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World Food Programme

Abbreviation	WFP
Formation	19 December 1961 (61 years ago)
Type	Intergovernmental organization, Regulatory body, Advisory board
Legal status	Active
Headquarters	Rome, Italy
Head	Cindy McCain
Parent organization	United Nations General Assembly
Staff (2023)	22,300+[1]
Award(s)	Nobel Peace Prize (2020)
Website	wfp.org
Politics portal

The World Food Programme^[a] (WFP) is an international organization within the United Nations that provides food assistance worldwide. It is the world’s largest humanitarian organization^[2][3] and the leading provider of school meals.^[4] Founded in 1961, WFP is headquartered in Rome and has offices in 80 countries.^[5] As of 2021, it supported over 128 million people^[6] across more than 120 countries and territories.^[7]

In addition to emergency food relief, WFP offers technical and development assistance, such as building capacity for emergency preparedness and response, managing supply chains and logistics, promoting social safety programs, and strengthening resilience against climate change.^[8] It also a major provider of direct cash assistance and medical supplies, and provides passenger services for humanitarian workers.^[9][10]

WFP is an executive member of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group,^[11] a consortium of UN entities that aims to fulfil the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), with a priority on achieving SDG 2 for «zero hunger» by 2030.^[12]

The World Food Programme was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020 for its efforts to provide food assistance in areas of conflict, and to prevent the use of food as a weapon of war and conflict.^[13]

History[edit]

WFP was established in 1961^[14] after the 1960 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Conference, when George McGovern, director of the US Food for Peace Programmes, proposed establishing a multilateral food aid programme. WFP launched its first programmes in 1963 by the FAO and the United Nations General Assembly on a three-year experimental basis, supporting the Nubian population at Wadi Halfa in Sudan. In 1965, the programme was extended to a continuing basis.^[15]

Background[edit]

WFP works across a broad spectrum of Sustainable Development Goals,^[12] owing to the fact that food shortages, hunger, malnutrition and foodborne illness cause poor health, which subsequently impacts other areas of sustainable development, such as education, employment and poverty (Sustainable Development Goals Four, Eight and One respectively).^[12][16]

Funding[edit]

WFP operations are funded by voluntary donations principally from governments of the world, and also from corporations and private donors.^[17] In 2021, funding was a record USD 9.6 billion – 15 percent higher than in 2020 – against a funding need of USD 14.8 billion. That year, the United States was the largest donor.^[18]

Organization[edit]

Governance, leadership and staff[edit]

WFP is governed by an executive board which consists of representatives from 36 member states, and provides intergovernmental support, direction and supervision of WFP’s activities. The European Union is a permanent observer in WFP and, as a major donor, participates in the work of its executive board.^[19] WFP is headed by an executive director, who is appointed jointly by the UN Secretary-General and the director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The executive director is appointed for fixed five-year terms and is responsible for the administration of the organization as well as the implementation of its programmes, projects and other activities.^[20] Cindy McCain, previously Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the United States Mission to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Agencies in Rome, was appointed to the role in March 2023.^[21]

In March 2023, WFP had over 22,300 staff.

List of executive directors[edit]

Since 1992, all executive directors have been American. The following is a chronological list of those who have served as executive director of the World Food Programme:^[22]

1. Addeke Hendrik Boerma ( Netherlands) (May 1962 – December 1967)
2. Sushil K. Dev ( India) (January 1968 – August 1968) (acting)
3. Francisco Aquino ( El Salvador) (July 1968 – May 1976)
4. Thomas C. M. Robinson ( United States) (May 1976 – June 1977 acting; July 1977 – September 1977)
5. Garson N. Vogel ( Canada) (October 1977 – April 1981)
6. Bernardo de Azevedo Brito ( Brazil) (May 1981 – February 1982) (acting)
7. Juan Felipe Yriart ( Uruguay) (February 1982 – April 1982) (acting)
8. James Ingram ( Australia) (April 1982 – April 1992)
9. Catherine Bertini ( United States) (April 1992 – April 2002)
10. James T. Morris ( United States) (April 2002 – April 2007)
11. Josette Sheeran ( United States) (April 2007 – April 2012)
12. Ertharin Cousin ( United States) (April 2012 – April 2017)
13. David Beasley ( United States) (April 2017 – April 2023)
14. Cindy McCain ( United States) (April 2023 – present)

Activities[edit]

Emergencies[edit]

About two-thirds of WFP life-saving food assistance goes to people facing severe food crises, most of them caused by conflict.^[23] In September 2022, WFP warned of record numbers of people who were either starving already or facing starvation. The latest Hunger Hotspots report, co-published by WFP and FAO, reported that 970,000 people faced catastrophic levels of hunger in five countries, namely: Afghanistan, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Somalia and Yemen. That is a tenfold increase in a decade. Nigeria, with rising violence and restricted humanitarian access, is also highlighted as a country of greatest concern.^[24] WFP said it had «scaled up direct food and nutrition assistance to prevent famine and aims to reach a record 153 million people in 2022.^[25]

WFP is also a first responder to sudden-onset emergencies. When floods struck Sudan in July 2020, it provided emergency food assistance to nearly 160,000 people.^[26] WFP provided food as well as vouchers for people to buy vital supplies, while also planning recovery, reconstruction and resilience-building activities, after Cyclone Idai struck Mozambique and floods washed an estimated 400,000 hectares of crops on early 2019.^[27]

WFP’s emergency is also pre-emptive, in offsetting the potential impact of disasters. In the Sahel region of Africa, amidst economic challenges, climate change and armed militancy, WFP’s activities included working with communities and partners to harvest water for irrigation and restore degraded land, and supporting livelihoods through skills training.^[28] It uses early-warning systems to help communities prepare for disasters. In Bangladesh, weather forecasting led to distributions of cash to vulnerable farmers to pay for measures such as reinforcing their homes or stockpiling food ahead of heavy flooding.^[29]

WFP is the lead agency of the Logistics Cluster, a coordination mechanism established by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC).^[30] It also co-leads the Food Security Cluster.^[31] The WFP-managed United Nations Humanitarian Air Service (UNHAS) serves over 300 destinations globally. WFP also manages the United Nations Humanitarian Response Depot (UNHRD), a global network of hubs that procures, stores and transports emergency supplies for the organization and the wider humanitarian community. WFP logistical support, including its air service and hubs, has enabled staff and supplies from WFP and partner organizations to reach areas where commercial flights have not been available, during the COVID-19 pandemic.^[32]

Climate change[edit]

WFP provided cash to vulnerable groups ahead of torrential rains in Bangladesh in July 2019.^[33] WFP’s response to Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas in September 2019 was assisted by a regional office in Barbados, which had been set up the previous year to enable better disaster preparedness and response. In advance of Hurricane Dorian, WFP deployed technical experts in food security, logistics and emergency telecommunication, to support a rapid needs assessment. Assessment teams also conducted an initial aerial reconnaissance mission, with the aim of putting teams on the ground as soon as possible.^[34]

Nutrition[edit]

WFP works with governments, other UN agencies, NGOs and the private sector, supporting nutrition interventions, policies and programmes that include school meals and food fortification.^[35][36]

School feeding[edit]

School meals encourage parents in vulnerable families to send their children to school, rather than work. They have proved highly beneficial in areas including education and gender equality, health and nutrition, social protection, local economies and agriculture.^[37] WFP works with partners to ensure school feeding is part of integrated school health and nutrition programmes, which include services such as malaria control, menstrual hygiene and guidance on sanitation and hygiene.^[38]

Smallholder farmers[edit]

WFP is a member of a global consortium that forms the Farm to Market Alliance, which helps smallholder farmers receive information, investment and support, so they can produce and sell marketable surplus and increase their income.^[39][40] WFP connects smallholder farmers to markets in more than 40 countries.

In 2008, WFP coordinated the five-year Purchase for Progress (P4P) pilot project. P4P assists smallholding farmers by offering them opportunities to access agricultural markets and to become competitive players in the marketplace. The project spanned across 20 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and trained 800,000 farmers in improved agricultural production, post-harvest handling, quality assurance, group marketing, agricultural finance, and contracting with WFP. The project resulted in 366,000 metric tons of food produced and generated more than US$148 million in income for its smallholder farmers.^[41]

Asset creation[edit]

WFP’s Food Assistance for Assets (FFA) programme provides cash or food-based transfers to address recipients’ immediate food needs, while they build or boost assets, such as repairing irrigation systems, bridges, land and water management activities.^[42]

FFA reflects WFP’s drive towards food assistance and development rather than food aid and dependency. It does this by placing a focus on the assets and their impact on people and communities rather than on the work to realize them, representing a shift away from the previous approaches such as Food or Cash for Work programmes and large public works programmes.^{[citation needed]}

Cash assistance[edit]

WFP uses cash transfers such as physical banknotes, a debit card or vouchers, aiming to give more choice to aid recipients and encourage the funds to be invested back into local economies. During the first half of 2022, WFP delivered US$1.6 billion in cash to 37 million people in 70 countries to alleviate hunger.^[43] A 2022 study by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative concluded that the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) cash programme «significantly reduced the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty» among the people receiving cash transfers.^[44]

Capacity building[edit]

In the most climate disaster-prone provinces of the Philippines, WFP is providing emergency response training and equipment to local government units, and helping set up automated weather stations.^[45]

Digital innovation[edit]

WFP’s digital transformation centres on deploying the latest technologies and data to help achieve zero hunger. WFP’s Munich-based Innovation Accelerator has sourced and supported more than 60 projects spanning 45 countries.^[46] In 2017, WFP launched the Building Blocks programme. It aims to distribute money-for-food assistance to Syrian refugees in Jordan. The project uses blockchain technology to digitize identities and allow refugees to receive food with eye scanning.^[47] WFP’s low-tech hydroponics kits allow refugees to grow barley that feed livestock in the Sahara desert.^[48] The SMP PLUS software is an AI-powered menu creation tool for school meals programmes worldwide ^[49]

Partnerships[edit]

WFP works with governments, private sector, UN agencies, international finance groups, academia, and more than 1,000 non-governmental organisations.^[50] The WFP, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development reaffirmed their joint efforts to end global hunger, particularly amid the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, during a joint meeting of their governing bodies in October 2020.^[51] In the United States, Washington, D.C.-based 501(c)(3) organization World Food Program USA supports the WFP. The American organisation frequently donates to the WFP, though the two are separate entities for taxation purposes.^[52]

Reviews[edit]

Recognition and awards[edit]

WFP won the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize for its «efforts for combating hunger», its «contribution to creating peace in conflicted-affected areas,» and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of food as a weapon of war and conflict.^[53][54] Receiving the award, executive David Beasley called for billionaires to «step up» and help source the US$5 billion WFP needs to save 30 million people from famine.^[55]

Challenges[edit]

In 2018, the Center for Global Development ranked WFP last in a study of 40 aid programmes, based on indicators grouped into four themes: maximising efficiency, fostering institutions, reducing burdens, and transparency and learning. These indicators relate to aid effectiveness principles developed at the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005), the Accra Agenda for Action (2008), and the Busan Partnership Agreement (2011).^[56]

There is wide general debate on the net effectiveness of aid, including unintended consequences such as increasing the duration of conflicts, and increasing corruption. WFP faces difficult decisions on working with some regimes.^[57]

Some surveys have shown internal culture problems at WFP, including sexual harassment.^[58][59]

See also[edit]

• Asia Emergency Response Facility, a WFP special operation to establish an emergency response facility in Asia
• Fight Hunger, a WFP initiative to end child hunger by 2015
• Food Force, an educational game published by WFP
• Network for Capacity Development in Nutrition
• World Food Council, a defunct UN agency absorbed by FAO and WFP

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

To meet its mandate and achieve system-wide goals, WFP procures food, goods and services and also arranges the transport of these (from point of sale to final point of distribution). WFP works closely with governments, non-governmental organization (NGOs) and other UN agencies.

At Headquarters, food procurement activities are undertaken by the Food Procurement Branch, and goods and services are overseen by the Goods and Services Procurement Branch. WFP Logistics is responsible for contracting land, sea and air transport services for procured items worldwide. Currently WFP is increasing its local and regional procurement falling in line with its goal to place decision making, closer to the operations.

WFP’s procurement policy is designed to support food assistance project objectives through purchases of commodities, goods and services on a competitive basis on the local, regional and international markets and in line with WFP’s Food Procurement Mission Statement: ‘to provide appropriate food to the beneficiaries in a timely and cost-efficient manner’. In addition, WFP’s financial rules state: ‘To the extent possible to procure from the developing countries.’

In 2015, WFP purchased 2.2 million metric tons of food worth 1.07 billion US$. About three quarters of it comes from developing countries.WFP also procured logistic services for 963 million US$ and Goods & Services worth 587 million US$ in 2015.

Owing to the complex nature of WFP’s supply chain and difficult remote working environments, the organization depends on reliable and reputable suppliers.

WFP therefore only procures from pre-qualified suppliers. Registration with WFP is a necessary step to become a WFP vendor. WFP vendor registrations are submitted through the United Nations Global Marketplace (UNGM).

Main selection criteria include:

• Provision of food, relevant to WFP’s operational procurement requirements.

• Legal capacity to enter into a contract.

• Has the proven financial standing to honor a contract.

• Has proven ability to perform.

WFP reserves the right to delete a vendor from its database in the event of poor performance, non-response to tenders or consecutive non-competitive offers.

In accordance with UN Resolution 1267, all existing and potential WFP suppliers are reviewed against a regularly updated list of individuals, groups, undertakings and other entities associated with terrorism and will be excluded accordingly.

For tendering WFP uses electronic tendering through the In-Tend platform. Normally Request for Quotation (RFQ) (food procurement), Request for Proposal (RFP) (goods and services) and Invitation to Bid (ITB) (goods and services) are the type of solicitation that are published.

WFP has also now implemented Food Service Agreements (FSAs) in order to reduce lead time and purchasing costs. These agreements allow WFP to capture opportunities in the commodity markets. FSAs are to adhere to WFP’s procurement principles of fair competition, segregation of duties, transparency, ethics and accountability.

As part of WFP’s strategy to rationalize the procurement of frequently purchased goods and services, a variety of Long Term Agreements (LTAs) are also used. This enables lead times to be considerably reduced and fosters strategic supply chain alliances. The agreements can be established at WFP Headquarters or in the country offices. Current LTAs include telecommunications equipment, fuel, stationary and a number of services required at WFP Headquarters.

Due the scope of WFP work, timing is essential in WFP contracts. Suppliers are expected to adhere strictly to delivery times stipulated in the contract. WFP uses 2010 INCOTERMS. Typically, for food WFP asks for FOB (free on board), CFR (cost and freight), DAP (delivered at place), or FCA (free carrier) terms.

Goods and Services purchases are typically made on a DAP basis but this does not exclude considering other terms. International purchases, either shipped to, or made by, Country Offices, can use CIF/CIP/FOB terms if agreed upon between the supplier and the WFP office managing the procurement process.

WFP appoints a third party inspection company. Pre-shipment inspection is carried out at WFP’s expense during production and/or prior to dispatch.  This will not affect WFP’s right for further inspections at final destination. The supplier will be accountable should a second inspection be needed due to quality issues or inconformity. These inspections must be completed within the delivery period stated in the purchase order.

The World Food Programme (WFP), the world’s largest humanitarian agency, provides food to more than ninety million people in eighty countries. WFP is the food aid branch of the United Nations. From its headquarters in Rome and more than 80 country offices around the world, WFP works to help people who are unable to produce or obtain enough food for themselves and their families.

In addition to emergency food aid, WFP focuses on relief and rehabilitation, development aid, and special operations, such as making food systems more resilient against climate change and political instability. It is an executive member of the United Nations Development Group, which collectively aims to fulfill the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), and has prioritized achieving SDG 2 for «zero hunger» by 2030.

The World Food Programme was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020 for its efforts to provide food assistance in areas of conflict.

Overview

The WFP was first conceived at the 1961 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Conference, when George McGovern, director of the U.S. Food for Peace Program, proposed establishing a multilateral food aid program.^[1] WFP was formally established in 1963, by the FAO and the United Nations General Assembly on a three-year experimental basis. In 1965, the program was extended and is now supported on a continuing basis.

Organization

The WFP is governed by the WFP Executive Board, which consists of 36 member states. The WFP Executive Director, who is appointed jointly by the UN Secretary-General and the Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, heads the WFP secretariat, which is headquartered in Rome.^[2]

David Beasley, previously Governor of the U.S. state of South Carolina, was appointed executive director in March 2017 for a five-year term. Previous executive directors include Ertharin Cousin (April 2012 – April 2017), Josette Sheeran (April 2007 – April 2012), James T. Morris (April 2002 – April 2007), Catherine Bertini (April 1992 – April 2002), and James Ingram (April 1982 – April 1992).

Goals and strategies

WFP strives to eradicate hunger and malnutrition, with the ultimate goal of eliminating the need for food aid — «Zero Hunger.»^[3]

According to its mission statement, the core strategies behind WFP activities are to provide food aid to:

1. Save lives in refugee and other emergency situations
2. Improve the nutrition and quality of life of the most vulnerable people at critical times in their lives
3. Help build assets and promote the self-reliance of poor people and communities, particularly through food for work programs.

WFP food aid is also directed to fight micro-nutrient deficiencies, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, and combat disease, including HIV/AIDS. Food for work programs of WFP provide food for people while they work to rebuild damaged infrastructure and replant crops following crisis. This program also helps to strengthen environmental and economic stability and agricultural production.

Activities

WFP has been active in humanitarian aid for over half a century. Experience has shown that fighting hunger is not a straightforward proposition, but requires collective action on various levels, aimed at various groups, drawing on various contexts and including various stakeholders. It involves not just delivering food, but also transferring cash, and transferring knowledge. This knowledge must be culturally embedded, knowledge that makes local sense, and is received on the basis of partnership.^[4]

Programmes

By adopting smallholder-friendly procurement, WFP contributes to strengthening local economies and supporting the increased resilience and productivity of rural communities. The Purchase for Progress (P4P) program encourages national governments and the private sector to buy food in ways that benefit smallholders. P4P assists smallholding farmers by offering them opportunities to access agricultural markets and to become competitive players in the marketplace. P4P has expanded to some 35 countries, and helped transform the way more than one million smallholder farmers in Africa, Latin America, and Asia interact with markets. The project also trains farmers in improved agricultural production, post-harvest handling, quality assurance, group marketing, agricultural finance, and contracting with WFP. Women, whose role in farming is often unpaid and labor-intensive, are particularly encouraged to take part in decision-making and benefit economically from their work.^[5]

Experience built up over almost five decades of working in emergency situations has demonstrated that giving food only to women helps to ensure that it is spread evenly among all household members. Based on this understanding, WFP responded to the 2010 Haiti earthquake by distributing food aid only to women. School-feeding and/or take-home ration programs in 71 countries help students focus on their studies and encourage parents to send their children, especially girls, to school.

Emergency Response procedures

WFP has a system of classifications known as the Emergency Response Procedures designed for situations that require an immediate response. This response is activated under the following criteria:

1. When human suffering exists and domestic governments cannot respond adequately
2. The United Nations reputation is under scrutiny
3. When there is an obvious need for aid from WFP

The Emergency Response Classifications are divided as follows, with emergency intensity increasing with each level:^[6]

• Level 1 – Response is activated. Resources are allocated to prepare for WFP’s local office to respond
• Level 2 – A country’s resources require regional assistance with an emergency across one or multiple countries/territories
• Level 3 (L3) – The emergency overpowers WFP’s local offices and requires a global response from the entire WFP organization

Funding

WFP has no independent funds. All operations are funded by donations from world governments, corporations, and private donors. On average, over 60 governments contribute to the humanitarian and development projects of WFP, providing the main source of funds.^[7] The private sector also provides many partners committed to the goal of Zero Hunger, contributing trough corporate-giving programs, as well as offering knowledge, expertise, and positioning to strengthen operations. Personal donations are also a significant source of funding for WFP programs.

Partners

WFP has numerous partners to coordinate and cooperate with in emergencies and development projects. These partners include UN agencies, such as FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and UNHCR (UN High Commissioner for Refugees), government agencies such as United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), EuropeAID, USAID; nongovernmental organizations such as ECHO (Educational Concerns for Hungry Children), Hungrykids.org, Catholic Relief Services, Save the Children, Norwegian Refugee Council; as well as corporate partners such as TNT, Citigroup, and Boston Consultancy Group.^[8]

Challenges

«Give a man a fish, you feed him for a day, Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime,» is a well known Chinese proverb. The truth of this proverb illustrates an inevitable shortcoming of ongoing food aid. That is, if people in need are simply given a fish, it does not improve their circumstance indefinitely. In fact, ongoing food aid without more systematic, holistic assistance and opportunity can create a dependence on food aid and has even disinclined recipients to work at improving their circumstance through agriculture or other forms of work, creating devastating dependency on the food aid. This is not to say that food aid has no place in crisis situations. Indeed it does. However, there have been and are circumstances where food aid was and is provided when there is no food crisis, simply because there is benefit to the giver to distribute their surplus food. The World Food Programme as an organization must be vigilant to prevent becoming a pawn in this circumstance.

Corruption has played a role in ongoing food shortages and failed markets for food distribution. Whether it shows itself in government officials in recipient countries seeking to enrich themselves and hijacking food aid for their own purposes, or aid organizations contracted to distribute food that end up selling it to recipients to make money for other programs, this disrupts the original purpose for the providing of food aid. In fact, local farmers have been known to struggle with layers of corrupt middle men threatening and demanding a piece of the profits before allowing the farmers to get their crops to market or to where it is most needed. This artificially affects food prices and availability in developing markets. As of December 2007, WFP with other partners, is launching the Ethiopian Commodities Exchange that takes its inspiration from the beginnings of the original board of trade in Chicago, Illinois. The Ethiopian Exchange will control warehousing and inspection of commodities, as well as provide electronic signatures for trades, linking traders in villages by cellular phone. Although the exchange is just in its infancy, this is a promising step toward modernizing and standardizing the commodities trading system in Ethiopia. This could improve the process of buying and selling basic food supplies for all of Africa.

The World Food Programme feeds almost 100 million hungry people a year. This is only a small portion of the people who go hungry every day. Destruction of the environment and overpopulation are also very real factors in the number of people facing hunger and starvation. Although these issues may be outside of the core mission of the World Food Programme, WFP has a responsibility to examine the complex network of problems that set the stage for massive hunger. WFP should work with partners, not just to distribute food but to work to establish stable economic conditions and educational opportunities that allow people to «learn to fish» so they can support themselves and provide for their families. In addition, it is crucial the WFP work to partner with parallel organizations and agencies in addressing the causes of food shortages, whether it is civil strife, natural catastrophe, corruption, environmental degradation, overpopulation, or other causes.

Addressing the many and complex causes of hunger and food shortages will help to create a sustainable and healthy food supply and distribution system, that of a working and healthy economy. This will minimize the need for food giveaways to only the most unpredictable crises. Ideally, food aid is best delivered with integrated services that stabilize the crisis situation and restore affected people to normal self sufficiency as soon as possible. It must be the responsibility of the World Food Programme to provide oversight and accountability for their own programs, to insure the WFP is saving and enhancing the lives of people in a fair, healthy, and sustainable way. The World Food Programme will only become better at fulfilling its mission if it carefully evaluates the way its programs impact the people it serves over the long term, as well as the effectiveness and integrity of its supply and distribution partners.

Recognition and awards

WFP won the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize for its «efforts for combating hunger,» its «contribution to creating peace in conflicted-affected areas,» and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict.^[9]

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Ingram, James C. Bread and Stones: Leadership and the Struggle to Reform the United Nations World Food Programme. N. Charleston, SC: BookSurge, 2006. ISBN 141964470X
• Loewenberg S. Should the World Food Programme Focus on Development? Lancet. 369 (9580) (2007):2149-50
• Pisik, B. «Sheeran, Former Washington Times Editor, Will Lead U.N. Food Program.» Washington Times, National Weekly Edition, November 13, 2006, 24.

External links

All links retrieved October 10, 2020.

• World Food Programme (official site).
• Auburn University War on Hunger campaign—Student-led effort sponsored by WFP.
• Hunger | Get the gangsters out of the food chain