В рамках изучения темы «Art and Religion» предлагается список английских слов на тему «Religion». Эти английские слова пригодятся вам для общего развития, а также если вы занимаетесь по учебнику English X (Afanasyeva, Mikheeva). Вы узнаете, как называются культовые здания, священные тексты и прочитаете текст на тему «Religion».
I. Essential Vocabulary. Важные слова. Список №1
- to believe in — верить в
- a believer — верующий
- a non-beleiver — неверующий
- a belief — beliefs (мн.ч.) — вера, верование
- God — бог
- a church — церковь
- a candle — свеча
- a cross — крест
- an icon — икона
- Jesus Christ — Иисус Христос
- a Christian — христианин, христианка
- the Christians — христиане
- religion — религия
- religious — религиозный
- holy — святой
- the Bible — Библия
- to pray — молиться
- supernatural — сверхъестественное
- superstitious — суеверный
- a superstition — суеверие
II. Advanced Vocabulary. Дополнительный список №2
- a cathedral — собор
- a temple — храм
- a chapel — часовня
- a convent — женский монастырь
- a nun — монахиня
- a monastery — мужской монастырь
- a monk — монах
- a mosque — мечеть
- a pagoda — пагода
- a synagogue — синагога
- a choir — хор
- choir stall — хоры (место в церкви)
- hymn — церковный гимн
- to profess some religion — исповедовать какую-либо религию
- to confess — исповедоваться
- to confess one’s sins — исповедоваться в грехах
- an atheist — атеист
- to bless — благославлять
- a piligrim — паломник
- piligrimage — паломничество (путешествие к святым местам)
- a prayer — молитва
Religions: Sacred texts, Symbols and Buildings
Christianity: a Christian — the Christians — the cross — Jeusus Christ — the Bible — a church
Islam: a Muslim — the Muslims — the cresent and the star — Allah — the Koran — a mosque
Buddhism: a Buddhist — the wheel of life — the Buddha — Tripitaka — a pagoda
Judaism: a Jew — the Jews — the star of David — the Creator- the Torah — a synagogue
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What do you know about sacred buildings?
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This is a Pagoda.
This is a synagogue.
This is a church.
Sacred Buildings
A church [[tʃæːtʃ] — церковь — архитектурное сооружение, предназначенное для собрания христиан, совершения богослужений и религиозных обрядов.
A synagogue [‘sɪnəgɒg] — это культовое здание, которое служит для сбора евреев и центром религиозной жизни общины.
A pagoda [pəˊgəυdə] — пагода -это буддийское или индуистское сооружение культового характера. Слово пагода в переводе означает «башня сокровищ».
A mosque [mɒsk] — мечеть — это культовое здание, которое служит для сбора мусульман для общего совершения молитв. Кроме этого, мечети могут являться местами собрания народа, обучения основам исламской религии и т.д
* * *
Sacred texts
the Bible [‘baible] -Библия— каноническое собрание текстов, считающихся священными в иудаизме и христианстве.
Tripitaka [trɪ’pɪtəkə] -Трипитака- — свод буддийских священных текстов, составленный вскоре после смерти Будды.
Слово «трипитака» в переводе означает «три корзины», что соответствует разделению священных книг на три раздела. Слово питака переводится «корзина». Предполагается, что свитки из пальмовых листьев, на которых были написаны тексты, хранились в трёх плетёных корзинах.the Torah [ˈtɔːrə] -Тора- — пятикнижие Моисеева (имеется в виду пять первых книг канонической еврейской и христианской Библии
Слово «тора» в переводе означает «учение, закон», имеется в виду иудейский закон.the Koran [kɔ’rɑːn] (Коран) — священная книга мусульман, а именно свод откровений, произнесенных от имени Аллаха пророком Мухаммедом. Затем Коран был записан со слов Мухаммеда его сподвижниками.Первое откровение Мухаммед получил в возрасте сорока лет, в Ночь могущества (месяц Рамадан).
Слово «Коран» происходит от арабского «чтение вслух», «назидание».
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Can you tell one sacred text from another?
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This is Tripitaka.
This is the Bible.
This is the Torah.
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Text «Religious Education»
Words for the text:
- choir schools — школы церковно-хорового пения
- school curriculum — школьный учебный план
- regular school — общеобразовательные школы
- religious bodies — религиозные организации
- Sunday Schools— Воскресные школы
- Scripture — Священное Писание
- various denominations — разных конфессий
- parishioners — прихожане
- parochial schools — приходские школы
- running costs — текущие расходы
The psalms and the Bible pupils were expected to learn by heart. Данное предложение содержит конструкцию сложного подлежащего (Complex Subject): were expected to — Предполагалось, что …
In many countries children are taught about religion in schools. In fact, the earliest schools of medieval Europe taught only religion. They were known as choir schools, and they provided mainly oral instruction in the psalms and the Bible which pupils were expected to learn by heart. Only later were additional subjects such as grammar, mathematics, and astronomy added to the school curriculum. Today, religion may be taught in schools or outside regular school in classes provided by religious bodies, such as the church or the synagogue.
In the tradition of the Christian Church, these additional classes were usually given on Sunday, after the church service, and they became known as Sunday Schools. The early Sunday Schools in England taught reading and writing as well as religion, or scripture. But once a state school system existed, Sunday Schools taught only religious subjects. Children who attend Sunday Schools today are taught about the Bible, the lives of the saints, and the services of their church.
In some countries, such as Germany, religious groups cooperate with state schools to provide some religious education for the children. In other countries, for example, the United States, there are separate religious schools, which are funded by the churches of various denominations and by voluntary donations from their parishioners. They are called parochial schools. There are parochial schools for Catholics, Jews, and members of the various Protestant denominations.
Other countries have only one official religion, and nearly all citizens belong to that religious group. In Italy, Ireland, Spain, and parts of Canada, for example, most people are Roman Catholics; while most of the inhabitants of Pakistan are Muslim. The schools in these countries are controlled by the official religion, and the basic principles of the religion are taught to the children during school hours.
In Britain religious education is provided in all state schools. But the emphasis has shifted to teaching about world religions, and is less on religious instruction. Britain also has parochial schools. These are partly state funded but the churches have to contribute to their running costs.
(from the textbook English, 10 by O. V. Afanasyeva, I.V.Mikheeva)
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When I was growing up in small town America, stories about religion were generally confined to the Saturday church pages in the local newspaper. Catholics and Jews were the most exotic religious practitioners in town, and “atheist” was a strong term of disapprobation.
These days religion is front page news. People are killed or driven into hiding because someone somewhere has labeled their work “blasphemy.” School children with attitude get away with refusing to do their homework because they know that school officials are easily spooked by anything relating to religion.
Journalists and school officials shouldn’t have to tiptoe around religious topics. The topic of religion, like that of ecology, is one that concerns all human beings. Although the three Abrahamic religions get most of the news copy, the number of religions that matter to people number in the double digits. Whether we care about it or not, we ought to be able to read and write about religion with some understanding of the terminology.
NOTE: The definitions given here are not intended to be exhaustive. For one thing, some of the terms are defined differently by different religious groups. For permutations of meaning, see the OED or some other authoritative dictionary.
Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. All three faiths trace their origins to the patriarch Abraham who rejected the polytheism of ancient Sumer to embrace a belief in one, invisible, deity. Sometimes referred to as “the desert religions.”
agnosticism: the philosophical position that the existence or non-existence of God or a First Cause is unknowable.
Anglican: relating to the Church of England. An ancient name for the English people was “Angles.” The Church of England traces its beginning to 597, the year in which Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to Canterbury. The Church of England remained under papal authority until 1534 when Henry VIII declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church because of conflicts with Pope Clement VII.
animism: the belief that every material form of reality (plants, animals, stones, thunderstorms, earthquakes) have an indwelling spirit; often includes belief in the continued existence of individual disembodied human spirits capable of helping or harming the living.
asceticism: a mode of life that excludes physical pleasures and self-indulgence. Many religions regard asceticism (fasting, abstaining from sexual activity, wearing inadequate clothing) as a means of reaching a higher spiritual state.
atheism: disbelief in any deity or supernatural power.
blasphemy: indignity offered to God, from Greek blasphemia, “a speaking ill, impious speech, slander.” Religions define blasphemy in terms of their own beliefs, often designating prophets and holy objects along with God as subjects not to be profaned. Many countries have anti-blasphemy laws.
Buddhism: the teaching that suffering is inherent to life and that the way to escape suffering and repeated existence is to limit one’s desires and expectations. There are various sects with varying beliefs.
Confucianism: a system of teachings characterized by central emphasis on the practice and cultivation of the cardinal virtues of filial piety, kindness, righteousness, propriety, intelligence, and faithfulness.
ecclesiastic: relating to a church. Greek ekklesiastikos referred to the ancient Athenian political assembly. First century Christians writers adopted the word to mean “assembly of believers,” or “church.”
episcopal: having to do with a bishop. Like “ecclesiastic,” the English word bishop derives from a Greek word, episkopos, “watcher, overseer. The Greeks used their word to refer to government officials. First century Christian writers used bishop or episkopos to refer to church elders. In time bishop came to mean the chief administrator of a diocese (administrative district governed by a bishop) with the power to ordain. Episcopal is the adjective for bishop.
evangelical: having to do with the Christian gospel/New Testament writings. The word is also used to describe a type of Christian belief that emphasizes the inerrancy of scripture and salvation through personal conversion.
Eucharist: the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper, a rite in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed in symbolic union with Christ. The word comes from a Greek word meaning “grateful.”
ecumenical: worldwide. As applied to religion, the word’s current use to mean cooperation among religious groups began with a 20th century movement promoting the idea of an inter-confessional Christian unity. Now an “ecumenical” group cooperating on some matter of general social benefit might include representatives from non-Christian religions.
eschatology: the study of matters relating to the ultimate destiny of mankind and the world.
Gnosticism: the belief that salvation is to be obtained by means of secret knowledge and that the material world is evil. Gnostic mystery religions abounded in the Roman Empire. The early Christian church was fragmented into various sects, many of which taught a Gnostic version of the new religion.
gospel: the story of Christ’s life and teachings as told in the first four books of the Christian New Testament. The literal meaning of the word is “good news.”
heresy: a religious opinion, or adherence to such an opinion, that is contrary to an established religious teaching. The word comes from Greek hairesis, “action of taking, choice, sect.” Originally a heresy was simply a difference of opinion. It became a religious crime, often punished by death.
Hinduism: a body of social, cultural, and religious beliefs and practices found chiefly in India. It includes a belief in reincarnation and transmigration of souls.
indulgence: in Roman Catholicism, a remission of punishment, especially punishment in Purgatory (in Catholic belief, Purgatory is an intermediate place of purification for souls that departed stained with minor sins not deserving of eternal punishment in Hell).
Immaculate Conception: the Roman Catholic doctrine that the Virgin Mary was conceived without Original Sin (the sin of Adam and Eve conveyed to all human beings). This is not the same thing as the Virgin Birth, “the belief that Jesus was divinely begotten and miraculously born of a virgin mother.”
jihad: a holy war on behalf of Islam. The Christian equivalent word is crusade, “a campaign or war sanctioned by the Church against unbelievers or heretics.” Literal crusades were common in the Middle Ages and were directed against Christian heretics as well as non-Christians. Now the term is used figuratively to mean “any remedial activity pursued with zeal and enthusiasm.” The same meaning is becoming attached to jihad.
lay: not in holy orders. In a monastery there are monks who pray and do intellectual work, and those who do manual work and attend to secular affairs. The latter are called lay brothers. The term has spread to non-religious professions. Someone who lacks professional knowledge of a particular profession is called a layman. In a church setting one may speak of the clergy and the laity (non-clerical members of the church).
monotheism: the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.
nihilism: the viewpoint that all traditional beliefs are unfounded and that human life has no meaning.
orthodox: in agreement with the official doctrine of a given religion. The word is from Greek orthodoxein, “to have the right opinion.” The noun is orthodoxy. Departure from orthodoxy is called heterodoxy.
pagan – This is a term difficult to define in even such a superficial treatment as this. For the early Christians, a pagan was a believer in polytheistic religion. The word originally meant “country dweller.” The rural population was slower to adopt Christianity than the city dwellers, probably because their religion was closely bound to agricultural cycles. Nowadays there are religious groups that identify themselves as Pagans. Modern paganism is earth-centered and can include polytheistic beliefs. The word heathen is used pejoratively to mean a person without religion. Like pagan, heathen also points to the fact that non-city dwellers tended to reject religious change. Heath comes from a word meaning “field.” Heathen was originally an adjective meaning “of the heath.”
polytheism: belief in more than one god.
profane: not holy. Anything not related to religion and spirituality is profane. The word can also be used as a verb meaning “to treat something sacred with irreverence.”
secular: worldly, not sacred. Similar to profane, secular refers to anything that is not specifically religious.
Be careful in assuming that theological uses of English words means that the word came into the language with the theological or religious undertones. Theology and religious practice keeps evolving and it is quite common to add a new meaning to an English word. «The Fall» is an example from a long time ago, but, a similar word was coined around 1820, when «the Rapture» came to mean an event in the future when people are seized into the air before the tribulation comes. Also not a Biblical word, and the English meaning had very little to do with the Medieval Latin word for kidnapping.
On top of this, German theologians (and philosophers) have had a large impact on Protestant theology for the last 500 years, and their writings are often translated into English. This has brought a large number of new meanings for English words, and sometimes the easiest translation choice was the English cognate of the German word.
Religion
Nearly 86% of the world’s population is religious, including all religions. In numerous countries, religion guides social behavior and plays a significant role in daily life.
Religion is an organized collection of belief systems, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the Universe. From their ideas about the cosmos and human nature, they tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world.
Many religions may have organized behaviors, clergy, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, holy places, and scriptures. The practice of a religion may also include rituals, sermons, commemoration or veneration of a deity, gods or goddesses, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public service or other aspects of human culture. Religions may also contain mythology.
The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system; however religion differs from private belief in that it is “something eminently social”.
Note: Don’t miss these additions to the main article (scroll down):
– Religion and Violence
– In the name of God
– War and Peace
Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents
The following world religions listing is derived from the statistics data in the Adherents.com database (with an update from CIA World Factbook 2010).
This listing is not a comprehensive list of all religions (there are distinct religions other than the ones listed below), however it accounts for the religions of over 98% of the world’s population.
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(Sizes shown are approximate estimates, and are here mainly for the purpose of ordering the groups, not providing a definitive number. This list is sociological/statistical in perspective.)
Note: Mandeans, PL Kyodan, Ch’ondogyo, Vodoun, New Age, Seicho-No-Ie, Falun Dafa/Falun Gong, Taoism, Roma are religions, but have not been included in this list of major religions primarily for one or more of the following reasons:
- They are not a distinct, independent religion, but a branch of a broader religion/category.
- They lack appreciable communities of adherents outside their home country.
- They are too small (even smaller than Rastafarianism).
Prevailing World Religions Map
Map Source: Wikipedia
Click to Enlarge
This drawing is copied from the Wikipedia web site at: http://en.wikipedia.org/ and is shown here under terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
Sources:
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_religious_groups
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion
- http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html
The information provided below is intended to provide a short introduction to the major world religions as defined classically. Each description has been kept very short so that it is easy to read straight through all of them and get a general impression of the diversity of spiritual paths humanity takes to live the kind of life God wants. As a result, a great many things have been omitted. No omissions are intentional and readers are encouraged to consult other resources on the web as well as books for more in-depth information.
Hinduism – 4000 to 2500 BCE
The origins of Hinduism can be traced to the Indus Valley civilization sometime between 4000 and 2500 BCE. Though believed by many to be a polytheistic religion, the basis of Hinduism is the belief in the unity of everything. This totality is called Brahman. The purpose of life is to realize that we are part of God and by doing so we can leave this plane of existance and rejoin with God. This enlightenment can only be achieved by going through cycles of birth, life and death known as samsara. One’s progress towards enlightenment is measured by his karma. This is the accumulation of all one’s good and bad deeds and this determines the person’s next reincarnation. Selfless acts and thoughts as well as devotion to God help one to be reborn at a higher level. Bad acts and thoughts will cause one to be born at a lower level, as a person or even an animal.
Hindus follow a strict caste system which determines the standing of each person. The caste one is born into is the result of the karma from their previous life. Only members of the highest caste, the brahmins, may perform the Hindu religious rituals and hold positions of authority within the temples.
Angkor Wat is the largest Hindu temple complex and the largest religious monument in the world.
More Resources on Hinduism
Sacred Texts of Hinduism – Hindu sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Hinduism at OCRT – Article on Hinduism at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
Judaism – 2000 BCE
Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baha’i faith all originated with a divine covenant between the God of the ancient Israelites and Abraham around 2000 BCE. The next leader of the Israelites, Moses, led his people out of captivity in Egypt and received the Law from God. Joshua later led them into the promised land where Samuel established the Israelite kingdom with Saul as its first king. King David established Jerusalem and King Solomon built the first temple there. In 70 CE the temple was destroyed and the Jews were scattered throughout the world until 1948 when the state of Israel was formed.
Jews believe in one creator who alone is to be worshipped as absolute ruler of the universe. He monitors peoples activities and rewards good deeds and punishes evil. The Torah was revealed to Moses by God and can not be changed though God does communicate with the Jewish people through prophets. Jews believe in the inherent goodness of the world and its inhabitants as creations of God and do not require a savior to save them from original sin. They believe they are God’s chosen people and that the Messiah will arrive in the future, gather them into Israel, there will be a general resurrection of the dead, and the Jerusalem Temple destroyed in 70 CE will be rebuilt.
Western wall jerusalem. Credit: Wayne McLean, Wikipedia
More Resources on Judaism
Sacred Texts of Judaism – Jewish sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Judaism at OCRT – Article on Judaism at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
Zoroastrianism – 1000 BCE
Zoroastrianism was founded by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia which followed an aboriginal polytheistic religion at the time. He preached what may have been the first monotheism with a single supreme god, Ahura Mazda. Zoroastrians belief in the dualism of good and evil as either a cosmic one between Ahura Mazda and an evil spirit of violence and death, Angra Mainyu, or as an ethical dualism within the human consciousness. The Zoroastrian holy book is called the Avesta which includes the teachings of Zarathushtra written in a series of five hymns called the Gathas. They are abstract sacred poetry directed towards the worship of the One God, understanding of righteousness and cosmic order, promotion of social justice, and individual choice between good and evil. The rest of the Avesta was written at a later date and deals with rituals, practice of worship, and other traditions of the faith.
Zoroastrians worship through prayers and symbolic ceremonies that are conducted before a sacred fire which symbolizes their God. They dedicate their lives to a three-fold path represented by their motto: “Good thoughts, good words, good deeds.” The faith does not generally accept converts but this is disputed by some members.
More Resources on Zoroastrianism
Sacred Texts of Zoroastrianism – Zoroastrian sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Zoroastrianism at OCRT – Article on Zoroastrianism at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
Buddhism – 560 to 490 BCE
Buddhism developed out of the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama who, in 535 BCE, reached enlightenment and assumed the title Buddha. He promoted ‘The Middle Way’ as the path to enlightenment rather than the extremes of mortification of the flesh or hedonism. Long after his death the Buddha’s teachings were written down. This collection is called the Tripitaka. Buddhists believe in reincarnation and that one must go through cycles of birth, life, and death. After many such cycles, if a person releases their attachment to desire and the self, they can attain Nirvana. In general, Buddhists do not believe in any type of God, the need for a savior, prayer, or eternal life after death. However, since the time of the Buddha, Buddhism has integrated many regional religious rituals, beliefs and customs into it as it has spread throughout Asia, so that this generalization is no longer true for all Buddhists. This has occurred with little conflict due to the philosophical nature of Buddhism.
More Resources on Buddhism
Sacred Texts of Buddhism – Buddhist sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Buddhism at OCRT – Article on Buddhism at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
Shinto – 500+ BCE
Shinto is an ancient Japanese religion, closely tied to nature, which recognizes the existance of various “Kami”, nature dieties. The first two deities, Izanagi and Izanami, gave birth to the Japanese islands and their children became the deities of the various Japanese clans. One of their daughters, Amaterasu (Sun Goddess), is the ancestress of the Imperial Family and is regarded as the chief deity. All the Kami are benign and serve only to sustain and protect. They are not seen as separate from humanity due to sin because humanity is “Kami’s Child.” Followers of Shinto desire peace and believe all human life is sacred. They revere “musuhi”, the Kami’s creative and harmonizing powers, and aspire to have “makoto”, sincerity or true heart. Morality is based upon that which is of benefit to the group. There are “Four Affirmations” in Shinto:
- Tradition and family: the family is the main mechanism by which traditions are preserved.
- Love of nature: nature is sacred and natural objects are to be worshipped as sacred spirits.
- Physical cleanliness: they must take baths, wash their hands, and rinse their mouth often.
- “Matsuri”: festival which honors the spirits.
More Resources on Shinto
Sacred Texts of Shinto – Shinto sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Shinto at OCRT – Article on Shinto at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
Confucianism – 500 BCE
K’ung Fu Tzu (Confucius) was born in 551 BCE in the state of Lu in China. He traveled throughout China giving advice to its rulers and teaching. His teachings and writings dealt with individual morality and ethics, and the proper exercise of political power. He stressed the following values:
- Li: ritual, propriety, etiquette, etc.
- Hsiao: love among family members
- Yi: righteousness
- Xin: honesty and trustworthiness
- Jen: benevolence towards others; the highest Confucian virtue
- Chung: loyalty to the state, etc.
Unlike most religions, Confucianism is primarily an ethical system with rituals at important times during one’s lifetime. The most important periods recognized in the Confucian tradition are birth, reaching maturity, marriage, and death.
More Resources on Confucianism
Sacred Texts of Confucianism – Confucian sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Confucianism at OCRT – Article on Confucianism at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
Jainism – 420 BCE
The founder of the Jain community was Vardhamana, the last Jina in a series of 24 who lived in East India. He attained enlightenment after 13 years of deprivation and committed the act of salekhana, fasting to death, in 420 BCE. Jainism has many similarities to Hinduism and Buddhism which developed in the same part of the world. They believe in karma and reincarnation as do Hindus but they believe that enlightenment and liberation from this cycle can only be achieved through asceticism. Jains follow fruititarianism. This is the practice of only eating that which will not kill the plant or animal from which it is taken. They also practice ahimsa, non-violence, because any act of violence against a living thing creates negative karma which will adversely affect one’s next life.
Jain temples, Palitana, India. Source: Wikipedia
More Resources on Jainism
Sacred Texts of Jainism – Jain sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Jainism at OCRT – Article on Jainism at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
Taoism – 440 CE
Taoism was founded by Lao-Tse, a contemporary of Confucius in China. Taoism began as a combination of psychology and philosophy which Lao-Tse hoped would help end the constant feudal warfare and other conflicts of his time. His writings, the Tao-te-Ching, describe the nature of life, the way to peace and how a ruler should lead his life. Taoism became a religion in 440 CE when it was adopted as a state religion.
Tao, roughly translated as path, is a force which flows through all life and is the first cause of everything. The goal of everyone is to become one with the Tao. Tai Chi, a technique of exercise using slow deliberate movements, is used to balance the flow of energy or “chi” within the body. People should develop virtue and seek compassion, moderation and humility. One should plan any action in advance and achieve it through minimal action. Yin (dark side) and Yang (light side) symbolize pairs of opposites which are seen through the universe, such as good and evil, light and dark, male and female. The impact of human civilization upsets the balance of Yin and Yang. Taoists believe that people are by nature, good, and that one should be kind to others simply because such treatment will probably be reciprocated.
Originally known as the “Rock of Immortals”, the statue is believed to represent Laozi, the founder of Taoism. The carved stone sage still looks surprisingly good despite its approximate thousand year age. Image Source >>
More Resources on Taoism
Sacred Texts of Taoism – Taoist sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Taoism at OCRT – Article on Taoism at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
Exploring Tao with Fun – Informative site written by Taoists for beginners and non-beginners.
Images of Taoism from Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching – Illustrated Tao Te Ching based on Jeff Rasmussen’s “Spirit of Tao Te Ching”, introduction to Taoism, literal pictograph-by-pictograph translation, annotated links.
Christianity – 30+ CE
Christianity is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings. Most adherents of the Christian faith, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the Son of God, fully divine and fully human and the savior of humanity prophesied in the Old Testament. Consequentially, Christians commonly refer to Jesus as Christ or Messiah.
Christianity represents about a third of the world’s population and is the world’s largest religion.
The foundation of Christian theology is expressed in the early ecumenical creeds which contain claims predominantly accepted by followers of the Christian faith. These professions state that Jesus suffered, died, was buried, and was subsequently resurrected from the dead in order to grant eternal life to those who believe in him and trust him for the remission of their sins. They further maintain that Jesus bodily ascended into heaven where he rules and reigns with God the Father. Most denominations teach that Jesus will return to judge all humans, living and dead, and grant eternal life to his followers. He is considered the model of a virtuous life, and his ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning “Good News”.
Jesus, the son of the Virgin Mary and her husband Joseph, but conceived through the Holy Spirit, was bothered by some of the practices within his native Jewish faith and began preaching a different message of God and religion. During his travels he was joined by twelve disciples who followed him in his journeys and learned from him. He performed many miracles during this time and related many of his teachings in the form of parables. Among his best known sayings are to “love thy neighbor” and “turn the other cheek.” At one point he revealed that he was the Son of God sent to Earth to save humanity from our sins. This he did by being crucified on the cross for his teachings. He then rose from the dead and appeared to his disciples and told them to go forth and spread his message.
Christianity began as a Jewish sect in the mid-1st century. Originating in the Levant region of the Middle East, it quickly spread to Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and Egypt. It grew in size and influence over a few centuries, and by the end of the 4th century had become the official state church of the Roman Empire, replacing other forms of religion practiced under Roman rule. During the Middle Ages, most of the remainder of Europe was Christianized, with Christians also being a sometimes large religious minority in the Middle East, North Africa, Ethiopia and parts of India. Following the Age of Discovery, through missionary work and colonization, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization.
Since Christianity and Judaism share the same history up to the time of Jesus Christ, they are very similar in many of their core beliefs. There are two primary differences. One is that Christians believe in original sin and that Jesus died in our place to save us from that sin. The other is that Jesus was fully human and fully God and as the Son of God is part of the Holy Trinity: God the Father, His Son, and the Holy Spirit. All Christians believe in heaven and that those who sincerely repent their sins before God will be saved and join Him in heaven. Belief in hell and satan varies among groups and individuals.
There are a multitude of forms of Christianity which have developed either because of disagreements on dogma, adaptation to different cultures, or simply personal taste. For this reason there can be a great difference between the various forms of Christianity they may seem like different religions to some people.
Basic Groupings
Catholicism (or Roman Catholicism): This is the oldest established western Christian church and the world’s largest single religious body. It is supranational, and recognizes a hierarchical structure with the Pope, or Bishop of Rome, as its head, located at the Vatican. Catholics believe the Pope is the divinely ordered head of the Church from a direct spiritual legacy of Jesus’ apostle Peter. Catholicism is comprised of 23 particular Churches, or Rites – one Western (Roman or Latin-Rite) and 22 Eastern. The Latin Rite is by far the largest, making up about 98% of Catholic membership. Eastern-Rite Churches, such as the Maronite Church and the Ukrainian Catholic Church, are in communion with Rome although they preserve their own worship traditions and their immediate hierarchy consists of clergy within their own rite. The Catholic Church has a comprehensive theological and moral doctrine specified for believers in its catechism, which makes it unique among most forms of Christianity.
Mormonism (including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints): Originating in 1830 in the United States under Joseph Smith, Mormonism is not characterized as a form of Protestant Christianity because it claims additional revealed Christian scriptures after the Hebrew Bible and New Testament. The Book of Mormon maintains there was an appearance of Jesus in the New World following the Christian account of his resurrection, and that the Americas are uniquely blessed continents. Mormonism believes earlier Christian traditions, such as the Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant reform faiths, are apostasies and that Joseph Smith’s revelation of the Book of Mormon is a restoration of true Christianity. Mormons have a hierarchical religious leadership structure, and actively proselytize their faith; they are located primarily in the Americas and in a number of other Western countries.
Jehovah’s Witnesses structure their faith on the Christian Bible, but their rejection of the Trinity is distinct from mainstream Christianity. They believe that a Kingdom of God, the Theocracy, will emerge following Armageddon and usher in a new earthly society. Adherents are required to evangelize and to follow a strict moral code.
Orthodox Christianity: The oldest established eastern form of Christianity, the Holy Orthodox Church, has a ceremonial head in the Bishop of Constantinople (Istanbul), also known as a Patriarch, but its various regional forms (e.g., Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Serbian Orthodox, Ukrainian Orthodox) are autocephalous (independent of Constantinople’s authority, and have their own Patriarchs). Orthodox churches are highly nationalist and ethnic. The Orthodox Christian faith shares many theological tenets with the Roman Catholic Church, but diverges on some key premises and does not recognize the governing authority of the Pope.
Protestant Christianity: Protestant Christianity originated in the 16th century as an attempt to reform Roman Catholicism’s practices, dogma, and theology. It encompasses several forms or denominations which are extremely varied in structure, beliefs, relationship to state, clergy, and governance. Many protestant theologies emphasize the primary role of scripture in their faith, advocating individual interpretation of Christian texts without the mediation of a final religious authority such as the Roman Pope. The oldest Protestant Christianities include Lutheranism, Calvinism (Presbyterians), and Anglican Christianity (Episcopalians), which have established liturgies, governing structure, and formal clergy. Other variants on Protestant Christianity, including Pentecostal movements and independent churches, may lack one or more of these elements, and their leadership and beliefs are individualized and dynamic.
Source: CIA Fact Book – Religions
More Resources on Christianity
CIA Fact Book – Religions
Sacred Texts of Christianity – Christian sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Christianity at OCRT – Articles on Christianity at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
Islam – 622 CE
Islam was founded in 622 CE by Muhammad the Prophet, in Makkah (also spelled Mecca). Though it is the youngest of the world’s great religions, Muslims do not view it as a new religion. They belief that it is the same faith taught by the prophets, Abraham, David, Moses and Jesus. The role of Muhammad as the last prophet was to formalize and clarify the faith and purify it by removing ideas which were added in error. The two sacred texts of Islam are the Qur’an, which are the words of Allah ‘the One True God’ as given to Muhammad, and the Hadith, which is a collection of Muhammad’s sayings. The duties of all Muslims are known as the Five Pillars of Islam and are:
- Recite the shahadah at least once.
- Perform the salat (prayer) 5 times a day while facing the Kaaba in Makkah.
- Donate regularly to charity via the zakat, a 2.5% charity tax, and through additional donations to the needy.
- Fast during the month of Ramadan, the month that Muhammad received the Qur’an from Allah.
- Make pilgrimage to Makkah at least once in life, if economically and physically possible.
Muslims follow a strict monotheism with one creator who is just, omnipotent and merciful. They also believe in Satan who drives people to sin, and that all unbelievers and sinners will spend eternity in Hell. Muslims who sincerely repent and submit to God will return to a state of sinlessness and go to Paradise after death. Alcohol, drugs, and gambling should be avoided and they reject racism. They respect the earlier prophets, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, but regard the concept of the divinity of Jesus as blasphemous and do not believe that he was executed on the cross.
More Resources on Islam
Sacred Texts of Islam – Muslim sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Islam at OCRT – Article on Islam at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
www.jannah.org – Independent site on Islam with good information on the response of mainstream Muslims to terrorism.
The Islam Page – One of the oldest Islam pages on the web. Many articles/books and resources.
Islamic Circle of North America – Great resource with news, articles, family, youth pages, etc.
Islaam.com – Tons of informative articles and information.
Sikhism – 1500 CE
The Sikh faith was founded by Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji in the Punjab area, now Pakistan. He began preaching the way to enlightenment and God after receiving a vision. After his death a series of nine Gurus (regarded as reincarnations of Guru Nanak) led the movement until 1708. At this time these functions passed to the Panth and the holy text. This text, the Shri Guru Granth Sahib, was compiled by the tenth Guru, Gobind Singh. It consists of hymns and writings of the first 10 Gurus, along with texts from different Muslim and Hindu saints. The holy text is considered the 11th and final Guru.
Sikhs believe in a single formless God with many names, who can be known through meditation. Sikhs pray many times each day and are prohibited from worshipping idols or icons. They believe in samsara, karma, and reincarnation as Hindus do but reject the caste system. They believe that everyone has equal status in the eyes of God. During the 18th century, there were a number of attempts to prepare an accurate portrayal of Sikh customs. Sikh scholars and theologians started in 1931 to prepare the Reht Maryada — the Sikh code of conduct and conventions. This has successfully achieved a high level of uniformity in the religious and social practices of Sikhism throughout the world. It contains 27 articles. Article 1 defines who is a Sikh:
“Any human being who faithfully believes in:
- One Immortal Being,
- Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Dev to Guru Gobind Singh,
- The Guru Granth Sahib,
- The utterances and teachings of the ten Gurus and
- the baptism bequeathed by the tenth Guru, and who does not owe allegiance to any other religion, is a Sikh.”
More Resources on Sikhism
Sacred Texts of Sikhism – Sikh sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Sikhism at OCRT – Article on Sikhism at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
A Sikh Youth Site – Excellent Sikh site with lots of information and resources for youths and others.
Bahá’í – 1863 CE
The Bahá’í Faith arose from Islam in the 1800s based on the teachings of Baha’u’llah and is now a distinct worldwide faith. The faith’s followers believe that God has sent nine great prophets to mankind through whom the Holy Spirit has revealed the “Word of God.” This has given rise to the major world religions. Although these religions arose from the teachings of the prophets of one God, Bahá’í’s do not believe they are all the same. The differences in the teachings of each prophet are due to the needs of the society they came to help and what mankind was ready to have revealed to it. Bahá’í beliefs promote gender and race equality, freedom of expression and assembly, world peace and world government. They believe that a single world government led by Bahá’ís will be established at some point in the future. The faith does not attempt to preserve the past but does embrace the findings of science. Bahá’ís believe that every person has an immortal soul which can not die but is freed to travel through the spirit world after death.
More Resources on Bahá’í
Sacred Texts of Bahá’í – Bahá’í sacred texts available for free online viewing at sacred-texts.com.
Bahá’í at OCRT – Article on Bahá’í at the web site of the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance.
www.bahaifaith.com – Gateway to the official sites of the Bahá’í Faith.
* The dates are given in BCE (Before Common Era) and CE (Common Era). These years correspond to the same dates in BC and AD but by defining the current period as the “Common Era” the nomenclature attempts to treat all religions and beliefs as equal.
Much of the material on this page was adapted from the descriptions of the different world religions at the web site of the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Please visit their site if you would like more information on these faiths. They also have many links to resources on the net for each faith.
Source of the above chapter:
http://www.omsakthi.org/religions.html
Religion Statistics and General Info
GeoHive – Country by country listing detailing the religious makeup of each.
Adherents.com – Major religions of the world ranked by the number of adherents.
Interfaith Calendar – Calendar of important days in the world’s major religions.
Links
- CIA Fact Book – Religions >>
- http://www.religioustolerance.org/
- http://www.omsakthi.org/religions.html
Books
The World’s Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions
Huston Smith
The World’s Religions, by Huston Smith, has been a standard introduction to its eponymous subject since its first publication in 1958. Smith writes humbly, forswearing judgment on the validity of world religions. His introduction asks, “How does it all sound from above? Like bedlam, or do the strains blend in strange, ethereal harmony? … We cannot know. All we can do is try to listen carefully and with full attention to each voice in turn as it addresses the divine. Such listening defines the purpose of this book.” His criteria for inclusion and analysis of religions in this book are “relevance to the modern mind” and “universality,” and his interest in each religion is more concerned with its principles than its context. Therefore, he avoids cataloging the horrors and crimes of which religions have been accused, and he attempts to show each “at their best.” Yet The World’s Religions is no pollyannaish romp: “It is about religion alive,” Huston writes. “It calls the soul to the highest adventure it can undertake, a proposed journey across the jungles, peaks, and deserts of the human spirit. The call is to confront reality.” And by translating the voices of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Confucianism, Christianity, and Judaism, among others, Smith has amplified the divine call for generations of readers. –Michael Joseph Gross
PS1 World Religions – Humor
PS2 Religion and Violence
Charles Selengut characterizes the phrase “religion and violence” as “jarring”, asserting that “religion is thought to be opposed to violence and a force for peace and reconciliation”. He acknowledges, however, that “the history and scriptures of the world’s religions tell stories of violence and war as they speak of peace and love.”
Hector Avalos argues that, because religions claim divine favor for themselves, over and against other groups, this sense of righteousness leads to violence because conflicting claims to superiority, based on unverifiable appeals to God, cannot be adjudicated objectively.
Critics of religion Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins go further and argue that religions do tremendous harm to society by using violence to promote their goals, in ways that are endorsed and exploited by their leaders.
Regina Schwartz argues that all monotheistic religions are inherently violent because of an exclusivism that inevitably fosters violence against those that are considered outsiders.
Lawrence Wechsler asserts that Schwartz isn’t just arguing that Abrahamic religions have a violent legacy, but that the legacy is actually genocidal in nature.
Byron Bland asserts that one of the most prominent reasons for the “rise of the secular in Western thought” was the reaction against the religious violence of the 16th and 17th centuries. He asserts that
“(t)he secular was a way of living with the religious differences that had produced so much horror. Under secularity, political entities have a warrant to make decisions independent from the need to enforce particular versions of religious orthodoxy. Indeed, they may run counter to certain strongly held beliefs if made in the interest of common welfare. Thus, one of the important goals of the secular is to limit violence.”
Nonetheless, believers have used similar arguments when responding to atheists in these discussions, pointing to the widespread imprisonment and mass murder of individuals under atheist states in the twentieth century:
And who can deny that Stalin and Mao, not to mention Pol Pot and a host of others, all committed atrocities in the name of a Communist ideology that was explicitly atheistic? Who can dispute that they did their bloody deeds by claiming to be establishing a ‘new man’ and a religion-free utopia? These were mass murders performed with atheism as a central part of their ideological inspiration, they were not mass murders done by people who simply happened to be atheist. —Dinesh D’Souza
In response to such a line of argument, however, author Sam Harris writes:
The problem with fascism and communism, however, is not that they are too critical of religion; the problem is that they are too much like religions. Such regimes are dogmatic to the core and generally give rise to personality cults that are indistinguishable from cults of religious hero worship. Auschwitz, the gulag and the killing fields were not examples of what happens when human beings reject religious dogma; they are examples of political, racial and nationalistic dogma run amok. There is no society in human history that ever suffered because its people became too reasonable. —Sam Harris
Related Resources
Bible Quotes
Dr Ian Guthridge cited many instances of genocide in the Old Testament:
“the Bible also contains the horrific account of what can only be described as a “biblical holocaust”. For, in order to keep the chosen people apart from and unaffected by the alien beliefs and practices of indigenous or neighbouring peoples, when God commanded his chosen people to conquer the Promised Land, he placed city after city ‘under the ban” -which meant that every man, woman and child was to be slaughtered at the point of the sword.”
Forget for a moment that the following are the Bible quotations…
What would you think about the “Lord” if this were a movie script?
Is the “Lord”a peaceful, gentle, merciful and compassionate god?
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Then the Lord said to Moses, “Get up early in the morning and stand before Pharaoh. Tell him, ‘This is what the Lord, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so they can worship me. If you don’t, I will send more plagues on you and your officials and your people. Then you will know that there is no one like me in all the earth. By now I could have lifted my hand and struck you and your people with a plague to wipe you off the face of the earth. But I have spared you for a purpose—to show you my power and to spread my fame throughout the earth. — Exodus 9: 13-16
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The gates of the city of Jericho were closed. The people in the city were afraid because the Israelites were near. No one went into the city, and no one came out. Then the LORD said to Joshua, “Look, I will let you defeat the city of Jericho. You will defeat the king and all the fighting men in the city. March around the city with your army once every day for six days.Tell seven of the priests to carry trumpets made from the horns of male sheep and to march in front of the priests who are carrying the Holy Box. On the seventh day march around the city seven times and tell the priests to blow the trumpets while they march. They will make one loud noise from the trumpets. When you hear that noise, tell all the people to begin shouting. When you do this, the walls of the city will fall down and your people will be able to go straight into the city.” – Joshua 6: 6-5
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So then the priests blew the trumpets. When the people heard the trumpets, they began shouting. The walls fell down, and the people ran up into the city. So the Israelites defeated that city. The people destroyed everything in the city. They destroyed everything that was living there. They killed the young and old men, the young and old women, and the cattle, sheep, and donkeys. Joshua talked to the two spies. He said, “You made a promise to the prostitute. So go to her house and bring her out and all those who are with her.” So the two men went into the house and brought out Rahab, her father, mother, brothers, all her family, and all those who were with her. They put all the people in a safe place outside the camp of Israel.
Then the Israelites burned the whole city and everything in it except for the things made from silver, gold, bronze, and iron. They put these things in the LORD’S treasury. Joshua saved Rahab the prostitute, her family, and all those who were with her. Joshua let them live because Rahab helped the spies Joshua had sent out to Jericho. Rahab still lives among the Israelites today. — Joshua 6: 20-25
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Then the LORD said to Joshua, “Don’t be afraid of that army, because I will allow you to defeat them. By this time tomorrow, you will have killed them all. You will cut the legs of the horses and burn all their chariots.”
So Joshua and his whole army surprised the enemy and attacked them at the river of Merom. The LORD allowed Israel to defeat them. The army of Israel defeated them and chased them to Greater Sidon, Misrephoth Maim, and the Valley of Mizpah in the east. The army of Israel fought until none of the enemy was left alive. Joshua did what the LORD said to do; he cut the legs of their horses and burned their chariots.
Then Joshua went back and captured the city of Hazor and killed its king. (Hazor was the leader of all the kingdoms that fought against Israel.) The army of Israel killed everyone in that city and completely destroyed all the people. There was nothing left alive. Then they burned the city.
Joshua captured all these cities and killed all their kings. He completely destroyed everything in these cities—just as Moses, the LORD’S servant, had commanded. But the army of Israel did not burn any cities that were built on hills. The only city built on a hill that they burned was Hazor. This is the city Joshua burned. The Israelites kept for themselves all the things and all the animals they found in the cities. But they killed all the people there. They left no one alive. Long ago the LORD commanded his servant Moses to do this. Then Moses commanded Joshua to do this. So Joshua obeyed God. He did everything that the LORD had commanded Moses. – Joshua 11: 6-15
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When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it.
And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee.
And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it:
And when the LORD thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword:
But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.
Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations.
But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:
But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee:
That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the LORD your God. — Deuteronomy Chapter 20:10-18
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In the name of God
The Crusades
The Crusades – What were the Crusades?
The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Saracens. The term ‘Saracen’ was the word used to describe a Moslem during the time of the Crusades. The Crusades started in 1095 when Pope Claremont preached the First Crusade at the Council of Claremont. The Pope’s preaching led to thousands immediately affixing the cross to their garments – the name Crusade given to the Holy Wars came from old French word ‘crois’ meaning ‘cross’. The Crusades were great military expeditions undertaken by the Christian nations of Europe for the purpose of rescuing the holy places of Palestine from the hands of the Mohammedans. They were eight in number, the first four being sometimes called the Principal Crusades, and the remaining four the Minor Crusades. In addition there was a Children’s Crusade. There were several other expeditions which were insignificant in numbers or results.
What was the Cause for the Crusades?
The reason for the crusades was a war between Christians and Moslems which centered around the city of Jerusalem. The City of Jerusalem held a Holy significance to the Christian religion. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem commemorated the hill of crucifixion and the tomb of Christ’s burial and was visited by Pilgrims. In 1065 Jerusalem was taken by the Turks and 3000 Christians were massacred starting a chain of events which contributed to the cause of the crusades.
What were the Objectives of the Crusades?
The Objectives of the crusades was at first to release the Holy Land, in particular Jerusalem, from the Saracens, but in time was extended to seizing Spain from the Moors, the Slavs and Pagans from eastern Europe, and the islands of the Mediterranean.
How many Crusades were there?
There were a total of nine crusades! The first four crusades were seen as the most import and scant reference is made to the other crusades – with the exception of the Children’s crusade which effectively led to the decline of the crusades. For a period of two hundred years Europe and Asia were engaged in almost constant warfare. Throughout this period there was a continuous movement of crusaders to and from the Moslem possessions in Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt.
The First Crusade
The first crusade, which lasted from 1095-1099, established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, providing more lands for the crusading knights, who often travelled across Europe to try their fortunes and to visit the Holy Sepulchre.
Read more at the source of this section (about Crusades) >>
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The Inquisition
The Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis; Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) was a group of decentralized institutions within the judicial system of the Roman Catholic Church whose aim was to “fight against heretics”. It started in 12th-century France to combat the spread of heresy and error, and was later expanded to other European countries.
The Inquisition proved how Catholicism will react when it has possession of absolute power. Is it any wonder that in the 1880s, Dr. H. Grattan Guinness preached the following:
I see the great Apostasy, I see the desolation of Christendom, I see the smoking ruins, I see the reign of monsters; I see those vice-gods, that Gregory VII, that Innocent III, that Boniface Vlll, that Alexander Vl, that Gregory XIII, that Pius IX; I see their long succession, I hear their insufferable blasphemies, I see their abominable lives; I see them worshipped by blinded generations, bestowing hollow benedictions, bartering away worthless promises of heaven; I see their liveried slaves, their shaven priests, their celibate confessors; I see the infamous confessional, the ruined women, the murdered innocents; I hear the lying absolutions, the dying groans; I hear the cries of the victims; I hear the anathemas, the curses, the thunders of the interdicts; I see the racks, the dungeons, the stakes; I see that inhuman Inquisition, those fires of Smithfield, those butcheries of St. Bartholomew, that Spanish Armada, those unspeakable dragonnades, that endless train of wars, that dreadful multitude of massacres. I see it all, and in the name of the ruin it has brought in the Church and in the world, in the name of the truth it has denied, the temple it has defiled, the God it has blasphemed, the souls it has destroyed; in the name of the millions it has deluded, the millions it has slaughtered, the millions it has damned; with holy confessors, with noble reformers, with innumerable martyrs, with the saints of ages, I denounce it as the masterpiece of Satan, as the body and soul and essence of antichrist.”
Source: THE INQUISITION: A Study in Absolute Catholic Power
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Spanish colonization of the Americas
Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Christian faith through indigenous conversions. It lasted for over four hundred years, from 1492 to 1898.
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“Gott mit uns” (meaning God with us) is a phrase commonly used on armor in the German military from the German Empire to the end of the Third Reich, although its historical origins are far older. The Russian Empire’s motto also translates to this.
ORIGINAL NAZI WH WEHRMACHT BELT BUCKLE “GOTT MIT UNS”
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WAR and Peace
Peace is often defined as “absence of war”.
Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent, conflict behaviours and the freedom from fear of violence. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all. In international relations, peacetime is not only the absence of war or violent conflict, but also the presence of positive and respectful cultural and economic relationships.
Is war reflection of human nature or is it the result of skilful propaganda and manipulation of a society to impose will of ruling elite and to enslave the “enemy”?
Existence of human societies in which warfare does not exist, suggests that humans may not be naturally disposed for warfare and wars emerge only under particular circumstances.
“War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.” — Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian military general and theoretician (1832 treatise On War)
War is an organized and often prolonged conflict that is carried out by states and/or non-state actors. It is characterized by extreme violence, social disruption, human suffering, and economic destruction.
War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence or intervention. The set of techniques used by a group to carry out war is known as warfare.
The new military technologies bring the potential risk of the complete extinction of the human species.
List of ongoing wars
More Links
- https://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/transformation-of-the-human-race/
- https://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/war-and-peace/
- https://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/mind-control/
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Worldwide percentage of adherents by religion, 2015[1]
Other religions (0.5%)
The world’s principal religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups, though this is not a uniform practice. This theory began in the 18th century with the goal of recognizing the relative levels of civility in different societies,[2] but this practice has since fallen into disrepute in many contemporary cultures.
History of religious categories
An 1821 map of the world, where «Christians, Mahometans, and Pagans» correspond to levels of civilization (the map makes no distinction between Buddhism and Hinduism).
An 1883 map of the world divided into colors representing Christians, Buddhists, Hindus, Mohammedans and Fetishists.
Christian categorizations
Initially, Christians had a simple dichotomy of world beliefs: Christian civility versus foreign heresy or barbarity. In the 18th century, «heresy» was clarified to mean Judaism and Islam;[3] along with paganism, this created a fourfold classification which spawned such works as John Toland’s Nazarenus, or Jewish, Gentile, and Mahometan Christianity,[4] which represented the three Abrahamic religions as different «nations» or sects within religion itself, the «true monotheism.»
Daniel Defoe described the original definition as follows: «Religion is properly the Worship given to God, but ’tis also applied to the Worship of Idols and false Deities.»[5] At the turn of the 19th century, in between 1780 and 1810, the language dramatically changed: instead of «religion» being synonymous with spirituality, authors began using the plural, «religions,» to refer to both Christianity and other forms of worship. Therefore, Hannah Adams’s early encyclopedia, for example, had its name changed from An Alphabetical Compendium of the Various Sects… to A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations.[6][7]
In 1838, the four-way division of Christianity, Judaism, Mahommedanism (archaic terminology for Islam) and paganism was multiplied considerably by Josiah Conder’s Analytical and Comparative View of All Religions Now Extant among Mankind. Conder’s work still adhered to the four-way classification, but in his eye for detail he puts together much historical work to create something resembling the modern Western image: he includes Druze, Yazidis, Mandaeans, and Elamites[clarification needed][8] under a list of possibly monotheistic groups, and under the final category, of «polytheism and pantheism,» he listed Zoroastrianism, «Vedas, Puranas, Tantras, Reformed sects» of India as well as «Brahminical idolatry,» Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Lamaism, «religion of China and Japan,» and «illiterate superstitions» as others.[9][10]
The modern meaning of the phrase «world religion,» putting non-Christians at the same level as Christians, began with the 1893 Parliament of the World’s Religions in Chicago. The Parliament spurred the creation of a dozen privately funded lectures with the intent of informing people of the diversity of religious experience: these lectures funded researchers such as William James, D. T. Suzuki, and Alan Watts, who greatly influenced the public conception of world religions.[11]
In the latter half of the 20th century, the category of «world religion» fell into serious question, especially for drawing parallels between vastly different cultures, and thereby creating an arbitrary separation between the religious and the secular.[12]
Islam categorizations
In Islam, the Quran mentions three different categories: Muslims, the People of the Book, and idol worshipers.
Classification
Religious traditions fall into super-groups in comparative religion, arranged by historical origin and mutual influence. Abrahamic religions originate in West Asia,[13][14] Indian religions in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia)[15] and East Asian religions in East Asia.[16] Another group with supra-regional influence are Afro-American religion,[17] which have their origins in Central and West Africa.
- Middle Eastern religions:[18]
- Abrahamic religions are the largest group, and these consist mainly of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the Baháʼí Faith. They are named for the patriarch Abraham, and are unified by the practice of monotheism. Today, at least 3.8 billion people are followers of Abrahamic religions[19] and are spread widely around the world apart from the regions around East and Southeast Asia. Several Abrahamic organizations are vigorous proselytizers.[20] Abrahamic religions with fewer adherents include the Baháʼí Faith,[21] the Druze faith,[21] Samaritanism,[21] and Rastafari.[21]
- Iranian religions, partly of Indo-European origins,[22][23] include Zoroastrianism, Yazdânism, Uatsdin, Yarsanism, Manichaeism, and Yazidism.[24]
- Gnosticism, including historical traditions of Mandaeism, which is still alive in the Middle East and diaspora.[25]
- Eastern religions:
- Indian religions, originated in Greater India and they tend to share a number of key concepts, such as dharma, karma, reincarnation among others. They are of the most influence across the Indian subcontinent, East Asia, Southeast Asia, as well as isolated parts of Russia. The main Indian religions are Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.
- East Asian religions consist of several East Asian religions which make use of the concept of Tao (in Chinese), Đạo (in Vietnamese) or Dō (in Japanese or Korean). They include many Chinese folk religions, Taoism and Confucianism, as well as Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese religions, which are influenced by Chinese religious thought.
- Indigenous ethnic religions, found on every continent, now marginalized by the major organized faiths in many parts of the world or persisting as undercurrents (folk religions) of major religions. Includes traditional African religions, Asian shamanism, Native American religions, Austronesian and Australian Aboriginal traditions, Chinese folk religions, and postwar Shinto. Under more traditional listings, this has been referred to as «paganism» along with historical polytheism.
- African religions:[18]
- The religions of the tribal peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa, but excluding ancient Egyptian religion, which is considered to belong to the ancient Middle East;[18]
- African diasporic religions practiced in the Americas, imported as a result of the Atlantic slave trade of the 16th to 18th centuries, building on traditional religions of Central and West Africa.
- African religions:[18]
- New religious movement is the term applied to any religious faith which has emerged since the 19th century, often syncretizing, re-interpreting or reviving aspects of older traditions such as Ayyavazhi, Mormonism, Ahmadiyya, Pentecostalism, polytheistic reconstructionism, and so forth.
Religious demographics
One way to define a major religion is by the number of current adherents. The population numbers by religion are computed by a combination of census reports and population surveys (in countries where religion data is not collected in census, for example the United States or France), but results can vary widely depending on the way questions are phrased, the definitions of religion used and the bias of the agencies or organizations conducting the survey. Informal or unorganized religions are especially difficult to count.
There is no consensus among researchers as to the best methodology for determining the religiosity profile of the world’s population. A number of fundamental aspects are unresolved:
- Whether to count «historically predominant religious culture[s]»[26]
- Whether to count only those who actively «practice» a particular religion[27]
- Whether to count based on a concept of «adherence»[28]
- Whether to count only those who expressly self-identify with a particular denomination[29]
- Whether to count only adults, or to include children as well.
- Whether to rely only on official government-provided statistics[30]
- Whether to use multiple sources and ranges or single «best source(s)»
Largest religious groups
| Religion | Followers (billions) |
Cultural tradition | Founded | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christianity | 2.4 | Abrahamic religions | Middle East | [31][32] |
| Islam | 1.9 | Abrahamic religions | Arabia (Middle East) | [33][34] |
| Hinduism | 1.2 | Indian religions | Indian subcontinent | [31] |
| Buddhism | 0.5 | Indian religions | Indian subcontinent | [32] |
| Folk religion | 0.4 | Regional | Worldwide | [35] |
Medium-sized religions
| Religion | Followers (millions) |
Cultural tradition | Founded | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shinto | 100 | Japanese religions | Japan | [36][37] |
| Taoism | 12–173 | Chinese religions | China | [38] |
| Vodou | 60 | African religions | Benin (Dahomey) | [39] |
| Sikhism | 30 | Indian religions | Indian subcontinent, 15th century | [40] |
| Judaism | 14.5 | Abrahamic religions | The Levant (Middle East) | [31][41] |
| Spiritism | 5–15 | New religious movements | France | [42] |
| Korean shamanism | 5–15 | Korean religions | Korea | [43] |
| Caodaism | 1.1–3 | Vietnamese religions | Vietnam, 20th century | [44] |
| Confucianism | 6–7 | Chinese religions | China | [45] |
| Baháʼí Faith | 5–7.3 | Abrahamic religions | Iran, 19th century | [46][47][nb 1] |
| Jainism | 4–5 | Indian religions | Indian subcontinent, 7th to 9th century BCE | [48][49] |
| Cheondoism | 3–4 | Korean religions | Korea, 19th century | [50] |
| Hoahaoism | 1.5–3 | Vietnamese religions | Vietnam, 20th century | [51] |
| Tenriism | 1.2 | Japanese religions | Japan, 19th century | [52] |
| Druze | 1 | Abrahamic religions | Egypt, 9th century | [53] |
By region
- Religions by country according to The World Factbook – CIA[54]
- Religion by region
- Religion in Africa
- Religion in Antarctica
- Religion in Asia
- Religion in the Middle East
- Muslim world (SW Asia and N Africa)
- Religion in Europe
- Religion in the European Union
- Christian world
- Religion in North America
- Religion in Oceania
- Religion in South America
Trends in adherence
| 1970–1985 (%)[56] | 1990–2000 (%)[57][58] | 2000–2005 (%)[59] | 1970–2010 (%)[47] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baháʼí Faith | 3.65 | 2.28 | 1.70 | 4.26 |
| Buddhism | 1.67 | 1.09 | 2.76 | |
| Christianity | 1.64 | 1.36 | 1.32 | 2.10 |
| Confucianism | 0.83 | |||
| Hinduism | 2.34 | 1.69 | 1.57 | 2.62 |
| Islam | 2.74 | 2.13 | 1.84 | 4.23 |
| Jainism | 2.60 | |||
| Judaism | 1.09 | -0.03 | ||
| Sikhism | 1.87 | 1.62 | 3.08 | |
| Shinto | -0.83 | |||
| Taoism | 9.85 | |||
| Zoroastrianism | 2.5 | |||
| unaffiliated | 0.37 |
Maps of self-reported adherence
-
Map showing self-reported religiosity by country. Based on a 2015 worldwide survey by Pew.
-
World map showing the percentages of people who regard religion as «non-important» according to a 2002 Pew survey
-
Religions of the world, mapped by distribution.
-
Map showing the relative proportion of Christianity (red) and Islam (green) in each country as of 2006
-
Distribution of world religions by country/state, and by smaller administrative regions for the largest countries (2012 data).
% all other religions but Judaism
(Equal parts cyan/magenta — Judaism)
See also
- Irreligion
- List of religions and spiritual traditions
- List of religious populations
- World religions
- Numinous
- Religious conversion
- State religion
Notes
- ^ Historically, the Baháʼí Faith arose in 19th-century Persia, in the context of Shia Islam, and thus may be classed on this basis as a divergent strand of Islam, placing it in the Abrahamic tradition. However, the Baháʼí Faith considers itself an independent religious tradition, which draws from Islam but also other traditions. The Baháʼí Faith may also be classed as a new religious movement, due to its comparatively recent origin, or may be considered sufficiently old and established for such classification to not be applicable.
References
- ^ Hackett, Conrad; Mcclendon, David (2015). «Christians remain world’s largest religious group, but they are declining in Europe». Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 24 November 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
- ^ Masuzawa, Tomoko (2005). The Invention of World Religions. Chicago University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50989-1.
- ^ Glaser, Daryl; Walker, David M. (12 September 2007). Twentieth-Century Marxism: A Global Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 9781135979744. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ Toland, John; La Monnoye, Bernard de (1 January 1718). Nazarenus, or, Jewish, gentile, and Mahometan Christianity : containing the history of the antient Gospel of Barnabas, and the modern Gospel of the Mahometans … also the original plan of Christianity explain’d in the history of the Nazarens … with the relation of an Irish manuscript of the four Gospels, as likewise a summary of the antient Irish Christianity. London : J. Brotherton, J. Roberts and A. Dodd.
- ^ Masuzawa, Tomoko (26 April 2012). The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226922621. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Masuzawa 2005. pp. 49–61
- ^ Masuzawa, Tomoko (26 April 2012). The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226922621. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Masuzawa, Tomoko (26 April 2012). The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226922621. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Masuzawa 2005, pp. 65–6
- ^ Masuzawa, Tomoko (26 April 2012). The Invention of World Religions: Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226922621. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Masuzawa 2005, 270–281
- ^ Stephen R. L. Clark. «World Religions and World Orders» Archived 8 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Religious studies 26.1 (1990).
- ^ Spirituality and Psychiatry — Page 236, Chris Cook, Andrew Powell, A. C. P. Sims — 2009
- ^ «Abraham, Father of the Middle East». www.dangoor.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ «The Religions of the Indian Subcontinent Stretch Back for Millennia». About.com Education. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ Neusner, Jacob (7 October 2009). World Religions in America, Fourth Edition: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9781611640472. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Neusner, Jacob (7 October 2009). World Religions in America, Fourth Edition: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9781611640472. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ a b c «classification of religions | Principles & Significance». Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ Statistician, Howard Steven Friedman; Teacher, health economist for the United Nations; University, Columbia (25 April 2011). «5 Religions with the Most Followers | Huffington Post». The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ Brodd, Jeffrey (2003). World Religions. Winona, Minnesota: Saint Mary’s Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-725-5.
- ^ a b c d Abulafia, Anna Sapir (23 September 2019). «The Abrahamic religions». www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Archived from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ Samuel 2010.
- ^ Anthony 2007.
- ^ Allison, Christine (20 September 2016) [20 July 2004]. «YAZIDIS i. GENERAL». Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_1252. ISSN 2330-4804. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ^ Sly, Liz (16 November 2008). «‘This is one of the world’s oldest religions, and it is going to die.’«. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ Pippa Norris; Ronald Inglehart (6 January 2007), Sacred and Secular, Religion and Politics Worldwide, Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–44, archived from the original on 12 May 2021, retrieved 29 December 2006
- ^ Pew Research Center (19 December 2002). «Among Wealthy Nations U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion». Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
- ^ adherents.com (28 August 2005). «Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents». adherents.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ worldvaluessurvey.org (28 June 2005). «World Values Survey». worldvaluessurvey.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
- ^ unstats.un.org (6 January 2007). «United Nations Statistics Division — Demographic and Social Statistics». United Nations Statistics Division. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ a b c «The Global Religious Landscape». The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research center. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ^ a b «Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact» (PDF). gordonconwell.edu. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ «Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact» (PDF). gordonconwell.edu. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ «Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group». Pew Research Center. 6 April 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
- ^ «Folk Religionists». pewforum.org. Pew Research Center. December 2012. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ «Major Religions Ranked by Size». Adherents.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ «Japan: International Religious Freedom Report 2006». Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor; U.S. Department of State. 15 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by the Purdue University’s Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. People’s Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. On: Religions & Christianity in Today’s China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29-54, ISSN 2192-9289.
- ^ «Inside the Voodoo Rituals of Haiti». Culture. 7 July 2004. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ «Sikhism». Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
- ^ «Jewish Population of the World». www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
- ^ «Tabela 2102: População residente por situação do domicílio, religião e sexo». sidra.ibge.gov.br. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ Self-reported figures from 1999; North Korea only (South Korean followers are minimal according to census). In The A to Z of New Religious Movements by George D. Chryssides. ISBN 0-8108-5588-7.
- ^ Sergei Blagov. «Caodaism in Vietnam : Religion vs Restrictions and Persecution Archived 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine». IARF World Congress, Vancouver, Canada, July 31, 1999.
- ^ Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013). The World’s Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography (PDF). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ Other Religions Archived 19 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Pew Forum report.
- ^ a b Grim, Brian J (2012). «Rising restrictions on religion» (PDF). International Journal of Religious Freedom. 5 (1): 17–33. ISSN 2070-5484. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ^ Voorst 2014, p. 96.
- ^ «Jainism». Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
- ^ Self-reported figures from North Korea (South Korean followers are minimal according to census): «Religious Intelligence UK report». Religious Intelligence. Religious Intelligence. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ Janet Alison Hoskins. What Are Vietnam’s Indigenous Religions? Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University.
- ^ «宗教年鑑» [Yearly Report on Religion] (PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ «Druze | History, Religion, & Facts». Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ^ «The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency». www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ The results have been studied and found «highly correlated with other sources of data», but «consistently gave a higher estimate for percent Christian in comparison to other cross-national data sets.» Hsu, Becky; Reynolds, Amy; Hackett, Conrad; Gibbon, James (9 July 2008). «Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations». Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 47 (4): 678. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x.
- ^ .
- ^ Barrett, David A. (2001). World Christian Encyclopedia. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-507963-0. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
- ^ Barrett, David; Johnson, Todd (2001). «Global adherents of the World’s 19 distinct major religions» (PDF). William Carey Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
- ^ Staff (May 2007). «The List: The World’s Fastest-Growing Religions». Foreign Policy. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
Sources
- Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel and Language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian Steppes shaped the modern world, Princeton University Press
- Doniger, Wendy, ed. (2006). Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 978-1593392666.
- Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press
- Voorst, Robert E. Van (2014), RELG: World (2 ed.), Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-1-285-43468-1[1]
External links
- Animated history of World Religions—from the «Religion & Ethics» part of the BBC website, interactive animated view of the spread of world religions (requires Flash plug-in).
- BBC A-Z of Religions and Beliefs
- Major World Religions
- International Council for Inter-Religious Cooperation
- ^ Voorst 2014, p. 111.
What is another word for Religious?
-
spiritual
religion, ethereal
-
devout
religion, pious
-
pious
devout, religion
-
sacred
spiritual, religion
-
godly
devout, religion
-
holy
devout, spiritual
-
devotional
spiritual, concerning belief in divinity
-
faithful
devout, conscientious
-
scrupulous
conscientious
-
reverent
devout, concerning belief in divinity
-
saintly
concerning belief in divinity
-
divine
spiritual, concerning belief in divinity
-
punctilious
conscientious, scrupulous
-
churchly
spiritual, concerning belief in divinity
-
meticulous
conscientious, scrupulous
-
god-fearing
-
monastic
person, monk
-
monk
person, abbot
-
doctrinal
-
rigorous
conscientious, scrupulous
-
conscientious
scrupulous
-
churchgoing
-
theological
-
ecclesiastical
-
prayerful
-
strict
scrupulous
-
friar
person, monk
-
pietistic
pious
-
devoted
pious
-
pure
used in a sacrament
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religion, religiously, religiousness, religiosity, religionism
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Synonyms for Religious. (2016). Retrieved 2023, April 14, from https://thesaurus.plus/synonyms/religious
Synonyms for Religious. N.p., 2016. Web. 14 Apr. 2023. <https://thesaurus.plus/synonyms/religious>.
Synonyms for Religious. 2016. Accessed April 14, 2023. https://thesaurus.plus/synonyms/religious.
1
as in spiritual
of, relating to, or used in the practice or worship services of a religion
Johann Sebastian Bach wrote some of the most beautiful religious music in the world
Antonyms & Near Antonyms
2
as in pious
showing a devotion to God and to a life of virtue
a deeply religious woman who eventually decided to quit her job and to become a nun
Antonyms & Near Antonyms
3
as in passional
having or expressing great depth of feeling
a woman known for embracing various causes with a religious enthusiasm
Antonyms & Near Antonyms
as in conventual
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“Religious.” Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/religious. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.
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