наблюдается над районом…

Upper wind and temperature, wind and temperature aloft – Ветер и температура на высоте

The 500 hPa prognostic chart for 12 UTC indicates upper winds of 240 degrees 60 kilometres per hour with temperature minus 20 degrees Celsius – По 500 гПа прогностической карте за 12 UTC высотный ветер 240° 60 км/ч и температура – 20° С

Wind direction… degrees (variable) – Направление ветра… град (неустойчивое)

Wind speed… kilometres per hour (metres per second if surface) – Скорость ветра… км/ч (если приземный – м/сек)

Wind speeds over the route Moscow – London are expected to increase (decrease) from… to… kmh – Предполагается усиление (ослабление) ветра по маршруту Москва – Лондон от… до… км/ч

Wind shift – Изменение ветра

It is expected to remain in the present position for the next 12 hours – Предполагается сохранение настоящего положения на последующие 12 часов

Maximum wind – Максимальный ветер

The jet stream with winds 240 degrees and speed 200 kmh is expected at 12 km – Струйное течение с ветром 240° 200 км/ч предполагается на высоте 12 км

Wind shear was reported by aircrafts – Борты сообщают о сдвиге ветра

According data from arriving (departing) aircrafts… – Согласно данным прибывающих (вылетающих) воздушных судов…

Information about observed (expected) existence of wind shear – Информация о наблюдаемом (ожидаемом) сдвиге ветра

(In this case) wind shear conditions are associated with thunderstorm (cold/warm front; strong surface wind; low level temperature inversion) – (В этом случае) условия сдвига ветра связаны с грозой (холод ным/теплым фронтом; сильным приземным ветром; температурной инверсией в приземном слое)

Wind shear could adversly affect aircraft on the takeoff path (in climb out) in layer from runway level to 500 metres – Сдвиг ветра может оказать неблагоприятное воздействие на воздушное судно на взлете (при наборе высоты) в слое – уровень ВПП/500 м

The intensity of wind shear – Интенсивность сдвига ветра

Wind shear warning surface wind 320/10 wind at 60m 360/25 in approach – Оповещения о сдвиге ветра – в зоне захода на посадку – приземный ветер 320/10, на высоте 60 м – 360/25

B-707 reported moderate (strong, severe) wind shear in approach (while takeoff, in climbout) runway 34 at 15.10 – Б707 сообщает об умеренном (сильном, очень сильном) сдвиге ветра при подходе (на взлете, при наборе высоты) к ВПП 34 в 15.10

Temperature between… and (minus)… degrees Celsius – Температура… (м)… градусов Цельсия

Zero isotherm is at the altitude of… km – Нулевая изотерма на высоте… км

At the beginning (end, in the middle, in the first half) of the route – В начале (конце, в середине, в первой половине) маршрута

It is displacing to the North (South…) Northward (Southward…) – Смещается к северу (югу…), на север (юг…)

Locally from… to… – Местами от… до…

At the altitude of… km – На высоте… км

In the layer from (between)… to (and)… km – В слое… –… км (между)…

While landing (takeoff) – При посадке (взлете)

The information depicted on high level (wind, temperature) charts should be grid points data – Информация на высотных картах (ветер, температура) является данными в точках сетки

Satellite nephanalysis for 12 UTC today shows that… – На основании данных нефанализа за 12 UTC настоящего дня видно, что…

Actual weather in the point of departure (landing) – Фактическая погода в пункте вылета (посадки)

Runway visual range is… m – Дальность видимости на ВПП –… м

Your alternate is… – Ваш запасной…

Have you any questions? – У вас есть вопросы?

wɪʃ
1. сущ.
1) желание, охота (потребность что-л. делать, сделать) fervent wish, strong wish ≈ горячее/сильное желание unfulfilled wish ≈ неисполненное желание, несбывшаяся мечта Clearly she had no wish for conversation. ≈ Было очевидно, что у нее не было желания разговаривать. Project was carried out against our wishes. ≈ Проект был осуществлен против нашей воли. respect smb.’s wish wish ≈ уважать чьи-л. желания Syn: desire, longing
2) просьба, пожелание, желание ( адресованная кому-л.) to fulfill, realize a wish ≈ исполнить желание to make a wish ≈ загадать желание to express a wish ≈ высказать пожелание They expressed a wish to visit the museum. ≈ Они выразили желание посетить этот музей. to carry out smb.’s wish ≈ выполнять чью-л. просьбу She expressed a wish to be alone. ≈ Она пожелала остаться одна. Syn: willreqest
3) предмет желания She got her wish ≈ Она получила, что хотела
4) только pl. пожелания, поздравления Please give him my best wishes. ≈ Передайте ему мои наилучшие пожелания, пожалуйста. one’s best, good, warm, warmest wishes ≈ наилучшие пожелания one’s best wishes for the New Year ≈ сердечные поздравления с Новым годом ∙ if wishes were horses beggars might ride посл. ≈ если бы да кабы во рту росли грибы
2. гл.
1) желать, хотеть;
высказать пожелания They wished us good luck. ≈ Они пожелали нам удачи. We were wishing for cool weather. ≈ Нам хотелось, чтобы была холодная погода. Do you wish me to stay? ≈ Вы хотите, чтобы я остался? We can dress as we wish now. ≈ Сейчас мы можем одеться так, как мы хотим. If you wish to go away for the weekend, our office will be delighted to make hotel reservations. ≈ Если вы хотите на выходные уехать, наша фирма будет рада зарезервировать для вас места в гостинице. Syn: hope, want
2) пожелать, желать ( кому-л. что-л.) ;
выражать пожелание, надежду I wish you both a very good jorney. ≈ Я желаю вам обоим приятного путешествия. ∙ wish for wish on
желание;
пожелание;
стремление — good *es добрые пожелания — with best *es for a happy New Year с наилучшими пожеланиями счастья в наступающем Новом году — to have a * to do smth. иметь желание /желать, хотеть, стремиться/ сделать что-л. воля;
приказание — to disobey smb.’s *es пойти против чьей-л. воли — to do smth. at smb.’s * делать что-л. по чьему-л. приказанию — by my father’s * по воле отца — it was done against my *es это было сделано вопреки моему приказанию /против моей воли/ просьба — to grant /to comply with/ smb.’s * выполнить /удовлетворить/ чью-л. просьбу желаемое, предмет желаний — she got her * она добилась своего /чего хотела/ — you shall have your * вы получите желаемое, ваше желание сбудется /будет удовлетворено/ (диалектизм) проклятие;
накликание беды > the * is father to the thought люди охотно верят тому, чему хотят верить > if *es were horses, beggars must ride (пословица) если бы да кабы( во рту росли грибы) желать, хотеть;
выражать желание — do you * to leave now? вы хотите сейчас уйти? — do you * me to leave? вы хотите, чтобы я ушел? — what do you *? что вы желаете? — I * you to understand я хочу, чтобы вы поняли — it is to be *ed that… желательно, чтобы… — I * I were dead просто жить не хочется — I * the news may not prove true хорошо бы это известие оказалось ошибочным (for) желать;
стремиться — to * for happiness стремиться к счастью — to have everything one can * for иметь все, что только можно пожелать — you cannot * for anything better ничего лучшего и желать нельзя пожелать, желать (кому-л. что-л.) — to * smb. well желать кому-л. добра — to * smb. good morning пожелать кому-л. доброго утра — I * you good luck желаю вам удачи — to * smb. welcome приветствовать( гостя) ;
говорить кому-л. «добро пожаловать» (on) навязывать, возлагать — another duty was *ed on him ему навязали еще одну обязанность (on) накликать, насылать( беды и т. п.) — I wouldn’t * her on my enemy я и врагу не пожелаю иметь с ней дело загадывать желание — to * a star загадать желание при падении звезды выражать просьбу или приказание
~ просьба;
to carry out (smb.’s) wish выполнять (чью-л.) просьбу
death ~ завещание
to ~ (smb.) well (ill) желать (кому-л.) добра (зла) ;
he wishes well он настроен доброжелательно
~ желать, хотеть;
высказать пожелания;
I wish it to be done я хочу, чтобы это было сделано;
I wish you to understand я хочу, чтобы вы поняли
I ~ you jou желаю вам счастья;
I wish you were with us мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы были вместе с нами
~ желать, хотеть;
высказать пожелания;
I wish it to be done я хочу, чтобы это было сделано;
I wish you to understand я хочу, чтобы вы поняли
I ~ you jou желаю вам счастья;
I wish you were with us мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы были вместе с нами
~ предмет желания;
if wishes were horses beggars might ride посл. = если бы да кабы во рту росли грибы
long wished for давно желанный;
wish on разг. навязать( кому-л. кого-л. или что-л.)
~ желание, пожелание;
she expressed a wish to be alone она пожелала остаться одна
we had Peter’s son wished on us for the weekend Питер подкинул нам своего сына на выходной день
~ for желать, стремиться;
what more can you wish for? о чем еще вы можете мечтать?. чего еще вам не хватает?
wish выражать пожелание ~ желание, пожелание;
she expressed a wish to be alone она пожелала остаться одна ~ желание ~ желать, хотеть;
высказать пожелания;
I wish it to be done я хочу, чтобы это было сделано;
I wish you to understand я хочу, чтобы вы поняли ~ желать ~ предмет желания;
if wishes were horses beggars might ride посл. = если бы да кабы во рту росли грибы ~ просьба;
to carry out (smb.’s) wish выполнять (чью-л.) просьбу ~ просьба
~ for желать, стремиться;
what more can you wish for? о чем еще вы можете мечтать?. чего еще вам не хватает?
long wished for давно желанный;
wish on разг. навязать (кому-л. кого-л. или что-л.)
to ~ (smb.) well (ill) желать (кому-л.) добра (зла) ;
he wishes well он настроен доброжелательно

I
1.

noun

Geldstrafe, die; Bußgeld, das

2.

transitive verb

we were fined £10 — wir mussten ein Bußgeld von 10 Pfund bezahlen

II
1.

adjective

1) gut; hochwertig [Qualität, Lebensmittel]; fein [Besteck, Gewebe, Spitze]; edel [Holz, Wein]

2) zart [Porzellan, Spitze]; fein [Muster, Kristall, Stickerei, Gesichtszüge]

3) edel [Empfindungen]; fein [Taktgefühl, Geschmack]

4) fein

5) fein; hauchdünn

we’d be cutting it fine if… — es wird etwas knapp werden, wenn…

6) [hauch]fein [Sand, Staub]

fine print — see academic.ru/68194/small_print»>small print

9) fein [Gehör]; scharf [Auge]; genau [Werkzeug]; empfindlich [Messgerät]

10) fein [Unterschied, Nuancen]; klein [Detail]

11) schön; ausgezeichnet [Sänger, Schauspieler]

13) schön [Worte, Ausdruck usw.]; gelungen [Rede, Übersetzung usw.]

14) schön; stattlich [Mann, Baum, Tier]

15) gut

How are you? — Fine, thanks — Wie geht es Ihnen? — Gut, danke

16) schön [Wetter, Sommerabend]

17) prächtig [Kleidung]

18) geziert; schönklingend [Worte]

2.

adverb

1) fein [mahlen, raspeln, hacken]

2) : gut

* * *

I
1.

2) schön

3) gut

4) zart

5) genau

6) fein

gut

2.

ausgezeichnet

3.

— finely

— finery
— fine art
II
1.

die Geldstrafe

2.

mit einer Geldstrafe belegen

* * *

fine¹

[faɪn]

seven’s fine by me sieben [Uhr] passt mir gut; ( iron)

that’s all fine, but… das ist schön und gut, aber…

2. (admirable, excellent) glänzend, ausgezeichnet, hervorragend; performance, player großartig

the finest English painting of its time das beste englische Gemälde seiner Zeit

the finest wines in the world die erlesensten Weine der Welt

a fine example ein gutes Beispiel

fine food ausgezeichnetes Essen

3. ( iron: unpleasantly intense, nasty) schön iron fam, fein; ( iron)

I had a fine time repairing your car ich hatte meine helle Freude daran, dein Auto zu reparieren

fine words schöne Worte iron

fine features ( approv) feine Gesichtszüge

fine weather schönes Wetter

he appealed to my finer feelings er appellierte an meine edleren Gefühle

fine character edler Mensch

there’s a fine line between genius and madness Genie und Wahnsinn liegen oft nah beieinander

fine distinction feiner Unterschied

fine nuance feine Nuance

finer points Feinheiten pl

not to put too fine a point on it… um ganz offen zu sein…

to feel fine sich akk gut fühlen

to suit sb fine jdm [sehr] gut passen

to work fine gut funktionieren

the garlic wasn’t cut fine enough der Knoblauch war nicht fein genug geschnitten

3.

▶ to cut sth fine etw mit Mühe und Not erreichen

fine²

[faɪn]

heavy/small fine hohe/niedrige Geldstrafe; (for minor offences) Geldbuße f, Bußgeld nt; administrative Ordnungsgeld nt, Organstrafmandat nt ÖSTERR

II. vt

▪ to fine sb [for sth] jdn [wegen einer S. gen] zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilen; (for minor offences) gegen jdn [wegen einer S. gen] ein Bußgeld verhängen

FIFA fined the club $50,000 for bribing the referee die FIFA verurteilte den Klub zu einer Geldstrafe von 50.000 Dollar für die Bestechung des Schiedsrichters

* * *

I [faɪn]

adv

II [faɪn]

Geldstrafe ; Geldbuße or -strafe ; Bußgeld ; (gebührenpflichtige) Verwarnung

zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilen, mit einer Geldstrafe/-buße belegen; Bußgeld verhängen gegen; eine (gebührenpflichtige) Verwarnung erteilen

he was fined £100 — er musste £ 100 Strafe bezahlen

he was fined for speeding —

III

1) ausgezeichnet; herrlich; fein, trefflich ; großartig, ausgezeichnet

See:

any more? – no, that’s fine or it’ll be fine —

how was I? – you were fine — wie war ich? – gut

it’s fine for men to cry — Männer dürfen auch weinen, es ist durchaus in Ordnung, wenn Männer weinen

you look/the wallpaper looks fine (to me) — (ich finde,)du siehst/die Tapete sieht gut aus

your idea sounds fine —

shall we have another beer? – sounds fine to me — sollen wir noch ein Bier trinken? – ja, gute Idee

how are you? – fine, thanks — wie geht es Ihnen? – danke, gut

a glass of water and I’ll be fine —

he’s fine, he’s done it before any questions? no? fine — es schafft es schon, er hat es schon einmal gemacht noch Fragen? nein? gut

it’ll take me a couple of days – that’s fine with me — ich werde ein paar Tage dafür brauchen – das ist in Ordnung

3) fein; erlesen, edel; ausgesucht; erlesen, ausgesucht

4) fein; vornehm

5) schön

when it is/was fine —

6) (iro) schön

that’s all very fine, but… — das ist ja alles schön und gut, aber…

you’re a fine one to talk! —

7) dünn, fein; dünn; fein; fein, zierlich; fein(maschig)

fine nib —

fein

a fine dusting of snow/flour — eine dünne Schneedecke/Mehlschicht

9) fein; fein, zart

10) fein; klein

11) fein

gold 98% fine — Gold mit 98% Feingehalt

1) tadellos

2) fein, dünn → cut

See:

→ cut

* * *

fine¹ [faın]

A adj (adv finely)

1. allg fein:

a) dünn, zart (Porzellan etc)

b) scharf (Kante etc)

c) aus kleinsten Teilchen bestehend (Sand etc)

d) schön (Schiff etc):

one of these fine days, one fine day eines schönen Tages

f) geschmackvoll, gepflegt, elegant

g) angenehm, lieblich (Duft etc)

h) feinsinnig, subtil:

2. großartig, ausgezeichnet, glänzend (Musiker etc):

3. rein, pur:

4. geziert, affektiert (Sätze etc)

5. umg, auch iron fein, schön:

that’s all very fine, but … das ist ja alles gut und schön, aber …;

a fine friend you are! pej du bist mir ein schöner Freund!

6. WIRTSCH erstklassig (Bankwechsel etc)

B adv

1. umg fein:

a) vornehm (auch pej):

b) sehr gut, bestens:

2. knapp:

C v/t

1. fine away, fine down fein(er) machen, abschleifen, zuspitzen

3. METALL frischen

D v/i

1. fine away, fine down, fine off fein(er) werden, abnehmen, sich abschleifen

2. sich klären

fine² [faın]

A s

1. Geldstrafe f, Bußgeld n

2. JUR, HIST Abstandssumme f

3. Ende n (obs außer in):

a) schließlich, endlich,

b) kurz(um)

B v/t mit einer Geldstrafe belegen, zu einer Geldstrafe verurteilen:

he was fined £50 er musste 50 Pfund Strafe bezahlen, er wurde zu einer Geldstrafe von 50 Pfund verurteilt

fine³ [ˈfiːneı] s MUS Fine n, Ende n

* * *

I
1.

noun

2.

transitive verb

we were fined £10 — wir mussten ein Bußgeld von 10 Pfund bezahlen

II
1.

adjective

1) gut; hochwertig [Qualität, Lebensmittel]; fein [Besteck, Gewebe, Spitze]; edel [Holz, Wein]

2) zart [Porzellan, Spitze]; fein [Muster, Kristall, Stickerei, Gesichtszüge]

3) edel [Empfindungen]; fein [Taktgefühl, Geschmack]

5) fein; hauchdünn

we’d be cutting it fine if… — es wird etwas knapp werden, wenn…

7) scharf [Spitze, Klinge]; spitz [Nadel, Schreibfeder]

11) schön; ausgezeichnet [Sänger, Schauspieler]

How are you? — Fine, thanks — Wie geht es Ihnen? — Gut, danke

2.

adverb

* * *

adj.

dünn adj.

fein adj.

gut adj.

schön adj.

zart adj. n.

Geldbuße —n f.

Geldstrafe f.

Mahngebühr f.

ik’spres

1.

1) expresar

2) expresarse

3) expresar

4) enviar por correo urgente

2.

1) expreso

2) expreso, explícito

3.

urgente

4.

1) expreso

2) urgente, rápido

•

— expression
— expressionless
— expressive
— expressiveness
— expressively
— expressway

tr[ɪk’spres]

1 urgente

1 expresar

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

expresar, comunicar

exprimir

por correo exprés, por correo urgente

expreso, manifiesto

específico

expreso, rápido

n.

adj.

adv.

n.

v.

I
1. ɪk’spres

2.

v refl

II

III

adjective

1) ( fast) < train> expreso, rápido; < bus> directo; <delivery/letter> exprés adj inv, urgente

2) ( specific) (frml) <intention/wish> expreso, explícito

IV

[ɪks’pres]

1) expresar

they expressed interest in… — expresaron su interés en…

I’d like to express my thanks to everyone for… — quiero expresar mi agradecimiento a todos por…

to express o.s. — expresarse

to express o.s. in or through — expresarse a través de

2) enviar por correo urgente or exprés

3) (Math) expresar

2) urgente, exprés; rápido

3.

ADV

to send or post sth express — enviar algo por correo urgente or exprés

4.

5.

CPD

* * *

I
1. [ɪk’spres]

2.

v refl

II

III

adjective

1) ( fast) < train> expreso, rápido; < bus> directo; <delivery/letter> exprés adj inv, urgente

2) ( specific) (frml) <intention/wish> expreso, explícito

IV

[wɪʃ]

wish просьба; to carry out (smb.’s) wish выполнять (чью-л.) просьбу death wish завещание to wish (smb.) well (ill) желать (кому-л.) добра (зла); he wishes well он настроен доброжелательно wish желать, хотеть; высказать пожелания; I wish it to be done я хочу, чтобы это было сделано; I wish you to understand я хочу, чтобы вы поняли I wish you jou желаю вам счастья; I wish you were with us мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы были вместе с нами wish желать, хотеть; высказать пожелания; I wish it to be done я хочу, чтобы это было сделано; I wish you to understand я хочу, чтобы вы поняли I wish you jou желаю вам счастья; I wish you were with us мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы были вместе с нами wish предмет желания; if wishes were horses beggars might ride посл. = если бы да кабы во рту росли грибы long wished for давно желанный; wish on разг. навязать (кому-л. кого-л. или что-л.) wish желание, пожелание; she expressed a wish to be alone она пожелала остаться одна we had Peter’s son wished on us for the weekend Питер подкинул нам своего сына на выходной день wish for желать, стремиться; what more can you wish for? о чем еще вы можете мечтать?. чего еще вам не хватает? wish выражать пожелание wish желание, пожелание; she expressed a wish to be alone она пожелала остаться одна wish желание wish желать, хотеть; высказать пожелания; I wish it to be done я хочу, чтобы это было сделано; I wish you to understand я хочу, чтобы вы поняли wish желать wish предмет желания; if wishes were horses beggars might ride посл. = если бы да кабы во рту росли грибы wish просьба; to carry out (smb.’s) wish выполнять (чью-л.) просьбу wish просьба wish for желать, стремиться; what more can you wish for? о чем еще вы можете мечтать?. чего еще вам не хватает? long wished for давно желанный; wish on разг. навязать (кому-л. кого-л. или что-л.) to wish (smb.) well (ill) желать (кому-л.) добра (зла); he wishes well он настроен доброжелательно

I
1. [gəʊ]

1) (move, travel) andare

to go to London, to the States, to Ireland — andare a Londra, negli Stati Uniti, in Irlanda

to go to town, to the country — andare in città, in campagna

to go up, down, across — salire, scendere, attraversare

to go by train, plane — andare o viaggiare in treno, aereo

to go by o past [person, vehicle] passare, superare; there he goes again! (that’s him again) rieccolo là! fig. (he’s starting again) eccolo che ricomincia! where do we go from here? — fig. e adesso cosa facciamo?

2) (on specific errand, activity) andare

to go for a walk, a drink — andare a fare una passeggiata, a bere qualcosa

to go on holiday, on a journey — andare in vacanza, a fare un viaggio

I must go, I must be going — devo andare

(be sent, transmitted)

to go red — arrossire, diventare rosso

to go Labour — pol. [country, constituency] votare per il partito laburista

11) (be, remain)

his voice, hearing is going — sta perdendo la voce, sta diventando sordo

13) (elapse) passare, trascorrere

three hours went by before… — passarono tre ore prima che…

15) (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] andare, funzionare

to set sth. going — mettere in funzione o in moto qcs.

to get going — [engine, machine] mettersi in moto; fig. [ business] avviarsi, decollare

ready, steady, go! — pronti, partenza, via!

here goes! here we go! forza! ci siamo! once he gets going, he never stops — una volta partito, non si ferma più o non lo ferma più nessuno

17) (lead) andare, condurre, portare

the road goes down to the sea, goes up the mountain — la strada scende verso il mare, sale verso la montagna

to go very deep — [ roots] andare molto profondo; [reasons, habits] avere radici profonde, risalire a molto tempo fa

19) (belong, be placed) andare

anything goes — tutto è permesso, qualsiasi cosa va bene

the way things are going… — da come vanno le cose…

it’s old, as Australian towns go — per essere una città australiana, è vecchia

it wasn’t a bad party, as parties go — non è stata una brutta festa rispetto alla media

to go for over Ј 100,000 — andare o essere venduto per oltre 100.000 sterline

«going, going, gone!» — (at auction) «centomila, ecc. e uno, centomila, ecc. e due, centomila, ecc. e tre, aggiudicato!»

I’ll have some coffee, if there’s any going — prenderò un caffè, se ce n’è

29) (be given) [award, job] andare; [estate, inheritance, title] andare, passare

32) (make sound, perform action or movement) fare; [bell, alarm] suonare

the cat went «miaow» — il gatto ha fatto «miao»

so he goes «what about my money?» — colloq. poi fa «e i miei soldi?»

34) (break, collapse) [ roof] sfondarsi; [cable, rope] spezzarsi, cedere; [ light bulb] bruciarsi

2.

we had gone ten miles before we realized that… — abbiamo fatto dieci miglia prima di accorgerci che…

••

to go one better than sb. — fare meglio di o superare qcn.

II [gəʊ]

to have a go at sth. — provare a o tentare di fare qcs.

to be full of go, to be all go — essere pieno di energia o vita

••

to have a go at sb. — prendersela con qcn.

to make a go of sth. — fare un successo di qcs.

in one go — in un colpo solo, in una volta

* * *

[ɡəu]
1.

1) andare

2) passare

3) andare; essere venduto

4) andare

5) andare

6) andarsene

7) scorrere

partire

9) scomparire

10) andare

11) cedere

12) camminare, funzionare

13) diventare

14) andare

15) passare

16) essere permesso

17) fare

18) essere

19) andare

20) fare

21) riuscire

2.

1) prova, tentativo

2) energia

•

3.

1) fiorente

2) corrente

•

4.

(il) via

— going-over
— goings-on
— no-go
— all go
— be going on for
— be going on
— be going strong
— from the word go
— get going
— give the go-by
— go about
— go after
— go against
— go along
— go along with
— go around
— go around with
— go at
— go back
— go back on
— go by
— go down
— go far
— go for
— go in
— go in for
— go into
— go off
— go on
— go on at
— go out
— go over
— go round
— go slow
— go steady
— go through
— go through with
— go too far
— go towards
— go up
— go up in smoke/flames
— go with
— go without
— keep going
— make a go of something
— make a go
— on the go

* * *

I
1. [gəʊ]

1) (move, travel) andare

to go to London, to the States, to Ireland — andare a Londra, negli Stati Uniti, in Irlanda

to go to town, to the country — andare in città, in campagna

to go up, down, across — salire, scendere, attraversare

to go by train, plane — andare o viaggiare in treno, aereo

to go by o past [person, vehicle] passare, superare; there he goes again! (that’s him again) rieccolo là! fig. (he’s starting again) eccolo che ricomincia! where do we go from here? — fig. e adesso cosa facciamo?

2) (on specific errand, activity) andare

to go for a walk, a drink — andare a fare una passeggiata, a bere qualcosa

to go on holiday, on a journey — andare in vacanza, a fare un viaggio

I must go, I must be going — devo andare

(be sent, transmitted)

to go red — arrossire, diventare rosso

to go Labour — pol. [country, constituency] votare per il partito laburista

11) (be, remain)

his voice, hearing is going — sta perdendo la voce, sta diventando sordo

13) (elapse) passare, trascorrere

three hours went by before… — passarono tre ore prima che…

15) (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] andare, funzionare

to set sth. going — mettere in funzione o in moto qcs.

to get going — [engine, machine] mettersi in moto; fig. [ business] avviarsi, decollare

ready, steady, go! — pronti, partenza, via!

here goes! here we go! forza! ci siamo! once he gets going, he never stops — una volta partito, non si ferma più o non lo ferma più nessuno

17) (lead) andare, condurre, portare

the road goes down to the sea, goes up the mountain — la strada scende verso il mare, sale verso la montagna

to go very deep — [ roots] andare molto profondo; [reasons, habits] avere radici profonde, risalire a molto tempo fa

19) (belong, be placed) andare

anything goes — tutto è permesso, qualsiasi cosa va bene

the way things are going… — da come vanno le cose…

it’s old, as Australian towns go — per essere una città australiana, è vecchia

it wasn’t a bad party, as parties go — non è stata una brutta festa rispetto alla media

to go for over Ј 100,000 — andare o essere venduto per oltre 100.000 sterline

«going, going, gone!» — (at auction) «centomila, ecc. e uno, centomila, ecc. e due, centomila, ecc. e tre, aggiudicato!»

I’ll have some coffee, if there’s any going — prenderò un caffè, se ce n’è

29) (be given) [award, job] andare; [estate, inheritance, title] andare, passare

32) (make sound, perform action or movement) fare; [bell, alarm] suonare

the cat went «miaow» — il gatto ha fatto «miao»

so he goes «what about my money?» — colloq. poi fa «e i miei soldi?»

34) (break, collapse) [ roof] sfondarsi; [cable, rope] spezzarsi, cedere; [ light bulb] bruciarsi

2.

we had gone ten miles before we realized that… — abbiamo fatto dieci miglia prima di accorgerci che…

••

to go one better than sb. — fare meglio di o superare qcn.

II [gəʊ]

to have a go at sth. — provare a o tentare di fare qcs.

to be full of go, to be all go — essere pieno di energia o vita

••

to have a go at sb. — prendersela con qcn.

to make a go of sth. — fare un successo di qcs.

in one go — in un colpo solo, in una volta

wiʃ

1.

1) desear (que)

2) querer, desear

3) desear

2.

1) deseo

2) deseo

3) deseo, saludo, recuerdo

•

— wishing-well

querer

desear

ojalá

tr[wɪʃ]

■ I wish I was rich! ¡ojalá fuera rico!

1 desear ( for, -)

1 deseo

with best wishes from… saludos cordiales de…, recuerdos de…

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to wish somebody well / wish somebody all the best desear buena suerte a alguien

desear, querer

pedir (como deseo)

querer

v.

fut/c: querr-•)

n.

wɪʃ

I

noun

his last o dying wish — su última voluntad

wish to + INF: I’ve no wish to upset you, but… no quisiera disgustarte, pero…; I’ve no great wish to see the play — no tengo muchas ganas de ver la obra

best wishes, Jack — saludos or un abrazo de Jack

II
1.

transitive verb

to wish (THAT): I wish I hadn’t come ojalá no hubiera venido!; I wish I were rich ojalá fuera rico!; she wished she hadn’t told him lamentó habérselo dicho; I wish you wouldn’t say things like that me disgusta mucho que digas esas cosas; I do wish you’d told me before! — me lo podrías haber dicho antes!

b) ( want) (frml) desear (frml), querer*

should you wish to do so… — si así lo deseara… (frml)

to wish somebody/something to + INF — desear que alguien/algo (+ subj) (frml)

2.

vi

b) (want, desire)

as you wish, sir — como usted mande or diga, señor

Phrasal Verbs:

[wɪʃ]

their wish for peace is sincere, they are sincere in their wish for peace — son sinceros en sus deseos de paz

death 2.

2)

best wishes or all good wishes for a happy birthday — te deseamos un feliz cumpleaños, nuestros mejores deseos para un feliz cumpleaños

the Prime Minister has sent a message of good wishes to the French president — el Primer Ministro ha mandado un mensaje de buena voluntad al presidente francés

1)

«did you go?» — «I wish I had» — -¿fuiste? -¡ya me hubiera gustado! or -¡ojalá!

2)

3)

to wish sb sth: to wish sb good luck/a happy Christmas — desear buena suerte/felices pascuas a algn

4)

I don’t wish to sound mean, but… — no quisiera parecer tacaño, pero…

without wishing to be unkind, you must admit she’s not the most interesting company — sin ánimo de ser cruel, tienes que admitir que no es una persona muy interesante

1) pedir un deseo

4.

CPD

top of my wish list is… — mi deseo principal es…

* * *

[wɪʃ]

I

noun

his last o dying wish — su última voluntad

wish to + INF: I’ve no wish to upset you, but… no quisiera disgustarte, pero…; I’ve no great wish to see the play — no tengo muchas ganas de ver la obra

best wishes, Jack — saludos or un abrazo de Jack

II
1.

transitive verb

to wish (THAT): I wish I hadn’t come ojalá no hubiera venido!; I wish I were rich ojalá fuera rico!; she wished she hadn’t told him lamentó habérselo dicho; I wish you wouldn’t say things like that me disgusta mucho que digas esas cosas; I do wish you’d told me before! — me lo podrías haber dicho antes!

b) ( want) (frml) desear (frml), querer*

should you wish to do so… — si así lo deseara… (frml)

to wish somebody/something to + INF — desear que alguien/algo (+ subj) (frml)

2.

vi

b) (want, desire)

as you wish, sir — como usted mande or diga, señor

Phrasal Verbs:

[wɪʃ]
1.

гл.

1) желать, хотеть

I wish it to be done. — Я хочу, чтобы это было сделано.

I wish you to understand. — Я хочу, чтобы вы поняли.

We were wishing for cool weather. — Нам хотелось, чтобы была прохладная погода.

We can dress as we wish now. — Сейчас мы можем одеваться так, как нам хочется.

If you wish to go away for the weekend, our office will be delighted to make hotel reservations. — Если вы хотите на выходные уехать, наша фирма будет рада зарезервировать для вас места в гостинице.

A philosopher once said «Be careful what you wish for; you might get it». — «Будь осторожен в своих мечтах, они могут исполниться», — говорил один философ.

Syn:

2) желать ; выражать пожелание, надежду

to wish smb. well (ill) — желать кому-л. добра (зла)

He wishes well. — Он настроен доброжелательно.

I wish you joy. — Желаю вам счастья.

I wish you both a very good journey. — Я желаю вам обоим приятного путешествия.

They wished us good luck. — Они пожелали нам удачи.

3) хотелось бы; жаль, что не

I wish I could do that. — Жаль, что я не смог этого сделать. / Хотел бы я это сделать.

«Wish You Were Here». — «Жаль, что тебя здесь нет»

I wish I were rich. — Жаль, что я не богат. / Хотел бы я быть богатым.

4) разг. навязывать

We had Peter’s son wished on us for the weekend. — Питер подкинул нам своего сына на выходные.

•

Gram:

[ref dict=»LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)»]wish + that — clause[/ref]

••

— Without wishing to be unkind…
2.

сущ.

1) желание, охота

fervent / strong wish — горячее / сильное желание

Clearly she had no wish for conversation. — Было очевидно, что у неё не было желания разговаривать.

Project was carried out against our wishes. — Проект был осуществлён против нашей воли.

— respect smb.’s wish

Syn:

2) просьба, пожелание, желание

to fulfill / realize a wish — исполнить желание

to carry out smb.’s wish — выполнять чью-л. просьбу

They expressed a wish to visit the museum. — Они выразили желание посетить музей.

She expressed a wish to be alone. — Она пожелала остаться одна.

Syn:

She got her wish. — Она получила, что хотела.

4) пожелания, поздравления

one’s best / good / warm / warmest wishes — наилучшие пожелания

Please give him my best wishes. — Передайте ему мои наилучшие пожелания, пожалуйста.

Gram:

[ref dict=»LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)»]Good wishes[/ref]

••

If wishes were horses beggars might ride. посл. — Если бы да кабы во рту росли грибы.

Ⅰ.

go¹ [gəʊ]

Ⅱ.

go² [gəʊ]

A.

(a) aller; aller, rouler;

∎ we’re going to Paris/Japan/Spain nous allons à Paris/au Japon/en Espagne;

∎ he went to the office/a friend’s house il est allé au bureau/chez un ami;

∎ we went by car/on foot nous y sommes allés en voiture/à pied;

∎ there goes the train! voilà le train (qui passe)!;

∎ the bus goes by way of or through Dover le bus passe par Douvres;

∎ does this train go to Glasgow? ce train va-t-il à Glasgow?;

∎ where do we go from here? où va-t-on maintenant?; figurative qu’est-ce qu’on fait maintenant?;

∎ who goes next? c’est à qui (le tour)?;

∎ Military who goes there? qui va là?, qui vive?;

∎ here we go again! ça y est, ça recommence!;

∎ there he goes! le voilà!;

∎ to go fishing/hunting aller à la pêche/à la chasse;

∎ let’s go for a walk/bike ride/swim allons nous promener/faire un tour à vélo/nous baigner;

∎ British go and buy the paper, American go buy the paper va acheter le journal;

∎ I’ll go to see her or American go see her tomorrow j’irai la voir demain;

∎ don’t go and tell him!, don’t go telling him! ne va pas le lui dire!, ne le lui dis pas!;

∎ you had to go and tell him! il a fallu que tu le lui dises!;

∎ he’s gone and locked us out! il est parti et nous a laissé à la porte!;

∎ you’ve gone and done it now! vraiment, tu as tout gâché!

∎ he’ll go as high as £300 il ira jusqu’à 300 livres;

∎ the temperature went as high as 36° C la température est montée jusqu’à 36° C;

∎ now you’ve gone too far! là tu as dépassé les bornes!;

(d) s’en aller, partir;

∎ what time does the train go? à quelle heure part le train?;

∎ familiar get going! vas-y!, file!;

∎ archaic be gone! allez-vous-en!;

∎ to go to church/school aller à l’église/l’école;

B.

∎ to go barefoot/naked se promener pieds nus/tout nu;

∎ have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou?;

(c) tomber en panne; sauter; sauter, griller;

(e) se détériorer; baisser;

C.

∎ what are we waiting for? let’s go! qu’est-ce qu’on attend? allons-y!;

∎ familiar here goes!, here we go! allez!, on y va!;

∎ go! partez!;

∎ you’d better get going on or with that report! tu ferais bien de te mettre à ou de t’attaquer à ce rapport!;

∎ are you going to be at home tonight? est-ce que vous serez chez vous ce soir?;

∎ is the fan going? est-ce que le ventilateur est en marche ou marche?;

∎ to get sth going mettre qch en marche; lancer qch;

∎ to keep a conversation/fire going entretenir une conversation/un feu

(e) sonner; retentir

∎ to go on radio/television passer à la radio/à la télévision

D.

∎ after I go… quand je ne serai plus là…

E.

(a) aller, s’étendre;

∎ figurative her thinking didn’t go that far elle n’a pas poussé le raisonnement aussi loin;

∎ where do the towels go? où est-ce qu’on met les serviettes?;

(c) aller;

(d) se passer;

∎ how did your interview go? comment s’est passé ton entretien?;

∎ the meeting went badly/well la réunion s’est mal/bien passée;

∎ the vote went against them/in their favour le vote leur a été défavorable/favorable;

∎ familiar how’s it going?, how are things going? (comment) ça va?;

∎ the way things are going, we might both be out of a job soon au train où vont ou vu comment vont les choses, nous allons bientôt nous retrouver tous les deux au chômage

(e) s’écouler, passer; durer;

∎ there were only five minutes to go before… il ne restait que cinq minutes avant…;

∎ how’s the time going? combien de temps reste-t-il?

F.

∎ what your mother says goes! fais ce que dit ta mère!;

(b) s’appliquer;

(c)

∎ the story or rumour goes that she left him le bruit court qu’elle l’a quitté;

∎ so the story goes du moins c’est ce que l’on dit ou d’après les on-dit;

∎ how does the story go? comment c’est cette histoire?;

∎ how does the tune go? c’est quoi ou c’est comment, l’air?;

∎ to go by or under the name of répondre au nom de;

∎ he now goes by or under another name il se fait appeler autrement maintenant

∎ the necklace went for £350 le collier s’est vendu 350 livres;

∎ going, going, gone! une fois, deux fois, adjugé!

G.

(a) aller, être donné; passer;

H.

(a) aller ensemble;

∎ are there any flats going for rent in this building? y a-t-il des appartements à louer dans cet immeuble?;

∎ familiar any whisky going? tu as un whisky à m’offrir?^□

∎ she isn’t bad, as teachers go elle n’est pas mal comme enseignante;

∎ as houses go, it’s pretty cheap ce n’est pas cher pour une maison;

∎ there you go again, always blaming other people ça y est, toujours à rejeter la responsabilité sur les autres;

∎ there you go, two hamburgers and a coke et voici, deux hamburgers et un Coca;

∎ there you go, what did I tell you? voilà ou tiens, qu’est-ce que je t’avais dit!

(a) aller, suivre;

∎ if we go this way, we’ll get there much more quickly si nous passons par là, nous arriverons bien plus vite

∎ ducks go «quack» les canards font «coin-coin»;

∎ the clock goes «tick tock» l’horloge fait «tic tac»;

∎ familiar then he goes «hand it over» puis il fait «donne-le-moi»

∎ Cards to go no/two trumps annoncer sans/deux atout(s);

∎ figurative to go one better (than sb) surenchérir (sur qn)

∎ familiar how goes it? ça marche?

∎ to have a go at sth/doing sth essayer qch/de faire qch;

∎ have another go! encore un coup!;

∎ £1 a go une livre la partie ou le tour;

∎ he wouldn’t let me have or give me a go il ne voulait pas me laisser l’essayer

∎ it’s your go c’est ton tour ou c’est à toi (de jouer);

∎ whose go is it? à qui de jouer?, à qui le tour?

∎ they had a real go at one another! qu’est-ce qu’ils se sont mis!;

∎ British police have warned the public not to have a go, the fugitive may be armed la police a prévenu la population de ne pas s’en prendre au fugitif car il pourrait être armé;

∎ all systems go! c’est parti!;

à faire;

∎ there are only three weeks/five miles to go il ne reste plus que trois semaines/cinq miles;

∎ five done, three to go cinq de faits, trois à faire

∎ you can’t go about saying things like that! il ne faut pas raconter des choses pareilles!

∎ how do you go about applying for the job? comment doit-on s’y prendre ou faire pour postuler l’emploi?

traverser

traverser;

(b) poursuivre; chasser; essayer d’obtenir;

(c) être contraire à; être défavorable à; nuire à, être préjudiciable à;

∎ go ahead! tell me! vas-y! dis-le-moi!;

(c) progresser, faire des progrès

(c) aller

accepter, s’incliner devant; observer, respecter;

(b) circuler; courir, circuler

∎ will that belt go around your waist? est-ce que cette ceinture sera assez grande pour toi?

partir, s’en aller;

∎ go away! va-t’en!;

∎ I went back downstairs/upstairs je suis redescendu/remonté;

∎ go back! recule!

∎ familiar we go back a long way, Brad and me ça remonte à loin, Brad et moi

(e) s’étendre;

rompre, violer; manquer à, revenir sur;

∎ to go before a judge/jury passer devant un juge/un jury;

passer; passer, s’écouler;

∎ in days or in times or in years gone by autrefois, jadis;

(a) suivre, se baser sur;

∎ going by her accent, I’d say she’s from New York si j’en juge d’après son accent, je dirais qu’elle vient de New York;

∎ to go by a different/false name être connu sous un nom différent/un faux nom;

∎ the product goes by the name of «Bango» in France ce produit est vendu sous le nom de «Bango» en France

(a) descendre;

∎ he went down on all fours or on his hands and knees il s’est mis à quatre pattes;

∎ going down! on descend!, pour descendre!

(b) aller;

∎ we’re going down to Tours/the country/the shop nous allons à Tours/à la campagne/au magasin

(c) se coucher, tomber

(d) couler, sombrer; couler, disparaître (sous l’eau)

(e) baisser; diminuer; baisser, s’abaisser; baisser, tomber; descendre;

(f) désenfler, dégonfler; se dégonfler

(g) descendre;

∎ his speech went down badly/well son discours a été mal/bien reçu;

∎ how will the proposal go down with the students? comment les étudiants vont-ils prendre la proposition?;

(k) être noté; être pris ou couché par écrit;

∎ how long do you think he’ll go down for? il écopera de combien, à ton avis?;

descendre;

∎ Music the pianist went down an octave le pianiste a joué une octave plus bas ou a descendu d’une octave;

∎ figurative I don’t want to go down that road je ne veux pas m’engager là-dedans

tomber malade de;

∎ he went down with pneumonia/the flu il a attrapé une pneumonie/la grippe

∎ I’d go for it if I were you! à ta place, je n’hésiterais pas!;

(c) tomber sur, s’élancer sur; s’en prendre à;

(e) choisir, préférer

(f) concerner, s’appliquer à;

∎ Bible go forth and multiply croissez et multipliez-vous

∎ the command went forth that… il fut décrété que…

(s’)avancer;

∎ if this scheme goes forward… si ce projet est accepté…

∎ it’s too big, it won’t go in c’est trop grand, ça ne rentrera pas

(b) se cacher

(a) pratiquer, faire; se consacrer à; s’occuper de, faire;

∎ why do scientists go in for all that jargon? pourquoi est-ce que les scientifiques utilisent tout ce jargon?

(d) prendre part à; se présenter à

(e) poser sa candidature à, postuler

(a) entrer dans; entrer à ou dans; se lancer dans;

(b)

(c) commencer à; se lancer ou s’embarquer dans, (se mettre à) donner; aborder;

(d) examiner, étudier;

(g) entrer dans;

∎ Theatre the actors went off les acteurs ont quitté la scène

(b) s’éteindre; s’éteindre, s’arrêter; partir, s’arrêter;

(c) exploser; partir; sonner;

∎ figurative to go off into fits of laughter être pris d’un fou rire

∎ the interview went off badly/well l’entretien s’est mal/bien passé;

∎ he’s gone off classical music/smoking il n’aime plus la musique classique/fumer, la musique classique/fumer ne l’intéresse plus;

∎ you go on, I’ll catch up allez-y, je vous rattraperai (en chemin);

∎ «and that’s not all», he went on «et ce n’est pas tout», a-t-il poursuivi;

∎ you can’t go on being a student for ever! tu ne peux pas être étudiant toute ta vie!;

∎ go on looking! cherchez encore!;

∎ go on, ask her vas-y, demande-lui;

∎ familiar go on, be a devil vas-y, laisse-toi tenter!;

∎ go on, I’m listening continuez, je vous écoute;

∎ I can’t go on like this! je ne peux plus continuer comme ça!;

∎ if he goes on like this, he’ll get fired s’il continue comme ça, il va se faire renvoyer;

∎ British familiar go on (with you)! allons, arrête de me faire marcher!;

∎ here’s £25 to be going on with voilà 25 livres pour te dépanner

(d) aller;

(e) se passer;

∎ what’s going on here? qu’est-ce qui se passe ici?;

∎ she does go on! elle n’arrête pas de parler!, c’est un vrai moulin à paroles!;

∎ don’t go on about it! ça va, on a compris!;

∎ I don’t want to go on about it, but… je ne voudrais pas avoir l’air d’insister, mais…;

∎ what are you going on about now? qu’est-ce que vous racontez?

∎ what a way to go on! en voilà des manières!

(i) s’allumer; s’allumer, se mettre en marche

(a) monter dans

∎ to go on a journey/a holiday partir en voyage/en vacances;

∎ humorous she’s fifteen going on forty-five elle a quinze ans mais elle est déjà très mûre; elle a quinze ans mais elle est vieille avant l’âge

∎ don’t go on at me! laisse-moi tranquille!

∎ she goes out to work elle travaille en dehors de la maison ou hors de chez elle;

(d) s’éteindre

∎ to go out of style/fashion ne plus être le bon style/à la mode;

∎ familiar that hairstyle went out with the ark cette coiffure remonte au déluge

(i) être envoyé; être distribué; être diffusé

(j) aller;

(d) changer;

∎ when will we go over to the metric system? quand est-ce qu’on va passer au système métrique?

∎ the speech went over badly/well le discours a mal/bien passé

(a) passer par-dessus;

(b) examiner, considérer; examiner, vérifier;

∎ would you go over my report? voulez-vous regarder mon rapport?

∎ is there enough cake to go round? est-ce qu’il y a assez de gâteau pour tout le monde?;

(c) circuler, courir; circuler

(d)

(e) tourner;

∎ figurative my head’s going round j’ai la tête qui tourne

faire le tour de;

(a) traverser;

∎ figurative a shiver went through her un frisson l’a parcourue ou traversée

(b) subir, souffrir;

(c) épuiser; dépenser; consommer; user;

∎ humorous how many assistants has he gone through now? combien d’assistants a-t-il déjà eus?;

(d) examiner, vérifier; éplucher; dépouiller; fouiller (dans); chercher dans; trier;

∎ did customs go through your suitcase? est-ce qu’ils ont fouillé votre valise à la douane?;

(e) être voté;

(f) faire; remplir, accomplir;

∎ Music let’s go through the introduction again reprenons l’introduction;

(g) étudier; participer à

(h) réciter; répéter;

(a) passer, traverser

(b) être accepté; être conclu, se faire; passer, être voté; être prononcé;

(a) aller bien ensemble; aller de pair;

(b) être consacré à;

(a) couler, sombrer; couler, disparaître (sous l’eau)

(a) passer par-dessous

∎ to go under a false/different name utiliser ou prendre un faux nom/un nom différent;

(a) monter, aller en haut; monter;

∎ have you ever gone up in an aeroplane? êtes-vous déjà monté en avion?;

(b) augmenter, croître; monter, augmenter; monter, s’élever;

(d) apparaître; être construit;

(e) sauter, exploser

monter;

∎ to go up a hill/ladder monter une colline/sur une échelle;

∎ Music the pianist went up an octave le pianiste a monté d’une octave;

∎ to go up to sb/sth se diriger vers qn/qch;

∎ I will go up to £100 je veux bien aller jusqu’à 100 livres

(a) accompagner, aller avec;

∎ figurative to go with the crowd suivre la foule ou le mouvement;

(b) aller avec;

∎ euphemism he’s been going with other women il a été avec d’autres femmes

se passer de, se priver de;

∎ he went without sleep or without sleeping for two days il n’a pas dormi pendant deux jours

s’en passer;

ⓘ Do not pass go, (do not collect £200/$200) Au Monopoly les joueurs tirent parfois une carte qui les envoie sur la case «prison». Sur cette carte sont inscrits les mots do not pass go, do not collect £200 (ou bien do not collect $200 s’il s’agit de la version américaine). Cette phrase, dont la version française est «ne passez pas par la case départ, ne recevez pas 20 000 francs», est utilisée de façon allusive et sur le mode humoristique dans différents contextes: on dira par exemple you do that again and you’re going straight to jail, Bill. Do not pass go, do not collect $200 («refais ça, Bill, et je t’assure que tu iras droit en prison). On peut également utiliser cette expression lorsque quelqu’un essaie de mener un projet à bien mais rencontre des obstacles: the country is trying hard to get back on its feet but because of the civil war it has not even been allowed to pass go, let alone collect £200 («le pays fait de son mieux pour se rétablir mais la guerre civile n’arrange rien, bien au contraire»).

ⓘ Go ahead, make my day C’est la formule prononcée par l’inspecteur Harry Callahan (incarné par Clint Eastwood) dans le film Sudden Impact (1983) lorsqu’il se trouve confronté à un gangster. Il s’agit d’une façon d’encourager le bandit à se servir de son arme afin de pouvoir l’abattre en état de légitime défense: «allez, vas-y, fais-moi plaisir». On utilise cette formule par allusion au film et en réaction à une personne qui vient de proférer des menaces. Ainsi, le président Reagan s’en servit en s’adressant à des travailleurs qui menaçaient de se mettre en grève.

1 (move, travel) aller (from de ; to à, en) ; to go to London/Paris aller à Londres/Paris ; to go to Wales/to Ireland/to California aller au Pays de Galles/en Irlande/en Californie ; to go to town/to the country aller en ville/à la campagne ; they went home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; she’s gone to Paris elle est allée à Paris ; to go up/down/across monter/descendre/traverser ; I went into the room je suis entré dans la pièce ; to go by bus/train/plane voyager en bus/train/avion ; we went there by bus nous y sommes allés en bus ; to go by ou past [person, vehicle] passer ; that car’s going very fast! cette voiture roule très vite! ; there he goes again! ( that’s him again) le revoilà! ; fig ( he’s starting again) le voilà qui recommence!, c’est reparti! ; who goes there? Mil qui va là? ; where do we go from here? fig et maintenant qu’est-ce qu’on fait? ;

2 (on specific errand, activity) aller ; to go shopping aller faire des courses ; to go swimming (in sea, river) aller se baigner ; ( in pool) aller à la piscine ; to go for a walk aller se promener ; to go on a journey/on holiday partir en voyage/en vacances ; to go for a drink aller prendre un verre ; he’s gone to get some wine il est allé chercher du vin ; go and answer the phone va répondre au téléphone ; go and tell them that… va leur dire que… ; go after him! poursuivez-le! ;

3 ( attend) aller ; to go to school/ church aller à l’école/l’église ; to go to work aller or se rendre au travail ; to go to the doctor’s/dentist’s aller chez le médecin/dentiste ;

7 ( disappear) partir ; half the money goes on school fees la moitié de l’argent part en frais de scolarité ; the money/cake has all gone il ne reste plus d’argent/de gâteau ; I left my bike outside and now it’s gone j’ai laissé mon vélo dehors et il n’est plus là or il a disparu ; there goes my chance of winning! c’en est fait de mes chances de gagner! ;

14 ( be got rid of) he’s totally inefficient, he’ll have to go! il est complètement incapable, il va falloir qu’on se débarrasse de lui! ; that new lampshade is hideous, it’ll have to go! ce nouvel abat-jour est affreux, il va falloir qu’on s’en débarrasse! ; the car will have to go il va falloir vendre la voiture ; either she goes or I do! c’est elle ou moi! ; six down and four to go! six de faits, et encore quatre à faire! ;

16 ( start) let’s get going! allons-y!, allez, on commençe! ; we’ll have to get going on that translation il va falloir qu’on se mette à faire cette traduction ; to get things going mettre les choses en train ; ready, steady, go! à vos marques, prêts, partez! ; here goes!, here we go! c’est parti! ; once he gets going, he never stops une fois lancé, il n’arrête pas ;

17 ( lead) aller, conduire, mener (to à) ; that corridor goes to the kitchen le couloir va or conduit à la cuisine ; the road goes down to the sea/goes up the mountain la route descend vers la mer/monte au sommet de la montagne ; this road goes past the cemetery ce chemin passe à côté du cimetière ;

21 (be expressed, sung etc in particular way) I can’t remember how the poem goes je n’arrive pas à me rappeler le poème ; how does the song go? quel est l’air de la chanson? ; the song goes something like this la chanson ressemble à peu près à ça ; as the saying goes comme dit le proverbe ; the story goes that le bruit court que, on dit que ; her theory goes something like this… sa théorie consiste à peu près à dire que… ;

23 ( be about to) to be going to do aller faire ; it’s going to snow il va neiger ; I was just going to phone you j’étais justement sur le point de t’appeler, j’allais justement t’appeler ; I’m going to phone him right now je vais l’appeler tout de suite ; I’m not going to be treated like that! je ne vais pas me laisser faire comme ça! ; we were going to go to Italy, but we changed our plans nous devions aller en Italie, mais nous avons changé d’idée ;

25 ( be on average) it’s old, as Australian towns go c’est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne ; it wasn’t a bad party, as parties go c’était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne ;

26 ( be sold) the house went for over £100,000 la maison a été vendue à plus de 100 000 livres ; we won’t let the house go for less than £100,000 nous ne voulons pas vendre la maison à moins de 100 000 livres ; those rugs are going cheap ces tapis ne sont pas chers ; the house will go to the highest bidder la maison sera vendue au plus offrant ; ‘going, going, gone!’ ( at auction) ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’ ;

30 ( emphatic use) she’s gone and told everybody! elle est allée le dire à tout le monde! ; why did he go and spoil it? pourquoi est-il allé tout gâcher ? ; you’ve gone and ruined everything! tu t’es débrouillé pour tout gâcher! ; he went and won the competition! il s’est débrouillé pour gagner le concours! ; you’ve really gone and done it now! tu peux être fier de toi! iron ; then he had to go and lose his wallet comme s’il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille ;

31 ( of money) (be spent, used up) all his money goes on drink tout son argent passe dans l’alcool ; most of his salary goes on rent la plus grande partie de son salaire passe dans le loyer ; I don’t know where all my money goes (to)! je ne sais pas ce que je fais de mon argent! ;

32 (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire ; [bell, alarm] sonner ; the cat went ‘miaow’ le chat a fait ‘miaou’ ; wait until the bell goes attends que la cloche sonne ( subj) ; she went like this with her fingers elle a fait comme ça avec ses doigts ; so he goes ‘what about my money ○ ?’ et puis il dit or il fait, ‘et mon argent?’ ;

33 (resort to, have recourse to) to go to war [country] entrer en guerre ; [soldier] partir à la guerre ; to go to law GB ou to the law US aller en justice ;

34 (break, collapse etc) [roof] s’effondrer ; [cable, rope] se rompre, céder ; ( fuse) [light bulb] griller ;

35 (bid, bet) aller ; I’ll go as high as £100 j’irai jusqu’à 100 livres sterling ; I went up to £100 je suis allé jusqu’à 100 livres sterling ;

39 US ( in takeaway) to go à emporter ; two hamburgers to go! deux hamburgers à emporter!

1 ( travel) we had gone ten miles before we realized that… nous avions déjà fait dix kilomètres quand nous nous sommes rendu compte que… ; are you going my way? tu vas dans la même direction que moi? ; to go one’s own way fig suivre son chemin ;

2 Naut virer de bord ; prepare to go about! parer à virer! ;

▶ go about [sth]

1 ( undertake) s’attaquer à [task] ; how do you go about writing a novel? comment est-ce que vous vous y prenez pour écrire un roman? ; he knows how to go about it il sait s’y prendre ;

▶ go across traverser ; he’s gone across to the shop/neighbour’s il est allé au magasin en face/chez les voisins en face ;

▶ go across [sth] traverser [street, river, bridge etc].

▶ go after [sth/sb]

1 ( chase) poursuivre [person] ;

▶ go against [sb/sth]

1 ( prove unfavourable to) the vote/verdict/decision went against them le vote/le verdict/la décision leur a été défavorable or n’a pas été en leur faveur ; the war is going against them la guerre tourne à leur désavantage ;

3 (resist, oppose) s’opposer à, aller à l’inverse de [person, sb’s wishes].

1 ( go in front) go ahead, I’ll follow you on partez devant, je vous suis ;

▶ go at [sb] ( attack) attaquer, tomber sur ;

▶ go at [sth] s’attaquer à, s’atteler à [task, activity].

■ go away [person] partir ; to go away on holiday GB ou vacation US partir en vacances ; go away and leave me alone! va-t-en et laisse-moi tranquille! ; go away and think about it réfléchissez-y ; don’t go away thinking that ne va pas croire que ; this cold/headache just won’t go away! je n’arrive pas à me débarrasser de ce rhume/mal de tête! ; the problems aren’t just going to go away! les problèmes ne vont pas disparaître tout seuls!

1 ( return) retourner ; ( turn back) rebrousser chemin, faire demi-tour ; ( resume work) reprendre le travail ; (resume classes, studies) reprendre les cours ; as it was raining, they decided to go back comme il pleuvait, ils ont décidé de faire demi-tour or de rebrousser chemin ; they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; let’s go back to France rentrons en France ; to go back to the beginning recommencer ; to go back to sleep se rendormir ; to go back to work/writing se remettre au travail/à écrire ; go back! the path isn’t safe reculez! le chemin est dangereux ; once you’ve committed yourself, there’s no going back une fois que vous vous êtes engagé, vous ne pouvez plus reculer ;

▶ go back on [sth] revenir sur [promise, decision].

▶ go before [sb/sth] [person] comparaître devant [court, judge] ; the bill went before parliament le projet de loi a été soumis au parlement.

▶ go by [sth]

1 ( judge by) juger d’après ; to go by appearances juger d’après or sur les apparences ; going by her looks, I’d say she was about 30 à la voir, je lui donne 30 ans ; you mustn’t go by what you read in the papers il ne faut pas croire tout ce que disent les journaux ; if the trailer is anything to go by, it should be a good film à en juger par la bande-annonce, ça doit être un bon film ; if the father is anything to go by, I wouldn’t like to meet the son! quand on voit le père, on n’a pas envie de rencontrer le fils! ;

2 ( fall) [person, aircraft] tomber ; ( sink) [ship] couler, sombrer ; [person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ; most of the passengers went down with the ship la plupart des passagers ont coulé avec le navire ; the plane went down in flames l’avion s’est écrasé en flammes ; the plane went down over Normandy/the Channel l’avion s’est écrasé en Normandie/est tombé dans la Manche ; to go down for the third time [drowning person] disparaître sous les flots et se noyer ;

3 [sun] se coucher ;

4 ( be received) to go down well/badly être bien/mal reçu ; this remark didn’t go down at all well cette remarque n’a pas été appréciée du tout ; his jokes went down well/didn’t go down well with the audience le public a apprécié/n’a pas beaucoup apprécié ses plaisanteries ; another cup of coffee would go down nicely! une autre tasse de café serait la bienvenue! ;

6 ( become lower) [water level, temperature] baisser ; [tide] descendre ; [price, standard] baisser ; ( abate) [storm, wind] se calmer ; [fire] s’éteindre ; the river has/the floods have gone down le niveau de la rivière/des inondations a baissé ; foodstuffs are going down (in price) les produits alimentaires deviennent moins chers ;

7 ( become deflated) [swelling] désenfler ; [tyre, balloon] se dégonfler ;

13 ( be stricken) to go down with flu/malaria attraper la grippe/la malaria ;

15 Comput [computer, system] tomber en panne ;

▶ go down [sth]

1 lit descendre [hill] ; descendre dans [mine] ;

▶ go for [sb/sth]

2 ( apply to) être valable pour, s’appliquer à ; that goes for all of you! c’est valable pour tout le monde! ; the same goes for him c’est valable pour lui aussi!, ça s’applique à lui aussi! ;

▶ go for [sb]

1 ( attack) ( physically) attaquer, tomber sur ; ( verbally) attaquer, s’en prendre à [person] ; the two youths went for him les deux jeunes l’ont attaqué or lui ont sauté dessus ; to go for sb’s throat [animal] attaquer qn à la gorge ; she really went for him! (in argument, row) elle l’a vraiment incendié!, elle s’en est prise violemment à lui! ;

▶ go for [sth]

3 ( disappear) [sun, moon] se cacher.

▶ go in for [sth]

3 ( take part in) s’inscrire à [exam, competition].

▶ go into [sth]

6 ( hit) [car, driver] rentrer dans, heurter ; the car went into a lamp post la voiture est rentrée dans or a heurté un réverbère.

2 [alarm clock] sonner ; [fire alarm] se déclencher ;

4 GB ( go bad) [milk, cream] tourner ; [meat] s’avarier ; [butter] rancir ; ( deteriorate) [performer, athlete etc] perdre sa forme ; [work] se dégrader ; ( lose one’s attractiveness) [person] être moins beau/belle qu’avant ; he used to be very handsome, but he’s gone off a bit il était très beau, mais il est moins bien maintenant ; the first part of the film was good, but after that it went off la première partie du film était bien, mais après ça s’est dégradé ;

7 (happen, take place) [evening, organized event] se passer ; the concert went off very well le concert s’est très bien passé ;

8 Theat quitter la scène ;

▶ go off with [sb/sth] partir avec [person, money] ; she went off with all his money elle est partie avec tout son argent ; who’s gone off with my pen? qui a pris mon stylo?

3 ( continue) continuer ; go on with your work continuez votre travail, continuez de travailler ; go on looking continuez à or de chercher ; she went on speaking elle a continué de parler ; go on, we’re all listening! continue, nous t’écoutons tous! ; ‘and another thing,’ she went on, ‘you’re always late’ ‘et autre chose,’ a-t-elle ajouté, ‘vous êtes toujours en retard’ ; if he goes on like this, he’ll get into trouble! s’il continue comme ça, il va s’attirer des ennuis ; we can’t go on like this! nous ne pouvons pas continuer comme ça! ; life must go on la vie continue ; the meeting went on into the afternoon la réunion s’est prolongée jusque dans l’après-midi ; you can’t go on being a pen pusher all your life! tu ne peux pas rester gratte-papier toute ta vie! ; the list goes on and on la liste est infinie or interminable ; that’s enough to be going on with ça suffit pour le moment ; have you got enough work to be going on with? est-ce que tu as assez de travail pour le moment? ; here’s £20 to be going on with voici 20 livres pour te dépanner ; go on (with you) ○ ! allons donc! ;

4 ( of time) ( elapse) as time went on, they… avec le temps, ils… ; as the evening went on, he became more animated au fur et à mesure que la soirée avançait, il devenait plus animé ;

6 ( proceed) passer ; let’s go on to the next item passons au point suivant ; he went on to say that/describe how puis il a dit que/décrit comment ;

8 Theat entrer en scène ; what time do you go on? à quelle heure est-ce que vous entrez en scène? ;

2 ( travel long distance) partir (to à, pour) ; she’s gone out to Australia/Africa elle est partie pour l’Australie/l’Afrique ;

13 ( end) [year, month] se terminer ;

1 ( cross over) aller ; she went over to him/to the window elle est allée vers lui/vers la fenêtre, elle s’est approchée de lui/de la fenêtre ; to go over to Ireland/to America aller en Irlande/aux États-Unis ; we are now going over to Washington for more news Radio, TV nous passons maintenant l’antenne à Washington pour plus d’informations ;

▶ go over [sth]

3 ( clean) he went over the room with a duster il a donné un coup de chiffon dans la pièce ; after cleaning, go over the surface with a dry cloth après l’avoir nettoyée, essuyez la surface avec un chiffon sec or passez un chiffon sec sur la surface ;

5 ( exceed) dépasser ; don’t go over £100 ne dépassez pas 100 livres sterling.

3 ( suffice) there isn’t enough food/money to go round il n’y a pas assez de nourriture/d’argent pour tout le monde ; there was barely enough to go round il y en avait à peine assez pour tout le monde ;

▶ go round [sth] ( visit) faire le tour de [shops, house, museum].

1 ( come in) entrer ; if you’ll just go (on) through, I’ll tell them you’re here si vous voulez bien entrer, je vais leur dire que vous êtes arrivé ;

▶ go through [sth]

3 ( search) fouiller [person’s belongings, baggage] ; to go through sb’s pockets/drawers fouiller dans les poches/tiroirs de qn ; at customs they went through all my things à la douane ils ont fouillé toutes mes affaires ;

1 [boat, ship] couler, sombrer ; [drowning person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ;

2 fig ( succumb) [person] succomber ; ( go bankrupt) [business, company] faire faillite.

4 (be destroyed, blown up) [building] sauter, exploser ;

7 ( continue) the book/series goes up to 1990 le livre/la série va jusqu’en 1990 ;

▶ go up [sth]

1 ( mount) monter, gravir [hill, mountain] ;

▶ go with [sth]

▶ go with [sb] ( date) sortir avec ; ( have sex with) coucher avec [person].

▶ go without s’en passer ; you’ll just have to go without! il va falloir que tu t’en passes!, il va falloir que tu fasses sans! ;

▶ go without [sth] se passer de [food, luxuries].

go [gəʊ]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When go is part of a set combination, eg go cheap, go too far, look up the other word.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► to go + preposition

• the train goes at 90km/h le train roule à 90 km/h

• to go to France/to London aller en France/à Londres

• now you’ve gone and broken it! (inf) ça y est, tu l’as cassé !

   b. ( = depart) partir ; ( = disappear) disparaître ; [time] passer ; ( = be sacked) être licencié

• going, going, gone! une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé, vendu !

► to let sb go ( = allow to leave) laisser partir qn ; ( = make redundant) se séparer de qn ; ( = stop gripping) lâcher qn

• to let go of sth/sb lâcher qch/qn

   c. ( = start) [car, machine] démarrer ; ( = function) [machine, watch, car] marcher

• once he gets going… une fois lancé…

• here goes! (inf) allez, on y va !

   e. ( = progress) aller, marcher

• all went well for him until… tout s’est bien passé pour lui jusqu’au moment où…

• add the sugar, stirring as you go ajoutez le sucre, en remuant au fur et à mesure

   h. ( = fail) [fuse] sauter ; [bulb] griller ; [material] être usé ; [sight] baisser ; [strength] manquer

   j. ( = be given) [prize, reward, inheritance] revenir (to à)

   k. ( = be accepted) the story goes that… le bruit court que…

• as far as your suggestion goes… pour ce qui est de ta suggestion…

   o. ( = make sound or movement) faire ; [bell, clock] sonner

► as… go

► to be going to + infinitive aller

   a. ( = travel) [+ distance] faire

   b. ( = make sound) faire

• he went «psst» « psst » fit-il

( = follow) suivre ; ( = attack) attaquer

   a. = go about ; go round

• it’s getting dark, shall we go back? il commence à faire nuit, on rentre ?

   d. ( = revert) revenir (to à)

( = happen earlier)

[person] passer ; [period of time] (se) passer

   a. ( = descend) descendre ; ( = fall) tomber ; ( = sink) couler ; [plane] s’écraser

• to go down well/badly être bien/mal accueilli

   d. [value, price, standards] baisser

   f. [stage curtain] tomber ; [theatre lights] s’éteindre

   g. ( = go as far as) aller

   c. ( = strive for) essayer d’avoir ; ( = choose) choisir

   a. ( = move ahead) avancer ; [economy] progresser

   a. [+ examination] se présenter à ; [+ position, job] poser sa candidature à ; [+ competition, race] prendre part à

   b. [+ sport] pratiquer ; [+ hobby] se livrer à ; [+ style] affectionner ; [+ medicine, accounting, politics] faire

   c. [light, radio, TV] s’éteindre ; [heating] s’arrêter

   d. (British) [meat] s’avarier ; [milk] tourner ; [butter] rancir

• if you go on doing that, you’ll get into trouble si tu continues, tu vas avoir des ennuis

• don’t go on about it! ça va, j’ai compris !

• he went on to say that… puis il a dit que…

   i. ( = progress) [person, patient] aller

   c. ( = travel) aller (to à)

   d. [sea] se retirer ; [tide] descendre

   f. [invitation] être envoyé ; [radio programme, TV programme] être diffusé

   a. ( = examine) [+ accounts, report] vérifier

   b. ( = review) [+ speech] revoir ; [+ facts, points] récapituler

   d. ( = circulate) [document, story] circuler

• there’s a rumour going round that… le bruit court que…

( = be agreed) [proposal] être accepté ; [business deal] être conclu

   a. ( = suffer, endure) endurer

   b. ( = examine) [+ list] examiner ; [+ book] parcourir ; [+ mail] regarder ; [+ subject, plan] étudier ; [+ one’s pockets] fouiller dans

   c. ( = use up) [+ money] dépenser ; ( = wear out) user

[colours, flavours] aller (bien) ensemble ; [events, conditions, ideas] aller de pair

   a. ( = sink) [ship, person] couler

   b. [colours] aller bien avec ; [furnishings] être assorti à ; [behaviour, opinions] cadrer avec

* * *

[gəʊ]
1.

1) () aller ( from de; to à, en)

to go to Wales/to California — aller au Pays de Galles/en Californie

to go to town/to the country — aller en ville/à la campagne

to go up/down/across — monter/descendre/traverser

to go by bus/train — voyager en bus/train

to go by ou past — [person, vehicle] passer

2) () aller

to go on a journey/on holiday — partir en voyage/en vacances

to go to school/work — aller à l’école/au travail

()

to go Labour — Politics [country, constituency] voter travailliste

11) ()

12) ()

15) () [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionner

to set [something] going — mettre [quelque chose] en marche

to get going — [engine, machine] se mettre en marche; fig [business] démarrer

to keep going — [person, business, machine] se maintenir

here goes! —

once he gets going, he never stops — une fois lancé, il n’arrête pas

17) () aller, conduire (to à)

the road goes down/goes up — la route descend/monte

you can make £5 go a long way — on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling

19) () aller

20) () gen rentrer

it’s old, as Australian towns go — c’est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne

it wasn’t a bad party, as parties go — c’était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne

the house went for over £100,000 — la maison a été vendue à plus de 100000 livres

‘going, going, gone!’ — ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’

I’ll have some coffee, if there’s any going — je prendrai bien un café, s’il y en a

29) () [award, prize] aller (to à); [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à)

31) () ()

32) () gen faire; [bell, alarm] sonner

the cat went ‘miaow’ — le chat a fait ‘miaou’

33) ()

to go to war — [country] entrer en guerre; [soldier] partir à la guerre

34) () [roof] s’effondrer; [cable, rope] se rompre; [light bulb] griller

you go next — c’est ton tour après, c’est à toi après

2.

3.

to be full of go —

•

Phrasal Verbs:

••

that’s how it goes! —

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, «artificially intelligent» programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge…. As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised…. In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions….

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents «another step in the general process of evolution»; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler’s discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one…. Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow’s «Student» program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] «description»? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single («primitive») symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn’t believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all…. In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go…. I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is «taking care of itself» anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or «runs,» a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that «robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly.»

Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI…. Meta— level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman’s telephone number? You might reason that «if I knew Paul Newman’s number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact.» This involves using «knowledge about what you know,» in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have… good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

   The thesis of GOFAI… is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically… but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using «classical» mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

… According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the «real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind.» (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that «the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal.» (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn’t use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn’t matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument….

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one’s own native tongue, and using one’s common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do «things that would require intelligence if done by people.» However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as «the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes.» This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

ʃeɪp
1. сущ.
1) а) форма, очертание б) картина, вид;
образ to give shape to ≈ придавать форму( чему-л.) to assume, take a shape ≈ принимать форму to take the shape of ≈ принимать форму( чего-л.) to take the shape of a human being ≈ принимать облик человека in no shape or form Syn: form
2) определенная, необходимая форма;
порядок to take shape ≈ принять определенную форму, воплотиться Our plans are beginning to take shape. ≈ Наши планы начинают воплощаться в жизнь. get into shape put into shape
3) а) призрак Syn: phantom, apparition б) видимость, маска Syn: guise
4) а) разг. положение, состояние in bad shape ≈ в плохом состоянии б) спортивная форма (физическое состояние организма) to be in good (bad) shape ≈ быть в хорошей (плохой) спортивной форме to keep oneself in shape ≈ сохранять хорошую форму
5) а) модель, образец, шаблон б) форма (для торта, желе и т. п.)
6) фигура( особ. женская) Syn: figure
1.
2. гл.
1) создавать, делать( из чего-л.) The children enjoyed shaping the snow into figures of people and animals. ≈ Детям нравится лепить из снега фигуры людей и животных. Syn: form
2., create
2) а) придавать форму, формировать;
делать по какому-л. образцу Syn: mould б) продумывать, планировать Syn: devise
2., plan
2.
3) а) придавать четкую форму;
приводить в порядок I don’t know how best to shape these ideas into an article. ≈ Я не знаю, как лучше изложить эти идеи в статье. б) уст. устанавливать, предписывать Syn: ordain, decree
2.
4) принимать форму, вид;
получаться Syn: happen, befall
5) подгонять, приспосабливать (to) The dress was shaped to her figure. ≈ Платье подогнали по ее фигуре. The educational system should be shaped to the needs of the children. ≈ Система образования должна отвечать потребностям детей. ∙ shape up
форма, очертание — round * круглая форма — rectangular in * прямоугольной формы — in the * of a horseshoe в виде подковы — of triangular * треугольной формы — to give smth. a different * придать чему-л. другую /иную/ форму — to have the * of smth. иметь форму чего-л. — to have no * быть бесформенным — to be out of * иметь искаженную форму, быть несимметричным — the strange * of a cloud странные очертания облака — the car was crushed out of * автомобиль был изуродован в аварии — the cloud took the * of a strange bird облако по своим очертаниям стало похоже на странную птицу определенная форма;
порядок — to put /to get, to lick, to beat, to knock) smth. into * приводить что-л. в порядок, придавать чему-л. определенный /сносный, приемлемый/ вид — to put one’s ideas into * привести мысли в систему — you may read your paper when you get it into * ты сможешь сделать доклад, когда приведешь его в надлежащий вид — to take * принимать определенную форму, становиться более определенным /четким/;
воплощаться — when his ideas took * когда его идеи получили четкую форму, когда сформировались его идеи — suspicion began to take * in my mind у меня зародилось подозрение — the plan was taking * план уже начал складываться /вырисовываться/ — his ideas took * in action его идеи воплотились /претворились/ в дела — to settle into * установиться — things soon settled into * вскоре все пришло в порядок /в норму/ вид, образ, облик — a monster in human * чудовище в образе человека /в человеческом облике/ — an angel in the of a woman воплощенный ангел( о женщине) — to take /to assume/ the * of smb., smth. принять вид кого-л., чего-л. — to be of as many *s as Proteus уметь перевоплощаться как Протей вид, форма — a reward in the * of $100 вознаграждение в виде /в форме/ ста долларов — he expressed his gratitude in the * of a present его благодарность выразилась в подарке — in no * (or form) никоим образом, ни под каким видом, ни в коем случае;
ни в каком виде — I cannot help him in any * or form я ничем /никак/ не могу ему помочь — in any * (or form) в любом виде — help in any * (or form) will be welcome мы будем рады любой помощи призрак — strange *s appeared from the shadows из темноты появились какие-то странные призраки /тени/ — a * loomed through the mist в тумане виднелись неясные очертания какой-то фигуры (разговорное) состояние, положение — in good * в хорошем состоянии /положении/ — his affairs are in (a) bad * у него плохи дела — the roads were in better * than I could have hoped for дороги были в лучшем состоянии, чем я думал — the lawn is in bad * газон сильно запущен — my patient is in bad * состояние моего пациента тяжелое — he’s in excellent * for his age для своих лет он прекрасно сохранился — the market is in good * (биржевое) настроение рынка устойчивое — business seems to be in bad * (биржевое) деловая активность, видимо, снижается спортивная форма — to be in good * быть в хорошей спортивной форме — you must keep yourself in * ты должен сохранить хорошую форму — exercises to keep in * упражнения для сохранения формы фигура (особ. женская) ;
формы — she’s ugly but she’s got a great * она некрасива, но у нее великолепные формы образец;
модель болванка( для моделирования шляп) формочка (для пудинга, желе) (математика) шейп > to travel on one’s * жить мошенничеством > show your *s! (сленг) ну-ка, покажись! придавать форму;
делать по какому-л. образцу — to * into a ball придавать форму шара делать, создавать (из чего-л.) — to * a vase out of clay вылепить вазу из глины — to * a figure out of wood вырезать фигуру из дерева — to * a song сложить песню — to * a legend into a song сложить песню по легенде придавать четкую форму;
приводить в порядок — to * a plan разработать план — to * an answer сформулировать ответ — to * one’s ideas приводить мысли в систему — to * one’s rough notes into a book развернуть черновые заметки в книгу — to * one’s course наметить линию поведения;
устанавливать курс — I have *d my course я наметил себе линию поведения — to * the course (морское) прокладывать курс( корабля) ;
брать курс принимать форму, вид;
выходить, получаться — to * well принимать хороший оборот;
складываться удачно — the way things are shaping оборот, который принимают дела — plans were shaping themselves into a systematic programme планы превращались в четкую программу формироваться — the boy is shaping quickly мальчик быстро формируется (to) приспосабливать — to * a hat to one’s head подбирать шляпу по размеру — you must * your plans to your abilities ты должен строить планы в соответствии со своими способностями /возможностями/ — the dress was *d to her figure платье сидело на ней как влитое > to * a coat for the moon заниматься прожектерством
~ разг. состояние, положение;
in bad shape в плохом состоянии;
to be in good (bad) shape быть в хорошей (плохой) спортивной форме
character ~ вчт. форма символа
~ определенная, необходимая форма;
порядок;
to get one’s ideas into shape привести в порядок свои мысли
~ разг. состояние, положение;
in bad shape в плохом состоянии;
to be in good (bad) shape быть в хорошей (плохой) спортивной форме
in no ~ or form ни в каком виде in no ~ or form никоим образом
~ форма, очертание;
вид;
образ;
in the shape (of smth.) в форме (чего-л.)
to keep oneself in ~ сохранять хорошую форму
to put into ~ приводить в порядок;
to take shape принять определенную форму, воплотиться to put into ~ придавать форму
a reward in the ~ of a sum of money награда в виде суммы денег;
spherical in shape сферический по форме
shape уст. кроить ~ образец, модель, шаблон ~ определенная, необходимая форма;
порядок;
to get one’s ideas into shape привести в порядок свои мысли ~ придавать форму, формировать;
делать по (какому-л.) образцу;
to shape into a ball придавать форму шара;
to shape one’s course устанавливать курс;
брать курс ~ придавать форму ~ призрак ~ принимать форму, вид;
получаться;
to shape well складываться удачно ~ приспосабливать (to) ~ создавать, делать (из чего-л.) ~ разг. состояние, положение;
in bad shape в плохом состоянии;
to be in good (bad) shape быть в хорошей (плохой) спортивной форме ~ фигура ~ форма (для торта, желе и т. п.) ~ форма, очертание;
вид;
образ;
in the shape (of smth.) в форме (чего-л.) ~ форма
~ придавать форму, формировать;
делать по (какому-л.) образцу;
to shape into a ball придавать форму шара;
to shape one’s course устанавливать курс;
брать курс
~ придавать форму, формировать;
делать по (какому-л.) образцу;
to shape into a ball придавать форму шара;
to shape one’s course устанавливать курс;
брать курс
~ принимать форму, вид;
получаться;
to shape well складываться удачно
a reward in the ~ of a sum of money награда в виде суммы денег;
spherical in shape сферический по форме
to put into ~ приводить в порядок;
to take shape принять определенную форму, воплотиться

di:p

1.

1) profundo

2) de hondo

3) absorbido

4) profundo, intenso

5) grave

2.

profundamente

— deeply
— deepness
— deep-freeze
3.

ultracongelar

— in deep water

profundo / hondo

grave

intenso

tr[diːp]

1 (river, hole, well, etc) hondo,-a, profundo,-a; (wound, cut) profundo,-a; (dish) hondo,-a

2 (shelf, wardrobe) de fondo; (hem, border) ancho,-a

3 (sound, voice) grave, bajo,-a, profundo,-a; (note) grave; (breath) hondo,-a; (sigh) profundo,-a, hondo,-a

5 (intense — sleep, love, impression) profundo,-a; (- interest) vivo,-a, profundo,-a; (- outrage, shame) grande; (- mourning) riguroso,-a

6 (profound — thought, mind, mystery, secret) profundo,-a; (person) profundo,-a, serio,-a

3 (far in time, late) tarde

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

deep down en el fondo (de su corazón)

to park two/three deep aparcar en dobleiple fila

hondo, profundamente

hondo, profundo

ancho

profundo, intenso

intenso, subido

profundo

absorto

the deep lo profundo, el piélago

adj.

n.

I diːp

1)

a) < water> profundo; <hole/pit> profundo, hondo; < gash> profundo; < dish> hondo; < pan> alto

2) <sigh/groan> profundo, hondo

3)

a) < voice> profundo, grave; < note> grave

b) < color> intenso, subido

4)

a) ( intense) <sleep/love/impression> profundo

it is with deep regret that… — es con gran or profundo pesar que…

c) <mystery/secret> profundo

II

1)

2)

to be deep IN something: I found her deep in her book la encontré absorta or ensimismada en su libro; you’re in this too deep — (colloq) estás metido en esto hasta el cuello (fam)

III

[diːp]

(

compar

deeper)
(

superl

deepest)

1) profundo, hondo; profundo; hondo

he was waist-deep/thigh-deep in water — el agua le llegaba a la cintura/al muslo

— go off at the deep end

— I was thrown in

— be in deep water

2) hondo; ancho

3)

to be deep in thought/in a book — estar sumido or absorto en sus pensamientos/en la lectura

4) grave, profundo; grave

5) profundo; grave; profundo, hondo

6) intenso, subido; intenso

7)

they’re adventure stories, they’re not intended to be deep — son historias de aventuras, sin intención de ir más allá

bien guardado

1)

dig 3., 2), still I, 1., 1)

2)

liter

1)

2)

4.

CPD

deep-freeze

the Deep South N — los estados del sureste de EE.UU.

* * *

I [diːp]

1)

a) < water> profundo; <hole/pit> profundo, hondo; < gash> profundo; < dish> hondo; < pan> alto

2) <sigh/groan> profundo, hondo

3)

a) < voice> profundo, grave; < note> grave

b) < color> intenso, subido

4)

a) ( intense) <sleep/love/impression> profundo

it is with deep regret that… — es con gran or profundo pesar que…

c) <mystery/secret> profundo

II

1)

2)

to be deep IN something: I found her deep in her book la encontré absorta or ensimismada en su libro; you’re in this too deep — (colloq) estás metido en esto hasta el cuello (fam)

III

1.

noun

2) Figur, die

4) Gestalt, die; Figur, die; Persönlichkeit, die

a fine figure of a man/woman — eine stattliche Erscheinung

figure [of speech] — Redewendung, die; Redefigur, die

7) Figur, die

Ziffer, die; Zahl, die; Betrag, der

go or run into three figures — sich auf dreistellige Zahlen belaufen

three-/four-figure — drei-/vierstellig

2.

transitive verb

3.

intransitive verb

1) vorkommen; erscheinen; auftreten

2) :

Phrasal Verbs:

— academic.ru/87018/figure_out»>figure out

* * *

[‘fiɡə, ]( American[) ‘fiɡjər]
1.

1) die Gestalt, die Figur

2) die Figur

3) die Zahl,…-stellig

4) die Abbildung

2.

1) eine Rolle spielen

2) glauben

•

— figurative

— figuratively
— figurehead
— figure of speech
— figure out

* * *

fig·ure

[ˈfɪgəʳ]

I. n

a figure of fun [or AM usu ridicule] eine Spottfigur [o pej fam Witzfigur]

to be a mother figure to sb für jdn die Mutterrolle einnehmen

to cut an elegant/a sorry figure eine elegante/traurige Figur abgeben

a fine figure of a man ( dated or hum) ein Bild nt von einem Mann

a fine figure of a woman eine stattliche Frau

to be figure-conscious figurbewusst sein

to get one’s figure back seine alte Figur wiederbekommen

to keep one’s figure schlank bleiben

he is good at figures er ist ein guter Rechner

column of figures Zahlenreihen pl

to have a head for figures sich dat Zahlen gut merken können

double/single figures zweistellige/einstellige Zahlen

to run into double figures im zweistelligen Bereich liegen

his income runs into five figures [or he has a five-figure income] er hat ein fünfstelliges Einkommen

to put a figure on sth etw in Zahlen ausdrücken

in four/five figures vier-/fünfstellig

in round figures gerundet

to work out the figures Kalkulationen vornehmen

4. (amount of money, cash) Betrag m

sales figures Verkaufszahlen pl, Absatzzahlen pl

▪ the figures pl Zahlenwerk nt

Ms Smith, could you bring in the figures for the Miller contract? Frau Schmitt, könnten Sie das Zahlenmaterial für den Miller-Vertrag bringen?

unemployment figures Arbeitslosenzahlen pl

II. vt

▪ to figure sth/sb etw/jdn verstehen

▪ to figure why/who/how… verstehen, warum/wer/wie…

can you figure how to open this box? hast du eine Ahnung, wie der Kasten aufgeht?

III. vi

1. (feature) eine Rolle spielen; (appear) erscheinen, auftauchen

he figured prominently in my plans er spielte eine bedeutende Rolle in meinen Plänen

where does pity figure in your scheme of things? welche Rolle spielt Mitleid in deiner Weltordnung?

▪ to figure on sth mit etw dat rechnen

that [or it] figures esp AM das hätte ich mir denken können

it doesn’t figure das passt nicht zusammen

go figure stell dir vor

* * *

[‘fɪgə(r)]

he’s good at figures —

Miss Jones, could you bring in the figures for the Fotheringham contract? — Fräulein Jones, könnten Sie das Zahlenmaterial zum Fotheringham-Vertrag bringen?

he earns well into six figures —

government figures show that… — die Zahlen der Regierung zeigen, dass…

she has a good figure —

to get one’s figure back —

4) (esp US inf glauben, schätzen

5) (US inf schlau werden aus, begreifen

1) erscheinen, auftauchen

2) hinkommen , hinhauen

* * *

figure [ˈfıɡə; US ˈfıɡjər]

A s

1. Zahl(zeichen) f(n), Ziffer f:

his income is in five figures, he has a five-figure income er hat ein fünfstelliges Einkommen; → double figures

2. a) Preis m, Betrag m, Summe f

b) Zahl f:

3. Figur f:

keep one’s figure schlank bleiben;

lose one’s figure dick werden

4. Gestalt f (nur undeutlich wahrgenommener Mensch)

5. fig Figur f, bemerkenswerte Erscheinung, wichtige Person, Persönlichkeit f:

6. Darstellung f (des menschlichen Körpers), Bild n, Statue f

7. Symbol n

10. Tanz, Eiskunstlauf etc: Figur f:

b) (Eis-, Rollkunstlauf) Achter m

11. MUS

a) Figur f

12. Figur f, Diagramm n, Zeichnung f

13. Illustration f (im Buch)

14. Logik: Schlussfigur f

15. PHYS Krümmung f (einer Linse), besonders Spiegel m (eines Teleskops)

B v/t

1. formen, gestalten

2. abbilden, bildlich darstellen

3. oft figure to o.s. sich etwas vorstellen oder ausmalen

4. verzieren, MUS auch figurieren

6. MUS beziffern

a) ausrechnen,

b) ausknobeln, rauskriegen, ein Problem lösen,

c) kapieren, verstehen:

I can’t figure him out ich werd’ aus ihm nicht klug oder schlau

9. US umg meinen, glauben ( beide:

I figure him (to be) honest ich halte ihn für ehrlich

C v/i

1. rechnen:

a) rechnen mit

b) sich verlassen auf (akk):

3. erscheinen, auftauchen, vorkommen:

4. umg hinhauen, (genau) passen:

that figures!

a) das wundert mich gar nicht,

b) völlig klar!;

it figures that he didn’t come es ist typisch für ihn, dass er nicht kam

* * *

1.

noun

2) Figur, die

4) Gestalt, die; Figur, die; Persönlichkeit, die

a fine figure of a man/woman — eine stattliche Erscheinung

5)

figure [of speech] — Redewendung, die; Redefigur, die

7) Figur, die

go or run into three figures — sich auf dreistellige Zahlen belaufen

three-/four-figure — drei-/vierstellig

2.

transitive verb

3.

intransitive verb

1) vorkommen; erscheinen; auftreten

2) :

Phrasal Verbs:

* * *

n.

Bild —er n.

Figur —en f.

Gestalt —en f.

Statur —en f.

Zahl —en f.

Zeichen — n.

Ziffer —n f. v.

beziffern v.

eine Rolle spielen ausdr.

§ გამოთქმა, გადმოცემა, სპეციალური, ჩქარი მატარებელი, ექსპრესი

§

1 ჩქარი, სწრაფი

the express train ექსპრესი, ჩქარი მატარებელი

2 გამოხატვა (გამოხატავს), გამოთქმა

he expressed his idea very well ძალიან კარგად გამოხატა / გამოთქვა აზრი

to express sympathy / thanks / feelings / impressions თანაგრძნობის / მადლობის / გრძნობების / შთაბეჭდილებების გამოხატვა

I have no words to express my gratitude 1) ჩემს მადლიერებას სიტყვებით ვერ გამოვხატავ; 2)მადლობის გამოსახატავად სიტყვები არ მყოფნის

wish [wɪʃ]

1) жела́ние, пожела́ние;

2) про́сьба;

to carry out smb.’s wish выполня́ть чью-л. про́сьбу

3) предме́т жела́ния

1) жела́ть, хоте́ть; вы́сказать пожела́ния;

2):

!

The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

The UK’s public spending framework is based on several key principles:

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consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;

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the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;

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strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and

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the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:

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the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and

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the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

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Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government’s fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government’s fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.

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Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.

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Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:

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Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and

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The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government’s objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government’s key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:

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provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;

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enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;

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introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and

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not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 — set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:

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an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;

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an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;

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to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with

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further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department’s plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department’s existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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♦ word /wɜ:d/

n.

(to) word /wɜ:d/

v. t.